Typological Comparison of The English and The Korean Languages

Typological comparison of The English and The
Korean languages
Linguistic Typology (MA)
Student:Ulkar Gahramanli
Khazar University 2017

Typological comparison of The English and The Korean languages 2017
Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Genetic Affinities ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
The English language .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
The Korean language (Hangul) ................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Historical Background .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Language type of English Language ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Language type of Korean language .............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Phonetics ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
The English Language .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
The Korean language................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Syllable structure ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Lexicology ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Word Formation ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
The Korean Language .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Blending ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
Sound interchange ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
The English Language ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
The Korean Language ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
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Back-formation ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
The Korean language ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 18
Acronym &Abbrevation -(proper words created from the initial letters) ........................................................................................................... 18
The Korean language ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 18
Morphology .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
The Noun .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
The Verb ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Pronouns .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
Numerals .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
Adjectives ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Adverb .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Syntax ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
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Introduction
Linguistic typology is a branch of linguistics that attempts to categorize languages based on similarities in
structure (phonological inventories, grammatical constructions, word order, etc.)This research is dedicated to the
typological comparison of The English Language and The Korean Language. The main focus is to identify
similarities or differences between the two languages. There are included general information about the languages ;
their characteristics ; phonetics (sound system), lexicology( word stock and word formation, morphological ( part
of speeches), syntax( sentence structure), as well as intro-linguistic and extra-linguistic history of them. Writing
system is different, The Korean language actually uses characters which are called together Hangul(their national
alphabet), and The English language uses Latin alphabet. Both languages are historically rich, have passed long
history of development and troubles sometimes.
English language, West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family that is closely related to
Frisian, German, and Dutch (in Belgium called Flemish) languages. There two widely accepted and interconnected
theories about Korean language genetic affinities. The first is that Korean is related to Japanese. The second, which
perhaps subsumes the first , is that Korean is related to Altaic-Turkic, Mongolian , and Manchu-Tungus. The
conclusion reached by Lee Ki-Moon is that if Korean did not branch off from proto-Altaic, then , at very least ,
both Korean and Altaic sprang from some common source. Among Japanese scholars, support is greatest for the
hypothesis that Japanese belongs to the Altaic family and , at the same time, that is most closely related to
Korean.Korean, known in the language itself as Kugo, is the language of the Korean Peninsula in northeast Asia.
English originated in England and is the dominant language of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada,
Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and various island nations in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. It is also
an official language of India, the Philippines, Singapore, and many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including
South Africa. English is the first choice of foreign language in most other countries of the world, and it is that
status that has given it the position of a global lingua franca. It is estimated that about a third of the world’s
population, some two billion persons, now use English.
In the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, or North Korea) there are 20 million speakers and in the
Republic of Korea (ROK, or South Korea) there are 42 million speakers. Korean is also spoken by almost 2 million
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people in China, mainly in provinces bordering North Korea. There are approximately half a million speakers in
Japan and Russia, as well as significant numbers in the United States (over 600,000) with large communities on the
west coast and in New York. Other communities are found in Singapore, Thailand, Guam, and Paraguay. The total
number of speakers is 72 million (Grimes 1992).
In following parts, phonetics, lexicology, morphology , and syntax have been investigated and their features
have been included. Even there are lots of differences ,they still possess universal features.
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Genetic Affinities
The English language The Korean language (Hangul)
 West Germanic language of the Indo-European  Related to Altaic-Turkic, Mongolian , and

 The dominant language of the United States, the Manchu-Tungus
United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand,  Official language of South Korea and North Korea
and various island nations in the Caribbean Sea and the  One of the two official languages of the Yanbian
Pacific Ocean Korean Autonomous Prefecture in China.
 The official language of India, the Philippines,  2 million speakers in China, half a million
Singapore, and many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, speakers in Japan and Russia, as well as significant
including South Africa numbers in the United States
 Other communities in Singapore, Thailand, Guam,
and Paraguay
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Historical Background
Historical Background of the English Language Historical Background of the Korean language
The history of the English language really started with the The Korean language has a long and rich history. Korean is
arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the one of the world's oldest living languages, and its origins are is as
5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the circuitous as the origin of the Korean people. Korean is
Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and descended from Proto-Korean, Old Korean, Middle Korean and
northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Modern Korean. Since the Korean War, contemporary North–
Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west South differences have developed in standard Korean, including
and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, variance in pronunciation, verb inflection, and vocabulary. The
Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from "Englaland" [sic] development history of Korean language is generally divided into
and their language was called "Englisc" - from which the words three periods.
"England" and "English" are derived.
Old Korean: Old Korean would describe the language

