MSSV: 10160266 Name: Do Van Minh
MSSV: 10160266 Name: Do Van Minh
MSSV: 10160266 Name: Do Van Minh
In this assignment, I explained the basic nature of the legal system, illustrate the potential
impact of the law on a business. In addition, I also suggested appropriate legal solutions to
business problems and gave some recommends appropriate legal solutions based upon
alternative legal advice provide.
II. BODY
Task 1:
What is law?
According to medium.com, the law is a set of rules that are created and implemented by the
government or social organizations to regulate behavior. Law is a custom or binding practice of
a community, a rule of manner of conduct or action that is regulated or officially recognized as
bound by a supreme or enforced by a penalty (Merriam-Webster). According to H.L.A Hart he
said that the law is
Body of rules: there are two types of rules, issued by the state and not issued by the
state.
That can guide the people conducts: to lead people's behavior, force people to follow the
regulations (instruction) by the government to create a common lifestyle that is
appropriate to the community.
Being coerced and enforced among member of a state: there are laws that apply to
everyone, but most apply to only a group of people
In order to enable state to function: In order for the society to function smoothly, the law
will play a role in controlling human behavior, in addition to contributing to political,
economic, historical and social development in a variety of ways. It is also an important
factor in mediating conflict between people.
Separation of power:
According to Alaska Legislature (Separation of powers), there are three branches of separation
of powers such as:
Dispute settlement:
Disputes resolved by the court. Most of the disputes are handled by a trial court (local court). If
you appeal to the court, your case will be referred to the court of appeal. If an appeal is still
pending, the case will be referred to the supreme court and the judicial review will act as a
review of the case after it has been heard at the lower courts.
Task 2:
According to lawteacher.net, this is the definition and purpose of statutory law, common law and
equity.
(Sources: Textbook)
According to common.laws.com, the common law is not quite the same as statutory law since
it depends on precedents and the statutory law is a formal body of the legitimate framework,
including legal documents. This law will basically be founded on guidelines, directions or
prohibitions on certain behaviors. On the other hand, the general rule will enable judges to
choose cases dependent on judgments of similar cases previously. In the past, common law
and equity are applied in different courts. Nowadays, the same court applies both common law
and equity. It is also called judge-made law. The common law and equity were governed in
separate courts just until 1870s. But under the Judicial Act of the 1870s, they would be allowed
to manage in the same court, and the judge can apply the rules for the case that he thinks it will
suitable. However, if there is a conflict between the two, the equity will have more advantages to
win.
Task 3:
Parliamentary procedure in England include house of lord and house of common. In the
parliamentary procedure, the parliaments will examine and approve the new law. The
parliamentary procedure will begin with a bill, which is suggestion for creating a new law or
change the existing law. The government may will introduce the bill, or it will be showed by
individual MPs (Member of parliament) or the members of the House of Lords. The stage of
checking bills the house of lords and the house of common are the same, but the rules of each
are different. Both house of lord and hose of common are able to make some changes about
the contents of a bill but these changes must be agreed by both houses before it can become
law (parliament.uk). If the law process starts from the house of lord, it ends in the house of
common, and if it starts at the house of common, it ends in the house of lord.
Firstly, they will need a bill that agreed by both house of lord and house of common and the bill
will be given to the lords and they will look at what government has proposed. After that will be
the first reading, the lord will read the bill at the first time. The second reading will be the chance
for members of the lords to debate the general principles of the bill but there will be no change
at this stage. The next stage is committee stage, in this stage, the bill will be examined by a
standing committee who representing the mains parties and who are relevant, and after this will
be the reporting period when the member of lords can make some changes to the bill. The next
stage will be the report stage, in this stage the bill that amended in committee will be reported to
both house of lords and house of common until every member of each house agreed. The final
stage before the bill become a law is the third stage, in this stage only the verbal amendments
will be available (parliament.uk).
According to the theory of separation of powers, governments, parliaments and courts are three
different bodies. The role of the government after the parliament has passed and passed the bill
then the government has the right to comment and have the right to publish or not publish the
law.
Task 4:
Stare decisis: “Common law and equity both are the result of choices in the courts. They are
judged on the basis of consistent principles. At the point when matter of principle has been
chosen (by one of the higher courts) it will become precedent. In any case then that principle is
relevant, the similar principle should (depending on certain exceptions) be applied. This
convention on consistency, precedence, is reflected in the maximum gait decision, 'to stand by
a decision' (Business Law Textbook).
