G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES & POWER SYSTEMS LAB

I - M.TECH, II-SEM

INDEX
S.NO. Name of the Experiment

1. Simulation of Load Frequency control of Isolated Power System

2 Formation of Y-Bus
3. Solution of Load Flow Employing Gauss-Siedel Method
4. Solution of Load Flow using Fast Decoupled Load Flow method
5. Fast decoupled Load Flow Solution for Distribution System using MATLAB.
6. Transient Stability Analysis by Point by Point Method.
7. Simulink Model of an AVR system using PID Controller
8. Formation of Z-bus
9. Automatic Generation Control of Two area system

10. Estimation of Frequency Response in Multi area system with Integral Control

Simulation of Load Frequency control of Isolated Power System

Simulation Lab Page 1

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

Aim: To simulate the concept of Load Frequency Control of isolated power system employing
MATLAB/SIMILINK.

Simulation Model:

System parameters:
Tsg: 0.08sec; Tt: 0.3sec; Tps: 20sec; Kps: 300
Ki: 0.8; T 212: 0.196; R: 2.4; B: 0.425

Simulation parameters:
Time: 100sec
ode15s (stiff/NDF)

Waveforms:

Simulation Lab Page 2

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

Result: The concept of Load Frequency Control of isolated power system has been designed and the
frequency curves have been plotted using MATLAB.

Formation of YBus

Simulation Lab Page 3

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

AIM: To evaluate the Ybus for a given power system network consisting of 5-bus
System

Power System Network:

Program for formation of Ybus:

% THE Y-BUS FORMATION

clear;
clc;
basemva=100;
nbus=5;
% lp lq r x ysh tap
linedata =[ 1 2 0.02 0.06 0.03 1
1 3 0.08 0.24 0.025 1
2 3 0.06 0.18 0.02 1
2 4 0.06 0.18 0.02 1
2 5 0.04 0.12 0.015 1
3 4 0.01 0.03 0.01 1
4 5 0.08 0.24 0.025 1 ];

nline=length(linedata(:,1));
j=sqrt(-1);
i=sqrt(-1);

Simulation Lab Page 4

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

for k=1:nline
lp(k)=linedata(k,1);
lq(k)=linedata(k,2);
r(k)=linedata(k,3);
x(k)=linedata(k,4);
ysh(k)=linedata(k,5);
a(k)=linedata(k,6);
z(k)= r(k)+j*x(k);
y(k)=1/z(k);
end
ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus);
yln =zeros(nbus,nbus);
% PI METHOD FOR OFF-NOMINAL ADMITTANCE OF TRANSFORMER
for k=1:nline
ylp(k)=[1/(a(k)^2)-1/a(k)]*y(k);
ylq(k)=[1-1/a(k)]*y(k);
y(k)=y(k)/a(k);
end
for k=1:nline
ybus(lp(k),lq(k))=ybus(lp(k),lq(k))-y(k);
ybus(lq(k),lp(k))=ybus(lp(k),lq(k));
ybus(lp(k),lp(k))=ybus(lp(k),lp(k))+y(k)+ylp(k)+j*ysh(k);
ybus(lq(k),lq(k))=ybus(lq(k),lq(k))+y(k)+ylq(k)+j*ysh(k);
end
ybus

OUTPUT :-

Y-BUS =

6.2500 -18.695i -5.000 + 15.000i -1.250 + 3.750i 0 0

-5.0000 +15.000i 10.833-32.415i -1.667 + 5.000i -1.6667 + 5.000i -2.500 + 7.500i

-1.2500 + 3.750i -1.667 + 5.000i 12.9167 -38.695i -10.000 +30.000i 0

0 -1.667+ 5.000i -10.000 +30.000i 12.9167 -38.695i -1.250 + 3.750i

0 -2.500 + 7.500i 0 -1.250 + 3.750i 3.750 -11.210i

Load Flow Solution Employing Gauss-Seidel Method

Simulation Lab Page 5

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

AIM: To find the solution of Load Flow of a Power System Network Employing Gauss-Seidel

Method

Power System Network:

Program for Load Flow Solution Using G-S Method:

% THE Y-BUS FORMATION

clear;
clc;
basemva=100;
%n code v delta Pg Qg Pd Qd Qmin Qmax Qsh
busdata = [
1 0 1.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 1 1.04 0 100 0 50 0 20 100 0