Old English: The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar spoken in Korea prior to the 15th century. Little is known about
languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old it. This period of Korean history is known as the Three
English. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Kingdoms period, followed by the Unified Silla period – Silla
Native English speakers now would have great difficulty being one of the Three Kingdoms that dominated the Korean
understanding Old English. Nevertheless, about half of the most peninsula, and the kingdom that wound up surviving and
commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. thriving. China had a huge influence on Korea during this time
The words be, strong and water, for example, derive from Old and our few examples of Old Korean are actually written in
English. Old English was spoken until around 1100. Chinese characters. This makes deciphering them difficult, as the
Chinese characters appear to have been used to represent the
sounds and meanings of the Korean language at the time, as
opposed to an actual translation. This makes understanding them
very difficult.
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Middle Korean: The evolution from Old Korean to Middle

Middle English: In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Korean is also argued – but generally, it is agreed that by the 15th
Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conquered century, with the advent of a Korean-specific writing system, the
England. The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with Korean Language had unified into what is known as Middle
them a kind of French, which became the language of the Royal Korean. This writing system was called The Hunminjeongeum
Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a period there was (which translates beautifully to “The Proper Sounds for the
a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke Instruction of the People”); known today as Hangul, was made
English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century official by royal proclamation on the part of King Sejong the
English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French Great. This script included pronunciation rules and was intended
words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the to allow the largely illiterate peasant population in his kingdom
language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would to be able to read and write. It was believed to be promulgated on
still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today. October 9, 1446, and that day remains Hangul Day in Korea.
Modern Korean: From there Korean follows a more

Modern English: Towards the end of Middle English, a standard and better-documented evolution model of language.
sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Unification and standardization continued until Modern Korean
Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. was established as distinct from Middle Korean by the 17th
From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples century. Since the division of Korea into North and South, the
from around the world.This, and the Renaissance of Classical language as spoken by each country has begun to drift apart,
learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the although they are still firmly one language and mutually
language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now intelligible. What’s really interesting about this is that much of
a common language in print. Books became cheaper and more the changes in North Korean are due to government intervention,
people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to as North Korea’s communist leaders have issued several
English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of proclamations concerning the language – a rare situation in
London, where most publishing houses were, became the language evolution, which is usually much more of a natural
standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.The process. For centuries, Koreans used Chinese characters to write
main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern their language out, but in the 15th century a new alphabet, known
English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more today as Hangeul, was developed. In the modern world, Korean
words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial is spoken by almost 65 million people in the world, in North and
Revolution and technology created a need for new words; South Korea as well as China, Japan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan
secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of and Russia, as well as notable communities in the United States
the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign and elsewhere. That is why English to Korean translation
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words from many countries. services are increasingly required around the world. So, Korean
has both a mysterious past and a scientific present, making it one
of the most interesting languages in the world today!
Intro-linguistic history of English Language Intro-linguistic history of Korean language
In standard Old English, adjectives, nouns, pronouns, and There is very little literature for research of Old Korean. The
verbs were fully inflected. Nouns were inflected for four cases first texts in Old Korean were written using Hanja to represent
(nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative) in singular and the sound and grammar of the local language.The oldest writing
plural. Adjectives had strong and weak declensions, the strong system in Korea is Han'ja, a Korean adaptation of Chinese
showing a mixture of noun and pronoun endings and the weak pictographs -- symbols that depict not sounds, but ideas -- for the
following the pattern of weak nouns. Personal, possessive, language of government and business. At the time back in the Yi
demonstrative, interrogative, indefinite, and relative pronouns had Dynasty era, not everyone could manage this task, since only
full inflections. The pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons still had Korea's upper-class were educated to read, write, and publish in
distinctive dual forms: There were two demonstratives: sē, sēo, Chinese. King Sejong, 4th monarch of the Yi Dynasty (1418 -
thaet, meaning “that,” and thes, thēos, this, meaning “this,” but no 1450), decided to devise a method of writing suitable for all
articles, the definite article being expressed by use of the Koreans, regardless of their class. Three years later, after nearly
demonstrative for “that” or not expressed at all. Verbs had two 100 man-years of work, the scholars presented King Sejong with
tenses only (present-future and past), three moods (indicative, Hunmin-chongum, "The Correct Sounds for the Instruction of the
subjunctive, and imperative), two numbers (singular and plural), People." This simple alphabet of 28 characters (17 consonants
and three persons (1st, 2nd, and 3rd). Grammatical gender and 11 vowels) emerged from a careful study of the shape or
persisted throughout the Old English period. Because of the form of the speech organs (i.e. the mouth, the tongue, the throat)
greater use of inflections in Old English, word order was freer and the shape they take during speaking. Over the centuries three
than today. The sounds of the native speech changed slowly. Even consonants and one vowel dropped out of use, leaving modern
in late Old English short vowels had been lengthened before ld, Han'gul with just 24 characters that can be easily learned in just a
rd, mb, and nd, and long vowels had been shortened before all few hours. Since Han'gul's vowels and consonants are combined
other consonant groups and before double consonants. In early to indicate a single sound (phoneme), the modern Korean
Middle English short vowels of whatever origin were lengthened alphabet is actually comprised of 40 characters.
in the open stressed syllables of disyllabic words. An open
syllable is one ending in a vowel. There were significant
variations in verb inflections in the Northern, Midland, and
Southern dialects. The Northern infinitive was already one
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syllable (sing rather than the Old English singan), whereas the
past participle -en inflection of Old English was strictly kept. The
seven long vowels of Chaucer’s speech had already begun to shift.
Incipient diphthongization of high front /i:/ (the ee sound in meet)
and high back /u:/ (as in fool) led to instability in the other five
long vowels. (Symbols within slash marks are taken from the
International Phonetic Alphabet.) This remarkable event, known
as the Great Vowel Shift.
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Language type of English Language Language type of Korean language
 Analytic language  Agglutinative language

