IEEE Smart Grid Series of

Standards IEEE 2030

(Interoperability) and IEEE 1547
(Interconnection) Status
Preprint
Thomas Basso and Richard DeBlasio
Presented at Grid-Interop 2011
Phoenix, Arizona
December 5-8, 2011

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy

Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

Conference Paper
NREL/CP-5500-53028
April 2012

Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308

 NOTICE

The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC
(Alliance), a contractor of the US Government under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Accordingly, the US
Government and Alliance retain a nonexclusive royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of
this contribution, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes.
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government.
Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty,
express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of
any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately
owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation,
or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors
expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof.

Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge

Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy

and its contractors, in paper, from:

U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Scientific and Technical Information
P.O. Box 62
Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062
phone: 865.576.8401
fax: 865.576.5728
email: mailto:reports@adonis.osti.gov

Available for sale to the public, in paper, from:

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
phone: 800.553.6847
fax: 703.605.6900
email: orders@ntis.fedworld.gov
online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/help/ordermethods.aspx

Cover Photos: (left to right) PIX 16416, PIX 17423, PIX 16560, PIX 17613, PIX 17436, PIX 17721

Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 10% post consumer waste.
 IEEE Smart Grid Series of Standards IEEE 2030 (Interoperability) and
IEEE 1547 (Interconnection) Status

Thomas Basso and Richard DeBlasio*

National Renewable Energy Laboratory
1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401

Thomas.Basso@nrel.gov
Dick.DeBlasio@nrel.gov

Keywords: communications, conformance testing, The IEEE 1547 series now includes IEEE Std 1547.4
distributed energy resources, distribution, electric (planned islands/micro-grids) and IEEE Std 1547.6
power system, interconnection, interoperability, island (interconnection to distribution secondary networks),
systems, microgrids, smart grid, storage. and the recently initiated P1547.8, which deals with
extended use of IEEE Std 1547.
Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
The IEEE American National Standards smart grid
(IEEE) standards development organization has been
publications and standards development projects IEEE
identified in the Energy Independence and Security Act
2030, which addresses smart grid interoperability, and
(EISA) of 2007 under Title XIII, Section 1305 Smart
IEEE 1547TM, which addresses distributed resources
Grid Interoperability Framework and in the Energy
interconnection with the grid, have made substantial
Policy Act 2005 under section 1254 Interconnection in
progress since 2009 [1]. The IEEE 2030TM and 1547
relation to standards development and best practices for
standards series focus on systems-level aspects and
the electricity grid. This paper discusses the status of
cover many of the technical integration issues involved
the IEEE American National Standards series IEEE
in a mature smart grid. The status and highlights of
2030 [2] and IEEE 1547 [3] standards as they relate to
these two IEEE series of standards, which are
smart grid interoperability and distributed resource
sponsored by IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee
interconnection.
21 (SCC21), are provided in this paper. The IEEE Std
2030—"Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of
The IEEE establishes its standards through a rigorous
Energy Technology and Information Technology
consensus-development process, approved by the
Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), and
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), which
End-Use Applications and Loads"—was published in
brings together volunteers representing varied
2011. It provides a knowledge base that contains
viewpoints and interests to achieve the final product.
terminology, characteristics, functional performance
Additionally, IEEE often elects to develop many of its
and evaluation criteria, and the application of
standards to qualify for designation as ANSI American
engineering principles for smart grid interoperability.
National Standards. Not all standards or standards-
IEEE 2030 establishes a globally relevant smart grid
development organizations choose to meet the
interoperability reference model and knowledge base
development requirements necessary for designation as
that can be used by utilities who are developing their
an American National Standard; however, all of the
infrastructure roadmaps, manufacturers who are
IEEE 1547 series are qualified as American National
planning smart grid systems and applications, scientists
Standards, including the new 1547 projects and the
who are conducting research, governments who are
IEEE Std 2030 publication.
crafting regulations, and standards-development
organizations (SDOs) that are writing additional
Development of uniform IEEE 1547 interconnection
standards for the smart grid. Three additional P2030
standards has helped decrease the time and effort
projects are underway that address infrastructure for
associated with DR interconnection. And with the
electric-sourced transportation, energy storage systems
September 2011 publication of IEEE Std 2030, that
and applications, and testing energy storage systems.
document is now poised to support the accelerated

* Employees of the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 with the U.S. Department of Energy have authored this
work. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government
retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for United
States Government purposes.

