Epoch LT: User's Manual

EPOCH LT
User’s Manual
Part No. 910-258-EN – Revision C

June 2011
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some differences between the manual and the product if the product was modified
thereafter.
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.
Part number: 910-258-EN

Revision C
June 2011
Printed in the United States of America.
All brands are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners and
third party entities.
Warranty
The EPOCH LT Digital Ultrasonic Flaw Detector has been designed and manufactured as a
high quality instrument. Under normal working conditions the EPOCH LT will provide long,
trouble-free service.
Damage in transit - Inspect the unit thoroughly upon receipt for evidence of external or
internal damage that may have occurred during shipment. Notify the carrier making the
delivery immediately of any damage, since the carrier is normally liable for damage in
shipment. Preserve packing materials, waybills, and other shipping documentation in order to
establish damage claims. After notifying the carrier, contact Olympus so that we may assist in
the damage claims, and provide replacement equipment, if necessary. Your shipping container
is re-usable and may be used in the future when returning the unit for recalibration or repair.
Olympus guarantees the EPOCH LT to be free from defects in materials and workmanship for
a period of one year (twelve months) from the date of shipment. This warranty only covers
equipment that has been used in a proper manner as described in this instruction manual and
has not been subjected to excessive abuse, attempted unauthorized repair, or modification.
DURING THIS WARRANTY PERIOD, OLYMPUS LIABILITY IS STRICTLY LIMITED
TO REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT OF A DEFECTIVE UNIT AT ITS OPTION. Olympus
does not warrant the EPOCH LT to be suitable of intended use, or fitness for any particular
application or purpose. Olympus accepts no liability for consequential or incidental damages
including damage to property and/or personal injury. In addition to our standard one year
warranty, Olympus also offers an optional two year warranty (call for further details).
This warranty does not include transducers, transducer cables, or battery. The customer will
pay shipping expense to the Olympus plant for warranty repair; Olympus will pay for the
return of the repaired equipment. (For instruments not under warranty, the customer will pay
shipping expenses both ways.)
In this manual, we have attempted to teach the proper operation of the EPOCH LT consistent
with accepted flaw detection techniques. We believe the procedures and examples given are
accurate. However, the information contained herein is intended solely as a teaching aid and
should not be used in any particular application without independent testing and/or verification
by the operator or the supervisor. Such independent verification of procedures become more
important as the criticality of the application increases.
For these reasons, we make no warranty, expressed or implied, that the techniques, examples,
or procedures described herein are consistent with industry standards nor that they will meet
the requirements of any particular application. Olympus expressly disclaims all implied
warranties of merchantability and of fitness for any particular application.
Olympus reserves the right to modify all products without incurring the responsibility for
iii
modifying previously manufactured products. Olympus does not assume any liability for the
results of particular installations, as these circumstances are not within our control.
THE WARRANTIES SET FORTH HEREIN ARE EXCLUSIVE AND ARE IN LIEU OF
ALL OTHER WARRANTIES WHETHER STATUTORY, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED
(INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND WARRANTIES ARISING FROM THE COURSE OF
DEALING OR USAGE OR TRADE).
iv
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ................................................................................................. v
1. Preface ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Product Description ........................................................................................................... 1
1.2 About This Document ....................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Audience ............................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Scope ................................................................................................................................. 2
1.5 Typographic Conventions ................................................................................................. 4
1.6 Related Documentation ..................................................................................................... 5
1.7 If You Have Documentation Comments ........................................................................... 6
1.8 Technical Help ................................................................................................................... 6
2. Operating the Power Supply ......................................................................... 7

2.1 Using AC Line Power ....................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Using Battery Power ......................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Operating Time for the Battery ......................................................................................... 8
2.4 Replacing the Battery ........................................................................................................ 9
2.5 Charging the Battery ......................................................................................................... 9
3. Managing Basic Operations ........................................................................ 11

3.1 Powering-up .................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Using the Keypad ............................................................................................................ 12
3.2.1 Enter Key .............................................................................................................. 13
3.2.2 Direct Access Operation ....................................................................................... 13
3.3 Summarizing Keypad Functions ..................................................................................... 13
3.4 Editable Parameters Software ......................................................................................... 20
3.5 Managing the Display ..................................................................................................... 24
3.5.1 Full Screen A-scan Display .................................................................................. 24
3.5.2 Split Screen Display ............................................................................................. 26
Table of Contents v
3.5.3 Display Flags and Markers ................................................................................... 27
3.6 Setting-up Parameters ...................................................................................................... 29
3.6.1 Language Selection ............................................................................................... 30
3.6.2 Units of Measurement ........................................................................................... 30
3.6.3 Beep On ................................................................................................................ 31
3.6.4 Grid On/Off .......................................................................................................... 31
3.6.5 Keypad Lock Functions ........................................................................................ 31
3.6.6 Filled Live ............................................................................................................. 31
3.6.7 Filled Peak ............................................................................................................ 32
4. Adjusting the Pulser Receiver .................................................................... 33

4.1 Adjusting System Sensitivity .......................................................................................... 33
4.2 Using AUTO-80 % .......................................................................................................... 33
4.3 Setting a Gain Reference Level and Adding Scanning Gain .......................................... 35
4.4 Using the Pulser Key ....................................................................................................... 36
4.4.1 Waveform Rectification ........................................................................................ 37
4.4.2 Pulser Energy ........................................................................................................ 38
4.4.3 Damping ............................................................................................................... 38
4.4.4 Test Mode ............................................................................................................. 39
5. Managing Special Waveform Functions .................................................... 41

5.1 Reject ............................................................................................................................... 41
5.2 Peak Memory ................................................................................................................... 42
5.3 Screen Freeze ................................................................................................................... 42
6. Using the Gates ............................................................................................. 45