 Composed entirely of free morphemes, where each  Words which may consist of more than one, and
word consists of only one morpheme possibly many, morphemes
 Grammatical function is derived from word order  Grammatical function is derived from suffixes and
and prepositions endings
 Fixed word order  Free word order
 SVO language  SOV language
 Prepositions  affixes usually only have a single meaning
 Affixes have more than one meaning  postpositions
 “vowel harmony”
Phonetics
The English Language The Korean language
Latin alphabet:26 letters, 44 sounds Hangeul: the Korean alphabet: 24 characters, 40 sounds
24consonants 14 consonants
20 vowels:12 monophtongs and 8 diphtongs 10 vowels
5 double-consonants
10 mixed-vowels
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Consonants: Vowels: Consonants: Vowels: mixed

consonants and
Monophtong Diphtongs: vowels.
b ㄱ sounds like ㅏ sounds like a.
s: a
ʌ g.
d ɪ ㄲ sounds
ㅑ sounds like like gg.
ɑ a ㄴ sounds like ya.
f
: ʊ n.
ㄸ sounds
g ㅓ sounds like u. like dd.
æ e ㄷ sounds like
ɪ d.
h ㅕ sounds like
e ㅃ sounds
o yu. like bb
j ə ʊ ㄹ sounds like
l.
ㅗ sounds like o. ㅆ sounds
k ɜ ɔ
:ʳ like ss.
ɪ ㅁ sounds like
l m. ㅛ sounds like
ɪ e yo. ㅉ sounds
m əʳ like jj.
i ㅂ sounds like
b. ㅜ sounds like
: ɪ
n oo. ㅐ sounds
əʳ
ɒ like ae
ŋ ㅅ sounds like
ʊ s. ㅠ sounds like
ɔ əʳ yoo. ㅒ sounds
p
: like yae
ㅇ doesn’t
r have any sound ㅡ sounds like
ʊ
when it comes first eu ㅔ sounds
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s u and sounds like ㅣ sounds like i like ae

