Program 60-107-Internal Gear Set Profile Shift Coefficients With Zero Backlash

Program 60-107—Internal Gear Set Profile Shift
Coefficients With Zero Backlash

Introduction
The purpose of this model is to provide data for a gear set when the tooth thickness
and/or the center distance is not “standard”.
The model follows the European convention of gears in mesh without backlash to
establish the sum of the profile shift coefficients. (The profile shift coefficient is
usually designated as the X factor on European gear drawings.) To provide backlash
in the gear set the tooth thickness of one or both gears must be reduced from the
values given by the model (or the center distance must be reduced).
The AGMA load sharing ratio and the AGMA I-factor are calculated for use in contact
stress analysis using AGMA Standard 2001.
Data for AGMA Load Sharing Ratio and I Factor Extracted from AGMA Standard
2001-B88, Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur
and Helical Gear Teeth with the permission of the publisher, American Gear
Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, VA 22314
The model will check for the following conditions and provide a warning if the
geometry is outside the limits:
1. The roll angle at the pinion start of active profile is less than 5 degrees.
2. The roll angle at the gear inside diameter is less than 5 degrees.
3. The width of the tooth top land is less than 0.25/NDP (.25*Normal Module)
and the normal diametral pitch is less than 20 (Normal Module is greater
than 1.27).
4. The width of the tooth top land is less than 0.275/NDP (.275*Normal Module)
and the normal diametral pitch is 20 or greater (Normal Module is 1.27 or
less).
5. The teeth are pointed.
6. The normal operating pressure angle is less than 10 degrees or greater than
30 degrees.
7. The total contact ratio is less than one.
NOTE: The model does not check for undercut on the pinion and the profile
contact ratio is based on contact down to the pinion start of active profile.
Undercut must be checked by other means. (See UTS Model 60-450)
8. The specific sliding ratio is greater than three.
NOTE: If the specific sliding ratio is greater than three the geometry of the
gear set should be checked. However, for gear sets running at higher speeds
a specific sliding ratio of three may be too high and noisy operation and
scoring may result.
1
UTS Integrated Gear Software
9. The gear inside diameter is less than the base diameter.

10. Trochoidal interference between the gear inside diameter and the pinion
tooth tips.
Examples
Example 1
Example 1 is a spur gear set with a 14 tooth pinion driving a 50 tooth gear. The
normal diametral pitch is 10 and the nominal pressure angle is 20 degrees. If this set
is made to “standard” proportions we would use the input data shown in Figures 1-1A
and 1-1B, and would have the output data in Report 1-1. Note that the profile shift
coefficient for both gears is zero.
Fig. 1-1A
Fig. 1-1B
2
60-107—Internal Gear Set Profile Shift Coefficients With Zero Backlash
Report 1-1
Model Title : Program 60-107

Unit System: US
Description Value Unit Comment
PINION, number of teeth 14

GEAR, number of teeth 50
Gear ratio 3.5714
NORMAL PLANE
Normal pitch ( US/British System) 10.000000 1/in

Normal module ( SI System) 2.540000 mm `
Normal pressure angle 20.000000 deg
Normal base pitch 0.295 in
TRANSVERSE PLANE
Transverse pitch 10.0000 1/in

Transverse pressure angle 20.0000 deg
Transverse module 2.5400 mm `
Transverse base pitch 0.295 in
COMMON
Helix angle 0.000000 deg

Base helix angle 0.0000 deg
Axial pitch in
Operating center distance 1.800 in
Standard center distance 1.8000 in
3

Unit System: US
Change in Opr CD from "Std" CD 0.0000 in
CD modification coefficient 0.00000
Difference of shift coefficients 0.00000
OD, ID coef to maintain clearance 0.00000
Face width 1.000 in
TOOTH THICKNESS (Zero Backlash) Pinion
Profile shift coefficient 0.00000