1
rollout of the smart grid and realization of the interoperability. Further, IEEE SCC21 members are
revolutionary benefits—greater consumer choice, well aware that the dynamic electric infrastructure
improved electric-system reliability, and increased system has been successful because it was designed for
reliance on renewable sources of energy—that it operation to achieve balance between the generation,
promises for people worldwide. the delivery system, and the end user requirements for
energy. In part, the system must have adequate energy
2. IEEE 1547 AND P2030 BACKGROUND that may be called upon instantaneously to stabilize the
The IEEE 1547 and IEEE 2030 series of standards and dynamics when abnormal conditions occur. The
projects are approved by the IEEE Standards Board as stabilization requires both real and reactive energy and
sponsored by the IEEE Standards Coordinating controls. For significant levels of penetration (of loads,
Committee 21 (SCC21) [4]. The IEEE SCC21 is distributed energy resources, electric vehicles, etc.), it is
responsible for overseeing the development of practically assured that the initial stabilization action
standards in the areas of fuel cells, photovoltaics, has to be independent of critical communications
dispersed generation, and energy storage. The board having long latency. And, when high penetration of
also coordinates efforts in these fields among the distributed energy resources is incorporated into the
various IEEE societies and other affected organizations interconnected grid, it is especially important to
to insure that all standards are consistent and properly understand and accommodate the electrical and
reflect the views of all applicable disciplines. mechanical limitations of this DR and other equipment
on the grid. Distribution automation and other smart
The IEEE 1547 and the 2030 standards development grid technologies add complexity to help support the
approach recognizes the interactive nature of the safe and reliable operation of the distribution energy
interconnection with the grid and all of its parts, and delivery system, and it is not uncommon to use these
realizes the significance of the integration of power, technologies to rapidly reconfigure distribution circuits
communications, and information technologies into the to address issues such as load balance, or faults. Thus in
smart grid. In Figure 1, the interconnection and the the smart grid, generation capacities and loading may
communication and information technologies show the have to quickly be re-aligned to meet the circuit’s
interfaces for the systems approach (system of systems) technical and operational restraints.
to the concepts needed for mature smart grid

Figure 1. Interoperability smart grid concepts (“system of systems” approach)

