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What Is Javascript: Language: This Attribute Specifies What Scripting Language You Are Using. Typically, Its

JavaScript is a lightweight programming language used to build interactive effects into web pages. It is complementary to and integrated with HTML and Java. JavaScript code is written within HTML script tags and is case sensitive. Common data types in JavaScript include numbers, strings, Booleans, null, and undefined. Variables are declared with var and can have either global or local scope. Arithmetic, comparison, logical, and bitwise operators allow for manipulation and evaluation of variables.

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saurabh
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© © All Rights Reserved
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94 views

What Is Javascript: Language: This Attribute Specifies What Scripting Language You Are Using. Typically, Its

JavaScript is a lightweight programming language used to build interactive effects into web pages. It is complementary to and integrated with HTML and Java. JavaScript code is written within HTML script tags and is case sensitive. Common data types in JavaScript include numbers, strings, Booleans, null, and undefined. Variables are declared with var and can have either global or local scope. Arithmetic, comparison, logical, and bitwise operators allow for manipulation and evaluation of variables.

Uploaded by

saurabh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is JavaScript

JavaScript is:

 JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language


 Designed for creating network-centric applications
 Complementary to and integrated with Java
 Complementary to and integrated with HTML
 Open and cross-platform

JavaScript Syntax:

A JavaScript consists of JavaScript statements that are placed within the <script>... </script>
HTML tags in a web page.

You can place the <script> tag containing your JavaScript anywhere within you web page but it
is preferred way to keep it within the <head> tags.

The <script> tag alert the browser program to begin interpreting all the text between these
tags as a script. So simple syntax of your JavaScript will be as follows

<script ...>
JavaScript code
</script>

The script tag takes two important attributes:

 language: This attribute specifies what scripting language you are using. Typically, its
value will be javascript. Although recent versions of HTML (and XHTML, its successor)
have phased out the use of this attribute.
 type: This attribute is what is now recommended to indicate the scripting language in
use and its value should be set to "text/javascript".

So your JavaScript segment will look like:

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">


JavaScript code
</script>

Your First JavaScript Script:


Let us write our class example to print out "Hello World".

<html>
<body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>
</body>
</html>

Above code will display following result:

Hello World!
Whitespace and Line Breaks:
JavaScript ignores spaces, tabs, and newlines that appear in JavaScript programs.

Because you can use spaces, tabs, and newlines freely in your program so you are free to
format and indent your programs in a neat and consistent way that makes the code easy to
read and understand.

Semicolons are Optional:

Simple statements in JavaScript are generally followed by a semicolon character, just as they
are in C, C++, and Java. JavaScript, however, allows you to omit this semicolon if your
statements are each placed on a separate line. For example, the following code could be written
without semicolons

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">


<!--
var1 = 10
var2 = 20
//-->
</script>

But when formatted in a single line as follows, the semicolons are required:

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">


<!--
var1 = 10; var2 = 20;
//-->
</script>

Note: It is a good programming practice to use semicolons.

Case Sensitivity:

JavaScript is a case-sensitive language. This means that language keywords, variables, function
names, and any other identifiers must always be typed with a consistent capitalization of letters.

So identifiers Time, TIme and TIME will have different meanings in JavaScript.

NOTE: Care should be taken while writing your variable and function names in JavaScript.

Comments in JavaScript:
JavaScript supports both C-style and C++-style comments, Thus:

 Any text between a // and the end of a line is treated as a comment and is ignored by
JavaScript.
 Any text between the characters /* and */ is treated as a comment. This may span
multiple lines.
 JavaScript also recognizes the HTML comment opening sequence <!--. JavaScript treats
this as a single-line comment, just as it does the // comment.
 The HTML comment closing sequence --> is not recognized by JavaScript so it should be
written as //-->.

JavaScript Placement in HTML File:

There is a flexibility given to include JavaScript code anywhere in an HTML document. But there
are following most preferred ways to include JavaScript in your HTML file.

 Script in <head>...</head> section.


 Script in <body>...</body> section.
 Script in <body>...</body> and <head>...</head> sections.
 Script in and external file and then include in <head>...</head> section.
JavaScript DataTypes:
JavaScript allows you to work with three primitive data types:
 Numbers eg. 123, 120.50 etc.
 Strings of text e.g. "This text string" etc.
 Boolean e.g. true or false.

JavaScript also defines two trivial data types, null and undefined, each of which defines only a
single value.

