272 EEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 8, No.

2, June 1993
DETERMINATION OF THE MODEL PARAMETERS OF MACHINES FROM THE REACTANCE OPERATORS xd(p) , Xq(p)
( E v a l u a t i o n of S t a n d s t i l l Frequency Response Test)

I.M. Canay
ABB Power Generation Ltd, Baden / Switzerland

A b s t r a c t - A method i s presented f o r determining t h e s t a t o r c i r c u i t , must be represented with " s u f f i -

t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c q u a n t i t i e s and model parameters c i e n t " accuracy by t h e mathematical model. The a r t o f
from t h e g i v e n frequency responses x d ( j s ) , x q ( j s ) . The modelling c o n s i s t s i n keeping t h e d e v i a t i o n s from ac-
curves o f values measured on a l a r g e turbogenerator a t t u a l c o n d i t i o n s as s m a l l as p o s s i b l e . I n t h e process,
s t a n d s t i l l are used as an example. The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t h e amount o f e f f o r t expended must n o t become exces-
values and model parameters a r e determined f o r v a r i o u s sive, b u t remain w i t h i n reasonable l i m i t s .
models ( w i t h 4, 3 and 2 r o t o r c i r c u i t s i n each a x i s )
and are compared w i t h t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s h o r t - c i r c u i t There a r e t h r e e methods f o r determining x d ( j s ) ,
t e s t s and w i t h advance c a l c u l a t i o n s . x q ( j s ) , and G(js):
Key words: Modelling, Synchronous Machine 1. "Primary" e q u i v a l e n t - c i r c u i t diagrams from t h e ma-
chine geometry, t a k i n g i n t o account t h e s o l i d r o t o r
INTRODUCTION parts.
2. Measurements a t v a r i a b l e frequency, at standstill.
The determination o f t h e model parameters from t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c values i s t r e a t e d i n [l]. The present 3. Three-dimensional f i e l d calculations, with variable
work w i l l describe, on t h e b a s i s o f examples, t h e prac- frequency .
t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s method t o a l a r g e turbogener- A d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e advantages and disadvantages
a t o r . Thus t h e main emphasis w i l l n o t be on mathemati- of these methods i s beyond t h e scope o f t h e present
c a l presentation, b u t on t h e p h y s i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f
paper. The e x c e l l e n t measurements taken i n s t a n d s t i l l
results. t e s t s o f a l a r g e turbogenerator [ 2 ] a r e what w i l l be
E l e c t r i c a l machines, whether synchronous o r asyn- used here.
chronous, can be t r e a t e d u n i f o r m l y w i t h i n t h e framework
o f t h e w i d e l y used two-axis theory. The behaviour o f
t h e machine i s described completely by t h e reactance MACHINE DATA AND TEST RESULTS
operators x (p) xq(p). With synchronous machines, t h e
function Gg), 'i.e. t h e f i e l d c i r c u i t , must a l s o be
known i n order t o i n c l u d e t h e e f f e c t o f t h e e x c i t a t i o n .
A 2-pole turbogenerator w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g r a t i n g :
Sn = 722.2 MVA, Un = 26 kV, f = 60 Hz.

Air-gap e x c i t a t i o n a t r a t e d voltage:
= 1800 A,
Ifg Ufg = 146 V, and R f = 0.081 a a t 20°C.

As usual, a l l p.u. values f o r t h e s t a t o r v a r i a b l e s

are r e f e r r e d t o t h e r a t e d values f o r t h e machine. The
r e f e r e n c e values f o r t h e f i e l d c i r c u i t , however, a r e as
follows, f o r an e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t having a main f i e l d
(For frequency responses p js, s f/fn; i n a l l equa- reactance o f xad [I]:
t i o n s T is i n radians, although values o f T a r e g i v e n
i n seconds, i.e. T[rad] 2nfnT[sl).
I n t h e u s u a l theory, a synchronous machine has (by d e f i n i t i o n , Xad always unsaturated).
o n l y one f i e l d winding and one damper winding i n t h e
r o t o r , i.e. x d ( j s ) i s o f t h e second order and x q ( j s ) i s For m o d e l l i n g t h e machine, t h e f o l l o w i n g informa-
o f t h e f i r s t order. The eddy c u r r e n t s i n t h e s o l i d t i o n i s r e q u i r e d (Table I ) :
r o t o r and t h e c u r r e n t displacement e f f e c t i n t h e damper
bars, however have - s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on f u n c t i o n s - Frequency response curves f o r axes x d ( j s ) , xq(js).
x d ( j s ) , x q ( j s j , and G ( j s ) , depending on t h e design o f - A l t e r n a t i n g c u r r e n t i f ( j ) induced i n the short-
t h e a c t u a l machine, and hence r a i s e t h e order t h e o r e t i - c i r c u i t e d f i e l d winding a t s = 1.
c a l l y t o i n f i n i t y . This i s because, even w i t h m u l t i p l e
circuits, the i r r a t i o n a l function 6 f o r the current The f u n c t i o n s x d ( j s ) , x q ( j s ) and t h e f i e l d c u r r e n t
displacement can be o n l y approximately modelled. i f ( j )have been e i t h e r c a l c u l a t e d or, as i n t h e present
case, measured. When i t i s d e s i r e d t o i n c l u d e t h e case
Consequently, a c e r t a i n amount o f approximation i n of an open f i e l d c i r c u i t , then one w i l l a l s o r e q u i r e :
t h e m o d e l l i n g i s unavoidable. Hence i n t h e d-axis t h e - Induced f i e l d v o l t a g e u f ( j ) a t s = 1, and p o s s i b l y
f u n c t i o n s x d ( j s ) , G(js), i.e. t h e s t a t o r and f i e l d uf(j/fn) a t s I/fn*
c i r c u i t s , and i n t h e q-axis t h e f u n c t i o n x,(js), i.e.
The f u n c t i o n s i f ( j s ) , u f ( j s ) and x d o ( j s ) w i t h open
r o t o r c i r c u i t a r e used f o r checking t h e model (see
92 SM 546-2 EC A paper recommended and approved Table 11).
by the IEEE Electric Machinery Committee of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation The t e s t r e s u l t s , x d ( j s ) , i f ( j s ) , x (js) with
at the IEEE/PES 1992 Summer Meeting, Seattle, WA, s h o r t - c i r c u i t e d r o t o r and xdo( j s ) , u f ( j s ) 'with open
July 12-16, 1992. Manuscript submitted January r o t o r a r e expressed i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e w i t h separate
31, 1992; made available for printing May 15, 1992 magnitude and argument. I n t h i s p u r e l y mathematical
presentation, c e r t a i n i m p o r t a n t i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e
functions i s e i t h e r p a r t l y l o s t o r a t l e a s t becomes
unclear. When, on t h e o t h e r hand, t h e r e c i p r o c a l func-
t i o n l / x d ( j s ) , l / x q ( j s ) are expressed i n a Gauss plane,
one o b t a i n s t h e s o - c a l l e d " c u r r e n t l o c u s curve" which