2
3. THE IEEE 1547 SERIES OF STANDARDS that involve synchronous machines, induction
IEEE Std 1547 is the foundational, or root, standard machines, or power inverters/converters. The
of the IEEE 1547 series. Currently, there are seven requirements will be sufficient for most installations. In
additional complementary standards designed to February 2003, IEEE Std 1547 was affirmed by the
expand upon or support the root standard, five of ballot group of 230 members. IEEE Standard 1547 was
which are published. The IEEE 1547 series of approved by the IEEE Standards Board in June 2003,
existing, published standards is as follows: and was approved as an American National Standard in
October 2003. In the Energy Policy Act of 2005, IEEE
• IEEE Std 1547–2003 (reaffirmed 2008), IEEE 1547 standards were required to be considered for
Standard for Interconnecting Distributed interconnection of distributed resources to the grid. In
Resources with Electric Power Systems 2008, the standard was reaffirmed by 181 balloters.
• IEEE Std 1547.1–2005, IEEE Standard Reaffirmation, via consensus vote, means the standard
Conformance Test Procedures for Equipment as currently written, is not obsolete, and does not
Interconnecting Distributed Resources with contain erroneous information. In the safety standard
Electric Power Systems UL1741 Inverters, Converters and Interconnection
• IEEE Std 1547.2–2008, IEEE Application Guide System Equipment for Use With Distributed Energy
for IEEE Std 1547, IEEE Standard for Resources, it is stated for utility interconnected
Interconnecting Distributed Resources with equipment UL 1741 supplements and is to be used in
Electric Power Systems conjunction with IEEE Std 1547 and IEEE Std 1547.1.
• IEEE Std 1547.3–2007, IEEE Guide for
Monitoring, Information Exchange, and Control 3.2. IEEE Standard 1547.1
of Distributed Resources Interconnected with The IEEE Std 1547.1–2005 provides the test procedures
Electric Power Systems for verifying conformance to IEEE Std 1547–2003.
• IEEE Std 1547.4–2011, Guide for Design, When applied, the IEEE Std 1547.1 test procedures
Operation, and Integration of Distributed provide a means for manufacturers, utilities, or
Resource Island Systems with Electric Power independent testing agencies to confirm the suitability
Systems of any given interconnection system or component
• IEEE Std 1547.6–2011, Recommended Practice intended for use in the interconnection of distributed
for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with resources (DR) with the electric power system (EPS).
Electric Power Systems Distribution Secondary Such certification can lead to the ready acceptance of
Network. confirmed equipment as suitable for use in the intended
service by the parties concerned. IEEE 1547.1 was
The IEEE SCC21 1547 series of standards reaffirmed in 2011.
development projects that are currently underway is
as follows: 3.3. IEEE Standard 1547.2
• IEEE P1547.7, Guide to Conducting Distribution The IEEE Std 1547.2–2008 provides technical
Impact studies for Distributed Resource background and application details to support
Interconnection. understanding of IEEE Standard 1547. The guide
• IEEE P1547.8, Recommended Practice for facilitates the use of IEEE Std 1547 by characterizing
Establishing Methods and Procedures that various forms of DR technologies and their associated
Provide Supplemental Support for interconnection issues. It provides background and
Implementation Strategies for Expanded Use of rationale of the technical requirements of IEEE Std
IEEE Std 1547. 1547. It also provides tips, techniques, and rules of
thumb, and it addresses topics related to DR project
3.1. IEEE Std 1547 implementation to enhance the user's understanding of
The IEEE Std 1547–2003 is the first in the 1547 series how IEEE Standard 1547 may relate to those topics.
of interconnection standards and provides
interconnection technical specifications and 3.4. IEEE Standard 1547.3
requirements as well as interconnection test IEEE Std 1547.3–2007 facilitates interoperability of DR
specifications and requirements. The stated interconnected with an area EPS. The standard helps
requirements of IEEE Std 1547 are universally needed stakeholders in DR installations implement optional
for interconnection of distributed resources that include approaches for monitoring, information exchange, and
both distributed generators and energy storage systems control to support the operation of their DR and
transactions among the stakeholders associated with the

3
distributed resources. IEEE Std 1547.3 describes systems,” sometimes interchanged with “microgrids,” is
functionality, parameters, and methodologies for used for these intentional islands. DR island systems
monitoring, information exchange, and control related are EPSs that: (1) include DR and load, (2) have the
to distributed resources interconnected with an area ability to disconnect from and parallel with the area
EPS. The focus is on monitoring, information EPS, (3) include the local EPS and may include
exchange, and control data exchanges between DR portions of the area EPS, and (4) are intentionally
controllers and stakeholder entities with direct planned. DR island systems can be either local EPS
communication interactions. This guide incorporates islands or area EPS islands. One reason for the
information modeling and uses case approaches, but it popularity of microgrids is that local power generation
is also compatible with historical approaches to and storage allow portions of the grid and critical
establishing and satisfying monitoring, information components to operate independent of the larger grid
exchange, and control needs for DR interconnected when needed (Figure 2). Another reason is that during
with an area EPS. planning all interested parties can decide upon
appropriate local control and appropriate levels of
3.5. IEEE Standard 1547.4 power quality.
The IEEE Std 1547.4–2011 guide covers intentional
islands in EPSs that contain DR. The term “DR island

Figure 2. Examples of DR Island Systems. Source: IEEE Std 1547.4

4
The IEEE Std 1547.4 document addresses issues P1547.7 guide allows distributed resource owners,
associated with DR island systems on both local and interconnection contractors, area electric distribution
area islanded EPSs In addition to an introduction and power system owners and operators, and regulatory
overview, the document discusses engineering concerns bodies to have a described methodology for when
related to DR island systems. It also provides distribution system impact studies are appropriate, what
alternative approaches and good practices for the data is required, how they are performed, and how the
design, operation, and integration of DR island systems study results are evaluated. In the absence of such
with EPS. This includes the ability to separate from and guidelines, the necessity and extent of DR
reconnect to part of the area EPS while providing interconnection impact studies has been widely and
power to the islanded EPSs. This guide includes inconsistently defined and applied. The IEEE Std
information on the DR, interconnection, and P1547.7 project was initiated in January 2009 and is
participating electric power systems. targeted for balloting in 2012.