3 2 1.00 0 0 0 100 -50 0 0 0

4 2 1.00 0 0 0 -30 10 0 0 0];

% lp lq r x ysh tap

Simulation Lab Page 6

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

linedata =[ 1 2 0.05 0.15 0.0 1

1 3 0.1 0.3 0.0 1
2 3 0.15 0.45 0.0 1
2 4 0.1 0.3 0.0 1
3 4 0.05 0.15 0.0 1];
nline=length(linedata(:,1));
j=sqrt(-1);
i=sqrt(-1);
for k=1:nline
lp(k)=linedata(k,1);
lq(k)=linedata(k,2);
r(k)=linedata(k,3);
x(k)=linedata(k,4);
ysh(k)=linedata(k,5);
a(k)=linedata(k,6);
nbus=length(busdata(:,2));
z(k)= r(k)+j*x(k);
y(k)=1/z(k);
end
ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus);
yln =zeros(nbus,nbus);
% PI METHOD FOR OFF-NOMINAL ADMITTANCE OF TRANSFORMER
for k=1:nline
ylp(k)=[1/(a(k)^2)-1/a(k)]*y(k);
ylq(k)=[1-1/a(k)]*y(k);
y(k)=y(k)/a(k);
end
for k=1:nline
ybus(lp(k),lq(k))=ybus(lp(k),lq(k))-y(k);
ybus(lq(k),lp(k))=ybus(lp(k),lq(k));
ybus(lp(k),lp(k))=ybus(lp(k),lp(k))+y(k)+ylp(k)+j*ysh(k);
ybus(lq(k),lq(k))=ybus(lq(k),lq(k))+y(k)+ylq(k)+j*ysh(k);
end
% Load flow solution by Gauss-seidel Method
nbus=length(busdata(:,1));
for n=1:nbus
bus(n)=busdata(n,1);
kb(n)=busdata(n,2);
vm(n)=busdata(n,3);
delta(n)=busdata(n,4);
Pg(n)=busdata(n,5);
Qg(n)=busdata(n,6);
Pd(n)=busdata(n,7);
Qd(n)=busdata(n,8);
Qmin(n)=busdata(n,9);
Qmax(n)=busdata(n,10);
Qsh(n)=busdata(n,11);

Simulation Lab Page 7

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

delta(n)=pi/180*delta(n);
e(n)=vm(n)*cos(delta(n))+j*vm(n)*sin(delta(n));
P(n)=(Pg(n)-Pd(n))/basemva;
Q(n)=(Qg(n)-Qd(n))/basemva;
S(n)=P(n)+j*Q(n);
dv(n)=0;
end
maxerror=0.1;
iter=0;
for n=1:nbus
vc(n)=0+0*j;
vnew(n)=0+0*j;
end
while (maxerror>0.00001 & iter<15)
for m=1:nbus
for n=1:nbus
yv(n)=0+0*j;
end
if kb(m)==0 % Slackbus
vc(m)=vm(m);
e(m)=vc(m) ;
end
if kb(m)==2 %Load bus
for k=1:nbus
if k~=m
yv(m)=yv(m)+ybus(m,k)*e(k);
end
end
vc(m)=(conj(S(m))/conj(e(m))-yv(m))/ybus(m,m);
error(m)=abs(vc(m)-e(m));
e(m)=e(m)+1.4*(vc(m)-e(m));
end
if kb(m)==1 %Generator
bus
for k=1:nbus
if k~=m
yv(m)=yv(m)+ybus(m,k)*e(k);
end
end
cos(m)=real(e(m))/abs(e(m));
sin(m)=imag(e(m))/abs(e(m));
e(m)=vm(m)*cos(m)+j*vm(m)*sin(m);
Qnew(m)=-imag(conj(e(m))*(yv(m)*ybus(m,m)*e(m)))*100;
if(Qnew(m))<Qmin(m)
Q(m)=Qmin(m)/basemva;
S(m)=P(m)+j*Q(m);
e(m)=1.0+0*j;