0885-8969/93$03.00 0 1992 IEEE

 273
has been known s i n c e t h e t i m e o f Ossanna and Heyland I n Tables I and 11, a l l q u a n t i t i e s a r e g i v e n i n
and i s now f a m i l i a r t o t h e engineer from t h e asynchro- p.u. The r o t o r q u a n t i t i e s ifand uf a r e r e f e r r e d , as
nous machine. I t s i m p o r t a n t p r o p e r t y i s w e l l known: t h e
imaginary conponent i s a measure o f t h e asynchronous
usual? t o "a-";P'
f u n c t i o n s ifJS
Ufp ( n o t t o IfBase and.ufBase). The
u f j s ) have been determined from t h e
torque, which p l a y s an important r o l e i n t h e o p e r a t i n g measured r a t i o s Lf/&, U f / I i n [2], u s i n g t h e f o l l o w -
behaviour o f t h e machine. Consequently a good model i n g equations (% = j u , ~=3:
should a l s o represent t h e asynchronous torque as f a i t h -
f u l l y as possible; i n t h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n one can re-
cognize t h e i n a d v e r t e n t d e v i a t i o n s i n t h e modelling (3)
i m n e d i a t e l y and can e v a l u a t e them b e t t e r . F o r t h i s
reason, Tables I and I 1 c o : i t a i n t h e c u r r e n t l o c u s
curves i n p l a c e o f t h e u s u a l reactance operators.
(4)
Table I: I n f o r m a t i o n Required f o r Modelling:
S t a t o r Current Locus Curves, I != j u , U = 1
s [Hz] i~ = l / x d ( j s ) & = l/xq(js)
0.01 0.5562+jO. 1883 0.5739+jO. 0865 CONSTRUCTING THE MODEL
0.0159 0.5727+ j 0.2552 0.5879+j0.0957
0.0251 0.613 +j0.3707 0.5993+jO. 1221 As mentioned i n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n , t h e f i r s t s t e p
0.0398 0.6988+jO. 5392 0.629O+jO. 1595 i n m o d e l l i n g i s t o determine t h e mathematical f u n c t i o n s
0.0631 0.8698+jO. 7595 0.6716+j0.2151 x d ( j s ) , x,(js) ( o f t h e d e s i r e d order) which b e s t f i t
0.1 1.1692+j0.989 0.7224+jO. 2693 t h e p r e s c r i b e d c u r r e n t l o c u s curves. I n t h e second
0.1585 1.6107+j 1.1384 0.7982+j 0.345 step, these f u n c t i o n s a r e represented i n t h e e q u i v a l e n t
0.2512 2.0969+j1.1039 0.9069+j 0.433 1 c i r c u i t diagram as e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t s [I].
0.3981 2.4859+ jO.9252 1.0488+j0.5238
The f i r s t step i s made with t h e h e l p o f a computer
0.631 2.7244+ j0.7 16 1 1.2357+jO. 6043
program. I n t h e process, t h e sum ( t a k i n g t h e example
1, 2.8623+j0.5544 1.4502+j0.6515
f o r t h e d-axis)
1.585 2.9405+j 0.4595 1.6673+j0.6659
2.512 3.0184+j0.4291 1.8687+jO. 6669
3.981 3.1238+j0.4398 2.067 +j0.6732
6.31 3.2575+ j0.4577 2.2657tj0.675
10. 3.4065+j0.4524 2.4758+jO. 6671
i s brought t o a minimum; t h i s i s done, s t a r t i n g from
15.85 3.5598+j0.4181 2.6701+ j0.6466
2.8484+ j 0.62 15
TJo and TA, by successively r e c a l c u l a t i n g t h e o t h e r
25.12 3.6714+j0.3701
t i m e constants f o r i n c r e a s i n g s, comparing t h e r e s u l t
39.81 3.7734+j0.3305 3.0365+jO. 6041
w i t h t h e o l d values, changing these where necessary,
60. 3.8486+jO. 3096 ( I n t e r p o l a t i o n ) and so on. This i s t h e main i d e a o f t h i s method. The
i f ( j ) = O . 17-j0.834=0.851/-78.46°
w i t h open r o t o r :
i n i t i a l values o f t i m e constants TAo, Td
termined from t h e measured values o f x d ( j s ) i n advance
... a r e de-

uf(j) =18.744-j9.2638 o f t h e a c t u a l approximation process. The range s1...s2

uf( j/60) 9.882+j 10.664 depends on t h e d e s i r e d order o f t h e modelling, i . e . on
t h e number o f e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t s o f t h e r o t o r . I n
63.1 3.8487+jO. 3084 3.225 +jO.5909
p a r t i c u l a r , t h e upper l i m i t s2 i s very i m p o r t a n t f o r
100. 3.9562+j0.3088 3.423 + j O . 5827
t h e modelling. To ensure t h a t w i t h t h e 2x2 model t h e
158.5 4.0859+j0.3198 3.6317+j0.572
curves o f t h e s h o r t - c i r c u i t c u r r e n t comes out properly,
i t i s a d v i s a b l e t o t a k e SI = 0.001...0.002, and an s2
Table 11: Information f o r Checking t h e Modelling: o f about 0.25. With a 2x3 model, however, where one
i f ( j s ) (Rotor S h o r t - c i r c u i t e d ) , 5 = j seeks a s a t i s f a c t o r y d e t e r m i n a t i o n n o t o n l y o f t h e
i d o ( j s ) = l / x d o ( j s ) , u f ( j s ) (Rotor Open), 2 = j s h o r t - c i r c u i t c u r r e n t b u t a l s o o f t h e b r a k i n g torque
a r i s i n g from t h e d.c. components o f t h e s t a t o r c u r r e n t ,
one must t a k e 52 2 2. The a l g o r i t h m used f o r sum min.
s [Hzl i f (js) l/xdo( j s ) uf( j s ) w i l l n o t be described here; f o r t h e present explana-
-+

0.01 -0. 002+jO. 20 1 tions i t i s irrelevant.