3.6. IEEE Standard 1547.6 3.8. IEEE Standard P1547.8

The IEEE Std 1547.6–2011 recommended practice The IEEE P1547.8 recommended practice expands the
builds upon IEEE Std 1547 for the interconnection of use of IEEE Std 1547. This P1547.8 document applies
DR to distribution secondary network systems. It to the requirements set forth in IEEE Std 1547 and
establishes recommended criteria, requirements, and provides recommended methods that may expand the
tests, and provides guidance for interconnection of usefulness and utilization of IEEE Std 1547 through the
distribution secondary network system types of area identification of innovative designs, processes, and
EPS with DR providing electric power generation in operational procedures. The purpose of the methods and
local EPS. The IEEE Standard 1547.6 document procedures given is to provide more flexibility in
focuses on the technical issues associated with the determining the design and processes used in expanding
interconnection of area EPS distribution secondary the implementation strategies used for interconnecting
networks with a local EPS having distributed resources distributed resources with the EPS. Further, based on
generation. The recommended practice provides IEEE Std 1547 requirements, the purpose of this
recommendations relevant to the performance, recommended practice is to provide the knowledge
operation, testing, safety considerations, and base, experience, and opportunities for greater
maintenance of the interconnection. In this IEEE Std utilization of the interconnection and its applications.
1547.6 document, consideration is given to the needs of The need for P1547.8 is to address industry driven
the local EPS to be able to provide enhanced service to recommendations and NIST Smart Grid standards
the DR owner loads as well as to other loads served by framework recommendations (e.g., NIST priority action
the network. Equally, the standard addresses the plans). The P1547.8 considerations include voltage ride
technical concerns and issues of the area EPS. Further, thru; volt-ampere reactive support; grid support; two-
this standard identifies communication and control way communications and control; advanced/interactive
recommendations and provides guidance on grid-DR operations; high-penetration/multiple
considerations that will have to be addressed for such interconnections; interactive inverters; energy storage;
DR interconnections. electric vehicles; etc.

3.7. IEEE Standard P1547.7 4. IEEE STANDARD 2030 SERIES

The IEEE Std P1547.7 guide describes criteria, scope, The IEEE Std 2030–2011 Guide for Smart Grid
and extent for engineering studies of the impact on area Interoperability of Energy Technology and Information
EPS of a DR or aggregate distributed resource Technology Operation With the Electric Power System
interconnected to an area electric power distribution (EPS), and End-Use Applications and Loads provides
system. The creation of IEEE Std 1547 had led to the alternative approaches and best practices for achieving
increased interconnection of DR throughout distribution smart grid interoperability. It is the first all-
systems. This IEEE Std P1547.7 document describes a encompassing IEEE standard on smart grid
methodology for performing engineering studies of the interoperability providing a roadmap directed at
potential impact of DR interconnected to an area establishing the framework in developing an IEEE
electric power distribution system. The scope and national and international body of standards based on
extent of the impacts study are described as functions of cross-cutting technical disciplines in power applications
identifiable characteristics of DR, the area EPS, and the and information exchange and control through
interconnection. Criteria are described for determining communications (Figure 3).
the necessity of impact mitigation. The IEEE Std

5
Currently, there are three additional complementary Energy Storage Systems Integrated with the
standards designed to expand upon the base 2030 Electric Power Infrastructure
standard: • IEEE P2030.3, Standard for Test Procedures for
• IEEE P2030.1, Guide for Electric-Sourced Electric Energy Storage Equipment and Systems
Transportation Infrastructure for Electric Power Systems Applications.
• IEEE P2030.2, Guide for the Interoperability of