~ng when it is at
:
the bottom.
ㅖ sounds
ʃ a like yae
ɪ ㅈ sounds like
t j.
ㅚ sounds
a
like oi
t ʊ ㅊ sounds like
ʃ ch.
ㅙ sounds
e
ɪ like oae
θ ㅋ sounds like
o k.
ㅟ sounds
ð ʊ
like we
ㅌ sounds like
ɔ t.
v ㅞ sounds
ɪ
like wae
ㅍ sounds like
w e
əʳ p.
ㅢ sounds
z like eui
ɪ ㅎ sounds like
əʳ h.
ʒ ㅝ sounds
ʊ like wu.
d əʳ
ʒ
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Syllable structure
The English Language The Korean Language
English is written letter-by-letter in a horizontal line. Korean is written into “blocks” that make up one syllable.
Texts are written horizontally.
 C+V+C : PUT
 C+V : 차 CHA=CAR
 C+C+V+C: PLAY
 C+V+C+C: KICK  C+V+C : 살 SAL= FRESH
 V+C+C+V+C: ENTER  V+C: 안 AN= NOT
 V+V+C: EAT
 V+C+C:ASK
 C+V+C+V: LIVE If ㅇ comes at the beginning of the letter it has no
 C+V+V:BEE sound, actually it comes when a word begins with a vowel.
 C+C+V+C+C: BRING
 C+V+V+C+C: BUILD
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Lexicology
The vocabulary of Modern English is approximately a quarter In terms of vocabulary, the Korean language has been heavily
Germanic (Old English, Scandinavian, Dutch, German) and two-thirds influenced by the Chinese language. (This is also true for Japanese.)
Italic or Romance (especially Latin, French, Spanish, Italian), with Most conceptual or professional terms are Sino-Korean. The more basic
copious and increasing importations from Greek in science and terms, however, tend to be pure Korean. According to the Standard
technology and with considerable borrowings from more than 300 other Korean Dictionary edited by the National Institute of Korean Language
languages. Names of many basic concepts and things come from Old (NIKL, 2000), and containing some 440,000 words, the ratio of (i) pure
English or Anglo-Saxon: heaven and earth, love and hate. Korean (PK) words; (ii) Sino-Korean (SK) words; (iii) other foreign
loanwords is 25.28 : 57.12 : 17.6.
Word Formation
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Structural types of words: Words are divided into:
 Simple  Simple Words
 Derived  Complex Words: compounds and derivatives
 Compound Words
Compound Nouns Compound Nouns

1. Noun+ noun: steam-ship 1. Noun+ noun: son-mok (wrist, hand-neck)
2. Adjective+ noun: soft-ware 2. Adjective+ noun: kopsul-meli (curly hair)
3. Verb+ noun: breakfast 3. Verb+ noun: kallim-kil (split road, side road)
Compound Adjectives Compound Adjectives

1. Noun+ Adjective: skyblue 1. Noun+ Adjective: pay-puluta (be(stomach-)full)
2. Adjective+ Noun(-ed): goodnatured 2. Adjective+ Adjective: kem-pulkta (black-red,be
dark red)
Compound Verbs
1. Adjective+ Verb: to broadcast Compound Verbs
2. Noun+ Verb: to backbite 1. Adverb+ Verb: cal toyta (well-become, turn out
well)
Compound Adverbs 2. Noun+Verb: himtulta (strength-takes,difficult)
1. Pronoun+ Adverb: somewhere
2. Adverb+ Adverb: whoever Compound Adverbs
1. Prenoun+ Adverb: han-chung (still
more,one-storey)
2. Adverb+ Adverb: kot-cal (quite well)
Derivatives :prefixes and suffixes Derivatives :prefixes and suffixes
Derivation of Nouns Derivation of Nouns
-er : to write+er= writer -cayngi: cem( fortune-telling)+ cayngi= cemcayngi(fortune-
teller)
-ist: social+ist= socialist -kwun: il(work) +kwun= worker
-ing: to mean+ ing= meaning -ca: kwahak(science)+ ca= kwahakca ( scientist)
-ie: bird+ie =birdie -m / -ɨm: murɨm(=question), urɨm(=crying), usɨm(=smiling)
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-ician: music+ician= musician -aci: kang(dog)+aci= puppy

