American Water Works Association
American Water Works Association
American Water Works Association
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TheoreticalPrinciplesof Aeration
By Paul D. Haney
to theJournalbyPaul D. Haney,San. Engr.Director,
A contribution
Environmental
San. Eng. Center{formerly HealthCenter),US Public
Ohio.
HealthService,Cincinnati,
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354 PAUL D. HANEY Jour.AW WA
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April1954 AERATIONTHEORY 355
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356 PAUL D. HANEY Jour.AW WA
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April1954 AERATIONTHEORY 357
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358 PAUL B. HANEY Jour.A W WA
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April 1954 AERATION THEORY 359
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360 PAUL D. HANEY Jour.AW WA
fa i ^* - I f gf '
If Jr ! U '
If / / Absorption j 1 Vr Release
| s s_
g
IJ
^
.__!_!
| il I '^^^^
j f.
0L i L- ol 1 . 1-
0 Time(t) 0 Time(t)
oftheresistance tivefilmthickness
involvesconsideration or molecularshape
to masstransfer offeredby thesetwo or orientation. They merelyoffer
filmsat the air-waterinterface.The highlydiagrammatic presentations of
ofthetype surfaceconditionswhich apparently
filmsare presentregardless
of aeratorused,buttheymayvaryin havea majorinfluence on gas transfer.
theireffect,dependingon the particu- The resistance
encountered by diffus-
lar situation.Conditionsat the gas- ing gas moleculesis due to collisions
water interfaceare determinedby withthemolecules ofthegas or liquid
the equilibriumexistingbetweengas throughwhichdiffusion is occurring.
and liquidconcentrationsand by the As the moleculesare muchcloserto-
fact that all of the gas diffusinggetherin waterthanin air,diffusional
througheitherfilmmustalso diffuse resistance intheformer.
willbe greater
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April1954 AERATIONTHEORY 361
I Air(Mixed) /
J GasFilm *~*^'^^
*
Air-Wat*"!' "- - juid [ /ib-^Concentration
Gradient
water Film
Interface^
„ ...._
>4 - I- H)f- I- I- I- I- I- f~s"n<«
<co>s ct>s' ►
L
Decreasing Concentration (Gas Release)
Dissolved-Gas ConcentrationScale
Arbitrary
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362 PAUL D. HANEY Jour. AW W A
KS)-^ -«
and thisfunction is the solubilityre-
lationshipgivenby Henry'slaw (Eq
= kg{Pg-P;)..(5) 1, withH in g/ml/atm) :
d = HPi
in whichw is theweightofsolutedis-
dw For slightlysolublegases, thereis
solved (g) ; t is time (hr); - is the practicallyno concentration
gradient
2.4 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1.01 i 1 1 1 1 i
j- 1 0.9 *_-
,3^. 0.8' ^~
V^*
« 2
I 2.1 - ^
^
o.2 ^sr-^
- o.i
18 ^^ oi i 1 1 1 -^s^-
rs« i
1.71 I I I 1 I I I I I '■ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 AerationTime (0-min
AerationTime (i)-sec
Fig. 5. OxygenAbsorption(Bubbles)
Fig. 4. CarbonDioxide Removal
(Falling Drops) Key: A- air bubbles1.29 mmin diame-
20.6°C, 144-in. water
ter, temperature
Key: A- 200 dropsper minuteat 20°C;
B-300 drops per minute at 16°C. column;B- air bubbles1.38 mm in di-
Based on Baylis data (10). ameter,temperature23.8°C, 86-in.water
column. Based on Ippen data (32).
rateofgas absorption(g/hr); A is the
area of liquid-gasinterface(sq cm); in the gas film(see Fig. 3). There-
kgis the transfercoefficientthrough fore:
thegas film(g/sqcm/hr/atm) ; Jzlis Pi = Pg
the transfercoefficient throughthe and:
liquidfilm(cm/hr); P is the concen-
trationof solutein the gas (atm); C d = HPg
is the concentrationof solutein the For this case (negligiblegas film
liquid (g/ml); and subscriptsit g, l resistance),
thefollowing equation,in
apply to conditionsat the interface, which KL representsthe overall
in the main body of gas, and in the
(both films)gas transfercoefficient,
liquid, respectively.It should be is also valid:
notedthatthisand otherrelatedaera-
tionequationscan applywithexacti-
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April1954 AERATIONTHEORY 363
be written
Equation5 maytherefore : absorption,"Eq 6 may be revisedto
describetherateofgas release:
~ Cl)
= kh{Ci
A'll)
= KL{d - CL) -£-*'(£)(c'-^-<7
or: dCt
The value-jr, in eitherabsorption
Cut
= -
J kzAiCi CL) orrelease,represents
rate and is net
an instantaneous
= KiA(Ci -CL) applicableto any ap-
preciabletimeperiod,because,as time
d represents the equilibrium con- elapses and gas transfer occurs,the
centrationin the liquid at the gas valueof(S - Ct)or (Ct - S) changes.