TOOTH THICKNESS (Zero Backlash) Pinion At Ref PD
Normal tooth thickness 0.157 in

Transverse tooth thickness 0.157 in
TOOTH THICKNESS (Zero Backlash) Pinion At OD

TOOTH THICKNESS (Zero Backlash) Gear

TOOTH THICKNESS (Zero Backlash) Gear At Ref PD

Normal space width 0.157 in
Transverse space width 0.157 in
TOOTH THICKNESS (Zero Backlash) Gear At ID
4

Unit System: US
DIAMETERS Pinion
Outside diameter (Optional Input) 1.600 in

Roll angle at OD 39.661 deg
Increased OD to maintain clearance 1.6000 in
Reference pitch diameter 1.400 in
Pointed tooth diameter 1.689 in
Base diameter 1.316 in
DIAMETERS Gear
Inside diameter (Optional Input) 4.857 in

Roll angle at ID 15.0173 deg
Decreased ID to maintain clearance 4.857 in
Minimum ID (Involute Interference) 4.857 in
Pointed tooth diameter Below BD in
OPERATING DATA
Working depth 0.171 in

Circular pitch 0.314 in
Roll angle at pitch point 20.8540 deg
5

Unit System: US
OPERATING DATA Pinion
Pitch diameter 1.400 in

Transverse Tooth Thickness 0.157 in
Start of active profile 1.316 in
Roll angle at SAP 0.0086 deg
Normal tooth thickness at SAP 0.167 in
Transverse tooth thickness at SAP 0.167 in
OPERATING DATA Gear

Transverse Space Width 0.157 in
End of active profile 5.164 in
Roll angle at EAP 26.1198 deg
Normal tooth thickness at EAP 0.231 in
Transverse tooth thickness at EAP 0.231 in
Trochoidal clearance: Pin OD/Gear ID 0.035 in
Contact Length
Length of contact, transverse plane 0.455 in

Approach action (Pinion Driving) 52.57 %
Recess action (Pinion Driving) 47.43 %
Contact Ratios
Profile 1.5420
Helical 0.0000
Total 1.5420
6

Unit System: US
Lines of Contact Across Teeth
Max total length 2.000 in
Min total length 1.000 in

Ratio: (Max length) / (Min length) 2.0000
Specific Sliding Ratios
Pinion start of active profile 1747.316

Pinion outside diameter 0.341
Gear start of active profile 0.518
Gear inside diameter 0.999
AGMA Load sharing ratio, mN 1.0000

AGMA I-factor for durability 0.135
Iteration trigger variable for solving CD 1.0
from tooth thickness
In solving the model, you receive these warnings:

1. The gear inside diameter has been set (increased) to avoid involute
interference
2. The roll angle at pinion the SAP is less than 5 degrees.
3. The specific sliding ratio at the pinion SAP is greater than 3.
With 14 teeth in the pinion and “standard” tooth thickness the pinion will be
undercut. The profile contact ratio will not be 1.542 but will be considerably less.
Figure 1-2 is the plot of the teeth in mesh, using UTS Gear Program 60-450. The
undercut in the driver is obvious. The plot was made using a generating rack with an
addendum equal to 1.25, a tooth thickness equal to 1.571 and a tip radius of 0.38 for 1
normal diametral pitch or 1 normal module. Using this rack gives us an actual
profile contact ratio of 1.468 because of the undercut on the pinion. The AGMA I-
factor is 0.135.
7
Fig. 1-2
If it is not necessary to maintain a “standard” center distance we may wish to cut the
pinion on a “15 tooth” blank to eliminate the undercut and decrease the center
distance. Figures 1-3A and 1-3B show the additional data inputs; Report 1-2 is the
solution for these conditions.
Fig. 1-3A
8
Fig. 1-3B
Report 1-2

Unit System: US

Gear ratio 3.5714
NORMAL PLANE

Normal base pitch 0.295 in
TRANSVERSE PLANE

Transverse base pitch 0.295 in
9

Unit System: US
COMMON

Axial pitch in
Operating center distance 1.742 in
Standard center distance 1.8000 in
Change in Opr CD from "Std" CD -0.0581 in
CD modification coefficient -0.58093
Difference of shift coefficients -0.50000
OD, ID coef to maintain clearance -0.08093
Face width 1.000 in



