Reference Calculation Output

Design of Cantileaver Toe wall (H ≤ 3.0m)

Design of Walls
Dimensions a

33.69 0.300 m

Y
3.000 m

2.050 m 0.450 m
0.450 m
3.000 m X

Where β is slope angle of backfill surface, β = 33.69

Internal friction angle(∅') is taken as 35.00 0

Cl 3.2.5 Design ∅' = 29.17 0

2
BS 8002:1994 Cohesion of Soil = 2.0 kN/m
2
Design Cohesion of Soil = 1.7 kN/m
Angle of wall friction, δ
Design δ = 2/3 ∅ = 23.33

2
Surcharge Load = 10 kN/m
3
Soil Density = 18 kN/m
3
Concrete Density = 25 kN/m
Structural analysis shall be done according to the coulomb wedge
method.

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Reference Calculations Output
2
Surcharge Load 10.00 kN/m
Soil Density 18.00 kN/m 3
3
Concrete Density 25.00 kN/m
2
Cohesion of Soil 1.67 kN/m
Slope of retained Material, β 33.69
Angle of internal friction of soil, Φ 29.17
Friction angle between soil & Concrete,δ 23.33
Slope Height 7.00 m
Demension of Wall
Top width of Stem WT 0.30 m
Bottom width of Stem WB 0.45 m
Wall Height H_Wall 3.00 m
Heel Length LH 2.05 m
Toe Length LT 0.50 m
Foundation Thickness T 0.45 m
Base Width B 3.00

For Equilibrium of ABCD Wedge R1

W1+Q-Cw

F1
Sliding Angle,θ1 44.0 51.3 46.0
Active Earth Pressure kN 165.38 135.06 171.23

Therefore Select θ1 as 47.7 for Stabilty of Structure

Sliding Angle,θ1 105.53 51.3
Total Wedge Load Wt 366.58 kN
Active Earth Pressure R 135.06 kN
Horizontal 117.93 kN
Vertical 65.82 kN
CW

For Equilibrium of EFG Wedge

W2+Q
R2

R2

Sliding Angle,θ1 43.0 51.3 44.0

Total Wedge Load kN 611.5 366.6 574.4
Active Earth Pressure kN 150.96 135.06 148.94
Therefore Select θ2 as 47.8 for Stem Design
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Reference Calculations Output
FOS against Over turning
Resisting Moment
Active Earth Pressure-Vertical 197.46 kNm
Soil 220.79 kNm
Concrete weight-Wall 20.39 kNm
Concrete weight-Wall 50.63 kNm
Total 489.27 kNm

Over Turning Moment

Active Earth Pressure-Horizontal 193.28 kNm

FOS against Over turning 2.53

FOS against Sliding

Resisting Force
Active Earth Pressure-Vertical 65.82 kN
Soil weight 147.84 kN
Concrete weight 61.88 kN
Total Reaction force on Base 275.53 kN
Frictional force 118.85

Sliding force 117.93 kN

FOS against Sliding 1.01

Bending Moment and Shear force on the stem

Sliding Angle,θ2 Theta2 40.0
Active Earth Pressure Pa 63.10 kN
Horizontal Pah 56.62 kN
Vertical Pav 27.85 kN

Bending Moment @ Stem Bottom @ SLS 56.62 kNm

Bending Moment @ Stem Bottom @ ULS 93.41 kNm

Shear Force @ Stem Bottom @ SLS 56.62 kN

Shear Force @ Stem Bottom @ ULS 93.41 kN

SLS ULS
Maximum Bearing Pressure σ 84.59 103.41

Shear Force at toe SF 50.08 47.40

Bending moment at toe BM 9.99 12.21

Shear Force at heal Shear F 76.67 106.98

Bending moment at heal BM 107.44 145.77
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 Reference Calculation Output

Design Moments & Shear Forces

Maximum ULS Bending Moment, BMuls = 93.4 kNm

Maximum ULS Shear Force, SFuls = 93.4 kN

Concrete Characteristic strength fcu = 30 N/mm2

Reinforcement Characteristic strength fy = 500 N/mm2

Consider 1000mm length section, b = 1000 mm

Assume, Cover = 55 mm
Bar dia meter = 12 mm
Effective Depth, d = 450 -12 /2 - 55
= 389 mm

Reinforcement Design for Toe Wall

BS 5400-4
= 2
1990 0.15x 30 x 1000 x 389
Equ. 2 = 681 kNm > 93.4
Hence section is Singly Reinforcement

