Unemployment in India
Unemployment in India
Unemployment in India
2. Disguised Unemployment:
It is a situation in which more people are doing work than actually
required. Even if some are withdrawn, production does not suffer.
In other words it refers to a situation of employment with surplus
manpower in which some workers have zero marginal productivity.
4. Cyclical Unemployment:
It is caused by trade cycles at regular intervals. Generally capitalist
economies are subject to trade cycles. The down swing in business
activities results in unemployment. Cyclical unemployment is
normally a shot-run phenomenon.
5. Educated Unemployment:
Among the educated people, apart from open unemployment, many
are underemployed because their qualification does not match the
job. Faulty education system, mass output, preference for white
collar jobs, lack of employable skills and dwindling formal salaried
jobs are mainly responsible for unemployment among educated
youths in India. Educated unemployment may be either open or
underemployment.
6. Technological Unemployment:
It is the result of certain changes in the techniques of production
which may not warrant much labour. Modern technology being
capital intensive requires less labourers and contributes to this kind
of unemployment.
7. Structural Unemployment:
This type of unemployment arises due to drastic changes in the
economic structure of a country. These changes may affect either
the supply of a factor or demand for a factor of production.
Structural employment is a natural outcome of economic
development and technological advancement and innovation that
are taking place rapidly all over the world in every sphere.
8. Underemployment:
It is a situation in which people employed contribute less than their
capacity to production. In this type of unemployment people are not
gainfully employed. They may be employed either on part-time
basis, or undertake a job for which lesser qualification is required.
For example a Post Graduate may work as a clerk for which only
S.S.L.C. is enough.
9. Casual Unemployment:
When a person is employed on a day-to-day basis, casual
unemployment may occur due to short-term contracts, shortage of
raw materials, fall in demand, change of ownership etc.
Measurement of Unemployment:
There are three measures or estimates of unemployment. These are
developed by National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO). They
are:
7. Inappropriate technology.
9. Immobility of labour.