JavaScript Variables
Like many other programming languages, JavaScript has variables. Variables can be thought of
as named containers. You can place data into these containers and then refer to the data simply
by naming the container.
Before you use a variable in a JavaScript program, you must declare it. Variables are declared
with the var keyword as follows:

<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var money;
var
name;
//-->
</script>

JavaScript Variable Scope:


The scope of a variable is the region of your program in which it is defined. JavaScript variable
will have only two scopes.

 Global Variables: A global variable has global scope which means it is defined
everywhere in your JavaScript code.
 Local Variables: A local variable will be visible only within a function where it is
defined. Function parameters are always local to that function.

JavaScript Variable Names:


While naming your variables in JavaScript keep following rules in mind.
 You should not use any of the JavaScript reserved keyword as variable name. These
keywords are mentioned in the next section. For example, break or boolean variable
names are not valid.
 JavaScript variable names should not start with a numeral (0-9). They must begin with a
letter or the underscore character. For example, 123test is an invalid variable name but
_123test is a valid one.
 JavaScript variable names are case sensitive. For example, Name and name are two
different variables.
The Arithmatic Operators:
There are following arithmatic operators supported by JavaScript language:
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then:

Operator Description Example

+ Adds two operands A + B will give 30

- Subtracts second operand from the first A - B will give -10

* Multiply both operands A * B will give 200

/ Divide numerator by denumerator B / A will give 2

% Modulus Operator and remainder of after an B % A will give 0


integer division

++ Increment operator, increases integer value by one A++ will give 11

-- Decrement operator, decreases integer value by A-- will give 9


one
The Comparison Operators:
There are following comparison operators supported by JavaScript language .Assume variable A
holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then:

Operator Description Example

== Checks if the value of two operands are equal or (A == B) is not true.


not, if yes then condition becomes true.

!= Checks if the value of two operands are equal or (A != B) is true.


not, if values are not equal then condition becomes
true.

> Checks if the value of left operand is greater than (A > B) is not true.
the value of right operand, if yes then condition
becomes true.

< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the (A < B) is true.
value of right operand, if yes then condition
becomes true.

>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than (A >= B) is not true.
or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then
condition becomes true.

<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or (A <= B) is true.
equal to the value of right operand, if yes then
condition becomes true.

The Logical Operators:


There are following logical operators supported by JavaScript language
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then:

Operator Description Example

&& Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands (A && B) is true.
are non zero then then condition becomes true.

|| Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two (A || B) is true.


operands are non zero then then condition
becomes true.

! Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the !(A && B) is false.
logical state of its operand. If a condition is true
then Logical NOT operator will make false.

The Bitwise Operators:


There are following bitwise operators supported by JavaScript language.Assume variable A holds
2 and variable B holds 3 then:

Operator Description Example

& Called Bitwise AND operator. It performs a Boolean (A & B) is 2 .


AND operation on each bit of its integer
arguments.

| Called Bitwise OR Operator. It performs a Boolean (A | B) is 3.


OR operation on each bit of its integer arguments.

^ Called Bitwise XOR Operator. It performs a (A ^ B) is 1.


Boolean exclusive OR operation on each bit of its
integer arguments. Exclusive OR means that either
operand one is true or operand two is true, but not
both.

~ Called Bitwise NOT Operator. It is a is a unary (~B) is -4 .


operator and operates by reversing all bits in the
operand.
<< Called Bitwise Shift Left Operator. It moves all bits (A << 1) is 4.
in its first operand to the left by the number of
places specified in the second operand. New bits
are filled with zeros. Shifting a value left by one
position is equivalent to multiplying by 2, shifting
two positions is equivalent to multiplying by 4, etc.

>> Called Bitwise Shift Right with Sign Operator. It (A >> 1) is 1.


moves all bits in its first operand to the right by
the number of places specified in the second
operand. The bits filled in on the left depend on the
sign bit of the original operand, in order to
preserve the sign of the result. If the first operand
is positive, the result has zeros placed in the high
bits; if the first operand is negative, the result has
ones placed in the high bits. Shifting a value right
one place is equivalent to dividing by 2 (discarding
the remainder), shifting right two places is
equivalent to integer division by 4, and so on.