Simulation Lab Page 8

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

vc(m)=((conj(S(m))/conj(e(m)))-
yv(m))/ybus(m,m);
e(m)=e(m)+1.4*(vc(m)-e(m));
elseif Qnew(m) >Qmax(m)
Q(m)=Qmax(m)/basemva;
S(m)=P(m)+j*Q(m);
e(m)=1+0*j;
vc(m)=((conj(S(m))/conj(e(m)))-
yv(m))/ybus(m,m);
e(m)=e(m)+1.4*(vc(m)-e(m));
else
Q(m)=Qnew(m)/basemva;
S(m)=P(m)+j*Q(m);
vc(m)=((conj(S(m))/conj(e(m)))-yv(m))/ybus(m,m);
cos(m)=real(vc(m))/(abs(vc(m)));
sin(m)=imag(vc(m))/(abs(vc(m)));
vnew(m)=vm(m)*cos(m)+j*vm(m)*sin(m);
e(m)=vnew(m);
end
end
end
maxerror=max(error);
iter=iter+1;
iter
e
end

% CALCULATION OF LINE POWER FLOWS

ysh=zeros(nbus,nbus);
yln=zeros(nbus,nbus);
for k=1:nline
yln(lp(k),lq(k))=yln(lp(k),lq(k))+y(k);
yln(lq(k),lp(k))=yln(lp(k),lq(k));
ysh(lp(k),lq(k))=ysh(lp(k),lq(k))+j*ysh(k);
ysh(lq(k),lp(k))=ysh(lp(k),lq(k));
end
for i=1:nbus
for k=1:nbus
sln(i,k)=0+0*i;
end
end
for m=1:nbus
for n=1:nbus
sln(m,n)=((e(m)*(conj(e(m))-conj(e(n)))*conj(yln,n)))
+(e(m)*conj(e(m))*conj(ysh(m,n))))*basemva;
end
end