6.1 Positioning Gate 1 ........................................................................................................... 45
6.2 Positioning Gate 2 ........................................................................................................... 46
6.3 Making Thickness Readings ............................................................................................ 46
6.4 Using the Echo-to-Echo Software Option ....................................................................... 48
6.5 Locating Flaws with an Angle Beam Transducer ........................................................... 48
6.6 Measuring Signal Amplitude ........................................................................................... 50
6.7 Operating Time-of-Flight (TOF) Mode ........................................................................... 51
6.8 Using the Zoom Feature .................................................................................................. 52
6.9 Activating Gate Alarms ................................................................................................... 53
6.9.1 Threshold Alarms ................................................................................................. 53
6.9.2 Minimum Depth Alarm ........................................................................................ 55
6.9.3 Minimum Depth Alarm with a Single Gate .......................................................... 55
6.9.4 Minimum Depth Alarm in the Optional Echo-to-Echo Mode .............................. 55
6.9.5 Alarm Condition Storage ...................................................................................... 56
vi Table of Contents
7. Calibrating the EPOCH LT ........................................................................ 57
7.1 Getting Started ................................................................................................................. 58
7.2 Calibrating with a Straight Beam Transducer ................................................................. 58
7.3 Calibrating with a Delay Line Transducer ...................................................................... 61
7.4 Calibrating with a Dual Element Transducer .................................................................. 65
7.5 Calibrating with an Angle Beam Transducer .................................................................. 69
7.5.1 Locating the Beam Index Point (B.I.P.) ................................................................ 70
7.5.2 Verifying the Refracted Angle (Beta) ................................................................... 71
7.5.3 Calibrating for Distance ....................................................................................... 73
7.5.4 Calibrating for Sensitivity .................................................................................... 76
8. Managing the Datalogger and Data Communication Features ............... 79

8.1 Defining the Datalogger Storage Capacity ...................................................................... 79
8.2 Using the Memory Screen ............................................................................................... 80
8.3 Entering Numeric File Names and ID Codes .................................................................. 81
8.4 Creating Files and ID Codes ........................................................................................... 82
8.5 Saving Waveforms and Thickness Readings ................................................................... 83
8.6 Incrementing ID Codes ................................................................................................... 84
8.7 Recalling Transducer Calibrations and Waveforms ........................................................ 85
9. Using Software Options ............................................................................... 87

9.1 Defining Active/Inactive Options ................................................................................... 88
9.2 Distance Amplitude Correction ....................................................................................... 88
9.2.1 Drawing DAC Curves .......................................................................................... 89
9.2.2 Special Considerations for JIS Z3060 DAC Curves ............................................ 91
9.2.3 Saving and Recalling DAC Curves ...................................................................... 92
9.2.4 Setting Alarms in DAC Mode .............................................................................. 92
9.2.5 Exiting DAC Mode ............................................................................................... 92
9.3 Time Varied Gain ............................................................................................................ 92
9.3.1 Activating and Calibrating TVG .......................................................................... 93
9.3.2 Saving and Recalling TVG Setups ....................................................................... 94
9.3.3 Exiting TVG Mode ............................................................................................... 95
9.4 Low Pulse Repetition Frequency .................................................................................... 95
9.4.1 Activating Low PRF Mode .................................................................................. 95
9.4.2 Exiting Low PRF Mode ........................................................................................ 95
9.5 Expanded Memory .......................................................................................................... 96
9.6 Echo-to-Echo Measurement Mode .................................................................................. 96
9.7 Extended Range ............................................................................................................... 98
9.8 Curved Surface Correction .............................................................................................. 98
9.9 AWS D1.1/D1.5 .............................................................................................................. 99
9.9.1 AWS D1.1 and the EPOCH LT .......................................................................... 100
Table of Contents vii

9.9.2 Operating the AWS D1.1 Software .................................................................... 100
9.9.3 Adding Scanning Gain ........................................................................................ 102
9.9.4 Calculating A and C Values ................................................................................ 103
Appendix A: Specifications ............................................................................. 105
Appendix B: Sound Velocities ......................................................................... 109
Appendix C: Glossary ..................................................................................... 113
Appendix D: EPOCH LT Parts List ............................................................... 123
List of Figures ................................................................................................... 127
List of Tables ..................................................................................................... 129
Index .................................................................................................................. 131
viii Table of Contents

1. Preface
This preface discusses the following introductory topics:
• Product Description
• About This Document
• Audience
• Scope
• Typographic Conventions
• Related Documentation
• If You Have Documentation Comments
• Technical Help
1.1 Product Description
The EPOCH LT is the smallest and lightest flaw detector ever offered by Olympus. At only
2.35 pounds (1.0 kg) and 1.5 in. (38 mm) thick, the EPOCH LT offers class-leading size and
weight along with the performance of a fully featured flaw detector. The EPOCH LT has been
designed with the inspector in mind, and the instrument has been developed with the features
that are needed for common flaw detection applications. Features include:
• New Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) with backlight for exceptional indoor and outdoor
visibility, 60 Hz update rate for scanning, and long battery life.
• Array of software options including DAC, TVG, AWS, DGS/AVG, Low PRF, Curved
Surface Correction, Expanded Memory, Extended Range, and Echo-to-Echo
measurement.
• Negative Spike Pulser and 20 MHz broadband receiver for high performance and simple
instrument setup.
Preface 1
• Numeric Datalogger with storage of up to 100 waveforms/calibrations and 2000 thickness
measurements (500/10,000 with Expanded Memory option). These files can be
conveniently saved using numeric entries and viewed in the EPOCH LT’s datalogger
screen or on a PC using the GageView Interface Program. EPOCH LT files are also fully
compatible with the EPOCH 4PLUS, EPOCH 4, and EPOCH 4B flaw detectors.
1.2 About This Document
This document is the Instruction Manual for the EPOCH LT. The Instruction Manual describes
routine tasks for operating the EPOCH LT. These tasks include operating the power supply,
managing basic operations, adjusting the Pulser Receiver, managing special waveform
functions, using the gates, calibrating the EPOCH LT, managing the datalogger and data
communication features, and using software options.
The information contained within this manual can be read in modular format to answer
questions about how to perform specific functions. We suggest reading the entire manual at
least once with your instrument in hand so that you can combine reading the descriptions and
examples with the actual use of the instrument.
1.3 Audience
This document is intended for any operator using the EPOCH LT. Olympus recommends that
all operators have a thorough understanding of the principles and limitations of ultrasonic
testing. We assume no responsibility for incorrect operational procedure or interpretation of
test results. We recommend that any operator seek adequate training prior to using this
equipment.
While the EPOCH LT is a continuously self-calibrating instrument, it is up to the customer to