10

Unit System: US

Normal space width 0.157 in
Transverse space width 0.157 in

DIAMETERS Pinion
Outside diameter (Optional Input) 1.700 in

Increased OD to maintain clearance 1.7162 in
Pointed tooth diameter 1.742 in
DIAMETERS Gear
Inside diameter (Optional Input) 4.800 in

Decreased ID to maintain clearance 4.784 in
Minimum ID (Involute Interference) 4.772 in
Pointed tooth diameter Below BD in
11

Unit System: US
OPERATING DATA
Working depth 0.192 in

Circular pitch 0.304 in

Transverse Tooth Thickness 0.201 in
Start of active profile 1.324 in
Normal tooth thickness at SAP 0.202 in
Transverse tooth thickness at SAP 0.202 in
OPERATING DATA Gear

Transverse Space Width 0.201 in
End of active profile 5.072 in
Normal tooth thickness at EAP 0.187 in
Transverse tooth thickness at EAP 0.187 in
Trochoidal clearance: Pin OD/Gear ID 0.013 in
12

Unit System: US
Contact Length
Length of contact, transverse plane 0.464 in

Contact Ratios
Profile 1.5702
Helical 0.0000
Total 1.5702
Max total length 2.000 in
Min total length 1.000 in



Note that the “CD modification coefficient” is NOT equal to the “Difference of shift
coefficients”. The operating center distance is 1.7419 mm.
13
Since the “OD coefficient to maintain clearance” is no longer zero it would be

necessary to increase the pinion outside diameter (and, under certain conditions, to
decrease the gear inside diameter) to keep the same root clearance. This is seldom
done with internal gear sets since the clearance is a little larger than “standard” and
we will stay with the “standard” outside diameter.
Note the increase in AGMA I-factor and the reduction in the specific sliding ratio at
the pinion SAP.
Figure 1-4 shows these gears in mesh. The plot was generated in UTS Gear Program
60-450.
Fig. 1-4
14
Example 2
Example 2 is a helical gear set with a 20 tooth pinion driving a 85 tooth internal gear.
The normal module is 4 mm, the nominal pressure angle is 20 degrees, the nominal
helix angle is 25 degrees and the face is 30 mm. We are required to run on a 140 mm
center distance, which is less than the “standard” center distance. Figures 2-1A and
2-1B are the data inputs and Report 2-1 is the solution for the given data. (We need
to solve this part of the model to obtain the “Difference of profile shift coefficients”.)
Fig. 2-1A
Fig. 2-1A
15
Report 2-1

Unit System: Metric

Gear ratio 4.2500
NORMAL PLANE

Normal base pitch 11.809 mm
TRANSVERSE PLANE

Transverse base pitch 12.867 mm
COMMON

Axial pitch 29.735 mm
Operating center distance 140.000 mm
Standard center distance 143.4391 mm
16

Unit System: Metric
Change in Opr CD from "Std" CD -3.4391 mm
Face width 30.000 mm
The required operating center distance of 140 mm is 3.439 mm less than “standard”.
Therefore the “Difference of shift coefficients” is -.79050. We will apply all of the
difference to the pinion as positive profile shift and leave the gear “standard”. Figure
2-2 shows the additional data input and Report 2-2 is the solution for the model with
this condition.
Fig. 2-2
17
Report 2-2

Unit System: Metric

Gear ratio 4.2500
NORMAL PLANE

Normal base pitch 11.809 mm
TRANSVERSE PLANE

Transverse base pitch 12.867 mm
COMMON

Axial pitch 29.735 mm
Operating center distance 140.000 mm
Standard center distance 143.4391 mm
18

Unit System: Metric
Change in Opr CD from "Std" CD -3.4391 mm
Face width 30.000 mm

Normal tooth thickness 8.585 mm

Transverse tooth thickness 9.472 mm



Normal space width 6.283 mm
Transverse space width 6.933 mm
19

Unit System: Metric
DIAMETERS Pinion
Outside diameter (Optional Input) 102.594 mm