>>> Called Bitwise Shift Right with Zero Operator. This (A >>> 1) is 1.
operator is just like the >> operator, except that
the bits shifted in on the left are always zero,

The Assignment Operators:


There are following assignment operators supported by JavaScript language:

Operator Description Example

= Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from C = A + B will assigne value of


right side operands to left side operand A + B into C

+= Add AND assignment operator, It adds right C += A is equivalent to C = C


operand to the left operand and assign the result +A
to left operand

-= Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts C -= A is equivalent to C = C -


right operand from the left operand and assign the A
result to left operand

*= Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies C *= A is equivalent to C = C *

right operand with the left operand and assign the A


result to left operand

/= Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left C /= A is equivalent to C = C /


operand with the right operand and assign the A
result to left operand

%= Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes C %= A is equivalent to C = C


modulus using two operands and assign the result %A
to left operand

Miscellaneous Operator
The Conditional Operator (? :)

There is an oprator called conditional operator. This first evaluates an expression for a true or
false value and then execute one of the two given statements depending upon the result of the
evaluation. The conditioanl operator has this syntax:

Operator Description Example

?: Conditional Expression If Condition is true ? Then value X :


Otherwise value Y
The typeof Operator

The typeof is a unary operator that is placed before its single operand, which can be of any
type. Its value is a string indicating the data type of the operand.

The typeof operator evaluates to "number", "string", or "boolean" if its operand is a number,
string, or boolean value and returns true or false based on the evaluation.

if statement:

The if statement is the fundamental control statement that allows JavaScript to make decisions
and execute statements conditionally.

Syntax:
if (expression){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}

if...else statement:

The if...else statement is the next form of control statement that allows JavaScript to execute
statements in more controlled way.

Syntax:
if (expression){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is
true }else{
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is false
}

if...else if... statement:

The if...else if... statement is the one level advance form of control statement that allows
JavaScript to make correct decision out of several conditions.
Syntax:
if (expression 1){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 1 is true
}else if (expression 2){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 2 is true
}else if (expression 3){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 3 is true
}else{
Statement(s) to be executed if no expression is true
}

switch statement:
The basic syntax of the switch statement is to give an expression to evaluate and several
different statements to execute based on the value of the expression. The interpreter checks
each case against the value of the expression until a match is found. If nothing matches, a
default condition will be used.

switch (expression)
{
case condition 1: statement(s)
break;
case condition 2: statement(s)
break;
...
case condition n: statement(s)
break;
default: statement(s) }

The while Loop


The most basic loop in JavaScript is the while loop which would be discussed in this tutorial.

Syntax:
while (expression){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}

The do...while Loop:

The do...while loop is similar to the while loop except that the condition check happens at the
end of the loop. This means that the loop will always be executed at least once, even if the
condition is false.

Syntax:
do{
Statement(s) to be executed;
} while (expression);

The for Loop

The for loop is the most compact form of looping and includes the following three important
parts:

 The loop initialization where we initialize our counter to a starting value. The initialization
statement is executed before the loop begins.
 The test statement which will test if the given condition is true or not. If condition is true
then code given inside the loop will be executed otherwise loop will come out.
 The iteration statement where you can increase or decrease your counter.

You can put all the three parts in a single line separated by a semicolon.

Syntax:

for (initialization; test condition; iteration statement){


Statement(s) to be executed if test condition is true
}

The for...in Loop


for (variablename in object)
{ statement or block to
execute
}

In each iteration one property from object is assigned to variablename and this loop continues
till all the properties of the object are exhausted.

The break Statement:

The break statement, which was briefly introduced with the switch statement, is used to exit a
loop early, breaking out of the enclosing curly braces.

The continue Statement:


The continue statement tells the interpreter to immediately start the next iteration of the loop
and skip remaining code block.

When a continue statement is encountered, program flow will move to the loop check
expression immediately and if condition remain true then it start next iteration otherwise control
comes out of the loop.

Function Definition:

Before we use a function we need to define that function. The most common way to define a
function in JavaScript is by using the function keyword, followed by a unique function name, a
list of parameters (that might be empty), and a statement block surrounded by curly braces.
The basic syntax is shown here:

<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function functionname(parameter-list)
{
statements
}
//-->
</script>

Calling a Function:

To invoke a function somewhere later in the script, you would simple need to write the name of
that function as follows:

<script type="text/javascript">

<!--
sayHello();
//-->
</script>

Exceptions
Exceptions can be handled with the common try/catch/finally block structure.

<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
try
{ statementsToT
ry
} catch ( e )
{ catchStatemen
ts
} finally {
finallyStatements
}
//-->
</script>

The try block must be followed by either exactly one catch block or one finally block (or one of
both). When an exception occurs in the catch block, the exception is placed in e and the catch
block is executed. The finally block executes unconditionally after try/catch.