Purpose: To ensure consistency and equity in the legal system. It means the people with the
same behavior must be treated the same.
Its relevant to the court hierarchy: The elements that stare decisis involving the court system are
at the bottom level courts in the court system after the first instance court. The principle of stare
decisis is based on the judgment of the superior system. As a result, the lowest court in the
court system when the trial is completed, the judgment and case is not valid. Thus, it is not the
scope of the old decisis principle, only the judgments of the appellate tribunals are up to
compliance. In addition, a court does not necessarily have to comply with its own previous
convictions, which depends on changing social circumstances.
Task 5:
For different countries there will be a certain hierarchical structure followed in the British court.
The legal framework in the United Kingdom is comprised of three regional differences, one of
them is in England and Wales. The England and Wales civil parishes form the following
agencies:
(Sources: hierarchystructure.com)
The supreme court is the highest judicial body in the UK and the judiciary in England, Wales
and Northern Ireland. This is the final appeal court when it comes to civil cases in England and
Wales.
2. The Court of Appeal
The Civil Division of the Appeal Court will hear appeals from the Supreme Court, the courts and
in certain cases from the district courts. The Criminal Division of the Appellate Court will hear
appeals against convictions or sentences from the Thai court and may also have a Thai court
decision referred to by the Criminal Litigation Review Committee
The Queen’s Bench Division: This department handles all cases involving contracts and
deceptive practices in the area. The courts of this section include commercial courts,
commercial courts, admirals, and technology and construction courts, and administrative
courts may order other low courts to perform or cancel specific actions (Textbook)
The Family Division: The division of court companies, divisional courts and patent
courts. Division dealing with marriages, family lawsuits and procedures relating to
children (textbook).
The Chancery Division: This division will deal with traditional equity issues such as "trust
and mortgage, revenue, bankruptcy, property disputes and management of deceased
persons, partnerships and company issues” (textbook)
The high court usually makes binding decisions but can still appeal to civil division of the court
of appeal (textbook).
District Courts have civil jurisdiction only but deal with almost all types of civil cases. The lack of
realities of the district courts is that they manage a large portion of the civil cases of the country.
(hierarchystructure.com)
5. The Tribunals
Courts in England and Wales generally operate in a variety of specializations such as
immigration, employment, child welfare, ... And there will be separate courts for separate area in
the UK.
Task 6:
In Partridge v Crittenden case, the court decided that Mr Partride's advertising was not an offer
because Mr Partridge advertised in a magazine that he was selling Bramblefinch cocks and
hens with the price of 25 shilling for each. But according to the protection of bird’s act 1954,
selling any protected bird species is illegal and Partridge was convicted by the Magistrate. To be
considered an offer, you must promise to be bound on specific terms and this advertisement did
not meet this requirement. It is for this reason that in Partridge v Crittenden case, Mr Partridge's
advertisement is only considered an invitation to treat because he does not make any
commitments, so the advertisement will not be considered an offer.
In Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Case, the court decided that the Carbolic Smoke Ball
advertising as an offer because Carbolic Smoke Ball company has an advertisement on 13
November 1891 with the promise that “100 pounds will be paid by the Carbolic Smoke Ball
company to any person who contracts the increasing epidemic influenza, colds or any diseases
caused by taking cold after having used the ball, 3 times daily for 2 weeks according to the
printed directions supplied with each Ball”. Besides, this smoke balls were sold at the chemists
in Oxford Street. It can be seen that the Carbolic Smoke Ball company has met the needs for
this advertisement to be considered an offer because it has the definition promise when
customer buying that product.
Task 7:
This is not a contract between Dung and Hai because of the Felthouse v Bindley 1862 case
(textbook), the nephew intended to accept his uncle's offer of selling his uncle for 30.15 pounds
without any rely. This is considered acceptance of silence because the claimant adds in his offer
that "if I hear more about him, I would not consider it a contract."
For the case between Dung and Hai, it is not silence as acceptance because despite Dung's
agreement with Hai's offer, he does not have any communication between Dung and Hai about
this. So, this is not a contract between Dung and Hai.
Task 8:
According to Ford Motor Co (England) Ltd. v Armstrong 1915 case, the court decided that "it
was not a genuine pre-estimate of the loss and it was in the nature of a penalty" because the
defendant had committed " the car of the claimant below list price, does not sell Ford vehicles to
other dealers and does not display any cars without permission "and will incur a penalty of 250
pounds for each violation. However, since the amount is not commensurate with the various
damages and cannot be pre-estimate of loss. So, the court decided that this was a penalty.