determine regulatory requirements. Olympus offers calibration and documentation services.
Contact Olympus or your local representative with any special requests.
1.4 Scope
Table 1 on page 3 describes the major sections in this document.
2 Preface
Table 1 Overview to Instruction Manual
Chapter Description Audience
Chapter 2 Describes how to use different power supply options. Also Operators
describes the battery operating time, battery replacement,
and battery charging.
Chapter 3 Describes the EPOCH LT interface and functions such as Operators

the keypad, screen options, screen display, and setup
parameters.
Chapter 4 Describes how to adjust the pulser receiver for system Operators
sensitivity, gain reference level and scanning gain. Also
describes how to use the pulser keys.
Chapter 5 Describes how to use the special waveform functions such Operators
as reject, peak memory, and screen freeze.
Chapter 6 Describes how to use the available gates and gate alarms. Operators
Also describes how to make various thickness readings,
locating flaws with and angle beam transducer, measuring
signal amplitude, time-of-flight mode, and the zoom
feature.
Chapter 7 Describes how to calibrate the EPOCH LT with a straight Operators

beam, delay line, dual element, and angle beam transducer.
Also describes how to locate the Beam Index Point, verify
the refracted angle beam, and calibrate for distance and
sensitivity.
Chapter 8 Describes how to use the datalogger and data Operators

communication features such as storage capacity and
memory, creating new files, saving waveforms and
thickness readings, and increasing ID increments. Also
describes how to recall and save calibrations and
waveforms, create memos, and edit a file.
Preface 3
Table 1 Overview to Instruction Manual (continued)
Chapter Description Audience
Chapter 9 Describes various software options for EPOCH LT Operators

including Distance Amplitude Correction (DAC), Time
Varied Gain (TVG), Low Pulse Repetition Frequency
(PRF), Expanded Memory, Echo-to-Echo Measurement
Mode, AWS, Curved Surface Correction, and Extended
Range.
Appendix A Describes EPOCH LT specifications. Operators
Appendix B Provides a table of the ultrasonic velocity in a variety of Operators

common materials.
Appendix C Glossary of terms. Operators
Appendix D Provides the EPOCH LT part list. Operators
1.5 Typographic Conventions
The following notes and Table 2 on page 5 provide a list of the typographic conventions that
appear in this document.
WARNING
This information indicates danger and the possibility of personal injury.
CAUTION
This information indicates that equipment damage can occur.
4 Preface
Note: This information provides explanatory information.
Tip: This information provides helpful guidelines for easy operation.
Table 2 Typographic conventions
Convention Description
Courier Font Used for file names, lines of code, names of processes, and
commands.
Heavy courier Used for command line user input.
Bold Used for textual parts of graphical user interface, including

menu items, buttons, toolbar names, modes, options, and tabs.
Italics Used for screen/window names, dialog boxes and document

titles.
Bold italics Used for emphasis.
[Bold] (square brackets Used for instrument keys on the keypad.

with bold)
<Italics> (angle brackets) With italics text, used for variable data.
→ Used for showing the next sequential step.
1.6 Related Documentation
The EPOCH LT works with the GageView Interface Program. For more information about this
software program, refer to the following instruction manual:
• GageView Interface Program, Part Number 910-259
Preface 5
1.7 If You Have Documentation Comments
Olympus is always interested in improving its documentation. We value your comments about
this manual and other Olympus documentation.
Complete the survey at the back of this manual and send your documentation comments to
Olympus by using one of the following methods:
• Send comments to Olympus, Attention: Technical Publications

• Email us at: info@olympusndt.com
In all your correspondence, please include the title of the document, its part number, release
date, and the specific section on which you are commenting.
1.8 Technical Help
Call Olympus and ask for a sales engineer to assist you.
6 Preface
2. Operating the Power Supply
This chapter describes operation of the EPOCH LT using different power supply options.
Topics are as follows:
• Using AC Line Power

• Using Battery Power
• Operating Time for the Battery
• Replacing the Battery
• Charging the Battery
2.1 Using AC Line Power
AC line power is supplied via a charger/adapter, which includes a universal AC power input,
so it operates with any line voltage from 100 volts AC to 120 volts AC or 200 volts AC to
240 volts AC, and with 50 Hz to 60 Hz line frequency.
To use AC line power
1. Connect the power cord to the Charger/Adapter unit and to an appropriate line power
source.
CAUTION
Use only the AC power cord supplied with the EPOCH LT instrument. Do not use this
AC power cord with other products.
Operating the Power Supply 7