Mu ,Maximum flexural capacity of a singly reinforced section

BS 5400-4
1990
Equ. 1
Equ.5 z, Lever arm

5.057𝑀𝑢
𝑧 = 0.5𝑑 1 + 1 −
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2

z = 0.5x 389 1+ 1 -5.057 x 93.4 x10^6

30 x 1000 x 389 2

z = 378.6 mm
0.95d = 0.95 x 389
= 369.6 < 378.6
Therefore z = 369.6 mm

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 Reference Calculation Output
𝑀𝑢
Required reinforcement area 𝐴𝑠 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧
= 93.4 x 10^6
0.87 x 500 x 369.6
2
= 581 mm

BS 5400-4 Minimum reinforcement required = 0.15% bd

1990 = 0.15% x 1000 x 389
2
Cl 5.8.4.1 = 584 mm

BS 5400-4 Hence 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 584 mm2

1990 Provide T 12 @ 150 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 mm2 T 12 @
Cl 5.8.9 for outer surface 150 mm
BS 5400-4 Secondary Reinforcement
1990 Minimum secondary reinforcement requirement,
Cl 5.8.4.2 𝐴𝑠 = 0.12% bd
= 0.12% x 1000 x 389
2
BS 5400-4 = 467 mm
1990 Provide T 12 @ 150 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 mm2 T 12 @
Cl 5.8.9 150 mm
Provide 0.12% bd, nominal reinforcment for outer surface
Provide T 12 @ 150 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 mm2 T 12 @
150 mm
Reinforcement for Inner Mesh
Minimum reinforcement requirement for both directions
𝐴𝑠 = 0.12% bd
= 0.12% x 1000 x 389
2
= 467 mm
Provide T 12 @ 150 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 mm2 T 12 @
150 mm
Provide 0.12% bd, nominal reinforcment for both direction of inner surface
2
Provide T 12 @ 150 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 mm T 12 @
150 mm
BS 5400-4 Check for Shear
1990 Maximum Shear Force = 93.4 kN
Cl 5.4.4 Maximum Shear Stress = F/A Max shear
= 93.4 x 10^3 stress
1000 x 389 = 0.240
2 2 2
= 0.240 N/mm < 4.75 N/mm N/mm
< 0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢
2
Hence OK 22.5 N/mm
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 Reference Calculation Output

BS 5400-4 Depth factor, ξs = = (500/d)^(1/4)

1990 = 500 ^(1/4)
Table 9 389
= 1.06
0.27 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 1/3
𝑉𝑐 = 𝛾 𝑓𝑐𝑢
BS 5400-4 Ultimate shear stress in concrete 𝑚 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
1/3 1/3
1990 𝑉𝑐 = 0.27 100 x 754 30
Table 8 1.25 1000 x 389.0
2
= 0.388 N/mm Alow shear
stress
Allowable Shear Stress = 𝑉𝑐 x ξs = 0.412
2
= 0.388 x 1.06 N/mm
2
= 0.412 > 0.240 N/mm Hence OK

Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement

As*fy = f 'ct* Ac

Effective area of reinforcement Ac = 300 X 1000

2
= 300000 mm
BD 28/87 Tensile stress of immature concrete, fct* = 0.12(fcu)^0.7
5.2 = 0.12 x 30 ^0.7
2
= 1.30 N/mm
Therefore minimum reinforcement area = 1.30 x 300000
500
= 779 mm2
Therefore minimum reinforcement area for single face = 389 mm2
BD 28/87 Reinforcement requirement for providing adequate crack width
5.3 As = (fct/fb) Ac (ф/2w)[R(єsh+єth)-0.5єult]
BS 5400-4 fct*/ft = 0.67 (Type 2 deformed bars)
1990,Table1 Crack width,w = 0.25
Appendix C єsh = kL x kC x ke x kj

Fig. 14 kL = 275 x 10-6 (for 70% relative humidity)

Fig. 11 kC = 0.90 (for W/C ratio-0.5, cement content - 300)
Fig. 12 ke = 0.60 (for effective thickness 250)
kj = 1.00 (for long term)

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 Reference Calculation Output
-6
єsh = 275 x 10 x 0.90 x 0.60 x 1.00
-6
= 148.5 x 10

BD 28/87 єsh = 0.8α(T1+T2)

5.7 Coefficient of thermal expanssionof concrete,α = 12 x 10-6
0
5.8 Long term fall in temperature T1 = 28 C
0
5.9 Short term fall in temperature T2 = 0 C
єsh = 268.8 x 10-6
BD 28/87 Restrained factor , R for external= 0.8 (wall cast into base )
Table 2 for internal = 0.5
5.3 Ultimate tensile strain capacity of concrete,єult = 200 x 10-6
2
Reinforcement for thermal cracking = 94.00 φ mm
2
Single face reinforcement for thermal cracking As = 47.00 φ mm
For main reinforcement, φ= 12 mm
2
As= 564.02 mm < As,prov = 754
Hence satisfies the Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement requirement