0.556+jO. 094 -O.O14+j 0.232
0.0159 0.017+j0.316 0.565+jO. 108 -O.O09+j 0.370 Because o f t h e e f f e c t o f t h e s o l i d r o t o r d u r i n g
0.0251 O.O62+j 0.495 0.577+jO. 136 O.OOB+j 0.585 t h e magnetic r e v e r s a l s a t very low frequencies ( s -+ 01,
0.0398 0.162+j0.756 0.597+jO. 186 O.O45+j 0.919 t h e synchronous reactance Xd cannot be determined ex-
0.0631 0.630+jO. 260 0.124+j 1.436 a c t l y i n t h e s t a n d s t i l l measurements. I n 121, f o r ex-
0.1 0.684+j0.362 0.310+j 2.222 ample, a r e s u l t o f Xd = 1.77 was g i v e n f o r t h i s method.
0.1585 0.769+j0.504 0.695+j 3.390 From t h e measured s h o r t - c i r c u i t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c and
0.2512 0.917+j0.686 1.526+j 5.026 no-load c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h i s turbogenerator, however,
0.3981 2.936+j1.371 1.151+j0.898 3.121+j 7.096 a value of Xd 1.89 i s obtained. There can be no doubt
0.631 3.36Otj0.932 1.502+j 1.090 5.887+j 9.227 about t h i s value, which corresponds t o t h e b a s i c d e f i -
1.0 3.560+j0.476 1.947+j1.192 9.882+j10.664 n i t i o n o f t h e synchronous reactance. Consequently i t i s
1.585 3.681+j0.017 2.408+j1.162 14.462+j 10.725 n o t a d v i s a b l e t o n e g l e c t t h e r e s u l t s obtained from t h e
2.512 3.654- j0.462 2.802+j 1.029 18.642+j 9.323 s h o r t - c i r c u i t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . Hence f o r t h i s machine,
3.981 3.098tj0.863 21.790+j 7.021 t h e values o f Xd 1.89 end xa 0.19 were used. Owing
6.31 3.3 15+j 0.707 23.814+j 4.298 t o t h e geometry o f t h e r o t o r , on t h e o t h e r hand, t h e
10.0 3.474+j0.572 24.765+j 1.402 t i m e constants o f t h e s l o w l y decaying eddy c u r r e n t s are
15.85 1.498- j 1.692 3.607+j0.462 24.841-j 1.519 lower i n t h e q-axis than i n t h e d-axis, and consequent-
25.12 0.850-j 1.468 3.698+jO. 38 1 23.829-j 4.511 l y no such r e s t r i c t i o n a p p l i e s t o t h e q-axis.
39.81 0.402-j1.131 3.774+j0.330 21.621-j 7.318
From Eqns. 2, t h e r e f e r e n c e v a l u e s f o r t h e f i e l d
60.0 0.170-j0.834 (Interpolation) 18.740-j 9.26 c i r c u i t i n t h e e q u i v a l e n t diagram having a main f i e l d
63.1 reactance o f Xad = 1.7 are:
0.143- j0.799 3.849+ j 0.306 18.283-j 9.461
100.0 0.01 1-j0.534 3.94 l + j O . 304 14.346-j 10.65 1
158.5 -0.052- j0.342 4.069+j 0.3 16 10.308-j 10.96 1 IfBase
3060 A UfBase = 236.01 kV RfBase = 77.128n
214

2x4 Model i(j) = 0.17-j0.834 a t 1 = 1, i f ( j ) = 0.851/-168.46"

f
The machine i s modelled by 4 e q u i v a l e n t r o t o r
c i r c u i t s i n each a x i s , namely a model o f 4 t h order. The
I n Fig. 1, branch f should nou represent, w i t h good
approximation, t h e f i e l d winding.
range o f t h e "sum" extends from SI 0.12 Hz t o s2 =
120 Hz o r , expressed i n P.u., from 0.001 t o 2.0 p.u. F i r s t check: From t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t diagram i n
Any values o f s o u t s i d e o f t h i s range have no p r a c t i c a l F i g . 1, t h e r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e f i e l d windings i s r f =
or p h y s i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e . For t h e admittance operator 0.001105, i.e.

R
f
= r R
f Base
0.085 a,
which agrees w e l l w i t h t h e measured value o f 0.081 a
a t 23°C.
which b e s t corresponds t o t h e measured curve, t h e pro- The remaining t h r e e branches Dl, D2, D3 together
gram y i e l d s t h e f o l l o w i n g numerical values: represent t h e e f f e c t o f t h e damper winding and t h e
s o l i d r o t o r . I n accordance w i t h t h e order o f magnitude
x =1.89
d
x'=1.2
d
x6=0.341 -
x"' -0.271 ~:"=0.238 o f t h e eigen-time-constants, t h e s o l i d r o t o r s u r f a c e E3
(Fig. 2) dominates i n branch D3, t h e damper winding
TA.2.5 s T"=0.8 s T"' ~ 0 . 0 2 2 s TT1=0.0018 s
d d D+(E2) dominates i n 02, and t h e s o l i d r o t o r core E1
w i t h t h e v e r y s l o w l y decaying component o f t h e eddy
Eqn. 6 i s the d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e reactances x~
!,, xz, e t c . c u r r e n t s dominates i n DI. O f course, a c e r t a i n i n f l u -
The no-load t i m e constants corresponding t o these v a l - ence o f such c u r r e n t s i n E2 a l s o shows up i n branch Dp,
ues can be determined e x a c t l y [I]: t h e r e f o r e branch D2 must n o t be considered t o be p u r e l y
damper winding. This i n f l u e n c e i s even more n o t i c e a b l e
Tio=6.116 s Ti0=1.823 s T"' =0.02760 s T""=0.002044 s i n t h e q-axis. Branches Q l t o 94 (Fig. Ib) a r e equiva-
do do
l e n t c i r c u i t s . A l l f o u r together represent t h e e f f e c t
The reactance operator f o r t h e x-axis i s then o f t h e damper winding D and t h e s o l i d r o t o r El+EpE3.