Simulation Lab Page 9

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

sln

OUTPUT :-

(a) P.V.BUS WITHOUT VIOLATION OF Q-LIMITS :-

( i ) BUS VOLTAGES :-

ITER. E1 E2 E3 E4

1 1.0400 1.0395 + 0.0335i 1.0444 - 0.1251i 1.0599 - 0.0545i

2 1.0400 1.1067 - 0.0030i 1.0733 - 0.1206i 1.0965 - 0.0483i

3 1.0400 1.1281 + 0.0005i 1.0960 - 0.1134i 1.1126 - 0.0438i

4 1.0400 1.1400 + 0.0040i 1.1033 - 0.1095i 1.1183 - 0.0409i

5 1.0400 1.1440 + 0.0061i 1.1062 - 0.1075i 1.1205 - 0.0395i

6 1.0400 1.1456 + 0.0072i 1.1073 - 0.1066i 1.1214 - 0.0388i

7 1.0400 1.1462 + 0.0077i 1.1078 - 0.1062i 1.1218 - 0.0385i

8 1.0400 1.1465 + 0.0079i 1.1080 - 0.1060i 1.1219 - 0.0383i

9 1.0400 1.1466 + 0.0080i 1.1081 - 0.1060i 1.1220 - 0.0383i

10 1.0400 1.1466 + 0.0080i 1.1081 - 0.1059i 1.1220 - 0.0383i

11 1.0400 1.1466 + 0.0081i 1.1081 - 0.1059i 1.1220 - 0.0383i

12 1.0400 1.1467 + 0.0081i 1.1082 - 0.1059i 1.1220 - 0.0383i

( i i ) LINE POWER FLOWS :-

sln =
0 27.2172 +64.8737i -25.9601 +32.2794i 0

-29.5052 -71.7377i 0 -29.0835 - 0.3204i -18.7376 - 3.3020i

24.3737 -37.0387i 28.1185 - 2.5748i 0 47.5099 -10.3857i

0 18.4622 + 2.4761i -48.4641 + 7.5230i 0

Simulation Lab Page 10

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

(b) P.V.BUS WITH VIOLATION OF Q-LIMITS :-

( i ) BUS VOLTAGES :-

ITER. E1 E2 E3 E4

1 1.0400 1.0783 + 0.0477i 1.0543 - 0.1215i 1.0872 - 0.0444i

2 1.0400 1.1254 - 0.0002i 1.0955 - 0.1125i 1.1145 - 0.0445i

3 1.0400 1.1463 + 0.0021i 1.1066 - 0.1109i 1.1236 - 0.0429i

4 1.0400 1.1526 + 0.0031i 1.1110 - 0.1089i 1.1269 - 0.0416i

5 1.0400 1.1550 + 0.0041i 1.1126 - 0.1079i 1.1282 - 0.0408i

6 1.0400 1.1559 + 0.0047i 1.1132 - 0.1075i 1.1287 - 0.0405i

7 1.0400 1.1562 + 0.0049i 1.1135 - 0.1072i 1.1289 - 0.0403i

8 1.0400 1.1564 + 0.0050i 1.1136 - 0.1072i 1.1289 - 0.0402i

9 1.0400 1.1564 + 0.0051i 1.1137 - 0.1071i 1.1290 - 0.0402i

10 1.0400 1.1564 + 0.0051i 1.1137 - 0.1071i 1.1290 - 0.0402i

11 1.0400 1.1565 + 0.0051i 1.1137 - 0.1071i 1.1290 - 0.0402i

( i i ) LINE POWER FLOWS :-

sln =
0 27.4140 +71.6035i -25.7502 + 34.1245i 0

-30.1315 - 79.7561i 0 -29.2448 - 1.3727i -18.8788 - 4.3724i

24.0605 - 39.1935i 28.2834 - 1.5113i 0 47.6586 - 9.2942i

0 18.5980 + 3.5300i -48.6003 + 6.4688i 0

Load Flow Solution Using Fast Decoupled Load Flow Method

Simulation Lab Page 11

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

AIM:
To develop MATLAB Program for Load flow solution by fast decoupled Load flow Method

Power System Network:

Program for formation of Ybus:

clear;
clc;
basemva=100;
% n code v del pg qg pd qd qmin qmax qsh
busdata=[1 0 1.06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 1.0 0 40 30 20 10 0 0 0
3 2 1.0 0 0 0 45 15 0 0 0
4 2 1.0 0 0 0 40 5 0 0 0
5 2 1.0 0 0 0 60 10 0 0 0 ];
% lp lq r x ysh tap
linedata=[1 2 0.02 0.06 0.030 1
1 3 0.08 0.24 0.025 1
2 3 0.06 0.18 0.020 1
2 4 0.06 0.18 0.020 1
2 5 0.04 0.12 0.015 1
3 4 0.01 0.03 0.01 1
4 5 0.08 0.24 0.025 1 ];
Simulation Lab Page 12
 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

%Ybus formulation by inspection method

nline=length(linedata(:,1));
for k=1:nline
lp(k)=linedata(k,1);
lq(k)=linedata(k,2);
r(k)=linedata(k,3);
x(k)=linedata(k,4);
ysh(k)=linedata(k,5);
a(k)=linedata(k,6);
nbus=length(busdata(:,2));
z(k)=r(k)+j*x(k);
y(k)=1/z(k);
end
ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus);
% PI METHOD FOR OFF-NOMINAL ADMITTANCE OF TRANSFORMER
for k=1:nline
ylp(k)=(1/a(k)^2-1/a(k))*y(k);
ylq(k)=(1.0-1/a(k))*y(k);
y(k)=y(k)/a(k);
end
for k=1:nline
ybus(lp(k),lq(k))=ybus(lp(k),lq(k))-y(k);
ybus(lq(k),lp(k))=ybus(lp(k),lq(k));
ybus(lp(k),lp(k))=ybus(lp(k),lp(k))+y(k)+ylp(k)+j*ysh(k);
ybus(lq(k),lq(k))=ybus(lq(k),lq(k))+y(k)+ylq(k)+j*ysh(k);
end
for n=1:nbus
bus(n)=busdata(n,1);
kb(n)=busdata(n,2);
vm(n)=busdata(n,3);
delta(n)=busdata(n,4);
pg(n)=busdata(n,5);
qg(n)=busdata(n,6);
pd(n)=busdata(n,7);
qd(n)=busdata(n,8);
qmin(n)=busdata(n,9);
qmax(n)=busdata(n,10);
qsh(n)=busdata(n,11);
delta(n)=pi/180*delta(n);
v(n)=vm(n)*cos(delta(n))+j*vm(n)*sin(delta(n));
p(n)=(pg(n)-pd(n))/basemva;
q(n)=(qg(n)-qd(n))/basemva;
s(n)=p(n)+j*q(n);
end
ym=abs(ybus);
t=angle(ybus);
ii=0;

