ABSTRACT ON INTELLIGENT BRAKING SYSTEM

Most of the accidents in four wheeled vehicles occur because of failure of braking systems.

Manual method of applying brakes is always dangerous as it leads to accidents. Unconsciousness

of driver, failure in the linkages of braking systems, road conditions, uncontrollable speed

of the vehicle and manual operation of braking systems are the reasons of accidents. It is

necessary to control brakes automatically through electronics devices to minimize the accident

problems.

In this report which is made gives the effective methodology for automatic control of braking

system to avoid accidents. In this technology we used Arduinomega , relays, ultra sonic

transmitter and ultra sonic receiver for effective function of braking control system. This

complete system can be fitted on to dashboard of a vehicle and effectively used for automatic

control of braking system.

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CHAPTER.2

INTRODUCTION TO INTELLIGENT BRAKING SYSTEM

Accidents occur due to technical problem within the vehicle or due to mistake of driver.

Sometimes the drivers lose control over the vehicle and sometimes accident occurs due to rash

driving. When the drivers come to know that vehicle is going to collide they become nervous and

they don’t apply the brakes. Majority of the accidents occur this way. The system designed will

prevent such accidents. It will continuously keep the track of the distance between the two

vehicles. When two come dangerously close the microprocessor in the system activates the

brakes and it will stop the vehicle. Now a days the number of vehicles are increasing due this the

occurrence of accidents also increases. So our vision is to prevent the occurrence of

accidents.The intelligent braking system is complied of ultra sonic sensor and which operates the

braking system. So this system replaces the human effort for applying the brakes by tracking the

distance of the two vehicles and applies the brakes of the vehicle and reduces the occurrences of

accidents .

CHAPTER.2
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LITERATURE REVIEW ON INTELLIGENT BRAKING SYSTEM

The existing approaches in preventing accidents are: Honda’s idea of ABS which helps the rider

get hassle free braking experience in muddy and watery surfaces by applying a distributed

braking and prevents skidding and wheel locking [1] Volvo launched XC60 SUV which was

equipped with laser assisted braking.

This is capable to sense a collision up to 50 mps and apply brakes automatically [1] Drawbacks

in the existing approaches:

ABS can only help if the rider applies it in right time manually and maintains the distance

calculations. ABS has its own braking distance.

Moreover most of the commuter bikes in India don’t have ABS because it’s very expensive

Volvo’s laser assisted braking could not work effectively in rainfall and snowfall season and laser

is easily affected by atmospheric conditions.[3]

CHAPTER.3

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3.1 COMPONENTS USED IN INTELLIGENT BRAKING SYSTEM

I ULTRA SONIC SENSOR

II. MICROCONTROLLER

III TYRES

IV DC MOTORS

V CHASSIS

VI BRAKES

VII. ARDUNIO MEGA

VIII. BULETHOOT MODULE

I .ULTRASONIC SENSOR:

These are the type of acoustic sensor which is divided into 3 bard categories and they are

1.Transmitters

2. Receivers

3.Transceivers

the transmitter convert the electrical signal into ultrasonic sound and receivers convert ultrasonic

sound to electrical signals and transceivers can both transmit and receive the ultrasonic sound

waves

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II .MICRO CONTROLLER : A micro controller is a device which consist of computer in a

single integrated circuit which is dedicated to perform one task and execute one specific

application. it contains memory so that we can give set of programes to the system and these

system perform the task requried by the user these micro controller is used in cell phones

cameras etc.

FIGURE NO :3.2 MICRO CONTROLLER

III. TYRES:

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a ring-shaped component that surrounds a wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle

through the wheel to the ground and to provide traction on the surface traveled over. Most tires,

such as those for automobiles and bicycles, are pneumatically inflated structures, which also

provide a flexible cushion that absorbs shock as the tire rolls over rough features on the surface.

Tires provide a footprint that is designed to match the weight of the vehicle with the bearing

strength of the surface that it rolls over by providing a bearing pressure that will not deform the

surface excessively

FIGURE NO 3.3 TYRE

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IV. DC MOTORS

it is class of rotary electrical machine that converts direct current electrical energy into

mechanical energy. the most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields .most

of the dc motors have same mechanism either electro magnetic or electronic

FIGURE NO 3.4 DC MOTORS (BLDC)

V. BRAKES:

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Brake is a mechanical device which is used to absorb the energy from a moving system bring it

to position of rest. it is used for slowing or stopping a moving objects like vehicle wheel or axel

by means of friction force .We use regenerative braking system.

VI. CHASSIS

the base frame of a car, carriage, or other wheeled.