( 1+942.5p) ( 1+30 1 . 6 ~ )( 1+8.294p) ( 1+0.679p)

Xd (p) = 89
(1+2305.7~)(1+687.25~)( 1+10.405p)( 1+0.77p)

Analogously, f o r t h e q-axis:

From t h i s , t h e no-load time constants are:

T I ~2.396 s T" ~0.3523 s T"' ~0.02895 s T""=O.W2597s

90 90 qo 90
and t h e reactance operator i s :

I d-axis I q-axis
Fig. 2 Current zones
F o l l o w i n g t h i s , t h e e q u i v a l e n t diagrams were d e r i v e d
(Fig. 1). Mathematically they correspond e x a c t l y t o t h e
reactance operators x d ( j s ) , xq( j s ) f o r t h e s t a t o r . 2x3 Model
The machine i s modelled w i t h t h r e e e q u i v a l e n t
0.17 0.06327 0.02115 0.1871 -0.08781 r o t o r c i r c u i t s i n each a x i s , thus a model o f 3 r d order.
The range f o r llsumll i s a g a i n taken as 0.12 t o 120 Hz.
The program now y i e l d s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c values which
b e s t correspond t o t h e p r e s c r i b e d (measured) c u r r e n t
x,(p) 1.70 ' "fE l o c u s curves, together w i t h t h e reactance operators, as
follows:
d-axis
I I I I
_--__--
d-ax i s :

l.61i
02 D1

6
D3 f x ~1.89 xAzO.346 xi=O. 275 x"' =O. 242
d d
0.19 T;=0.910 s Ti=0.0254 s T Z =0.00234 s
I I I I 1 TA0=5.O02 s T " =0.03185 s T"' =0.002651 s
do do
(p) 0.11761 0.33411 0.57571 2.320
1+34 3.1 p) ( 1+9.576p) ( 1+0.882p )
4 xd(p) 1.89 (
0.2778 0.06183 0.01143 0.004797 (1+1885.7p) (1+12.007p) (1+0.999p)
q-axis

Q4 03 Q2 41
q-axis
-- ----
-:
x =1.80 x'=0.642 x"=O. 372 x"' =O. 265
Fig. 1 Equivalent c i r c u i t diagram, 2x4 model q 9 9 9
T'z0.399 s T"=0.0348 s T"' =0.00255 s
9 9 9
I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f i e l d c u r r e n t c o n d i t i o n i f ( j ) (see T I =I.1701 s T " =0.05823 s Tilr =0.00353 s
90 qo qo
Table I ) i s taken i n t o account, so t h a t one branch i n
t h e diagram f o r t h e d-axis w i l l represent t h e f i e l d (1+15C.4p)(1+13.119p)(1+0.961p)
winding. x (p) = 1.80
q ( 1 4 4 1 . I p ) (1+21.952p) (1+1.331p)'
 215

These c h a r a c t e r i s t i c values, t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e f i e l d - The r e l e v a n t e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t diagrams a r e shown i n

current conditions i f ( j ) , lead t o the equivalent c i r - Fig. 4.
c u i t s i n Fig. 3.