Simulation Lab Page 13

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

for n=1:nbus
if(kb(n)==1|kb(n)==2)
ii=ii+1;
jj=0;
for m=1:nbus
if(kb(m)==1|kb(m)==2)
jj=jj+1;
B1(ii,jj)=imag(ybus(n,m));
end
end
end
end
ii=0;
for n=1:nbus
if(kb(n)==2)
ii=ii+1;
jj=0;
for m=1:nbus
if(kb(m)==2)
jj=jj+1;
B2(ii,jj)=imag(ybus(n,m));
end
end
end
end
B1inv=inv(B1);
B2inv=inv(B2);
maxerror=0.1;
iter=0;
while maxerror>0.00001&iter<15
iter=iter+1;
id=0;
iv=0;
for n=1:nbus
J11=0;
J33=0;
for m=1:nline
if(lp(m)==n|lq(m)==n)
if(lp(m)==n)
l=lq(m);
end
if(lq(m)==n)
l=lp(m);
end

J11=J11+vm(n)*vm(l)*ym(n,l)*sin(t(n,l)-delta(n)
+delta(l));

Simulation Lab Page 14

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

J33=J33+vm(n)*vm(l)*ym(n,l)*cos(t(n,l)-delta(n)
+delta(l));
end
end
pk=vm(n)^2*ym(n,n)*cos(t(n,n))+J33;
qk=-vm(n)^2*ym(n,n)*sin(t(n,n))-J11;
if(kb(n)==0)
p(n)=pk;
q(n)=qk;
end
if(kb(n)==1)
q(n)=qk;
qgc=q(n)*basemva+qd(n)-qsh(n);
if qmax(n)~=0
if iter<=20
if iter>=10
if(qgc<qmin(n)|qgc>qmax(n))
if(qgc<qmin(n))
vm(n)=vm(n)+0.0005;
else
vm(n)=vm(n)-0.0005;
end
end
end
end
end
end
if(kb(n)~=0)
id=id+1;
dp(id)=p(n)-pk;
dpv(id)=(p(n)-pk)/vm(n);
iv=iv+1;
dq(iv)=q(n)-qk;
dqv(iv)=(q(n)-qk)/vm(n);
end
end
f=dpv';
dd=-B1inv*dpv';
dv=-B2inv*dqv';
id=0;
iv=0;
for n=1:nbus
if(kb(n)~=0)
id=id+1;
delta(n)=delta(n)+dd(id);
iv=iv+1;
vm(n)=vm(n)+dv(iv);

Simulation Lab Page 15

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

end
end
maxerror=max(max(abs(dp)),max(abs(dq)));
iter
E=vm.*cos(delta)+j*vm.*sin(delta)
end

OUTPUT :-

ITER E0 E1 E2 E3 E4

1 1.0600 1.0691 - 0.0404i 1.0566 - 0.0920i 1.0575 - 0.0988i 1.0558 - 0.1166i

2 1.0600 1.0493 - 0.0591i 1.0191 - 0.0982i 1.0175 - 0.1043i 1.0089 - 0.1186i

3 1.0600 1.0427 - 0.0519i 1.0162 - 0.0881i 1.0150 - 0.0938i 1.0077 - 0.1072i

4 1.0600 1.0461 - 0.0502i 1.0208 - 0.0883i 1.0197 - 0.0942i 1.0129 - 0.1083i

5 1.0600 1.0466 - 0.0513i 1.0207 - 0.0894i 1.0195 - 0.0953i 1.0124 - 0.1093i

6 1.0600 1.0461 - 0.0514i 1.0202 - 0.0893i 1.0190 - 0.0951i 1.0119 - 0.1091i

7 1.0600 1.0461 - 0.0513i 1.0203 - 0.0892i 1.0191 - 0.0950i 1.0121 - 0.1090i

8 1.0600 1.0462 - 0.0513i 1.0203 - 0.0892i 1.0192 - 0.0951i 1.0121 - 0.1091i

9 1.0600 1.0462 - 0.0513i 1.0203 - 0.0892i 1.0191 - 0.0951i 1.0121 - 0.1091i

10 1.0600 1.0462 - 0.0513i 1.0203 - 0.0892i 1.0191 - 0.0951i 1.0121 - 0.1091i

11 1.0600 1.0462 - 0.0513i 1.0203 - 0.0892i 1.0191 - 0.0951i 1.0121 - 0.1091i

12 1.0600 1.0462 - 0.0513i 1.0203 - 0.0892i 1.0191 - 0.0951i 1.0121 - 0.1091i

13 1.0600 1.0462 - 0.0513i 1.0203 - 0.0892i 1.0191 - 0.0951i 1.0121 - 0.1091i

Fast Decoupled Load Flow Solution For Distribution System Using MATLAB

Simulation Lab Page 16

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

AIM:
To develop MATLAB Program for fast decoupled Load flow Method for distribution System.