2. Connect the DC output power cable from the Charger/Adapter unit to the Charger/AC
adapter input jack on the top of the EPOCH LT.
3. Turn the EPOCH LT on via the front keypad.
4. Proceed with normal operation.
2.2 Using Battery Power
The Olympus EPOCH LT uses Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries.
Press [ON/OFF] to power up the unit. After the initial status screen, the EPOCH LT proceeds
to the split screen display.
A battery symbol is always present at the bottom right of the display and indicates the
remaining battery charge. A completely filled battery symbol relates directly to the charge
remaining on the battery. A symbol that is half filled means that the battery is 50 % charged.
All batteries show some rebound effects so the initial reading appears higher than the actual
amount; this is temporary. A stable battery reading appears after operating for 1 or 2 minutes.
2.3 Operating Time for the Battery
The EPOCH LT has a nominal operating time of 6 to 8 hours on a full charge.
Note: It may initially take several cycles of complete charging and discharging of
the battery to bring the battery to full capacity. This conditioning process is normal for
(NiMH) batteries.
8 Chapter 2
2.4 Replacing the Battery
WARNING
The EPOCH LT Charger/Adapter is designed to charge EPOCH LT batteries only.
DO NOT ATTEMPT TO CHARGE ANY OTHER BATTERIES. Doing so may
cause an explosion and injury! Do not attempt to charge other electronic equipment.
This will cause permanent damage.
To replace the battery
1. Turn the unit over so the display is face down.

2. Loosen the four screws on the back of the unit at the bottom that secure the battery door
cover.
3. Remove the battery door cover exposing the battery.
4. Remove the battery pack.
5. Unclip the battery lead.
6. Install the replacement battery by reversing these steps.
2.5 Charging the Battery
Note: Charge EPOCH LT batteries with the Charger/Adapter only.
There is no on/off or line voltage selector switch. The Charger/Adapter automatically turns on
when AC power is applied. You can charge the EPOCH LT battery either internally in the unit
or externally using a stand-alone charging base.
To charge the battery internally
1. Plug the Charger/Adapter into an AC main line.

2. Plug the output cable directly into the receptacle on the top of the EPOCH LT.
Operating the Power Supply 9

Turn off the EPOCH LT when charging batteries to ensure a complete charge. If the
EPOCH LT is powered on while connected to an AC line, the battery will continue
charging (at a slower rate).
When the unit is powered on and connected to the charger, the battery symbol on the
display will continuously cycle from empty to full to indicate the battery is charging. Once
the battery reaches approximately 85 % capacity, the symbol will stop cycling and remain
full.
3. Charge the unit for another hour after it reaches 85 % capacity, in order to achieve full
capacity.
You can also charge the EPOCH LT battery outside the instrument using an external
stand-alone charger. This option is available through Olympus.
If the battery is used daily (or frequently), connect it to the charger/adapter when not in use.
Whenever possible, the battery should remain connected to the charger/adapter (overnight or
over a weekend), so that it achieves 100 % of full charge. The battery must reach full charge on
a regular basis for the proper capacity and cycle life maintenance.
Recharge discharged batteries as soon as possible after use. Give a full recharge, as described
above.
Note: Never place discharged batteries in storage without the batteries having
received a full recharge.
Store batteries in a cool, dry environment. Avoid long-term storage under sunlight or in other
excessively hot places such as an automobile trunk. While in storage, fully recharge batteries at
least once every two (2) months.
10 Chapter 2
3. Managing Basic Operations
This chapter describes how to get started with basic EPOCH LT operations.
• Powering-up
• Using the Keypad
• Summarizing Keypad Functions
• Editable Parameters Software
• Managing the Display
• Setting-up Parameters
3.1 Powering-up
Pressing [ON/OFF] causes an initial beep from the unit and then a series of relay clicks. The
display lights up and the unit goes through a self-test for five (5) seconds.
Managing Basic Operations 11

Note: You can do a Master Reset on the EPOCH LT during power-up. Press and
hold the [ANGLE] key and then power the unit on. Do not release the [ANGLE] key
until the screen lights up with a Master Reset prompt box. Press [OPTION] to cancel
master reset and the unit will proceed to the live screen. Otherwise, press [ENTER] to
continue. Use the slewing keys to move the highlight bar over the desired selection:
Parameters - Resets the unit’s parameters back to the factor settings

Database - Erases the EPOCH LT’s memory (saved calibrations, etc.)
Parameters + Database - Completes both operations listed above
Use the slewing keys to highlight your selection and press [ENTER]. An X appears in
the box. Press [OPTION] to complete the MASTER RESET and proceed to the live
screen.
You can adjust the EPOCH LT’s screen for maximum viewing under the harshest and most
extreme lighting conditions.
To adjust the screen
1. Press [2nd F], [CAL] (CONTRAST).

2. Use the slewing keys to position the highlight bar over the appropriate selection.
3. Use the slewing keys to adjust the setting.
LCD Backlight: You can select to have the LCD backlight display light set on or off. The
default setting for the backlight is OFF.
LCD Contrast: Depending on sunlight conditions and temperature, you may need to
adjust the contrast of the LCD to maximize screen visibility. You can slew through a wide
range of adjustments to optimize the display.
3.2 Using the Keypad
The most commonly used keys on the keypad (Gain, Freeze, Save, Enter, and slewing keys)
are close to your left thumb. All instrument settings can be changed while keeping the left hand
in a natural position.
The keypad is grouped and color-coded according to function. The outlined section of yellow
keys on the left side of the keypad is used primarily for calibrating. The separate group of grey
keys on top are the function keys, designed to provide easy access to preset parameter values.
12 Chapter 3
The EPOCH LT also has extensive data storage features controlled by the datalogger keys at
the right side of the keypad.
3.2.1 Enter Key