I
0.19 0.06773 0.1156 0.001091
0.19 0.06523 0.01925 0.1055 0.00112

-
I
x,(p) 1.70 -0.0091341 0.030761
I 1 zfE
I+
0.02467 0.01297 Y
d-axis I D1 f

1 0*22851
0'58361
0.19
0.19
8 0 I I

xq(p) 1.6, 0.12251 0.32481 0.68021 xq ( p ) 1.61[ 0.04085 0.00596 1

q-axis
0.2237 0.03537 0.005698 I I I
q-axis
Q2 41
Q3 42 Qi
Fig. 4 Equivalent c i r c u i t diagram, 2x2 model
Fig. 3 Equivalent c i r c u i t diagram, 2x3 model
COMMENTS, AND COMPARISON OF THE MODELS
I n c o n t r a s t t o t h e 4 t h order model, t h e d-axis i s F i g . 5 shows t h e c u r r e n t l o c u s curves & = l / x d ( j s )
now completely d e f i n e d mathematically by a g i v e n f i e l d
c u r r e n t i f ( j ) and reactance operator x d ( j s ) . Conse- and & = l / x q ( j s ) as back-calculated from t h e character-
i s t i c values obtained above, and a l s o shows t h e o r i g i -
q u e n t l y , any d e v i a t i o n s from a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s can be
n a l t e s t p o i n t s from Table I.
o f only p h y s i c a l or i n s t r u m e n t a l o r i g i n [ I].
I n t h e case o f t h e 2x4 model, t h e r e i s obviously
e x c e l l e n t agreement, i n b o t h axes, w i t h t h e measure-
2x2 Model ments. T h i s a t t e s t s t h e accuracy o f t h e modelling and
o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c values determined from t h e meas-
Today a synchronous machine i s n o r m a l l y modelled u r e d reactance operators x d ( j s ) , x ( j s ) . The procedure
i n t h e two axes w i t h t r a n s i e n t and s u b t r a n s i e n t quan- i s , however, laborious, and f o r th?s reason t h i s model
t i t i e s (2nd order). I t i s recognized, however, t h a t i s more o f academic i n t e r e s t .
t h i s t h e o r e t i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i s v a l i d and c o r r e c t
o n l y f o r an i d e a l , laminated machine. Therefore such a With t h e 2x3 model, t h e agreement i s a g a i n very
model has a p a r t i c u l a r , and a l s o p r a c t i c a l , s i g n i f i - good. Only a t very low s l i p frequencies, i n t h e v i c i n -
cance. i t y o f 0.1 Hz, i s t h e agreement o f i d ( j s ) n o t S O c l o s e
as w i t h t h e 2x4 model. T h i s i s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e
Two r o t o r branches f and D a r e conceived mainly absence o f t h e l a r g e t i m e constant TA = 2.5 from t h e
f o r t h e f i e l d and damper windings. I n order t o t a k e 2x4 model. T h i s l a r g e time constant a r i s e s from t h e
care o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f t h e s o l i d r o t o r i n an a c t u a l very s l o w l y decaying eddy c u r r e n t s i n t h e E1 r e g i o n
synchronous machine, t h e r e i s o n l y one separate branch (Fig. 2). I n p r a c t i c e , t h i s omission i s o f p r a c t i c a l l y
a v a i l a b l e i n t h e q-axis, and none i n t h e d-axis. F o r no s i g n i f i c a n c e . Moreover, w i t h processes as slow as
t h i s reason, i t i s o f t e n p r a c t i c a l l y impossible t o t h i s , i t i s t h e c o n t r o l s ( o f v o l t a g e and speed) which
determine w i t h s u f f i c i e n t accuracy t h e e f f e c t o f t h e dominate, n o t t h e machine. Please see a l s o page 8,
s o l i d r o t o r p a r t s when using a 2nd order model. "Re marks It .
I n order t o present r e a l i s t i c a l l y t h e decay o f the The asynchronous torque produced i n t h e dynamic
short-circuit current ,
t h e frequency range f o r t h e processes by t h e d.c. components o f t h e s t a t o r c u r r e n t
"sum" i s reduced i n 2x2 models t o 0.25fn. I n addition, ( s = I ) i s determined e q u a l l y well i n t h e 2x3 model as i n
o n l y t h e magnitude o f t h e i f ( j ) - c o n d i t i o n i s maintained t h e 2x4.
and n o t t h e phase p o s i t i o n [I].F o r t h i s case, t h e
program y i e l d s t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c values and The usual 2x2 model a l s o shows r e l a t i v e l y good,
reactance operators: o f t e n adequate, agreement w i t h t h e measurements. A s
expected, however, t h e d e v i a t i o n s are g r e a t e r than w i t h
_------
d-axis:
--
t h e 2x3 model. The asynchronous torque mentioned above,
Xd = 1.89 X I= 0.344 xll
0.267 a very i m p o r t a n t q u a n t i t i y , i s no l o n g e r i n such c l o s e
d agreement ( a t s = I ) .
TA = 0.900 s T" 0.0209 s
d Generally t h e d e v i a t i o n s a r e somewhat g r e a t e r i n
TAo 4.972 s T60 0.02678 s t h e q-axis. I n a l l turbogenerators, t h e e f f e c t o f t h e
s o l i d r o t o r i s much stronger i n t h e q-axis than i n the
xd(p) 1-89 (1+339.3~)(1+7.879~) d-axis. This i s because t h e f i e l d winding daninates
(1+1874.4p)(1+10.096p) here, and hence t h e e f f e c t o f t h e s o l i d r o t o r i s com-
p a r a t i v e l y small.
_----_-
q-axis : (Note: I n t h e many n a t i o n a l standards,, ! ,x i s n o t de-
x 1.80 X I = 0.597 X" = 0.339 fined, because i n t h e o r i g i n a l ,theory o f t h e c m p l e t e l y
9 q laminated, " i d e a l " machine, xq d i d n o t e x i s t . Conse-
TI 0.338 s TR 0.0232 s quently, t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s were o f t e n made w i t h o u t .x;
9 q
TI = 1.056 s T" 0.3943 s A s a matter o f i n t e r e s t , t h i s case i s i l l u s t r a t e d
qo qo ( d o t t e d l i n e ) i n Fig. 5. Even though t h e marked de-
v i a t i o n i n many processes does n o t have a s t r o n g e f f e c t
(1+127.4 I ( 1 4 . 7 4 6 ) on t h e behaviour o f t h e machine, t h e i l l u s t r a t i o n will
9 (') (1+398.1~)(1+14.86~p) p o i n t o u t the improved accuracy.)
276

0.01 Hz
l

, .'

1 2
Y
i
II

3 p.u. 4

2
j

0.01 Hz
I
0

-1

-2

Fig. 6 T i m e functions i d ( t ) , i q ( t ) (short-circuit current) Fig. 7 Frequency response o f

d-axis: 2x4 and 2x3 models, almost no devia- f i e l d current i f ( j s )