FIGURE NO. 3.5 BASIC FRAME OF CHASIS

II. Arduino Mega

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microcontroller board based on the ATmega1280 (datasheet). It has 54 digital input/output pins

(of which 14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a

16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button

FIGURE 3.6 ARDUINO MEGA

VIII. BLUETOOTH MODULE

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The Bluetooth module is device or technology standard that is used for data exchange between

the fixed system and mobile for the short range or wave length. This device usally transmits both

sound and data to the processor range of Bluetooth module is about 10 meters and with a

frequency band of 2.4GHz which is globally available

FIGURE NO 3.7 BLUETOOTH MODULE

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3.2 WORKING OF INTELLIGENT BRAKING SYSTEM

Utilizing a HALL sensor the framework will sense the rate of the vehicle and with the

microcontroller, it will compute the braking separation: that is the separation required to convey

the vehicle to a complete stop for that speed. Utilizing an Optical sensor, the framework will

sense any moving or stationary hindrance in front and ceaselessly monitor its separation. At the

point when the driver sees a deterrent in front and backs off there is no issue. Then again, in the

event that he doesn’t have any significant bearing brakes and continue the same velocity, he goes

to a point where the separation of the impediment equivalents to braking separation. This is the

last risk for the driver to apply the brake and back off the vehicle. In the event that regardless he

goes at the same speed, the microcontroller in the framework will actuate the brakes and evade

an impact by conveying the vehicle to a stop. Regularly, one would not stop at a moment that the

vehicle is touching the impediment. Some separation is left before the snag. The separation is

additionally accounted by the microcontroller. Assume for 50 km/hr if the braking separation is

say 12.28 m, then 0.5 m is included and the braking separation is computed as 12.78m.

3.3 WORKING CONDITIONS OF INTELLIGENT BRAKING:

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CASE 1:

If there is no obstacle in front of vehicle then the sensor output remains unchanged that means

low and so that motor drives the vehicle as its output is high.

CASE 2:

If there is obstacle detects by the ultra sonic sensor in front of our vehicle then sensor outputs the

value HIGH and so that motor stops running as its value will be LOW and our vehicle will be

stops.

FLOW CHART FOR WORKING CONDITION OF INTELLIGENT BRAKING

SYSTEM:

3.4 .FACTORS CONSIDERED Factors considered in designing the system are: Braking

distance of obstacle in front. The braking distance is the main factor considered in this system.

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Braking distance for a particular speed is the distance between the point of application of the

brakes and the point at which the vehicle comes to a complete stop from the present speed. It is

calculated by using following formula.

Braking Distance = V2 / 2µg (meter)

where

V= Velocity of the vehicle (m/s)

µ = Coefficient of friction of road = 0.8

g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81(m/s2)

In this formula the condition of brakes and the road conditions are not considered for coefficient

of friction µ.

3.5 BRAKING SYSTEM USED IN THE PROJECT:

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Regenerative braking system consists of an electric motor with dual function. It works as a

motor, in one direction and also as a generator, in the opposite direction. When it runs as a motor,

it converts electrical energy into mechanical energy and drives the wheels. However, while

braking; it runs in the opposite direction and becomes an electric generator. Applying the brakes

of an electric or hybrid vehicle causes the electric motor to run in reverse direction i.e. in

generator mode, thereby; slowing down the wheels and stops the vehicle.

FIGURE NO 3.8 REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM

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CHAPTER .4

4.1 ADVANTAGES OF INTELLIGENT BRAKING SYSTEM

1. It allows the driver to maintain directional stability and control over steering during braking.

2 .safe and effective

3. the ABS absorbs the unwanted turbulence shock waves and modulates the pluses thus

permitting the wheel to continue turing under maximum braking pressure .

4 .less time and more profit.

4.2 FUTURE SCOPE FOR INTELLIGENT BRAKING SYSTEM

1. The new sensory system and sensory fusion to be explored to plug additional information to

the control system

2. this work can be extended to include different maneuvers to make the driving system capable

of dealing all the driving environments.

3. thus with current growing and awareness and importance of safeness and security trustworthy

of intelligent braking system can be deployed in few years for every vehicle

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CHAPTER.5

CONCLUSION

Proposed arrangement used for intelligent braking system has a lot of potential applications

especially In developed countries where research on smart vehicle and intelligent highway are

receiving ample attention. We canuse this system in the four wheeler vehicle and can reduce the

number of accidents taking place on road.

The system when integrated with other subsystems like automatic traction control system,

intelligent throttle system, and auto cruise system, etc. will result in smart vehicle maneuver. In

modern industries also for material handling trolley and machinery it requires and it is industries

need.

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