For distribution, φ= 12 mm
2
As= 564.02 mm < As,prov = 754
Hence satisfies the Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement requirement

For inner surface (both directions) = φ12 mm

2
As= 564.02 mm < As,prov = 754
Hence satisfies the Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement requirement

Check for Deflection

BS 8110-1
1997 Allowable Deflection= = Span / 250
Cl. 3.4.6 = 3000 / 250
= 12 mm

Reinforced Concrete Max Deflection = 𝐹𝑙 3

Designer's Hand Book 15𝐸𝐼
3
Reynolds C.E. = 93.4 x 3.000
3
Table 26 15 x 28 x 1/12 x 1 x 0.450

= 0.79 mm < 12 mm

Hence Deflection is OK

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 Reference Calculation Output
Reinforcement Design for Toe Wall Base
Dimensions

Reinforcement Design for Toe Wall Base Toe

Maximum Sagging ULS Bending Moment, BMuls = 12.2 kNm
BS 5400-4
1990 Consider 1000mm length section, b = 1000 mm
Table 5,6 Assume, Cover = 55 mm
Bar dia meter = 12 mm
Effective Depth, d = 450 -12 /2 - 55
= 389 mm

BS 5400-4
= 2
1990 0.15x 30 x 1000 x 389
Equ. 2 = 681 kNm > 12.21
Hence section is Singly Reinforcement

Mu ,Maximum flexural capacity of a singly reinforced section

BS 5400-4
1990
Equ. 1
Equ.5 z, Lever arm
5.057𝑀𝑢
𝑧 = 0.5𝑑 1 + 1 −
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2

z = 0.5x 389 1+ 1 -5.057 x 12.2 x10^6

30 x 1000 x 389 2

z = 387.7 mm
0.95d = 0.95 x 389
= 369.6 < 387.7
Therefore z = 369.6 mm
𝑀𝑢
Required reinforcement area 𝐴𝑠 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧
= 12.21 x 10^6
0.87 x 500 x 369.6
2
= 76 mm
BS 5400-4 Minimum reinforcement required = 0.15% bd
1990 = 0.15% x 1000 x 389
2
Cl 5.8.4.1 = 584 mm
BS 5400-4 Hence 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 584 mm2 T 12 @
2
1990 Provide T 12 @ 150 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 mm 150 mm
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 Reference Calculation Output
BS 5400-4 Secondary Reinforcement
1990 Minimum secondary reinforcement requirement,
Cl 5.8.4.2 𝐴𝑠 = 0.12% bd
= 0.12% x 1000 x 389
2
BS 5400-4 = 467 mm
2
1990 Provide T 12 @ 150 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 mm T 12 @
Cl 5.8.9 To prevent shinkage & temperature cracking 150mm spacing is provided 150 mm

BS 5400-4
1990 Check for Shear
Cl 5.4.4
Shear Force at toe = 47.40 kN

2
Maximum Shear Stress at toe = 0.122 N/mm < 4.8 N/mm2
= < 0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢
2
Hence OK 4.1079 N/mm

BS 5400-4 Depth factor, ξs = = (500/d)^(1/4)

1990 = 500 ^(1/4)
Table 9 389
= 1.06

BS 5400-4 Ultimate shear stress in concrete

0.27 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 1/3
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝛾𝑚 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
1/3 1/3
1990 𝑉𝑐 = 0.27 100 x 754 30
Table 8 1.25 1000 x 389.0
2
= 0.388 N/mm

Allowable Shear Stress = 𝑉𝑐 x ξs x 2d/av Alow shear

= 0.388 x 1.06 x 2 stress
2
= 0.823 > 0.122 N/mm = 0.823
Hence OK N/mm2

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 Reference Calculation Output
Reinforcement Design for Toe Wall Base Heal
Maximum Sagging ULS Bending Moment, BMuls = 145.8 kNm
BS 5400-4
1990 Consider 1000mm length section, b = 1000 mm
Table 5,6 Assume, Cover = 55 mm
Bar dia meter = 16 mm
Effective Depth, d = 450 -16 /2 - 55
= 387 mm

BS 5400-4
= 2
1990 0.15x 30 x 1000 x 387
Equ. 2 = 674 kNm > 146
Hence section is Singly Reinforcement
Mu ,Maximum flexural capacity of a singly reinforced section