Power System Network:

Program for FDLF for distribution system:

clear;
clc;
rxratio=1.5;
% n v delta pd qd ysh
busdata=[ 1 1.05 0 0.000 0.000 0
2 1.00 0 0.278 0.069 0
3 1.00 0 0.442 0.084 0
4 1.00 0 0.195 0.066 0
5 1.00 0 0.149 0.05 0
6 1.00 0 0.26 0.016 0.5 ];

% lp lq z
linedata=[ 1 2 0.052

Simulation Lab Page 17

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

2 3 0.035
2 4 0.0645
4 5 0.0117
4 6 0.075 ];
nline=length(linedata(:,1));
nbus=length(busdata(:,1));
j=sqrt(-1);
for k=1:nline
lp(k)=linedata(k,1);
lq(k)=linedata(k,2);
z(k)=linedata(k,3);
x(k)=sqrt((z(k)^2)/(((rxratio)^2)+1));
r(k)=rxratio*x(k);
z(k)=r(k)+j*x(k);
y(k)=1/z(k); %branch admittance
end
%initiation of G MATRIX
G=zeros(nbus,nbus);
%finding off diagonal elements of G MATRIX
for k=1:nline
G(lp(k),lq(k))=G(lp(k),lq(k))-real(y(k));
G(lq(k),lp(k))=G(lp(k),lq(k));
end
%finding diagonal elements of G MATRIX
for n=1:nbus
for k=1:nline
if ((lp(k)==n)||(lq(k)==n))
G(n,n)=G(n,n)+real(y(k));
end
end
end
invG=inv(G(2:nbus,2:nbus));
%reading the bus data
for k=1:nbus
bus(k)=busdata(k,1);
vm(k)=busdata(k,2);
delta(k)=busdata(k,3);
pd(k)=busdata(k,4);
qd(k)=busdata(k,5);
delta=pi/180*delta;
end
maxerror=1;
iter=0;
while(maxerror>0.0001 & iter<30)
iter=iter+1;
%initialisation of isp,ical
for k=1:nbus-1

Simulation Lab Page 18

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

isp(k)=0;
ik(k)=0;
end
%calculation of specified e.c.i.
for k=1:nbus-1
isp(k)=[conj(pd(k+1)+j*qd(k+1))/vm(k+1)];
end
%calculation of ik
for n=2:nbus
for k=1:nline
if lp(k)==n||lq(k)==n
if lp(k)==n
ik(n-1)=ik(n-1)+y(k)*(vm(lp(k))-vm(lq(k)));
end
if lq(k)==n
ik(n-1)=ik(n-1)+y(k)*(vm(lq(k))-vm(lp(k)));
end
end
end
end
%calculation of ical including the effect of shunt capacitance
for n=2:nbus
ik(n-1)=ik(n-1)+(j*busdata(n,6)*vm(n));
end
%finding e.c.i.mismatcher
for n=1:nbus-1
id(n)=-isp(n)-ik(n);
end

for i=1:nbus-1
delir(i,1)=real(id(i));
delii(i,1)=imag(id(i));
end
dele=invG*delir; %change in bus voltage(real part)
delf=invG*delii; %change in bus voltage(imag part)
%calculation of modified bus voltages
for i=1:nbus-1
e(i)=real(vm(i+1))+dele(i);
f(i)=imag(vm(i+1))+delf(i);
vm(i+1)=e(i)+j*f(i);
end
maxerror=max(max(abs(dele)),max(abs(delf)));
Em=abs(vm);
ang=angle(vm);
iter
Em

Simulation Lab Page 19

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

ang
end

OUTPUT :-

VOLTAGE MAGNITUDES :-

ITER E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5
1 1.0500 0.9684 0.9496 0.9235 0.9214 0.9048