Increased OD to maintain clearance 103.1485 mm
Reference pitch diameter 88.270 mm
Pointed tooth diameter 105.130 mm
Base diameter 81.912 mm
DIAMETERS Gear
Inside diameter (Optional Input) 367.149 mm

Decreased ID to maintain clearance 366.594 mm
Minimum ID (Involute Interference) 358.779 mm
Reference pitch diameter 375.149 mm
Pointed tooth diameter 352.307 mm
Base diameter 348.125 mm
OPERATING DATA
Working depth 7.723 mm

Circular pitch 13.533 mm
20

Unit System: Metric
Pitch diameter 86.154 mm

Transverse Tooth Thickness 10.008 mm
Start of active profile 87.188 mm
Normal tooth thickness at SAP 8.873 mm
Transverse tooth thickness at SAP 9.769 mm
OPERATING DATA Gear
Pitch diameter 366.154 mm

Transverse Space Width 10.008 mm
End of active profile 378.496 mm
Normal tooth thickness at EAP 7.589 mm
Transverse tooth thickness at EAP 8.387 mm
Trochoidal clearance: Pin OD/Gear ID 0.906 mm
Contact Length
Length of contact, transverse plane 15.952 mm

Contact Ratios
Profile 1.2398
Helical 1.0089
Total 2.2487
21

Unit System: Metric
Max total length 40.746 mm
Min total length 40.457 mm



Note that this gear set is “full recess action” with the pinion driving and all contact
takes place after the “pitch point” on the line of centers. (This contact geometry
would probably not be satisfactory with the gear driving.)
Figure 2-3 shows the shape of the teeth in mesh in the normal plane for these gears
generated with the same rack used in Example 1. The plot was generated in UTS
Gear Program 60-450.
22
Fig. 2-3
23

Program 60-107-Internal Gear Set Profile Shift Coefficients With Zero Backlash

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Program 60-107—Internal Gear Set Profile Shift

Coefficients With Zero Backlash

9. The gear inside diameter is less than the base diameter.

Model Title : Program 60-107

PINION, number of teeth 14

Normal pitch ( US/British System) 10.000000 1/in

Transverse pitch 10.0000 1/in

Helix angle 0.000000 deg

Model Title : Program 60-107

Profile shift coefficient 0.00000

Normal tooth thickness 0.157 in

Normal tooth thickness 0.065 in

Profile shift coefficient 0.00000

Normal tooth thickness 0.157 in

Normal tooth thickness 0.108 in

Model Title : Program 60-107

Outside diameter (Optional Input) 1.600 in

Inside diameter (Optional Input) 4.857 in

Working depth 0.171 in

Model Title : Program 60-107

Pitch diameter 1.400 in

Pitch diameter 5.000 in

Length of contact, transverse plane 0.455 in

Model Title : Program 60-107

Max total length 2.000 in

Min total length 1.000 in

Pinion start of active profile 1747.316

AGMA Load sharing ratio, mN 1.0000

In solving the model, you receive these warnings:

Model Title : Program 60-107

PINION, number of teeth 14

Normal pitch ( US/British System) 10.000000 1/in

Transverse pitch 10.0000 1/in

Model Title : Program 60-107

Helix angle 0.000000 deg

Profile shift coefficient 0.50000

Normal tooth thickness 0.194 in

Normal tooth thickness 0.035 in

Profile shift coefficient 0.00000

Model Title : Program 60-107

Normal tooth thickness 0.157 in

Normal tooth thickness 0.094 in

Outside diameter (Optional Input) 1.700 in

Inside diameter (Optional Input) 4.800 in

Model Title : Program 60-107

Working depth 0.192 in

Pitch diameter 1.355 in

Pitch diameter 4.839 in

Model Title : Program 60-107

Length of contact, transverse plane 0.464 in

Max total length 2.000 in

Min total length 1.000 in

Pinion start of active profile 0.838

AGMA Load sharing ratio, mN 1.0000

Since the “OD coefficient to maintain clearance” is no longer zero it would be

Model Title : Program 60-107

PINION, number of teeth 20

Normal pitch ( US/British System) 6.350000 1/in