partial pressure,Pg, for any given The curves in Fig. 2 indicatethis
temperature.As previouslynoted, changediagrammatically forbothgas
thisis thesaturationvalue of thegas absorption and release.
and is subsequently designatedS in To determine concentration changes
the equationsforgas transfer.The fora given time,it is necessaryto
similaritybetween these equations integrateEq 6 and 7 betweenthe
and the diffusionequation (Fick's limitsof zero and t for "time" and
law,Eq 2) is evident. betweenCo and Ct for "concentra-
Equation 5 may be somewhatre- tion." (Co corresponds=to initial
visedas to nomenclature,and also re- concentration ; thatis, Ct Co when
written,on thebasisof rateofconcen- / = 0.) For gas absorption:
trationchange,by dividingbothsides
of the equation by the volume of
water,V (ml):
W
A
concentration
As -j. represents (g/ml,
/ / 1
3?-*•(£)«*-«...«> --*(£)«••(8)
inwhichS is thesaturation concentra-
tionof thegas in water(ppm); Ct is k' (kL)(l0-')
theconcentration (ppm)ofgas in the 2.303 2.303
waterat any timet' and kr= &z,X
10~6. Any concentration units may or:
be chosenfor5 and Ctbut "partsper Ct = S - (S - QIO-*^*'. ... (9)
" is a convenient
million termin con-
nectionwithwateraeration. This is essentiallythe same as Eq 4,
In gas absorption,Ctis lessthanS' developedby Adeney(5, 6).
in gas release,Ct is greaterthan S. For gas releasetheintegrated equa-
Assuming thatgas releaseis " negative tionis:
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364 t»AULD. HANEY Jour.A IV WA
lo^§ff=-*(^)'-(10)
6. Temperature and pressure are
important factors because they in-
fluencegas solubility (S). Tempera-
For any situationwhereI - 1 is con- turealso influencesdiffusivityand film
resistanceand, hence,the value of kL-
stant, Eq 8 (absorption) and Eq 10 7. If the performanceof an aerator
(release) may be reduced to Eq 11 in absorbingor releasinggas is known
and 12, respectively: forone set of conditions,its perform-
ance under other conditions may be
logicf-"1-^ = -^....(11) approximated. (For example, an es-
o - Co
timate of the effecton CO2 removal
of doubling the aeration time by the
= -^....(12)
logio^^Co - o installationof duplicate equipment in
serieswiththat existingcan readilybe
in whichIza is k I -=z1. made, provided the performanceof
the existinginstallationis known.)
The previouslypresentedequations, Equations 8 and 10, whichdescribe
especially the differentialequations, absorption and release, may be re-
writtenas Eq 13 and 14, respectively:
Eq 6 and 7, indicate that:
1. At any instant, the rate of gas
transferis directlyproportionalto the - Ct)
logl0(5
differencebetween the gas saturation
=~k(y}t
+ log10(S - Co).. (13)
concentration(S) and the actual con-
centration(Ct) in the water (see Fig.
lOgl0(d - S) =
2). -ky-yJt
2. The rate of gas transfer (con- + log10(C0- S).. (14)
centration units) is directly propor-
tional to the exposed area-volume Both of thesecan be consideredto rep-
resentthe equation of a straightline,
ratio ( - ) ; thus,fora given volume, y = mx + b, provided functionsof y
and x are assigned as follows:
increasingthe area exposed will pro
duce a proportionateincrease in the y - logio(5 - Ct) Absorption]
rate of gas transfer. y = logio(G - S) [release]
3. The rate of gas transferis di- x = /
rectlyproportionalto the gas transfer
coefficient(kL or KL), which is, in The slope (m) and the y-axisinter-
turn,dependenton the diffusivity of cept (b) are definedby:
the gas in question and on the film
resistance.
4. The total amount of gas transfer
=-k(i)
m
rises as the period of aeration in- b = logio(.S - Co) [absorption]
creases (Eq 8 and 10). b = logio(C0 - S) [release]
5. The percentage change in the
gas saturationdeficit(S - Ct) or sur- If these equations are valid for
plus (Ct - S) forany given period is aeratorperformance, experimentaldata
constant,based on the deficitor sur- appropriatelyplottedwill yieldstraight
plus at the beginningof the period lines. The lines shown in Fig. 4 and
(Eq 6 and 7), 5 indicatesubstantialconformance.
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April1954 AERATIONTHEORY 365
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366 PAUL D. HANEY Jour.AW WA
TABLE 1
Gas TransferCoefficients
GasTransfer
No. Gas TecKp- Conditions Coefficient Investigator
and
v^ 'RL) x'.eierence
cm/hr
Water Drops
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April1954 AERATIONTHEORY 367
TABLE 2
Film Thickness
Approx.Film
■nt
No. tTemp. u t' "Thickness"
r.c
Uas kL D / n'
(Table 1) °C cm/hr sq cm/hr ( ~-
J
cm
StirredWater
WaterDrops
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368 PAULD. HANEY Jour.AWWA
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April 1954 AERATION THEORY 369
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370 PAULD. HANEY Jour.