2. 1.0500 0.9907 0.9695 0.9597 0.9571 0.9672

3. 1.0500 1.0066 0.9945 0.9954 0.9939 1.0083

4. 1.0500 1.0038 0.9937 0.9925 0.9914 0.9986

5. 1.0500 0.9975 0.9833 0.9783 0.9766 0.9829

6. 1.0500 0.9965 0.9809 0.9755 0.9736 0.9819

7. 1.0500 0.9985 0.9846 0.9801 0.9784 0.9865

8. 1.0500 0.9995 0.9864 0.9824 0.9808 0.9882

9. 1.0500 0.9991 0.9853 0.9811 0.9795 0.9872

10. 1.0500 0.9985 0.9843 0.9800 0.9783 0.9863

11. 1.0500 0.9985 0.9846 0.9802 0.9785 0.9863

12. 1.0500 0.9988 0.9850 0.9807 0.9790 0.9867

13. 1.0500 0.9988 0.9850 0.9807 0.9790 0.9868

14. 1.0500 0.9987 0.9848 0.9805 0.9788 0.9867

15. 1.0500 0.9987 0.9848 0.9805 0.9788 0.9866

16. 1.0500 0.9987 0.9849 0.9806 0.9789 0.9866

PHASE ANGLES OF BUS VOLTAGES :-

Simulation Lab Page 20

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

ITER δ0 δ1 δ2 δ3 δ4 δ5

1 0 -0.0483 -0.0455 -0.0816 -0.0810 -0.1318

2 0 -0.0715 -0.0829 -0.1368 -0.1381 -0.1965

3 0 -0.0557 -0.0638 -0.1063 -0.1072 -0.1525

4 0 -0.0519 -0.0590 -0.0991 -0.0999 -0.1421

5 0 -0.0519 -0.0573 -0.0975 -0.0980 -0.1441

6 0 -0.0555 -0.0637 -0.1060 -0.1068 -0.1530

7 0 -0.0567 -0.0659 -0.1088 -0.1099 -0.1548

8 0 -0.0622 -0.0757 -0.1225 -0.1241 -0.1685

9 0 -0.0549 -0.0625 -0.1046 -0.1054 -0.1512

10 0 -0.0551 -0.0630 -0.1052 -0.1060 -0.1515

11 0 -0.0554 -0.0637 -0.1059 -0.1069 -0.1521

12 0 -0.0555 -0.0636 -0.1059 -0.1068 -0.1522

13 0 -0.0553 -0.0633 -0.1056 -0.1064 -0.1520

14 0 -0.0553 -0.0633 -0.1055 -0.1064 -0.1519

15 0 -0.0553 -0.0634 -0.1056 -0.1065 -0.1519

16 0 -0.0554 -0.0634 -0.1057 -0.1066 -0.1520

Transient Stability Analysis by Point-By-Point Method

Simulation Lab Page 21

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

AIM:
To develop MATLAB Program for transient stability analysis for single connected to infinite
bus by point by point method.

Problem Formulation:

A 20MVA, 50Hz Generator delivers, 18MW a double circuit line to an infinite bus. The
generator has kinetic energy of 2.52 MJ/MVA at rated speed. The generator transient reactance of Xg
is 0.35pu. Each transmission, circuit has resistance if “0” and a reactance of 0.2pu. On a 20 MVA base
E=1.1pu and infinite bus voltage v = 1.0∟0, A 3-ф short circuit occurs at the midpoint of one of the
transmission lines plot swing curves with fault cleared by simultaneous opening of breakers at both
ends of the line at 2.5 cycles and 6.25 cycles and 6.25 cycles after the occurrence of fault also plot the
swing curve over the period of 0.5sec if fault is sustained.