Alert Dialog Box:

An alert dialog box is mostly used to give a warning message to the users. Like if one input field
requires to enter some text but user does not enter that field then as a part of validation you
can use alert box to give warning message as follows:
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
alert("Warning Message");
//--></script>
</head>
Confirmation Dialog Box:

A confirmation dialog box is mostly used to take user's consent on any option. It displays a
dialog box with two buttons: OK and Cancel.

You can use confirmation dialog box as follows:

<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var retVal = confirm("Do you want to continue ?");
if( retVal == true ){
alert("User wants to continue!");
return true;
}else{
alert("User does not want to continue!");
return false;
}
//-->
</script>
</head>

Prompt Dialog Box:


You can use prompt dialog box as follows:

<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var retVal = prompt("Enter your name : ", "your name here");
alert("You have entered : " + retVal );
//-->
</script>
</head>

Page Re-direction

This is very simple to do a page redirect using JavaScript at client side. To redirect your site
visitors to a new page, you just need to add a line in your head section as follows:

<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
window.location="http://www.newlocation.com";
//-->
</script>
</head>

The void Keyword:

The void is an important keyword in JavaScript which can be used as a unary operator that
appears before its single operand, which may be of any type.

This operator specifies an expression to be evaluated without returning a value. Its syntax could
be one of the following:
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
void func()
javascript:void func()
or:

void(func())
javascript:void(func())
//-->
</script>
</head>

The Page Printing:


JavaScript helps you to implement this functionality using print function of window object.
The JavaScript print function window.print() will print the current web page when executed.
You can call this function directly using onclick event as follows:

<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-- //-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Print" onclick="window.print()" />
</form>
</body>

Storing Cookies:

The simplest way to create a cookie is to assign a string value to the document.cookie object,
which looks like this:
Syntax:

document.cookie = "key1=value1;key2=value2;expires=date";

Reading Cookies:
Reading a cookie is just as simple as writing one, because the value of the document.cookie
object is the cookie. So you can use this string whenever you want to access the cookie.

The document.cookie string will keep a list of name=value pairs separated by semicolons, where
name is the name of a cookie and value is its string value.

JavaScript - Page RedirectionWhen you click a URL to reach to a page X but


internally you are directed to another page Y that simply happens because of page re-direction.
This concept is different from JavaScript Page Refresh.

There could be various reasons why you would like to redirect from original page. I'm listing
down few of the reasons:

 You did not like the name of your domain and you are moving to a new one. Same time
you want to direct your all visitors to new site. In such case you can maintain your old
domain but put a single page with a page re-direction so that your all old domain
visitors can come to your new domain.
 You have build-up various pages based on browser versions or their names or may be
based on different countries, then instead of using your server side page redirection you
can use client side page redirection to land your users on appropriate page.
 The Search Engines may have already indexed your pages. But while moving to another
domain then you would not like to lose your visitors coming through search engines. So
you can use client side page redirection. But keep in mind this should not be done to
make search engine a fool otherwise this could get your web site banned.

How Page Re-direction works ?


Example 1:

This is very simple to do a page redirect using JavaScript at client side. To redirect your site
visitors to a new page, you just need to add a line in your head section as follows:

<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
window.location="http://www.newlocation.com";
//-->
</script>
</head>

Example 2:

You can show an appropriate message to your site visitors before redirecting them to a new
page. This would need a bit time delay to load a new page. Following is the simple example to
implement the same:

<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function Redirect()
{
window.location="http://www.newlocation.com";
}

document.write("You will be redirected to main page in 10 sec.");


setTimeout('Redirect()', 10000);
//-->
</script>
</head>

Here setTimeout() is a built-in JavaScript function which can be used to execute another
function after a given time interval.

Example 3:

Following is the example to redirect site visitors on different pages based on their browsers :

<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var browsername=navigator.appName;
if( browsername == "Netscape" )
{
window.location="http://www.location.com/ns.htm";
}
else if ( browsername =="Microsoft Internet Explorer")
{
window.location="http://www.location.com/ie.htm";
}
else
{
window.location="http://www.location.com/other.htm";
}
//-->
</script>
</head>

JavaScript - Errors & Exceptions Handling

There are three types of errors in programming: (a) Syntax Errors and (b) Runtime Errors (c)
Logical Errors:
Syntax errors:

Syntax errors, also called parsing errors, occur at compile time for traditional programming
languages and at interpret time for JavaScript.