While you can access most functions directly via the instrument keypad, you can change all
essential ultrasonic controls by using the [ENTER] key and one of the four green slewing keys
[ ], [ ], [ ], and [ ]. This method provides control of virtually all instrument settings
with the thumb of the left hand. Multiple presses of [ENTER] will toggle through each of the
instrument parameters. The parameter highlights when activated. Use the [ ], [ ], [ ], and
[ ] key to change an activated parameter value.
Press the [ENTER] key multiple times to toggle through the instrument settings. To move
quickly through the sequence, press [ENTER] multiple times in succession or hold down the
key to reach the desired function.
3.2.2 Direct Access Operation

Most commonly used parameters also have their own individual keys to provide direct access
to the parameter setting. To use the EPOCH LT in this manner, press the appropriate key to
change the parameter and then either press one of the function keys (F1-F5) to select preset
values, or adjust the value using the [ ], [ ], [ ], and [ ] slewing keys. For example, to
change the gain, press [GAIN]. Press [F1], [F2], [F3], [F4], or [F5] to select one of the preset
dB steps or use the slewing keys for fine adjustments.
In some cases, the parameter appears as a second function above another key. To change these
parameters, press [2nd F] and then the appropriate key to access that parameter.
Whenever a function is opened in the full screen display, the EPOCH LT provides prompts in
the Abbreviated Status window directly above the A-scan display on the left side.
3.3 Summarizing Keypad Functions
The EPOCH LT keypad includes five function keys located directly underneath the display:
[F1], [F2], [F3], [F4], and [F5].
When an operator accesses a parameter from the lower portion of the keypad, preset value
choices are displayed at the bottom of the screen. Each preset value has a corresponding
function key. For example, press [RANGE] to view various preset range values at the bottom

of the display. Press any function key to set the EPOCH LT’s range to that displayed value.
The main keypad is laid out with functional grouping of keys for easy identification. The main
keypad contains the primary operating keys of the EPOCH LT. Most parameters on the
EPOCH LT can be directly accessed by pressing the appropriately labelled key. Some
parameters are second functions. These can be accessed by first pressing [2nd F] and then the
desired function. The second function is written directly above the key. For example, to access
ZOOM, press [2nd F] and then [RANGE].
Once you access a parameter, change it through one of two methods. Use the function keys to
directly access preset values. Alternately, use the green slewing keys ([ ], [ ], [ ], and
[ ]) to change the parameter in smaller increments.
Figure 3-1 English keypad
14 Chapter 3
Figure 3-2 International keypad
Table 3 Main keypad functions
English Int’I Color Function
Blue Sensitivity: Adjusts system sensitivity.
White Reference Level: Sets a gain reference

level and allows addition of scanning gain
in 6 dB or 0.1 dB increments.
Blue

Table 3 Main keypad functions (continued)
Blue Screen Freeze: Holds displayed waveform

until [FREEZE] is pressed a second time.
Purple Save Thickness Reading: Saves displayed

thickness reading in current file. If the
EPOCH LT is in Time-of-Flight mode, the
value will be in microseconds.
Purple Save Waveform: Saves the current

waveform and instrument setup parameters
in current file.
Purple Enter: Press this key multiple times to

toggle through the setup parameters.
Red Gate 1: Controls the positioning of Gate 1

on the display. Press this key multiple
times, or use the function keys, to access
Gate 1 Start, Gate 1 Width, and Gate 1
Level.
White Gate 1 Alarm: Activates the alarm mode

for Gate 1. Use the function keys to access
the Threshold or Minimum Depth Alarm.
Red
Red Gate 2: Controls the positioning of Gate 2

on the display. Press this key multiple
times, or use the function keys, to access
Gate 2 Start, Gate 2 Width, and Gate 2
Level.
16 Chapter 3
White Gate 2 Alarm: Activates the alarm mode

for Gate 2. Use the function keys to select
the Threshold or Minimum Depth Alarm.
Red
Orange Pulser: Press this key multiple times to

toggle through the pulser parameters. Use
the function keys to select preset values for
each pulser parameter.
White Peak Memory Function: Activates the

Peak Memory function allowing
continuous accumulation of peak envelope
data with the live waveform. Press this key
Orange again to deactivate the function.
Orange Display View: Press this key multiple

times to toggle between Full Screen View
(full A-scan display) and Split Screen
View (half sized A-scan with setup
parameters).
Orange Depth/% Amplitude: Allows selection

and display of peak depth, edge depth,
signal amplitude, or time of flight data.
White Echo-to-Echo Measurement: Activates

the Echo-to-Echo Measurement mode.
This automatically opens Gate 2 (if it is not
already active) and allows you to select
Orange edge to edge or peak to peak measurement
using the function keys.

Yellow Auto Calibration: Initiates the

EPOCH LT Auto Calibration feature in
conjunction with the [ZERO OFFSET]
and [VELOCITY] keys.
White Contrast Adjustment: Adjusts the

contrast and backlight for units with a
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).
Yellow
Yellow Zero Offset: Compensates for the time

difference between the electric zero point
(the time when the pulse is first generated)
and the acoustic zero point (the time when
the sound energy enters the test material.)
White # Div (Graticule Display): Displays the

grid numbers along the bottom of the
EPOCH LT display in Full-Screen mode.
These numbers are sometimes blocked by
Yellow the function key presets.
Yellow Range: Sets the amount of sound travel

time that is viewed on the display in units
of material travel distance. Use the
function keys to select preset values and
the slewing keys to fine tune this setting.
White Zoom: Expands the screen area covered by

Gate 1 to full-screen width for higher
resolution viewing of portions of the
waveform.
Yellow
18 Chapter 3
Yellow Velocity: Sets the velocity of sound in a

test material for distance calculations. Use
the function keys to select preset values
and the slewing keys to fine-tune this
setting.
White Reject: Removes low level noise and/or

signal from the waveform being viewed on
the display. Use the function keys to select
preset values and the slewing keys to fine
Yellow tune this setting.
Yellow Angle: Allows the entry of the refracted

angle of sound energy in a test piece when
using angle beam transducers. Use the
function keys to select preset values and
the slewing keys to fine tune this setting.
White Thickness: Allows the entry of material

thickness for the test piece when using
angle beam transducers. Use the function
keys to select preset values and the slewing
Yellow keys to fine tune this setting.
Blue ID Entry: Allows entry of an ID

(Identifier) location code. This ID could be
a new location code or a current one.