AW WA
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April1954 AERATIONTHEORY 371
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372 PAUL D. HANEY Jour.AW WA
effective-exposure factor of the bub- of the bubblesof air formedby the air
injection equipment. The size used
bles to that of the drops is -'/- - 1 will be a compromisebetweenthe in-
creased efficiency associatedwithsmall
(The constant,g, is the acceleration bubbles and the
due to gravity,32.2 fps per second.) practical problemsof
to
If /xis 1 fps, then the ratio becomes maintaining equipment produce
them. In this connection,certainthe-
*/ -- : 1. Based on theseassumptions, oretical considerations and experi-
mentaldata are of interest.
an air injectionbasin 16 ftdeep would For orificeair injectors,the produc-
have an effectiveexposure approxi- tionof bubblesis relatedto bothorifice
mately sixteen times as great as a diameterand rate of gas flow (32).
waterfallaeratorproviding16 ftoffree Single bubbles are produced at low
fall. There appears to be a theoreti- gas flow rates, their diametersbeing
cal advantagein favorof the air injec- a functionof the diameterof the orifice
tionaerator,despitethe greaterresist- alone.
ance to gas transferresultingfrom The size of a single bubble formed
thickerfilms. On the otherhand, the at low air flowrates by a simpleinjec-
time of exposure for the drops could tion device, such as a submergedpipe
be doubled,withoutadditionalenergy containingmultipleair outlet orifices,
expenditure,by the use of a nozzle is the resultantof a balance between
which would jet the water 16 ft into two forces: the buoyantforce of the
the air initially. The effectiveexpo- bubble,whichtendsto separateit from
sure ratio favoringthe injectionaera- the orifice,and the shear forceneces-
tor would therebybe halved, becom- saryto breakthe surfacetensionacross
ing 8:1. the orifice. The bubblemust grow to
A factorof some importancein the a certainsize in relationto the orifice
efficiency of bubbleaeratorsis the pat- beforeit can breakaway. Maier (45)
ternof flowofthewaterin theaeration found the relationshipbetween the
basin,as inducedby the bubblesthem- staticbubbleradius and the orificera-
selves. A spiral flow patternis de- dius to be approximately10:1 for
sirable for two reasons: high water water and solutionsof similarsurface
surfacevelocities,which promotegas tension. Using,a capillarytube orifice
transfer, are created; and a substantial with a bore diameter* of 0.1148 mm,
number of bubbles do not escape to Ippen ( 32) reportedthat,up to a criti-
the atmosphereimmediatelybut are cal gas flow rate of approximately72
carried across the aeration basin and ml per minute,the bubblesemergedin
held in a moreor less fixedpositionby single formation,with a constantdi-
thedescendingwater. In thisposition, ameter of 1.28 mm, approximately
the buoyancyof the bubbleis just bal- eleven times the orifice diameter.
anced by the drag of the descending When the rate rose beyondthiscritical
water. Consequently,spiral-flow aera- point, the bubble diameter increased
tors are more efficient than the older with increasinggas flowand the bub-
ridge-and-furrow style. bles emerged in chain formation.
From this and other information
Air Bubble Formation
(46), it appears that very small bub-
The efficiency of injection aerators bles cannot be produced withoutthe
depends to a great extenton the size use of orificesof extremelysmall di-
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April1954 AERATIONTHEORY 373
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374 PAULD. HANEY Jour.AW WA
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April1954 AERATIONTHEORY 375
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376 PAUL D. HANEY JOUT.
AW WA
23. Langelier, W. F. The Theory and 35. Whitman, W. G. ; Long, Louis; &
Practiceof Aeration. Jour.AWWA, Wang, H. Y. Absorptionof Gases by
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ed., 1931). p. 141.
25. Hutchinson, M. H. & Sherwood,T. K. (Jul. 6, 1934).
37. Pasveer, A. Research on Activated
Liquid Film in Gas Absorption.Ind. Sludge. I. A Study of the Aeration
Eng. Chem.,29:836 (1937). of Water. Sew. & Ind. Wastes,25 :
26. Pomeroy,Richard. HydrogenSulfide 1253 (1953).
in Sewage. Sew. & Ind. Wastes,13 : 38. Wilke, C. R. Estimationof Liquid Dif-
498 (1941). fusionCoefficients. Chem.Eng. Prog-
27. StandardMethodsfor the Examination ress,45:218 (1949).
of Water and Sewage. Am. Pub. 39. Okun, D. A. Systemof Bioprecipita-
HealthAssn. & Am. Wtr. Wks. Assn., tionof OrganicMatterFrom Sewage.
New York (9th ed., 1946). p. 137. Sew. & Ind. Wastes,21 :763 (1949).
28. Seidel, Atherton. Solubilitiesof In- 40. Brown, R. L. AerationExperiments at
organic and Metal Organic Com- Memphis,Tenn. Jour.AWWA, 44:
336 (Apr. 1952).
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New York (3rd ed., 1940). Speller,
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pp. 362, 1090. The Oxidationof Sulfidesby Chlorine
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(1939). 43. Derby, R. L. Hydrogen Sulfide Re-
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