----a .2x2 model

-
t i o n from F o u r i e r i n t e g r a l + Test p o i n t s as per Table I1
(0, m, r r s e e F i g . 5 )
q-axis: 2x4 model, almost no d e v i a t i o n from
Fourier i n t e g r a l -
----. . 2x3 model
-.-.-.- : 2x2 model
 277
I t i s now i n t e r e s t i n g t o see how t h e c u r v e of t h e The advance c a l c u l a t i o n is based on t h e "primary"
s h o r t - c i r c u i t c u r r e n t a p p e a r s w i t h t h e v a r i o u s models. e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t diagram, which t a k e s i n t o account
F o r t h i s purpose, f i r s t a program was a p p l i e d t o de- n o t o n l y a l l of t h e windings b u t a l s o , approximately,
termine e x a c t l y t h e s h o r t - c i r c u i t c u r r e n t i d ( t ) from t h e s o l i d r o t o r components such a s t h e r o t o r s u r f a c e ,
t h e frequency response l / x d ( j s ) . The procedure i s based r o t o r t e e t h , etc. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e f i x e d parameters
on Eqn. 7, which is d e r i v e d from t h e F o u r i e r i n t e g r a l such a s r , x, such e q u i v a l e n t diagrams c o n t a i n t h e
frequency-dependent v a r i a b l e s rE&. From t h e s e "pri-
mary" e q u i v a l e n t diagrams, f i r s t t h e f u n c t i o n s x d ( j s ) ,
(7) x q ( j s ) w e r e c a l c u l a t e d , and t h e n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
q u a n t i t i e s , a s d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s paper.
To e n a b l e a b e t t e r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s
The s h o r t - c i r c u i t c u r r e n t i n t h e q-axis, i q ( t ) i s de- t o be made, a s a t u r a t i o n e f f e c t should f i r s t be pointed
r i v e d s i m i l a r l y from l / x q ( j s ) . Both o f t h e c u r v e s a r e out which depends, n o t on t h e main f i e l d , b u t on t h e
p l o t t e d i n Fig. 6 , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e c u r v e s obtained by s t a t o r c u r r e n t , and which a r i s e s only i n machines hav-
back c a l c u l a t i o n from t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c values. The ing s o l i d r o t o r surfaces (turbogenerators, s o l i d poles).
c u r v e s f o r t h e 2x4 model a r e p r a c t i c a l l y i d e n t i c a l with A t higher s l i p f r e q u e n c i e s , t h e t o t a l induced c u r r e n t
t h e e x a c t p l o t t e d c u r v e s of t h e F o u r i e r i n t e g r a l (de- loading on t h e r o t o r s u r f a c e i s about e q u a l t o t h e
v i a t i o n < % ) . A s t o b e expected, t h e r e s u l t s from t h e l i n e a r c u r r e n t l o a d i n g o f t h e s t a t o r . For example, t h e
2x3 and 2x2 models d i f f e r s l i g h t l y from t h e p l o t t e d nominal l i n e a r c u r r e n t l o a d i n g of t h e t u r b o g e n e r a t o r i n
c u r v e s only a t l a r g e v a l u e s of t . q u e s t i o n i s 2085 A/cm. A t s = 1 and i 0.01, t h e re-
From t h e s e e x c e l l e n t (2x4), good (2x3), and normal s u l t i n g f i e l d s t r e n g t h on t h e s o l i d s u r f a c e i s a b o u t
(2x2) c a s e s of agreement f o r t h e c u r r e n t l o c u s c u r v e s 20 A/cm, whereas a t i = 1.0 it i s about 2000 A/cm. Thus
f o r t h e two a x e s (Fig. 5) and f o r t h e time f u n c t i o n s t h e s o l i d r o t o r s u r f a c e can a l r e a d y b e somewhat s a t u -
( F i g . 6 ) , one may conclude t h a t t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c r a t e d a t r a t e d c u r r e n t . T h i s e f f e c t r e d u c e s t h e reac-
v a l u e s determined - and hence t h e r e a c t a n c e o p e r a t o r s t a n c e s and, even more, t h e induced c u r r e n t i n t h e f i e l d
and t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t diagrams -
correctly repre- c i r c u i t . The e x t e n t depends on t h e n m i n a l l i n e a r cur-
r e n t l o a d i n g and a l s o on t h e r o t o r s l o t width. T h i s
s e n t t h e s t a t o r c i r c u i t i n accordance w i t h t h e d e s i r e d
o r d e r o f t h e modelling. The q u e s t i o n now remains a s t o c u r r e n t dependence of t h e r E parameters of t h e equiva-
whether t h e branch f i n t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t f o r t h e l e n t c i r c u i t diagram i s t a k e n c a r e o f a u t o m a t i c a l l y i n
d-axis adequately r e p r e s e n t s t h e f i e l d winding over t h e t h e program f o r t h e advance c a l c u l a t i o n .
whole frequency range of 0 t o 2fn. I n o r d e r t o t a k e t h i s e f f e c t i n t o account and t o
To check t h i s o u t , t h e f i e l d c u r r e n t i,(js)* is e n a b l e a comparison using n o t only t h e s t a n d s t i l l t e s t
c a l c u l a t e d from t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t with 2 = j , a s a b u t a l s o t h e s h o r t - c i r c u i t test t o b e made, b o t h sets
f u n c t i o n of s. This c u r r e n t i s now r e f e r r e d t o IfRef. of r e s u l t s ( a t i = 0.1 and i = 1.00) a r e p r e s e n t e d i n
M u l t i p l i c a t i o n of i f ( j s ) * by Xad now y i e l d s t h e usual Table 111.
f i e l d c u r r e n t i f ( j s ) which i s r e f e r r e d t o I f g .
Table 111:
(Note: For t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n , by d e f i n i t i o n , t h e un-
s a t u r a t e d v a l u e o f Xad = Xd - xa i s always used, even
Comparison with S h o r t - c i r c u i t Test and Advance Calcula-
t i o n f o r 2nd Order Model
f o r s a t u r a t e d machines. A f t e r t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t
h a s been determined Xad can be reduced t o Xa&, because Standstill Advance C a l c u l a t i o n S.C. Test
o f t h e main f i e l d s a t u r a t i o n , and xa t o xav, because of quantity Measurements i = 0.01 I i = 1.0 i = 1.0
t h e s t r a y f i e l d s a t u r a t i o n . The r e f e r e n c e c u r r e n t f o r
i f ( j s ) * remains unchanged a t XadIf). (1.89) 1.93 1.93 1.89
The r e s u l t i n g frequency r e s p o n s e s i f (j s ) f o r t h e x? 0.344 0.328 0.323 0.320
model a r e s h w n i n Fig. 7, t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e measured x$
Xd 0.267 0.264 0.238 0.245
v a l u e s ; t h e agreement i s good. Branch f o f t h e equiva-
l e n t diagram a l s o r e p r e s e n t s t h e f i e l d winding w i t h T i [SI 0.9 0.885 0.916 0.93
good approximation, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e 4 t h and 3 r d TZ [SI 0.0209 0.0194 0.0231 0.024
o r d e r models. I t i s only i n t h e 2nd o r d e r model t h a t , if 0.851 0.699 0.480 0.42
a t high f r e q u e n c i e s , t h e phase p o s i t i o n of t h e induced 'pf ["I -168.46 -182.0 -198.0 -175.0
f i e l d c u r r e n t d e v i a t e s s h a r p l y from t h e measurements.
This i s due t o t h e e f f e c t o f t h e s o l i d r o t o r , which i n
t h i s model cannot be t a k e n account of s o well (no angu-
l a r condition f o r i f ( j ) ) . Table I11 i n d i c a t e s very good agreement f o r r e a c t a n c e s
and time c o n s t a n t s . The s t a n d s t i l l measurements confirm
The 3 r d and 4 t h o r d e r models a r e almost e q u a l l y t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r i = 0.01, and t h e
good. This was t o b e expected, because branch D1 i n calculations for i 1.0 a r e i n conformity with t h e
Fig. 1, i . e . c o r e E1 i n Fig. 2, h a s l i t t l e i n f l u e n c e on r e s u l t s of t h e s h o r t - c i r c u i t tests. I t should be point-
t h e f i e l d c u r r e n t . I f , u s i n g t h i s argument, one had ed o u t , however, t h a t t h e r e a r e a l s o c a s e s where t h e
omitted branch D1 n e x t t o t h e f - c i r c u i t , t h e r e would agreement must b e c o n s i d e r e d a s "good" o r o n l y " s u f f i -
have been a new model f o r t h e d - a x i s , w i t h t h r e e r o t o r cient".
c i r c u i t s , which would d i f f e r b u t l i t t l e from t h a t i n
Fig. 3 ( x i 0.344, x z = 0.271, x y = 0,238, T i = 0.92, Open Rotor C i r c u i t
T: = 0.0255, T a l = 0.0018).
The impedance Z f E i n Fig. 1 p o i n t s o u t t h e i n -
c r e a s e d i n f l u e n c e o f t h e r o t o r s l o t w a l l s when t h e
COMPARISON W I T H THE SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST r o t o r f i e l d c i r c u i t is open. As l o n g a s t h e f i e l d c i r -
AND ADVANCE CALCULATIONS c u i t remains c l o s e d , Z f E h a s p r a c t i c a l l y no e f f e c t
o t h e r t h a n t h e very small r e s i s t a n c e r f . When a n addi-
I n o r d e r t o determine t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c q u a n t i - t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e i s added t o t h e f i e l d c i r c u i t , t h e
ties, s h o r t - c i r c u i t tests were made i n t h e f a c t o r y on r e s u l t i n g f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e r f + Arf i s i n c r e a s e d , and
an i d e n t i c a l t u r b o g e n e r a t o r , and t h e r e s u l t s compared i n t h e l i m i t i n g c a s e Arf -+ OD, t h e f i e l d winding i s
with c a l c u l a t i o n s which had been made i n advance. The open. T h i s c o n d i t i o n can occur w i t h r e c t i f i e r e x c i t a -
r e s u l t s a r e shown i n Table 111, t o g e t h e r with t h e newly t i o n i f t h e induced f i e l d c u r r e n t i n c e r t a i n dynamic
determined c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v a l u e s f o r t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l p r o c e s s e s wants t o flow i n t h e n e g a t i v e d i r e c t i o n f o r
2nd o r d e r model. some period b u t because of t h e r e c t i f i e r i s prevented
278