Blue Open Datalogger: Opens the EPOCH LT

datalogger/memory screen.
White Option: This menu allows the user to

access the EPOCH LT’s main setup menu.
This menu contains selections for
language, units, software functions, etc.
Pressing the [OPTION] key again exits
the menu and returns the EPOCH LT to the
live screen.
Green ON/OFF: Turns the EPOCH LT on or off.
3.4 Editable Parameters Software
The Editable Parameters feature lets you customize some of the values that appear above the
[F1] to [F5] keys. These are the values that the EPOCH LT recalls automatically when the
corresponding [F] key is pressed. You can edit the following parameters:
• Gain
• Reject
• Zero Offset
• Angle
• Frequency
• Range
• Thickness
20 Chapter 3
• Velocity
Note: Parameters that contain text, such as Rectification, cannot be adjusted.

Also, parameters that are limited by hardware and/or software constraints such as
Damping cannot be adjusted.
To activate the Editable Parameters menu
1. Press the [OPTION] key.

2. Use the slewing keys to select the Editable Parameters option.
Figure 3-3 Selecting the Editable Parameters Option

3. Press [ENTER]. The Editable Parameters screen opens:
Figure 3-4 Viewing the Editable Parameters screen
4. Press the [ENTER] key to move downward to different Parameters.

5. Use the left and right slewing keys to select which [F1] – [F5] parameter to edit.
Edit each parameter using the up and down slewing keys.
22 Chapter 3
Figure 3-5 Editing the Gain Parameter
6. Press the [F1] key when you have finished editing the parameters to save the settings and
return to the Options menu.
When you select one of the parameters that you edited, the new preset values appear above
the [F] keys.

Figure 3-6 Viewing New Preset Values
3.5 Managing the Display
The EPOCH LT can present the A-scan in two different display formats – split screen and full
screen. A split screen presents simultaneous viewing of the waveform and all instrument set-up
data. The full screen presents a large, high resolution waveform and important basic
information.
Note: After the EPOCH LT is powered up and completes the self test routine,
the split screen opens.
To set the display parameter, press [DISPLAY] to switch to full screen or press [DISPLAY]
again to switch back to the split screen.
3.5.1 Full Screen A-scan Display

The full screen A-scan presents a large, high resolution waveform and some basic data to aid
with interpretation of the display.
24 Chapter 3
Figure 3-7 Full screen display
Top of the screen

• The Filename, Gain level, ID Code, Range setting, and currently selected parameter are
constantly displayed.
• A numeric display shows thickness, sound path, amplitude, or time-of-flight data
pertaining to a gated signal. Use [DEPTH /%AMPL] to select which information to
show.
Middle of the screen

• Displays the waveform.
• In the background, a numbered graticule shows signal amplitude on the vertical axis and
screen division number or the function presets on the horizontal axis. To view the screen
divisions instead of the function presets, press [2nd F], then [ZERO OFFSET] (#DIV).
• On the right side of the waveform display, a set of display flags and markers appear when
certain functions are active (See section 3.5.3 on page 27).
Bottom of the screen

• Displays the preset values for many of the parameters. These are accessed via the function
keys.

• The battery level icon is constantly displayed in the bottom right corner.
3.5.2 Split Screen Display

The split screen display presents a condensed waveform and a status display that shows all
instrument set-up data. This screen is useful when establishing the initial instrument settings as
it enables you to quickly check all set-up information and make adjustments while viewing the
waveform display. Even in the split screen mode, the A-scan still has enough resolution to
produce accurate waveforms.
To display a split screen
1. Press [DISPLAY] to toggle the display to the split screen.
Figure 3-8 Split screen display
2. Press [ENTER] several times to toggle through the instrument parameters.

3. Use the [ ], [ ], [ ], and [ ] keys to change the setting from the current highlighted
function.
26 Chapter 3
3.5.3 Display Flags and Markers
To indicate when particular display functions are active, a set of flags and markers appear on
the right side of the waveform display.
Indicates the [2nd F] key has been pressed. The unit is waiting for
you to press one of the second function keys. Press [2nd F] again to
cancel.
Indicates the EPOCH LT is in the Peak Depth mode; thickness and

sound path measurements are made to the peak of the highest
amplitude signal within the flaw gate. This symbol also appears
when the amplitude display is active as all amplitude measurements
are made to the peak of the signal.
Indicates the EPOCH LT is in the Edge Depth mode and all

thickness and sound path measurements are to the leading edge of
the first signal within the flaw gate.
Indicates the EPOCH LT is in the optional Echo-to-Echo Peak

Measurement mode and the measurement is being made between
the peaks of the two selected signals.
Indicates the EPOCH LT is in the optional Echo-to-Echo Edge

Measurement mode and the measurement is being made between
the leading edges of the two selected signals.
P Indicates the Peak Memory function is active.
F Indicates the display is frozen because the Freeze function is

active.
Z Indicates the Zoom function is active to expand the region within

the flaw gate to full screen width.