For example, the following line causes a syntax error because it is missing a closing parenthesis:

<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
window.print(;
//-->
</script>

When a syntax error occurs in JavaScript, only the code contained within the same thread as the
syntax error is affected and code in other threads gets executed assuming nothing in them
depends on the code containing the error.

Runtime errors:
Runtime errors, also called exceptions, occur during execution (after compilation/interpretation).
For example, the following line causes a run time error because here syntax is correct but at run
time it is trying to call a non existed method:

<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
window.printme();
//-->
</script>

Exceptions also affect the thread in which they occur, allowing other JavaScript threads to
continue normal execution.

Logical errors:

Logic errors can be the most difficult type of errors to track down. These errors are not the
result of a syntax or runtime error. Instead, they occur when you make a mistake in the logic
that drives your script and you do not get the result you expected.

You can not catch those errors, because it depends on your business requirement what type of
logic you want to put in your program.

The try...catch...finally Statement:

The latest versions of JavaScript added exception handling capabilities. JavaScript implements
the try...catch...finally construct as well as the throw operator to handle exceptions.

You can catch programmer-generated and runtime exceptions, but you cannot catch JavaScript
syntax errors.

Here is the try...catch...finally block syntax:

<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
try {
/ Code to run
[break;]
} catch ( e ) {
/ Code to run if an exception occurs
[break;]
}[ finally {
/ Code that is always executed regardless of
/ an exception occurring
}] //
-->
</script>

The try block must be followed by either exactly one catch block or one finally block (or one of
both). When an exception occurs in the try block, the exception is placed in e and the catch
block is executed. The optional finally block executes unconditionally after try/catch.

Examples:

Here is one example where we are trying to call a non existing function this is causing an
exception raise. Let us see how it behaves without with try...catch:

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function myFunc()
{
var a = 100;

alert("Value of variable a is : " + a );

}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="myFunc();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

Now let us try to catch this exception using try...catch and display a user friendly message. You
can also suppress this message, if you want to hide this error from a user.

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function myFunc()
{
var a = 100;

try {
alert("Value of variable a is : " + a );
} catch ( e ) {
alert("Error: " + e.description );
}
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="myFunc();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

You can use finally block which will always execute unconditionally after try/catch. Here is an
example:

<html><head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function myFunc()
{
var a = 100;

try {
alert("Value of variable a is : " + a );
}catch ( e ) {
alert("Error: " + e.description );
}finally {
alert("Finally block will always execute!" );
}
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="myFunc();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

The throw Statement:

You can use throw statement to raise your built-in exceptions or your customized exceptions.
Later these exceptions can be captured and you can take an appropriate action.

Following is the example showing usage of throw statement.

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function myFunc()
{
var a = 100;
var b = 0;

try{
if ( b == 0 ){
throw( "Divide by zero error." );
}else{
var c = a / b;
}
}catch ( e )
{ alert("Error: " +
e );
}
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>

<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="myFunc();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

You can raise an exception in one function using a string, integer, Boolean or an object and then
you can capture that exception either in the same function as we did above, or in other function
using try...catch block.
The onerror() Method

The onerror event handler was the first feature to facilitate error handling for JavaScript. The
errorevent is fired on the window object whenever an exception occurs on the page. Example:

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
window.onerror = function ()
{ alert("An error
occurred.");
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="myFunc();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

The onerror event handler provides three pieces of information to identify the exact nature of
the error:

 Error message . The same message that the browser would display for the given error
 URL . The file in which the error occurred
 Line number . The line number in the given URL that caused the error

Here is the example to show how to extract this information

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
window.onerror = function (msg, url, line) {
alert("Message : " + msg );
alert("url : " + url );
alert("Line number : " + line );
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="myFunc();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
You can use onerror method to show an error message in case there is any problem in loading
an image as follows:

<img src="myimage.gif"
onerror="alert('An error occurred loading the image.')" />

You can use onerror with many HTML tags to display appropriate messages in case of errors.

JavaScript - Form Validation

Form validation used to occur at the server, after the client had entered all necessary data and
then pressed the Submit button. If some of the data that had been entered by the client had
been in the wrong form or was simply missing, the server would have to send all the data back
to the client and request that the form be resubmitted with correct information. This was really a
lengthy process and over burdening server.

JavaScript, provides a way to validate form's data on the client's computer before sending it to
the web server. Form validation generally performs two functions.