Smart Grid
Conceptual Reference Models
Conceptual
(NIST, IEC, etc.)
Reference Models

IEEE 2030
Communications Power Systems Information
Smart Grid
Architecture Architecture Technology
Interoperability
Architecture
Guidance

Architecture Architecture
Smart Grid
Application Application
Applications AMI … etc. Architecture
PEV
Application
“N”
AMI = advanced metering infrastructure e.g., additional IEEE 2030 standards
PEV = plug-in electric vehicle
N = other smart grid applications

Figure 3. Evolution of smart grid interoperability. Source: IEEE Std 2030

4.1 IEEE Standard 2030 it defines design tables and the classification of data
The IEEE Std 2030 provides guidelines for flow characteristics necessary for interoperability.
understanding and defining smart grid interoperability. Guidelines for smart grid interoperability, design
Integration of energy technology and information and criteria, and reference model applications are addressed
communications technology is necessary to achieve with emphasis on functional interface identification,
seamless operation. IEEE Std 2030 establishes the logical connections and data flows, communications
smart grid interoperability reference model (SGIRM) and linkages, digital information management, and
and provides a knowledge base addressing terminology, power generation usage.
characteristics, functional performance and evaluation
criteria, and the application of engineering principles The inaugural meeting to develop IEEE Std 2030 was
for smart grid interoperability of the EPS with end-use held in June 2009 and had capacity in-person
applications and loads. A system of systems approach registration of 150 individuals and close to 200 others
to smart grid interoperability provided the foundation registered to participate via webinar. The publication
for the SGIRM as a design tool that inherently allows was achieved on a fast-track schedule, going to ballot in
for extensibility, scalability, and upgradeability. The spring 2011, which resulted in successful affirmation by
2030 SGIRM defines three integrated architectural the 459 members of the ballot pool. The IEEE
perspectives: power systems, communications Standards Board approved the immediate publication of
technology, and information technology. Additionally, the IEEE Std 2030 in September 2011.

6
 4.2 IEEE Standard P2030.1 systems integrated with the electric power
The guide addresses applications for electric-sourced infrastructure.
vehicles and related support infrastructure used in road-
based personal and mass transit. It provides a 4.4 IEEE Standard P2030.3
knowledge base addressing terminology, methods, Traditionally, utility electric power delivery systems
equipment, and planning requirements for such were not designed to accommodate electric storage. In
transportation and its impacts on commercial and recent years, electric storage has drawn more and more
industrial systems. The guidelines can be used by attention as the development of renewable energy
utilities, manufacturers, transportation providers, distributed resources interconnected with power
infrastructure developers, and end users of electric- systems have been deployed. This IEEE P2030.3
sourced vehicles and related support infrastructure for standard establishes test procedures for electric energy
road-based personal and mass transportation storage equipment and systems for EPS applications.
applications. Standards that exist and research that is Electric energy storage equipment or systems can be a
being performed are pointed out in this document. single device providing all required functions or an
Where new standards are needed, they are pointed out assembly of components, each having limited functions.
in this document. This document supports utilities in Additionally, requirements on installation evaluation
planning for the most economic method of production and periodic tests are included in this standard. Further
to support increasing transportation loads. It allows as stated in 2030, storage equipment and systems that
manufacturers to understand the standardization connect to an EPS need to meet the requirements
requirements and bring products to fruition as the specified in related IEEE standards. Standardized test
supporting systems and methods are developed and procedures are necessary to establish and verify
standardized, and it allows end users to understand compliance with those requirements. These test
technologies that can be implemented for their procedures need to provide repeatable results at
transportation energy needs. A phased implementation independent test locations and have flexibility to
is suggested in this document and is based on economic accommodate the variety of storage technologies and
considerations for technologies that are available today applications. Conformance to IEEE Std 2030.3 may be
and in development. While regional political and established through a combination of type, production,
regulatory issues may alter these methods, this and commissioning tests.
document does not consider the wide range of regional
differences available. It is incumbent upon the user of 5. MOVING FORWARD
the guide to understand the financial differences that The IEEE 1547 and 2030 series of publications and
these factors may have on their specific planning development activities address priority engineering
requirements. This document does not consider non- topics identified by numerous stakeholders, including
road forms of transportation. some listed in the NIST Framework and Roadmap for
Smart Grid Interoperability [5], as important for the
4.3 IEEE Standard P2030.2 smart grid. Examples of such topics follow.
This document provides guidelines for discrete and • Energy storage systems, e.g., for storage system
hybrid energy storage systems that are integrated with specific requirements
the electric power infrastructure, including end-use • Distribution grid management standards
applications and loads. This guide builds upon IEEE requirements including communications
Std 2030 Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of • Voltage regulation, grid support, etc.
Energy Technology and Information Technology • Technical management of distributed energy
Operation With The Electric Power System (EPS), and resources and loading, e.g., in planned islands
End-Use Applications and Loads. The purpose of • Static and mobile electric storage, including both
P2030.2 is to provide guidance in understanding and small and large electric storage facilities
defining technical characteristics of energy storage • Electric transportation and electric vehicles
systems and how discrete or hybrid systems may be
• Conformance and testing.
integrated with and used compatibly as part of the
electric power infrastructure. Further, P2030.2 fills the
As with all standards, the ultimate proof of success lies
need for guidance relevant to a knowledge base
in adopting them, validating conformance to the
addressing terminology, functional performance,
specifications and requirements of the standards, and
evaluation criteria, operations, testing, and the
establishing that the standards indeed help the
application of engineering principles for energy storage
technology and stakeholders meet the intended use by