A Indicates the gate alarm is tripped.
TVG Indicates Time Varied Gain is active.
DAC Indicates Distance Amplitude Correction is active.
PRF Indicates Low PRF (Pulse Repetition Frequency) is active.
AWS Indicates AWS (American Welding Society Structural Welding

Code) software option is active.
CSC Indicates CSC (Curved Surface Correction) option is active.
DGS Indicates DGS (Distance Gain Sizing) option is active.
CAL Indicates Calibration is active.
Indicates the All Lock function is active, meaning all keys are
locked except [DISPLAY], [OPTION], [ENTER], [ ], [ ],
[ ], [ ], and [ON/OFF].
Indicates the Cal Lock function is active, meaning you cannot use
the following keys: [GAIN], [VEL/REJECT], [CAL],
[ANGLE/THICKNESS], [ZERO OFFSET],
[PULSER/FILTER], and [RANGE].
Indicates the sound path leg in which a particular reflector is

located – 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and beyond 4th.
Indicates the remaining battery life in the unit. The battery level is
constantly displayed in the lower right corner of the display.
28 Chapter 3
3.6 Setting-up Parameters
The EPOCH LT Setup screen allows you to select basic system parameters. To access the
Setup screen, press [OPTION]. Move the highlight bar over Setup and press [ENTER]. The
following screen appears:
Figure 3-9 Menu options
The selections in the Setup menu are grouped according to function. Use the green slewing
keys to move around this menu. Press [ENTER] to select/deselect an item. Press [OPTION]
to return to the live screen after making choices.
Table 4 Menu symbol descriptions
Symbol Description
 When this symbol appears after a menu item, it means that another
menu is available. Highlight the item using the slewing keys and
press [ENTER] to view the next menu.
 When this symbol appears after a menu item, it means that multiple
items within the group can be selected.
 When this symbol appears after a menu item, it means that the item
is selected.

3.6.1 Language Selection
You can use the EPOCH LT in any of the following languages:
• English
• French
• German
• Japanese
• Spanish
• Italian
• Russian
Note: The Custom option is not active.
To select or change a language
1. Move the highlight bar over the Language option and press [ENTER].
2. Move the highlighted bar over the desired choice and press [ENTER].
3. Press [OPTION] to exit.
3.6.2 Units of Measurement

The EPOCH LT is capable of displaying and calculating distance parameters and sound path
data in terms of distance (inches or millimeters) or time (microseconds). When displaying in
terms of distance, the screen can be set to be viewed either in units per division (for example,
1.000 in./div or 25.00 mm/div) or units full scale (for example, 10.00 in full scale or 250 mm
full scale). Units full scale describes the distance over the entire screen range.
When displaying in terms of time, all distance parameters (range, zero offset, gate position,
material thickness, minimum depth, and all sound path data) are displayed using microseconds
(µs) instead of inches or millimeters.
To change the units of measure
1. Move the highlight bar over Unit and press [ENTER].

2. Use the slewing keys to select the desired unit setting and press [ENTER].
3. Press [OPTION] to exit.
30 Chapter 3
3.6.3 Beep On
Note: When Beep On is selected, pressing the keypad results in audible beeps.
3.6.4 Grid On/Off

When you select Grid Off, only the borders of the graticule shows behind the waveform
display. This is a real-time condition only and is not stored.
3.6.5 Keypad Lock Functions
All Lock: When you select All Lock, all keys except [DISPLAY], [OPTION],
[ENTER], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], and [ON/OFF] are inactive.
A full padlock appears above the battery symbol indicator to show that
All Lock is selected.
Cal Lock: When you select Cal Lock, a half padlock appears above the battery
indicator and the following keys are inactive:
[GAIN] [VEL/REJECT]
[CAL] [ANGLE/THICKNESS]
[ZERO OFFSET] [PULSER/FILTER]
[RANGE]
To unlock either the All Lock or Cal Lock, return to the Setup screen and deselect the item.
3.6.6 Filled Live

When you select Filled Live, the live waveform appears filled-in, rather than as an outline
trace. This is used to make the waveform more visible when viewing in bright sunlight.

3.6.7 Filled Peak
When you select Filled Peak, a waveform or echo envelope that is frozen on the screen when
using the Peak Memory feature appears filled-in, rather than as an outline trace.
32 Chapter 3
4. Adjusting the Pulser Receiver
This chapter describes how to adjust the pulser receiver.
• Adjusting System Sensitivity

• Using AUTO-80 %
• Setting a Gain Reference Level and Adding Scanning Gain
• Using the Pulser Key
4.1 Adjusting System Sensitivity
To adjust the instrument sensitivity
1. Press [GAIN].
2. Use the function keys to select preset values for course adjustment.
3. Move the gain upward or downward with the [ ] and [ ] keys for fine adjustments.
The current system sensitivity is displayed and highlighted in the upper left corner.
4. Adjust gain in 0.1 dB increments by pressing the [ ] and [ ] key once.
5. Hold the [ ] and [ ] key to gradually increasing slewing rate.
Total system sensitivity is 100.0 dB.
4.2 Using AUTO-80 %
AUTO-80 % is an excellent tool to quickly adjust the gain (dB) setting, bringing the peak of a
reference echo to 80 % full screen height. AUTO-80 % is especially useful in combination
Adjusting the Pulser Receiver 33

with welding applications and codes that require quick gain adjustments to bring an echo to
80 % screen height.
You can use AUTO-80 % to bring an echo to 80 % full screen height in either Gate 1 or Gate 2.
To use Auto-80 % with Gate 1
1. Press [GATE 1].