 Basic Validation - First of all, the form must be checked to make sure data was entered
into each form field that required it. This would need just loop through each field in the
form and check for data.
 Data Format Validation - Secondly, the data that is entered must be checked for
correct form and value. This would need to put more logic to test correctness of data.

We will take an example to understand the process of validation. Here is the simple form to
proceed :

<html>
<head>
<title>Form Validation</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
// Form validation code will come here.
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/cgi-bin/test.cgi" name="myForm"
onsubmit="return(validate());">
<table cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="1">
<tr>
<td align="right">Name</td>
<td><input type="text" name="Name" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">EMail</td>
<td><input type="text" name="EMail" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">Zip Code</td>
<td><input type="text" name="Zip" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">Country</td>
<td>
<select name="Country">
<option value="-1" selected>[choose yours]</option>
<option value="1">USA</option>
<option value="2">UK</option>
<option value="3">INDIA</option>
</select>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"></td>
<td><input type="submit" value="Submit" /></td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Basic Form Validation:

First we will show how to do a basic form validation. In the above form we are calling validate()
function to validate data when onsubmit event is occurring. Following is the implementation of
this validate() function:

<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
// Form validation code will come here.
function validate()
{

if( document.myForm.Name.value == "" )


{
alert( "Please provide your name!" );
document.myForm.Name.focus() ;
return false;
}
if( document.myForm.EMail.value == "" )
{
alert( "Please provide your Email!" );
document.myForm.EMail.focus() ;
return false;
}
if( document.myForm.Zip.value == "" ||
isNaN( document.myForm.Zip.value ) ||
document.myForm.Zip.value.length != 5 )
{
alert( "Please provide a zip in the format #####." );
document.myForm.Zip.focus() ;
return false;
}
if( document.myForm.Country.value == "-1" )
{
alert( "Please provide your country!" );
return false;
}
return( true );
}
//-->
</script>

Data Format Validation:

Now we will see how we can validate our entered form data before submitting it to the web
server.

This example shows how to validate an entered email address which means email address must
contain at least an @ sign and a dot (.). Also, the @ must not be the first character of the email
address, and the last dot must at least be one character after the @ sign:

<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function validateEmail()
{

var emailID = document.myForm.EMail.value;


atpos = emailID.indexOf("@");
dotpos = emailID.lastIndexOf(".");
if (atpos < 1 || ( dotpos - atpos < 2 ))
{
alert("Please enter correct email ID")
document.myForm.EMail.focus() ;
return false;
}
return( true );
}
//-->
</script>

Javascript - The Arrays Object


The Array object let's you store multiple values in a single variable.

Syntax:
Creating a Array object:

var fruits = new Array( "apple", "orange", "mango" );

The Array parameter is a list of strings or integers. When you specify a single numeric
parameter with the Array constructor, you specify the initial length of the array. The maximum
length allowed for an array is 4,294,967,295.

You can create array by simply assigning values as follows:

var fruits = [ "apple", "orange", "mango" ];

You will use ordinal numbers to access and to set values inside an array as follows:

 fruits[0] is the first element


 fruits[1] is the second element
 fruits[2] is the third element

Regular Expressions and RegExp Object


A regular expression is an object that describes a pattern of characters.

The JavaScript RegExp class represents regular expressions, and both String and RegExp
define methods that use regular expressions to perform powerful pattern-matching and search-
and-replace functions on text.

Syntax:
A regular expression could be defined with the RegExp( ) constructor like this:

var pattern = new RegExp(pattern, attributes);

or simply

var pattern = /pattern/attributes;

Here is the description of the parameters:

 pattern: A string that specifies the pattern of the regular expression or another regular
expression.
 attributes: An optional string containing any of the "g", "i", and "m" attributes that
specify global, case-insensitive, and multiline matches, respectively.
Brackets:
Brackets ([]) have a special meaning when used in the context of regular expressions. They are
used to find a range of characters.

Expression Description

[...] Any one character between the brackets.

[^...] Any one character not between the brackets.

[0-9] It matches any decimal digit from 0 through 9.


[a-z] It matches any character from lowercase a through lowercase z.

[A-Z] It matches any character from uppercase A through uppercase Z.

[a-Z] It matches any character from lowercase a through uppercase Z.

The ranges shown above are general; you could also use the range [0-3] to match any decimal
digit ranging from 0 through 3, or the range [b-v] to match any lowercase character ranging
from b through v.

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