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What is

Executive function?
and How Does it Relate to Child Development?
The phrase “executive function” refers to
a set of skills. These skills underlie the
capacity to plan ahead and meet goals,
display self-control, follow multiple-step
directions even when interrupted, and stay due

focused despite distractions, among others.

due Much like


an air traffic
to-
MAK
do
lis
t
control system at
TAK
E DI
NNE an airport helps planes
OIL E CAR R
PAY
CHA F
NGE R O on different runways land and
BILL
S take off safely, executive function
skills help our brains prioritize tasks, filter
distractions, and control impulses.

no one is born with executive function skills,


but nearly everyone can learn them.
Our genes provide
the blueprint for Adults set up the framework for children to learn
learning these skills, and practice these skills over time by establishing
but they develop routines, breaking big tasks into smaller chunks,
through experiences and encouraging games that promote imagination,
and practice. The role-playing, following rules, and controlling
foundation is laid impulses. These techniques are
in infancy, when known as “scaffolding.” Just
babies first learn as a scaffold supports
to pay attention. workers while a building
Relationships with is being constructed,
responsive caregivers are particularly important at adults can use
this stage. Something as simple as playing a game these activities
of peekaboo can help build the early foundations to support the
of working memory and self-control as a baby emergence of
anticipates the surprise. children’s executive
function skills until
they can perform
them on their own.

These skills typically develop most rapidly between ages 3-5, followed
by another spike in development during the adolescent and early adult
years. It takes a long time and a lot of practice to develop them, but,
as children’s executive function skills grow, adults can gradually allow
children to manage more and more aspects of their environment.

Building Children’s Executive Function


Skills Benefits Everyone.
The increasingly competent In turn, this helps
executive functioning of children them grow into
and adolescents adults capable of
enables them juggling a multitude
to plan and act of commitments,
2+2= in a way that I Voted
such as parenting,
makes them employment,
good students, continuing education,
classroom and civic involvement.
citizens, and Even health is
friends. affected, as strong
executive function
helps people stick
to healthy habits
and reduce stress. The more a society invests in
building the executive functioning of its children,
the greater dividends it will see in the future.

For more information: https://developingchild.harvard.edu/ef

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