-ics: policy+ics= politics -ca: kiswul(technic) + ca =kiswulca (technician)
-hak: ene(language)+hak= enehak(linguistics)
Derivation of Verbs
-en: black+en= to blacken Derivation of Verbs
-ize/-ise: apologie+ ize= to apologize -ita : (A→V) nulp(=wide)-ita=widen, nop(high)-ita = make
higher
-lopta: cayu( freedom) +lopta =cayulopta( be free)
Derivation of Adjectives
-ly : love +ly =lovely
Derivation of Adjectives
A:-sɨrΛpta(-tapta, -lopta, -ʧita, -ʧata) : (N→A) -[saraŋ-
Derivation of Adverbs sirΛpta](= be lovely)
-ly : to live+ ly = lively
Derivation of Adverbs
-key : caymissta ( to be fun)+ key= caymisskey ( with fun)
Prefixes:
Over-:overtake,overlook
Im-:possible-impossible Prefixes:
Un-:ready-unready cis-:palplta(run)-cis+palpta=overrun
Bi-:bi+lingual=bilingual pwul-: kanung(possibility)-pwul+kanung=impossibility
ex-:ex+director=ex-director phus-:phus+kwal(fruit)-unripe fruit
oy-:oy+atul(son)=oyatul(only son)
multi-:multi+vitamin= multi-vitamin cen-: cen+taythonglyeng(president)=centaythonglyeng(ex-
president)
ta-: ta+mokcek(function)= multi-tasked
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Blending
Blending is used to denote the method of merging parts of words (not morphemes) into one need word.
 Cablegram=cable and telegram  kalicinal = ka(c’a) + (o)licinal “the one that is
 Swellegant=swell and elegant not original” (‘fake’+‘original’)
 Pomato= potato and tomato  camphociʌm = cam + simphociʌm “a symposium
that is really boring” (‘a sleep’+‘a symposium’)
 Glaze= glare and gaze
 th ɛ kholi ʌ n = th ɛ (k’w ʌ nto) + kholiʌn “a
 Galumph= gallop + triumph mixture of Taekwondo and Korean”
 Fruice= fruit+ juice (‘Taekwondo’+‘Korean language’)
 Animule= animal+ mule  ) halpa = ha(nnarataŋ) + alpa “a job being paid to
 Smog= smoke+ fog write positive opinions about hannarataŋ” (‘Korean
 Konglish=Korean +English political party’+‘part-time job’)
 Flush = flash+ blush  khipoto = khipot(ɨ) + to “a martial art of keyboard”
(‘Keyboard’+‘The way to do a martial art’) Neither
 tonethicɨn = tone(isjʌn) +nethicɨn “a netizen who
donates” (‘donation’+‘netizen’)
 jokonecɨ = jok(ulɨthɨ) + (ma)jonecɨ “a mixture of
yogurt and mayonnaise” (‘yogurt’+‘mayonnaise’
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Sound interchange
Sound interchange may be defined as an opposition in which words forms are differentiated due to an alternation in the phonemic
composition of the root.

Full(adj)- to fill (verb) Tothom-hata (verb -be thick)-twuthwum-hata (adjective-heavy)
Song(noun) –to sing( verb) Nolahta (verb-be bright yellow)- nwulehta (adj-yellowish)
Food (noun) –to feed (verb) Maykkulepta (verb-be smooth)- mikkulepta( adj-slick)
To sit (verb)- to set (verb) Posul –posul(raining in a light mist)-pusul-pusul(raining in small
To lie(v) –to lay(v) drops)
Back-formation
Back-formation (also called reversion) is a term narrowed from diachronic linguistics. It denotes the derivation of new words by subtracting
a real or supposed affix from existing words through misinterpretation of their structure.

Baby-sit<baby-sitter 하이힐 ‘hai-hileu’ (High heels)
House-clean<house-cleaner
Beg<begger 쇼핑하다 ‘syo-ping-ha-da’ (Shopping)
Acronym &Abbrevation -(proper words created from the initial letters)

BBC-British Broadcasting System 브이아이피 –beuiaipi (VIP )
Morphology
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.
Words on the upper level of classification are divided into: In Korean language there are 9 pumsa( part of speech).
Notionalpart of speeches Open classes or content morphemes
1. The Noun 1. The noun
2. The Adjective 2. The Verb
3. The Numeral 3. The Adjective
4. The Pronoun 4. The Adverb
5. The Verb 5. Numerals
6. The Adverb Closed classes or function morphemes
Functional Part Speeches 1. The particle
1. The Article 2. The postposition
2. The Preposition 3. The conjunction
3. The Conjucntion 4. The Pronoun
4. The Particle
5. The Modal Word
6. The Interjection
The Noun The Noun

There is no gender distinction. There is no gender distinction.
Classification of nouns: Classification of nouns:
Proper Nouns: Jane, England Proper Nouns: Park(surname), Hanguk(Korea)
Common Nouns:bag,apple Common Nouns:sakhwa(apple), gabang(bag)
Plural form: Plural form:
Plurality of nouns is marked with the help of affix ‘s’ . Plurality of nouns can be marked by -tŭl or by a numeral.
For ex: book-books For ex: saram(a person) - saramtŭl (people), koyaŋi(cat)-
koyaŋi tŭl (cats)
Cases of nouns: Cases of nouns:

In present English there two cases of nouns: It is indicated by postpostional particles placed immediately
1. Nominative case – school(where ), table(what) after the noun. Seven cases are distinguished:
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2. Genitive or Possessive case – possessive case is 1. nominative (i following a consonant or ka following

made from the affix ‘s. a vowel) accusative (ŭl/lŭl)
For ex: the teacher , book-the teacher’s book 2. genitive (ŭi)
3. dative (e/eke)
4. locative (esŏ )
5. instrumental (ŭlo/lo)
6. comitative (kwa/wa)
The Verb The Verb
In the English language verbs are divided into the following

groups: Korean verbs are of four types:
1. Actional verbs 1. action verbs
2. Statal verbs 2. descriptive or stative verbs (akin to adjectives)
3. Transitiove verbs 3. existential
4. Intransitive verbs 4. copulas (which allow a non-verb to take verbal
5. Terminative verbs endings)
6. Non-terminative verbs Existential verbs are conjugated like action verbs, and copulas
like stative verbs. Verb morphology is agglutinative and almost
exclusively suffixing.
The verbal complex consists of The verbal complex consists of stem + honorific marker
Stem+inflectional suffixes / auxiliary +stem+inflectional + tense marker + formal marker + mood marker. Person and
suffixes/stem+number(in 3rd person singular ,present tense) number are not marked on the verb; they are indicated by subject
pronouns.
Tenses:
Present Simple- verb (+s ,in 3rd p. singular.)/do &does Tenses:
a.verb Present Simple- verb
I go.
갑니다 (gam-ni-da)
Past Simple-verb+ed/PP (regular&irregular verbs) ,did Past Simple-갑니다 (gamnida) changes to
a.verb
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I went 갔습니다(gatseumnida)
Present perfect- have/has +PP2
Past perfect- had + PP2 갔습니다 (gat-seum-ni-da)
Present continuous – to be(am/is/are) +verb+ing Present perfect- have written = seowat-ta
Past continuous- to be(was/were)+verb+ing Past perfect- had written = seoteot-ta
Future Simple – will/shall +verb Present continuous - be writing = sikoit-ta
Future continuous –will+to be +verb+ing Past Continuous - was/were wring = sikoitoet-ta
Present Perfect Continuous-have/has+been+verb+ing Future simple- will write = silkoe-ta
Past perfect continuous- had+been+verb+ing Future continuous -will be writing = sikoitilkoe-ta
Present perfect continuous- have been writing = sikΛokoit-ta
Past perfect continuous -had been writing = sikoitoettoet-ta
21 | P a g e
Pronouns Pronouns
In English pronouns are classified into: In Korean pronouns are classified into:
1. personal pronouns 1. personal pronouns
2. possessive pronouns 2. demonstrative pronouns
3. reflexive pronouns 3. interrogative pronouns
4. reciprocal pronouns
5. demonstrative pronouns
6. interrogative pronouns
7. relative pronouns
8. conjunctive pronouns
9. defining pronouns
10. indefinite pronouns
11. negative pronouns
Personal pronouns: Personal pronouns:

I I-na /coe
You You-noe /cane
He/she/it He/she/it-yaey/kes(inanimate)
We We-wuli/cehuy
You You-elusin/nehuy
They They-cei/cepun
Demonstrative Pronouns: Demonstrative Pronouns:

This/That/Those/These This-i / That- keu / That(over there)- ceo
Interrogative Pronouns:who,whom,whose,what,which. Interrogative Pronouns: nugu (‘who?’), muŏs (‘what?’), onje

(‘when?’) and myoch’ (‘how many?’)
22 | P a g e
Numerals Numerals
In English numerals fall into two groups : cardinal numbers In Korean also numbers fall into two groups: cardinal numbers
and ordinal numbers. and ordinal numbers.
Cardinals Cardinals
One 1 하나 - ha na
Two 2 둘 – dul
Three 3 셋 – set
Four 4 넷 – net
Five 5 다섯 - da seot
Six 6 여섯 - yeo seot
Seven 7 일곱 - il gop
Eight 8 여덟 - yeo deolp
Nine 9 아홉 - a hop
Ten 10 열 – yeol
Ordinals= cardinal+th (first,second,third except) Ordinals =cardinal + beon jjae ( hana,dul,set except)
First 첫 번째 - cheos beon jjae

Second 두 번째 - du beon jjae
Third 세 번째 - se beon jjae
Forth 네 번째 - ne beon jjae
Fifth 다섯 번째 - da seos beon jjae
Sixth 여섯 번째 - yeo seos beon jjae
Seventh 일곱 번째 - il gob beon jjae
Eighth 여덟 번째 - yeo deolb beon jjae
23 | P a g e
Ninth 아홉 번째 - a hob beon jjae