100 Hzw Fig. 8 Current l o c u s curve i d ( ' s ) and f i e l d voltage

u f ( j s ) w i t h f i e l d winding
Q J open
+ Test p o i n t s as per Table I 1

from doing so. Then a v o l t a g e uf appears across i m -

pedance ZfE. The p h y s i c a l b a s i s f o r t h i s phenomenon i s
t r e a t e d i n d e t a i l i n [41.
I n order t o determine t h e induced v o l t a g e i n an
open f i e l d c i r c u i t , Z f E must be known; t h i s q u a n t i t y i s
an eddy-current resistance, and hence frequency-depend- SOURCES OF ERROR I N THE MEASUREMENTS A T STANDSTILL
ent. I n t h e case o f unsaturated r o t o r i r o n (as a p p l i e d
f o r t h e present measurements) and a t frequencies a t
I n e v a l u a t i n g t h e measurements, t h e reactance op-
which t h e p e n e t r a t i o n depth i n t o t h e i r o n does n o t - e r a t o r x d ( j s ) i s determined from t h e f o l l o w i n g equa-
exceed t h e t o o t h w i d t h ( s > ST), t h e r e a l p a r t Z f E
tion:
should t h e o r e t i c a l l y be equal t o t h e imaginary p a r t .
The impedance Z f E was determined f o r t h e 2x3 model f o r j s xd(js) zd(js) - ra
t h e measured r o t o r v o l t a g e u f ( j ) a t s 1, u s i n g an
where r a represents t h e d.c. resistance. I n the
i t e r a t i v e procedure.
measurement o f z d ( j s ) , however, t h e s t a t o r r e s i s t -
ance rs i s somewhat g r e a t e r than ra, because o f t h e
zfE(j) = 0.0223+j0.0221
eddy-current losses i n t h e s t a t o r winding. Therefore
a t h i g h frequencies, t h e corresponding rs must be
The r e a l p a r t i s a c t u a l l y about equal t o t h e imag-
subtracted from t h e measured z d ( j s ) . Up t o about t h e
i n a r y , because branch f represents, w i t h good approxi-
r a t e d frequency, t h e error i s n o t l a r g e ; i t becomes
mation, t h e f i e l d c i r c u i t . With t h i s impedance, i t i s
evident mainly a t frequencies above 60 Hz. This
p o s s i b l e t o make a r e a l i s t i c c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e r o t o r
a p p l i e s a l s o t o t h e q-axis.
overvoltage f o r machines having r e c t i f i e r e x c i t a t i o n .
When t h e c u r r e n t l o c u s curve f o r t h e machine w i t h - Normally, t h e unsaturated q u a n t i t i e s are defined a t
an open r o t o r c i r c u i t has t o be determined f o r t h e c u r r e n t In, and t h e s a t u r a t e d a t r a t e d v o l t a g e U.,
whole frequency range, i t i s necessary t o t a k e t h e The s t a n d s t i l l measurements, though, a r e made a t
frequency dependence o f Z f E i n t o account over a wide c u r r e n t s much lower than In. Experience w i t h t h e
range. F o r t h i s purpose, an i t e r a t i v e process i s again usual s t a n d s t i l l t e s t s a t fn has shown, however,
used t o c a l c u l a t e , a t a l o w frequency such as 0.1 Hz, a t h a t w i t h many machines t h e magnitude o f x d ( j s ) and
value o f Z f E a t which t h e measured r o t o r voltage x ( j s ) can decrease by up t o 20 % over t h e range
9
occurs. from 0 t o 100 X r a t e d c u r r e n t . T h i s e f f e c t i s r e l a -
t i v e l y s m a l l i n l a r g e machines having wide r o t o r
zfE(jO.l/f ) = 0.008+j0.241 s l o t s , as i n t h e case o f t h e machine being i n v e s t i -
gated here. On t h e other hand, t h e induced f i e l d
Thus ZfE( j s ) i s a frequency-dependent impedance, c u r r e n t i s n o t i c e a b l y reduced by the current-depend-
whose value i s zfE(jO.l/fn) a t 0.1 Hz and z f E ( j ) a t ent s a t u r a t i o n o f t h e s o l i d r o t o r s u r f a c e (see t h e
60 Hz. This can be modelled approximately by two impe- s e c t i o n "Comparison w i t h t h e S h o r t - c i r c u i t Test . . . ' I
dances i n p a r a l l e l . and Table 111).

zfE (O.02435+j0.02203~)//(0.009953+j0.503~) - A t s t a n d s t i l l , t h e r e can o f t e n be higher r e s i s t a n c e

i n t h e c o n t a c t p o i n t s o f t h e damper winding than
Using t h i s zfE( j s ) , t h e c u r r e n t l o c u s curve i d o t h e r e would be d u r i n g running, due t o t h e absence o f
( j s ) and t h e r o t o r voltage u f ( j s ) were c a l c u l a t e d f o r c e n t r i f u g a l force. Hence t h e damper winding can
t h e 2x3 model; these a r e shown i n F i g . 8. Again, t h e r e o f f e r more s h i e l d i n g o f t h e f i e l d winding d u r i n g
i s very good agreement between x d o ( j s ) as w e l l as uf o p e r a t i o n than a t s t a n d s t i l l . This e f f e c t , however,
( j s ) w i t h t h e measurements, over t h e whole frequency depends very much on t h e r o t o r design; i n t h e gen-
range. e r a t o r discussed here, i t should be r e l a t i v e l y small.
 279