7
being in compliance. At the National Renewable that conformance testing be qualified to a
Energy Laboratory (NREL), for instance, smart grid comprehensive and universally accepted set of
interconnection and interoperability testing activities applicable standards so that reciprocity among testing
(Figure 4) are being extended beyond the initial labs and uniform acceptance of conforming equipment
undertakings. However, it is of paramount importance and best practices is transparent.

Figure 4. Example smart grid testing at NREL

The IEEE 1547 series of standards provided a model for providing smart grid interoperability for the overall
IEEE 2030 development. The IEEE Std 2030 is a system.
foundational document addressing smart grid
interoperability. However, there could never be one Acknowledgments
single, all-encompassing document that would In closing, the authors want to acknowledge that both
adequately address all of the standards issues associated the IEEE 1547 and the IEEE 2030 standards
with a “system of systems” smart grid paradigm. development required a significant undertaking by
Building off existing standards and works in progress numerous volunteers. The time and resources of all
helps to accelerate standards coverage for the myriad of individuals and organizations that participated led to the
smart grid concerns. As an example, in the series of success of the published IEEE 1547 and 2030 standards
IEEE 1547, the IEEE Std 1547.4 (microgrids) addresses and their subsequent adoption. Similarly, the timely
many of the technical integration issues for a mature completion of priority outgrowth beyond the
smart grid, including issues of high penetration of foundational standards will only succeed through
distributed generators and electric storage systems, grid dedicated commitment by the individuals and
support, and load management. However, the details for organizations contributing to smart grid
smart grid interoperability will need to be approached interoperability.
in a layered and evolutionary manner, building on
successful experiences and learning from other NREL’s work with IEEE is supported by the U.S.
experiences. The mature smart grid will truly be a Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC36-
complex “system of systems” (Figure 1). To reach that 08-GO28308.
maturity in an accelerated timeframe yet rational
manner, it seems evident that technology will evolve at References
widely varying degrees of intelligence. By first [1] Advancing Smart Grid Interoperability and
establishing device and individual system conformance, Implementing NIST’s Interoperability Roadmap NREL
the foundation is laid for the fundamental goal of CP-550-47000 (Nov. 2009).

8
[2] IEEE Std 2030-2011 Guide for Smart Grid [4] IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21,
Interoperability of Energy Technology and Information http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/index.html
Technology Operation with the Electric Power System [5] NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid
(EPS), and End-Use Applications and Loads, Interoperability Standards, Release 1.0 (Jan. 2010)
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/ dr_shared/2030/ (NIST Special Publication 1108), http://www.nist.gov
[3] IEEE 1547 Series of Standards, /customcf/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=904712.
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/dr_shared/