Tenth 열 번째 - yeor beon jjae
Adjectives Adjectives
The adjective has only one morphological category in contemporary It is the same for The Korean language, there are three degrees of
English: the category of the degrees of comparison: adjectives:
1. Positive 1. Positive
2. Superlative 2. Superlative
3. Comparative 3. Comparative
The positive degree of the adjective is not marked: long, short, In Korean there is no mark of positive degree like English:
blue, yellow,red. 크다 –keuda(big), 쓰다 –seuda (bitter), 춥다-chubda (cold).
There are two ways of forming the degrees of comparison In korean also there are two ways of forming comparative
degree of qualitative adjectives: the synthetic way, the analytic way. degree:
Monosyllabic and disyllabic qualitative adjectives form their The synthetic way:보다 –boda, is used to compare two
comparative synthetically:
Long+er=longer
persons or things. The person/thing that 보다 is referring to is the
Short+er=shorter one that comes after "~er than" in English:
Clever+er=clevever 동물(clever)+보다(-er) –dongmul+boda(cleverer)
Polysyllabic adjectives form their comparison analytically:
Beautiful-more beautiful The analythical way 더 is usually added before an adjective.
Difficult-more difficult 더 = more:
더-do(more)+ 빨라요-bballayo(fast)= 더 빨라요-do
bballayo( faster)
There are also two ways of forming the degrees of superlative There one way of forming superlative degree :
degree of qualitative adjectives: the synthetic way, the analytic way.
The analytic: 제일-ceoil is added before an adjective to
Monosyllabic and disyllabic qualitative adjectives form their
superlative synthetically: make it a superlative:
Long+est=longest 제일- ceoil(most) +높다-nopda(high)= 제일 높다- ceoil
24 | P a g e
Short+est=shortest nopda (highest)

Polysyllabic adjectives form their superlative analytically:
Interesting-the most interesting
25 | P a g e
Adverb Adverb
The adverb is a part of speech that may modify a verb, an Korean adverbs are part of speech. Generally they're words that
adjective, another adverb.In English adverbs are formed with the modify any part of language other than a noun. Adverbs can
help of –ly: modify verbs, adjectives (including numbers), clauses, sentences
Slow+ly=slowly and other adverbs. They are created by attaching 게 –geo ,to to the
She walks slowly.
end of an adjective stem (A + 게). However, sometimes there is a
more natural form, especially adverbs ending with the syllable 히-
hi, or (으)로-lo.
늦다 –neucda(late)+게-geo= 늦게-neucgeo(late adv.)
Syntax
Affirmative sentence Korean sentences are written in the following order:

In English language word order : Subject – Object – Verb (for example: I hamburger eat)
SVO-Subject –Verb-Object. Adjectives or determiners come Or
before noun phrases. Subject – Adjective (for example: I beautiful)
Jane knows this country.
There is strict rule of subect-predicate agreement. There is no subject-predicate agreement.
Negative sentence Negative sentence

Basic word :not Basic negative word is 아니다 (not).
I am a teacher.
I am not a teacher.
26 | P a g e
I am a student. – 나는 학생입니다.
( na-neun-hak-saeng-im-ni-da)
I am not a student. – 나는 학생이 아닙니다
(na-neun-hak-saeng-ee-ah-nim-ni-da)
Basic word: not and axuliary verb

I go to school. Basic word : 않습니다 anhseumnida
I do not go to school.
I go to school.- 나는 학교에 갑니다

(na-neun-hak-gyo-eh-gam-ni-da)
I don’t go to school- 나는 학교에 가지않습니다.
(na-neun-hak-gyo-eh-ga-ji-an-seum-ni-da)
Imperative sentence
Imperative sentence
Stop!
Open the door!
Informal Do – 해 (hae)
Formal Do – 해요 (hae-yo)
Honorific Do – 하세요 (ha-se-yo)
Wear – 입다 (ib-da) – 입어 (ib-uh)
Wear – 입어 (ib-uh) + 요 (yo) – 입어요 (ib-uh-yo)
27 | P a g e
Do – 하다 (ha-da) – 하세요 (ha-se-yo)

Interrogative Sentence
Auxiliary verb comes to the beginning of the sentence:

Interrogative sentence
I am a student.
Am I a student?
다 (na) changes into 까(gga)
I am a student. – 나는 학생입니다. ( na-neun-hak-saeng-im-

