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Architectural Forms by Abstracting Nature
Prof. Kamon Jirapong, PhD.

Faculty of Architecture, Sripatum University, Bangkok, Thailand.
e-mail: jirapong@spu.ac.th
Prof. Robert J. Krawczyk

College of Architecture, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
Abstract
The structures in nature are great lessons for human study. Having been in development for several
billion years, only the most successful structural forms have survived. The resourcefulness of material
use, the underlying structural systems and the profound capacity to respond to a variety of climatic
and environmental forces make natural form tremendous exemplars to human architectures. The
wholeness of natural form indicates that the form and forces are always in some sense of equilibrium.
In most of natural forms, the quality of equilibrium may be difficult to recognize. However, seashells
are one of the natural forms whose functions are simple enough to be approximated by a simple
mathematical relationship. The focus of this study was to understand the seashell form as applicable
to human architectures. Digital methods are the language to analyze, create, and simulate seashell
forms, as well as, suggest a variety of possible architectural forms.
1. The Study of Natural Forms

The study of seashells has a long history, starting with Henry Moseley in 1838 [1] and followed by
many researchers such as Thompson [2], Raup [3, 4], Cortie [5], and Dawkins [6]. These
researchers have outlined in a number of mathematical relationships that control the overall geometry
of shells. Our interest centers on an investigation of natural forms as a starting point to generate
architectural forms.
As documented by prior researchers, the seashell geometry can be expressed by four basic
parameters. Figure 1 indicates these parameters that influence the shell forms.
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Figure 1. The four parameters.
As shown in Figure 1a, A is the shape of the aperture or the shape of shell section, B is the distance
from the coiling axis to the center of the shell section, C is the section radius, and D is the vertical
distance between sections. To understand the mathematical relationship of these four parameters,
Figure 1b illustrates the measuring concept of one coiling shell of the gastropods class and Figure 2
illustrates its digital geometry reconstruction.
Figure 2. The wire frame and mesh model of selected seashell.
Each seashell can be reconstructed in a digital form with variations of the mathematical relationships
among the four parameters. The result of a specific mathematical combination reflects the shell form
for a specific seashell specie. In this study, the concept of creating architectural form originating from
seashell geometry can be accomplished by applying these parameters to an architectural form
interpretive exploring process.
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Using mathematics as a tool of investigation in both the natural and architectural forms gives us an
advantage of exploring multiple forms easily and allows us to implement new parameters into the
mathematical framework. Architecture, which exists in a dramatically different environment from the
seashell, has other parameters to be integrated during the architectural design process concerning its
form. These parameters are designed to accommodate the practical requirements of architectural
forms.
2. Abstracting Nature
The abstracting process combines three major components that influence the final result of an
architectural form. These components are the seashell geometry properties, seashell structural
properties and architectural properties.
2.1 Seashell Geometry Properties
There are four known parameters in the study of seashell geometry; path, section, growth and
vertical displacement. Each parameter is represented by a specific mathematical curve in which it can
be replaced with series of different mathematical curves to develop an architectural form. In the
seashell form these mathematical curves are limited to those that appeared in the actual geometry of
shell such as logarithmic spiral, circle and ellipse. In the architectural form the limitations are less,
however, only mathematically defined curves are chosen in this investigation according to the fact that
seashell form always exhibits a curvature. For a clearer understanding in replacing seashell
parameters with other mathematical functions, the mathematical curves are divided in to two simple
groups based on their mathematical properties; closed curves and open curves. Figure 3 illustrates
the sample of closed and open curves and diagram indicates the use of each group.
2.2 Seashell Structural Properties
The actual shell geometry responses to any load outside by redirecting forces within a very thin
section of shell structure along its natural multiple curvatures. Finally those forces are transferred to
the supported area such as ground, rock or sand depending upon how the seashell positions itself in
the environment. By acknowledging this structural phenomenon and understanding its weakness
against tension forces, the compressive shell form suggests the possible structure of the architectural
form beyond the existing forms of man-made shell structure. Its structural properties applied to
architectural interpretations are included the shape of section, the overlapping section, and the
support condition.
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2.3 Architectural Properties
In architecture, there are some basic design criteria that architects and engineers have to take into
consideration when developing building forms. In this investigation those criteria are treated as
architectural parameters. These parameters emerge from architectural design principles that make
architectural forms inhabitable. Without a specific requirement of an actual site and functions, the
architectural parameters for this study can be set as ground condition, orientation, human scale and
enclosure.
As architectural forms are developed the interpretation of these three major components yield the
resultant of architectural form that contains the qualities of the seashell.
The architectural form generating concept adopts the four parameters from the seashell geometry and
implements additional conditions based on architectural and structural properties into one
mathematical framework. This mathematical framework then generates the result of the architectural
form. Figure 3 illustrates the diagram of related parameters in various combinations that enable
architectural form to be generated.
Figure 3. Architectural form generating diagram and mathematical curves.
To illustrate the possibilities of architectural forms generated in this process, samples of conventional
and unconventional architectural forms are presented in Figure 4.
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Figure 4. Sample of generating forms .
3. Architectural Applications
The result of forms developed by this process can be applied for specific architectural functions.
Figures 5 exhibit the idea of how these forms can be used as architectural applications. Each form
displays a virtual quality of architecture and is ready to be developed further to a real architecture
with proper material and structural system selection.
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Figure 5. Sample of the architectural applications.
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4. Observation and Conclusion
This research concluded that the value of the study of nature is not only for its power of inspiration
and influence, but also for its abstract geometric properties. If the abstract properties can be
described by the mathematical relationship, they can then be developed into a built form. The
translation of abstracted nature in conjunction in concrete mathematical terms and by applying
prerequisite architectural considerations is the fundamental concept of this form development.
The value of this research is the process of developing mathematically definable models into an
architectural form. The process is flexible enough to be adjusted to a variety of parameters according
to the specific requirements of each architectural project. The results are a family of architectural
forms based on one simple mathematical comprehensive relationship.
5. References
[1] Moseley, H.: 1838, On the Geometrical Forms of Turbinated and Discoid Shells,
Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society of London
[2] Thompson, D’Arcy: 1992, On Growth and Form: The Complete Revised Edition, Dover
Publications, Inc., New York.
[3] Raup, D. M.: 1961, The Geometry of Coiling in Gastropods, Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 47.
[4] Raup, D. M.: 1962, Computer as Aid in Describing Form in Gastropod Shells, Science,
July-September.
[5] Cortie, M. B.: 1989, Models for Mollusc Shell Shape, South African, Journal of Science.
[6] Dawkins, R.: 1997, Climbing Mount Improbable, W. W. Norton & Company.
Generative Art 2002

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Architectural Forms by Abstracting Nature

Prof. Kamon Jirapong, PhD.

Prof. Robert J. Krawczyk

1. The Study of Natural Forms

Generative Art 2002

Figure 2. The wire frame and mesh model of selected seashell.

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2.1 Seashell Geometry Properties

2.2 Seashell Structural Properties

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Figure 3. Architectural form generating diagram and mathematical curves.

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Generative Art 2002

Generative Art 2002

Generative Art 2002

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