In comparison with the present situation, we can see that "employee come to work late 3 times
in a month, employee does not wear protection helmet inside the working capital is the damage
that cannot pre-estimate of loss and the amount of 1 million VND for each of the misconduct is a
penalty.
According to the textbook (page 118), "a contractual term designed as penalty clause to
discourage breach is void and not enforceable". From the information above we can conclude
that the contract between an employer and an employee in this situation is void.
Task 9:
According to Amber Walker from keymurraylaw, there are two conditions must exist for the court
to consider indirect liability such as:
According to Peter Bowal and Louis Bontorin, there are three reasons that a business should be
vicariously responsible for tort committed by its employee.
The employer will have to accept risks by hiring employees when their employees cause
harm to a third party.
Employee monitoring and training is one of the main reasons that can lead to vicarious
liability. From that, it will encourage the employers to focus more on training and
supervision.
Most employers have more money than their employees, so if an employee does not
have enough money to pay for the damage, the predominant financial of the employer
will ensure reasonable compensation.
Task 10:
Based on Hivac Ltd v Park Royal Scientific Instruments Ltd 1946 case, the claimant's
employees worked for the defendant company in their spare time. Although the employees have
not been informed on the matter, the court still decided that the employees were in breach of
their duty to fidelity to the claimants.
Compared to Peter's case, Peter was not allowed to do so because when Peter was working at
a law firm, he provided personal lawyer services in his spare time. However, some of Peter's
clients are clients of the law firm that he is working as an employee, some of the clients are
conflicting interests with the client's company. So that Peter is not allowed to do this.
Task 11:
Environmental law:
According to the textbook, the environment is always seen as a global issue, so there are also
many international environmental regulations, which are reflected in a number of international
agreements Normally, when there are international regulations, countries that enact their
environmental laws often put international laws into national law to comply with the law, it is only
necessary to comply with the national legal system of the country, or domestic transplant of
international law. This is also a very special characteristic of the law on the environment.
According to the textbook, there are four types of the responsibility for environmental violations:
Criminal law: When a company violates environmental regulations, the company will be
fined. And in that company, the director and company officials may also be prosecuted if
the company pollutes the environment because of the company's environmental
pollutants that are due to the approval of the company directors and officers of this
company.
Civil law: When a company carries out environmental pollution activities in spite of
inadequacies or behaviors that may affect residents or animals and plants. The company
will be paid for the damages.
Public/ Administrative law: When the company causes environmental damage, the
company must pay compensation and the compensation will be lower than civil law.
Company law: When the directors approve the company's activities that cause the
violation causing environmental pollution, the director will be responsible.
Through the four types of responsibility for environmental violations we find that the companies
will be responsible if they cause environmental pollution and personnel in the company are also
responsible if they accept damages to the environment. Environmental regulations will be
responsible for both the company and senior personnel of the company.
Company’s duties:
There are many rules about health and safety in labor. The Health and Safety at Work Act of
England was promulgated in 1974. The law stipulates the five main responsibilities of an
employer such as:
Provide employees with a safe, secure workplace. However, for some industries this
cannot provide that such as construction, ...
Ensure that the use, transportation or storage of dangerous materials or chemicals is
minimally hazardous to the worker.
Provide employees with the information, guidance, training and supervision needed to
ensure safety.
Work places need to be safe in the event of an accident.
Provide workplace safety regulations that apply to all situations.
Currently in the UK, in addition to the Health and Safety at Work Act (1974), there are also
regulations on healing and safety at work regulations (1999). This requirement requires
companies to undertake risk assessments in their working environment. When a business
starts, they need to evaluate how risky the business is to the worker.
Employer should make assessment of the health and safety risks when employees and
others are exposed as a result of the implementation
Risk assessment should be re-do in case of changes in production.
Young workers (aged 14-18) are not aware enough, so special protection is required.
In addition, companies and employers need to take preventive measures such as eliminate the
risks that may occur. However, there are risks that cannot be avoid so you will need to evaluate
risk to assess that risk. Once the assessment has been completed, the risk should be minimized
where risk can occur. In addition, the companies also should use appropriate measures and
update the latest technology to minimize risk. In terms of risk prevention measures, the
company must take collective precautionary measures rather than individual precautions.
Besides, the companies should provide the specific instructions to employees.
Company’s duties:
Organizations should ensure that which laws will be applicable to them and then the
organizations also should incorporate cyber laws as part of their security policy and include
lawyers in their security decisions.