BS 5400-4
1990
Equ. 1
Equ.5 z, Lever arm

5.057𝑀𝑢
𝑧 = 0.5𝑑 1 + 1 −
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2

6
z = 0.5x 387 1+ 1 -5.057 x 146 x10^
30 x 1000 x 387 2

z = 370.4 mm
0.95d = 0.95 x 387
= 367.7 < 370.4
Therefore z = 367.7 mm

𝑀𝑢
Required reinforcement area 𝐴𝑠 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧
= 146 x 10^6
0.87 x 500 x 367.7
2
= 911 mm

BS 5400-4 Minimum reinforcement required = 0.15% bd

1990 = 0.15% x 1000 x 387
2
Cl 5.8.4.1 = 581 mm
BS 5400-4 Hence 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 911 mm
2
T 16 @
2
1990 Provide T 16 @ 150 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 1340 mm 150 mm
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 Reference Calculation Output
BS 5400-4 Secondary Reinforcement
1990 Minimum secondary reinforcement requirement,
Cl 5.8.4.2 𝐴𝑠 = 0.12% bd
= 0.12% x 1000 x 387
2
BS 5400-4 = 464 mm
2
1990 Provide T 12 @ 150 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 754 mm T 12 @
Cl 5.8.9 To prevent shinkage & temperature cracking 150mm spacing is provided 150 mm

BS 5400-4
1990 Check for Shear
Cl 5.4.4
Shear Force at Heal = 106.98 kN

2
Maximum Shear Stress at heal = 0.275 N/mm < 4.8 N/mm2
= < 0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢
2
Hence OK 4.1079 N/mm

BS 5400-4 Depth factor, ξs = = (500/d)^(1/4)

1990 = 500 ^(1/4)
Table 9 387
= 1.07

BS 5400-4 Ultimate shear stress in concrete

0.27 100𝐴𝑠 1/3 1/3
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝛾𝑚 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
1/3 1/3
1990 𝑉𝑐 = 0.27 100 x 1340 30
Table 8 1.25 1000 x 387.0
2
= 0.471 N/mm

Allowable Shear Stress = 𝑉𝑐 x ξs Alow shear

= 0.471 x 1.07 stress
2
= 0.504 > 0.275 N/mm = 0.504
Hence OK N/mm2

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 Reference Calculation Output
Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement
As*fy = f 'ct* Ac

Effective area of reinforcement Ac = 450 X 1000

2
= 450000 mm
BD 28/87 Tensile stress of immature concrete, fct* = 0.12(fcu)^0.7
5.2 = 0.12 x 30 ^0.7
= 1.30 N/mm2
Therefore minimum reinforcement area = 1.30 x 450000
500
2
= 1168 mm
Therefore minimum reinforcement area for single face = 584 mm2
BD 28/87 Reinforcement requirement for providing adequate crack width
5.3 As = (fct/fb) Ac (ф/2w)[R(єsh+єth)-0.5єult]
BS 5400-4 fct*/ft = 0.67 (Type 2 deformed bars)
1990,Table1 Crack width,w = 0.25
Appendix C єsh = k L x kC x ke x kj

-6
Fig. 14 kL = 275 x 10 (for 70% relative humidity)
Fig. 11 kC = 0.90 (for W/C ratio-0.5, cement content - 300)
Fig. 12 ke = 0.60 (for effective thickness 250)
kj = 1.00 (for long term)

-6
єsh = 275 x 10 x 0.90 x 0.60 x 1.00
-6
= 148.5 x 10

BD 28/87 єsh = 0.8α(T1+T2)

5.7 Coefficient of thermal expanssionof concrete,α = 12 x 10-6
0
5.8 Long term fall in temperature T1 = 28 C
0
5.9 Short term fall in temperature T2 = 0 C
єsh = 268.8 x 10-6
BD 28/87 Restrained factor , R for external= 0.8 (wall cast into base )
Table 2 for internal = 0.5
5.3 Ultimate tensile strain capacity of concrete,єult = 200 x 10-6
Reinforcement for thermal cracking = 141.01 φ mm2

2
Single face reinforcement for thermal cracking As = 70.50 φ mm
For main reinforcement, φ= 16 mm
2
As= 1128 mm < As,prov = 1340
Hence satisfies the Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement requirement
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 Reference Calculation Output

For distribution, φ= 12 mm
2
As= 846.03 mm > As,prov = 754
Hence satisfies the Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement requirement

For inner surface φ = 12 mm

2
As= 846.03 mm > As,prov = 754
Hence satisfies the Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement requirement

Summary of reinforcement
Toe Wall

Element Location Main/Vertical Transverse/Horizontal

Wall Outer mesh T12@150 T12@150
450 mm Inner mesh T12@150 T12@150
Base Bottom mesh T12@150 T12@150
450 mm Top mesh T16@150 T12@150

Base Length = 3.000 m

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