ni-da)
Am I a student? – 나는 학생입니까? (na-neun-hak-saeng-im-ni-
gga?)
28 | P a g e
Conclusion
In summary, our results allow two different conclusions: (1)Korean and English due to their genetic affinities and
language types( analytic vs agglutinative) have differences (2) They still share universal features(morphology ,part
of speeches, common sounds, the same word formation ways , etc.) The first noticeable difference between English
and Korean is that the Korean alphabet (Hangeul) looks and sounds completely different to the English alphabet.
This means that students need lots of practice in writing and saying these sounds. Another major problem is that
certain English sounds do not exist in Korean. These sounds are substituted with similar sounds (see the table),
which affects how clearly Koreans speak. This result could be an indication of the fact that the languages from
different languages families possess different characteristics, their sentence structure are different, so the genetic
affinity has a main role in distinguishing languages.
29 | P a g e
Works cited:
‘Korean Language and Culture’ .2nd edition.Sang Oak Lee.SOTONG.217-A Sangga,Byuck-san Apt
1st,Shiheung-2Dong,Geumcheon-Gu,Seoul, Korea.2011.
ISBN 978-89-93-9345-41-3-03710
‘Theoretical grammar of English Language”.Blokh M.Y. 1983.
‘English language’.Simeon Potter, David Crystal.Encyclopaedia Britannica. ENCYCLOPÆDIA

BRITANNICA.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/English-language#toc74801
‘INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE’ .László Kristó. Pázmány

Péter Catholic University.
‘Korean Language’. Asia Society.725 Park Avenue.New York, NY 10021.t: 212-327-9260
education@asiasociety.org
‘Characteristics of the Korean language’. Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03005-3 - The Sounds
of Korean Jiyoung Shin, Jieun Kiaer and Jaeeun Cha Excerpt.
30 | P a g e
‘English as an analytic or synthetic language’.
http://illuminee.org/documents/EnglishSyntheticA.pdf
‘How to study Korean’.
https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit1/unit-1-lessons-17-25-2/
‘THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH’.Butte College.3536Butte Campus Drive,Oroville CA

95965.General information (530)895-2511 8/22/16.
http://www.butte.edu/departments/cas/tipsheets/grammar/parts_of_speech.html
Faithfulness Conflict in Korean Blends. Suzy Ahn. New York University.Department of

Linguistics New York University 10 Washington Place New York, NY 10003 suzy.ahn@nyu.edu
31 | P a g e

Typological Comparison of The English and The Korean Languages

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Typological comparison of The English and The

Khazar University 2017

 West Germanic language of the Indo-European  Related to Altaic-Turkic, Mongolian , and

Old Korean: Old Korean would describe the language

Middle Korean: The evolution from Old Korean to Middle

Modern Korean: From there Korean follows a more

Intro-linguistic history of English Language Intro-linguistic history of Korean language

Language type of English Language Language type of Korean language

 Analytic language  Agglutinative language

Consonants: Vowels: Consonants: Vowels: mixed

s u and sounds like ㅣ sounds like i like ae

The English Language The Korean Language

The English Language The Korean Language

Compound Nouns Compound Nouns

Compound Adjectives Compound Adjectives

-ician: music+ician= musician -aci: kang(dog)+aci= puppy

The English Language The Korean Language

The English Language The Korean language

Acronym &Abbrevation -(proper words created from the initial letters)

The English Language The Korean language

The English Language The Korean language

The Noun The Noun

Cases of nouns: Cases of nouns:

2. Genitive or Possessive case – possessive case is 1. nominative (i following a consonant or ka following

The Verb The Verb

In the English language verbs are divided into the following

Personal pronouns: Personal pronouns:

Demonstrative Pronouns: Demonstrative Pronouns:

Interrogative Pronouns:who,whom,whose,what,which. Interrogative Pronouns: nugu (‘who?’), muŏs (‘what?’), onje

First 첫 번째 - cheos beon jjae

Ninth 아홉 번째 - a hob beon jjae

Short+est=shortest nopda (highest)

Affirmative sentence Korean sentences are written in the following order:

Negative sentence Negative sentence

Basic word: not and axuliary verb

I go to school.- 나는 학교에 갑니다

Honorific Do – 하세요 (ha-se-yo)

Wear – 입다 (ib-da) – 입어 (ib-uh)

Wear – 입어 (ib-uh) + 요 (yo) – 입어요 (ib-uh-yo)

Do – 하다 (ha-da) – 하세요 (ha-se-yo)

Auxiliary verb comes to the beginning of the sentence:

I am a student. – 나는 학생입니다. ( na-neun-hak-saeng-im-

‘Theoretical grammar of English Language”.Blokh M.Y. 1983.

‘English language’.Simeon Potter, David Crystal.Encyclopaedia Britannica. ENCYCLOPÆDIA

‘INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE’ .László Kristó. Pázmány

‘Korean Language’. Asia Society.725 Park Avenue.New York, NY 10021.t: 212-327-9260

‘English as an analytic or synthetic language’.

‘How to study Korean’.

‘THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH’.Butte College.3536Butte Campus Drive,Oroville CA

Faithfulness Conflict in Korean Blends. Suzy Ahn. New York University.Department of

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