According to the textbook, compared with companies, consumers are always weak, so the law
of the state tends to protect consumers rather than protect companies in the relationship
between the two ways:
According to consumer protection law, consumers will have the following duties such as buying
the good quality products and suitable prices, check the weight before buying, reading carefully
the instructions and also the label before giving the purchase decision, …
For the company will have the following responsibilities such as the companies before releasing
a product to the market must study the effects that it can bring to the user. The company will
have to provide full information about the product for the customer, be responsible for strict
product liability and if the product causes damage to the consumer, the company must
compensate for the consumer.
For the consumers, they will have the following rights to be heard from the companies, revised
the information that they need, to choose the products that they want and to protect interest by
suing any company in the product chain (from manufacturer to retail seller)
Task 12:
According to burges-salmonm, under the Companies act 2006, there are several duties of the
company director such as:
Lifting of the corporate veil means ignore the publicly disclosed characteristics of the company
to identify who is actually controlling the company for dishonest or fraudulent behavior. The
court or law finding the truth behind the company will be called "lift the corporate veil"
According to the textbook, there are some specific situations when the court could “lift the
corporate veil” such as:
If the veil of the company has been used for any wrong purpose, that the court can feel
about it. The court will life the corporate veil makes the individual responsible for the act
that they did before
If the company deliberately intends to be dishonest or is trying to cheat, the law can lift
the corporate veil to find out who has intentionally done this and to make that person
responsible for it.
Task 13:
According to the textbook (page 215)
There are four steps to making claim for compensation for unfair dismissal.
Step 1: Within 3 months of being fired, employees must apply to the tribunal.
Step 2: The employee must prove that he is a qualified employee and he has been dismissed
Step 3: In this step the employee must prove the main reason for the dismissal or the reason for
alleged. And that reason is one of the reasons that listed in the Employment right act 1996 or as
an “important reason of such a kind is likely to justify dismissal of employees” in this situation.
Step 4: In the final step, the court will have to decide whether the main cause really justifies the
dismissal and whether the employer has acted appropriately in the justification of the reason. If
the employer cannot show that the main reason for the dismissal is one of the justifiable
reasons given in the statute, the dismissal is unfair.
Disposals can be identified in three separate cases, such as actual dismissal, which are usually
quite obvious and can be recognized from the words used by an employer. The dismissal of the
construction involves a substantial breach of the labor contract by the employer and the last of
which expires on a fixed contract without an extension for the dismissal. Employees must prove
that he has been fired. Courts often have to argue whether the use of abusive language by
employers constitutes abuse or justification.
The list of justifications the employer may have for his dismissal is that:
The capability or qualifications of the employee for performing work of the kind which he
was employed to do. For example, the employee has no health or intelligence needed
for the job assigned.
The conduct of the employee: Employees have bad behavior on the company despite
repeated warnings.
Redundancy: If the company currently has more employee than they need, the dismissal
notice of two weeks will still be considered to be fair.
Legal prohibition: If the employee has violated the law and is not allowed to work legally
because the dismissal will be fully authorized
Retirement: Although retirement law was changed in 2011, it was decided that
retirement age would no longer be considered a dismissal. However, there will be
exceptions to the mandatory retirement age requirements for drivers and pilots.
Some other substantial reason which justifies dismissal such as the employee was
married to one of his competitors or refused to accept a reorganization.
There are three principal remedies for me to overcome such justifications such as
reinstatement, re-engagement and compensation (textbook):
But the amount of compensation may also be reduced if one of the circumstances
occurs as the employee contributed to his own dismissal, the employee has
unreasonably refused an offer of reinstatement or they failed to observe the Acas Code.
Task 14:
According to accountingverse, there are three mains types of business such as sole trader,
partnerships and company.
Task 15:
(Sources: Textbook)
Task 16:
To give advice to company A, I will point out the advantages and disadvantages of negotiation,
mediation, arbitration and court in the table below.
(Sources: Textbook)
The advantages and disadvantages of the fours ways to resolve the dispute. Negotiation will be
a reasonable solution because A and B both want to keep the company secret so they cannot
be third parties involved. Besides, both sides want to deal quickly and Company A agrees to
compromise. Possible negotiation to resolve disputes between the two companies.
III. CONCLUSION
After finishing this assignment, I understood the different types of law and each sources of law
that paganizations must comply with. Besides, I also known about the role of government in law
when making a law and how statutory and common law is applied in the justice courts. I also
known how company, employment and contract law has a potential impact upon business.
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