F o r t h e above reasons, t h e value o f t h e f i e l d c u r -

r e n t determined a t s t a n d s t i l l i s o f t e n t o o high. An
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
example i s shown i n t h e o s c i l l o g r a p h t r a c e o f t h e f i e l d
c u r r e n t ifi n a three-phase sudden s h o r t c i r c u i t i n
On t h e b a s i s o f an example, an attempt has been made
t h i s turbogenerator. The sudden s h o r t - c i r c u i t c u r r e n t
t o show how t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c q u a n t i t i e s and t h e
i s about 100 X, and t h e machine c o n d i t i o n , i n accord-
model parameters can be determined i n accordance
ance w i t h t h e standards, i s considered as "unsaturated"
w i t h t h e d e s i r e d order o f t h e m o d e l l i n g as per [I].
( i = l ) . I n Fig. 9 , t h e o s c i l l o g r a m y i e l d s an induced
f i e l d current o f
The r e s u l t s obtained w i t h t h e model a r e c o n s i s t e n t ,
if(j) = vifo 0.42/-(>175O) and i n agreement w i t h those from t h e u s u a l s h o r t -
c i r c u i t t e s t s and w i t h t h e advance c a l c u l a t i o n s
t a k i n g i n t o account t h e p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s .

The method i s based on s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f t h e reac-

tance operators x d ( j s ) , x,(js), and t h e f i e l d c u r -
r e n t i f ( j ) . These can be e l t h e r d i r e c t l y measured or
1
c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e machine geometry, o r determined
W
from f i e l d c a l c u l a t i o n s .

A f t e r t a k i n g i n t o account t h e error sources of phys-

i c a l o r i g i n and t h e i r approximate c o r r e c t i o n s , t h e
s t a n d s t i l l measurements a t v a r i a b l e frequency can
o f f e r v a l u a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n as t o t h e s t r u c t u r e of
t h e magnetic c o u p l i n g i n t h e machine. S p e c i a l a t t e n -
t i o n must be g i v e n t o s a t u r a t i o n i n t h e surface
l a y e r o f t h e s o l i d r o t o r core, where n o t i c e a b l e
s a t u r a t i o n can be present even a t r a t e d l i n e a r c u r -
rent loading .
I
,
, = 750 A v
1 REFERENCES

Fig. 9 Curve o f f i e l d c u r r e n t i n three-phase s h o r t

Cl1 I.M. Canay, "Modelling o f A l t e r n a t i n g - C u r r e n t
Machines Having M u l t i p l e Rotor C i r c u i t s " , IEEE, 1992
circuit
[ 21 L.N. Hannett, "Confirmation o f Generator S t a n d s t i l l
Comparison w i t h t h e v a l u e measured a t s t a n d s t i l l Frequency Response Test Methods, Progress Report 1,
(Table 111) shows c l e a r l y t h a t t h e induced f i e l d cur- Rockport U n i t I",
E P R I RP 2328-1, 1985
r e n t i n t h e "unsaturated i = l" o p e r a t i o n i s almost
h a l f as g r e a t as t h e value measured a t s t a n d s t i l l . C31 P.A. Rusche, I.R. W i l l i s , E.L. Denning, G.J. Block,
Therefore i t i s a d v i s a b l e t o determine t h e e q u i v a l e n t "Confirmation o f Test Methods f o r Synchronous Ma-
c i r c u i t diagram o f t h e d-axis i n accordance w i t h t h e c h i n e Dynamic Performance Models", EPRI, EL-5736,
value o f i f ( j ) obtained f r o m t h e s h o r t - c i r c u i t t e s t , so RP 2328-1, Aug. 1988
as t o g i v e a b e t t e r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e f i e l d c i r c u i t
o f t h e machine. This y i e l d s t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t [41 I.M. Canay, "Overvoltages i n t h e F i e l d C i r c u i t o f
shown i n F i g . I O . Synchronous Machines w i t h R e c t i f i e r E x c i t a t i o n " ,
Brown B o v e r i Review, 1975, 5, pp.217-227

[51 IEEE Std 115A-1987, "Obtaining Synchronous Machine

0.19 0.05607 0.03998 0.0965 0.00115
Parameters by S t a n d s t i l l Frequency Response Testing"

C61 IEEE S t d 1110-1991, "Guide f o r Synchronous Genera-

t o r Modeling P r a c t i c e s i n S t a b i l i t y Analyses"

I I I
LITERATURE

F i g . 10 Equivalent c i r c u i t diagram, 2x3 model, For s p e c i f i c l i t e r a t u r e please see [3].

w i t h f i e l d c u r r e n t if(j)=0.42/-175O, 1,
as measured i n t h e s h o r t c i r c u i t
Biography: see 111

Remarks :
When an e v a l u a t i o n i s made as per [5], one cannot Discussion
o b t a i n good agreement as i n Fig. 5 t o 8. I n a d d i t i o n ,
t h e models w i t h 2 and 3 r o t o r c i r c u i t per a x i s f o r t h i s
turbogenerator a l s o appear i n [3]; w i t h t h e values
(For a discussion of this paper, please see the discussion following the
g i v e n there, those who so d e s i r e can c a l c u l a t e and p l o t
companion paper "Modelling of Alternating-Current Machines Hav-
t h e curves o f F i g . 5 t o 8 and can see t h e d e v i a t i o n s . A
ing Multiple Rotor Circuits" by I. M. Canay in this issue.)
comparison w i l l n o t be made here. I t should b e p o i n t e d
out, however, t h a t i n some s t a b i l i t y i n v e s t i g a t i o n s [ 6 1
such l a r g e d e v i a t i o n s do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y i n d i c a t e a
s e r i o u s s i t u a t i o n . The seriousness w i l l depend very
g r e a t l y on t h e t y p e o f d i s t u r b a n c e and on t h e t y p e o f
machine, as mentioned i n t h e t e x t .