Program for Transient Stability analysis by Point by Point Method:

clear;
clc;
t=0;
tf=0;
tfinal=0.5;
tc=0.125; %(FOR FAULT CLEARED AT 2.5 CYCLES:tc=0.05,
6.25CYCLES:tc=0.125, SUSTAINED FAULT:tc=0.5to1.0)
tstep=0.05;
M=2.52/(180*50);
i=2;
delta=21.64*pi/180;
ddelta=0;
time(1)=0;
ang(1)=21.64;
pm=0.9;
pmaxbf=2.44;
pmaxdf=0.88;
pmaxaf=2.00;
while t<tfinal
if t==tf
paminus=0.9-pmaxbf*sin(delta);
paplus=0.9-pmaxdf*sin(delta);
paav=(paminus+paplus)/2;
pa=paav;
end
if(t==tc)
paminus=0.9-pmaxdf*sin(delta);
paplus=0.9-pmaxaf*sin(delta);
paav=(paminus+paplus)/2;
pa=paav;

Simulation Lab Page 22

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

end
if(t>tf&t<tc)
pa=pm-pmaxdf*sin(delta);
end
if(t>tc)
pa=pm-pmaxaf*sin(delta);
end
t
pa
ddelta=ddelta+(tstep*tstep*pa/M);
delta=(delta*180/pi+ddelta)*pi/180;
deltadeg=delta*180/pi;
t=t+tstep;
pause
time(i)=t;
ang(i)=deltadeg
i=i+1;
end
axis ([0 0.6 0 160])
plot(time,ang,'ko-')
grid

OUTPUT :-

Simulation Lab Page 23

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

Fig.1. SWING CURVE FOR FAULT CLEARED AT 2.5 CYCLES (tc=0.05sec)

Fig.2. SWING CURVE FOR FAULT CLEARED AT 6.25 CYCLES (tc=0.125sec)

Simulation Lab Page 24

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

Fig.3. SWING CURVE FOR SUSTAINED FAULT

Comparison of Accelerating Powers (Pa) (p.u.) at different Fault clearing times :-

S.No. Time(t) Accelerating Power (Pa) (p.u.) for Fault cleared after-
(sec) 2.5cycles 6.25cycles Sustained fault
(tc=0.05sec) (tc=0.125sec)

1. 0.00 0.2878 0.2878 0.2878

2. 0.05 0.3095 0.2878 0.5391

3. 0.10 -0.0862 0.4390 0.4390

4. 0.15 -0.2215 -0.4614 0.3010

5. 0.20 -0.2951 -0.6339 0.1629

6. 0.25 -0.2937 -0.6675 0.0615

7. 0.30 -0.2177 -0.5667 0.0204

8. 0.35 -0.0806 -0.3223 0.0480

9. 0.40 0.0857 0.0453 0.1465

10. 0.45 0.2338 0.4389 0.3229

11. 0.50 0.3160 0.7160 0.5964

Simulation Lab Page 25

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

Comparison of Torque Angles (δ) (degrees) at different Fault clearing times :-

S.No. Time (t) Torque Angle (δ) (degrees) for Fault cleared after-
(sec) 2.5cycles 6.25cycles Sustained fault
(tc=0.05sec) (tc=0.125sec)

1. 0.00 24.2100 24.2100 24.2100

2. 0.05 29.5432 31.5936 31.5936

3. 0.10 34.1071 42.8966 42.8966

4. 0.15 36.6935 50.0804 56.8872

5. 0.20 36.6454 51.6045 72.3324

6. 0.25 33.9747 47.1688 88.3267

7. 0.30 29.3607 37.6732 104.5030

8. 0.35 24.0270 25.2998 121.1082

9. 0.40 19.4581 13.3307 139.0219

10. 0.45 16.9764 5.2801 159.8188

11. 0.50 17.3166 3.6218 185.9408

Simulation Lab Page 26

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

Simulink Model of an AVR System

Aim: To construct the simulink model of an AVR system ,to which the PID Controller is added in the
forward path

Simulation Model

Waveform:

Result: The Simulink model of an AVR system is constructed & waveforms are obtained.

Automatic Generation Control of Multi Area System

Simulation Lab Page 27
 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

Aim: To simulate the concept of Automatic Generation Control of multi area system employing
MATLAB/SIMILINK.

Simulation Model:

System parameters:
Tsg: 0.08sec; Tt: 0.3sec; Tps: 20sec; Kps: 300
Ki: 0.8; T 212: 0.196; R: 2.4; B: 0.425
Simulation parameters:
Time: 100sec
ode15s (stiff/NDF)

Waveforms:

Simulation Lab Page 28

 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KURNOOL, DEPT. OF E.E.E.

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Result: The concept of Automatic Generation Control of multi area system has been designed and the
frequency curves have been plotted using MATLAB.

Simulation Lab Page 29