2. Use the green slewing keys to position the gate over the desired echo. Be sure the echo
breaks the gate threshold.
3. Press [F5]. The peak of the highest amplitude echo breaking the Gate 1 threshold is
brought to 80 % screen height.
Figure 4-1 Before activating AUTO-80 %
To use Auto-80 % with Gate 2
1. Press [GATE 2].

2. Press [F4] to turn on the gate if necessary.
3. Use the green slewing keys to position the gate over the desired echo. Be sure the echo
breaks the gate threshold.
4. Press [F5]. The peak of the highest amplitude echo breaking the Gate 1 threshold is
brought to 80 % screen height.
34 Chapter 4
Figure 4-2 After activating AUTO-80 %
Note: You can use AUTO-80 % when an echo exceeds the desired gate
threshold. The echo can be either above or below 80 % full screen height. If a signal is
above 80 % screen height, the EPOCH LT reduces gain in a series of repetitions until
the signal peaks at 80 %. Occasionally, for very high amplitudes (above 500 % full
screen height), you may need to press the [F5] key a second time.
4.3 Setting a Gain Reference Level and Adding Scanning

Gain
To establish the current system gain as the reference (base) level, press [2nd F], [GAIN]
(REF). This is useful for inspections that require you to establish a reference gain level, then
add or subtract additional scanning gain.
After accessing the reference function, the gain display will read: REF XX.X dB + 0.0. You
can now add scanning gain independent of the reference gain level.

To add scanning gain
1. Press [F2] to add or subtract scanning gain in 6 dB increments. The cursor position is to
the left of the decimal point.
2. Use the [ ] and [ ] keys to increment or decrement.
3. Press [F1] to make adjustments in 0.1 dB increments. The cursor position is to the right of
the decimal point.
4. Use the [ ] and [ ] keys to increment or decrement.
5. Use the [ ] and [ ] keys to increment and decrement the scanning gain.
Note: Press [GAIN] multiple times as another method to toggle back and forth
between the 6 dB and 0.1 dB increments.
You can add the scanning gain to the reference level, toggle between the active scanning gain
and 0 dB (this is the scan dB feature), or turn it off by pressing the following keys:
[F3]: Adds the reference gain and scanning gain together, and exits the Reference Level
function.
[F4]: Scan dB-Toggles the scanning gain back and forth from the active scanning gain and
0 dB.
[F5]: Exits the Reference Level function without adding the entered scanning gain.
Prompts are displayed in the function boxes at the bottom of the screen. If another parameter is
accessed, these choices may change, but can be brought up again by pressing [2nd F], [GAIN]
(REF).
4.4 Using the Pulser Key
The following pulser receiver and filter parameters can be adjusted on the EPOCH LT keypad:
• Waveform Rectification
• Pulser Energy
• Pulser Damping
• Pulser Test Mode
36 Chapter 4
To access the available parameters
1. Press [PULSER] multiple times to toggle through the several features.

2. Each pulser receiver and filter characteristic adjustments can be done in either full A-scan
or Split Screen.
— In the full A-scan, the current parameter being adjusted appears at the top left of the
screen, directly above the waveform.
— In the Split Screen mode, the parameter is highlighted on the lower half of the
EPOCH LT screen.
Note: For reviewing the adjustments in this manual, we use the Split Screen
mode.
To view how the selections of the pulser receiver affect a waveform, couple a transducer to a
sample or test block, which produces an echo on the top half of the screen.
4.4.1 Waveform Rectification

The EPOCH LT can operate in one of four rectification modes:
• Full Wave
• Half Wave Positive
• Half Wave Negative
• RF (unrectified)
The RF mode is not active while operating in DAC or TVG mode, Peak Memory, or
Echo-to-Echo mode.
To select a waveform rectification mode
1. Press [PULSER] once to display the current screen rectification. This is highlighted and
displayed at the bottom of the screen.
2. Use the function keys for direct access or the [ ] and [ ] keys to toggle through the
different waveform rectification modes.

4.4.2 Pulser Energy
The EPOCH LT has four pulser energy settings depending upon test conditions:
• Low (100 v) ± 20 %
• Medium (200 v) ± 20 %
• High (300 v) ± 20 %
• Max (400 v) ± 20 %
Tip: Generally, the lower pulser energy settings are used for thin materials, while
the higher settings are used for thicker materials and/or highly attenuating materials.
To select a pulser setting
1. Press [PULSER] to access the energy level settings.

In the Split Screen mode, the pulser energy level is highlighted on the lower half of the
screen.
2. Use the function keys for direct access or the [ ] and [ ] keys to move among the four
selections.
4.4.3 Damping
The damping control lets you optimize the waveform shape for high resolution measurements
via an internal resistive circuit. There are four damping settings:
• 50 ohms
• 63 ohms
• 150 ohms
• 400 ohms
38 Chapter 4
Tip: Generally, the lowest ohm setting increases the system damping and
improves near surface resolution, while the highest ohm setting decreases system
damping and improves the instrument penetration power.
Selecting the correct damping setting fine tunes the EPOCH LT to operate with a particular
transducer selection. Depending on the transducer being used, the various damping settings
either improve near surface resolution or alter the instrument’s penetration power.
To select a damping option
1. Press [PULSER] to access the Damping parameter.

2. Use the function keys for direct access or the [ ] and [ ] keys to toggle through the four
available damping selections.
4.4.4 Test Mode

The EPOCH LT can operate in three different Test modes:
Pulse-Echo Mode: Single element transducers. Use either connector.
Through Mode: Two separate transducers, typically on opposite sides of the

test specimen. Use the top (red) connector as the transmitter.
Dual Mode (Pitch One connector acts as a transmitter, while the other acts as a
and Catch): receiver. The top (red) connector is designated as the
transmitter.
To select a Test mode
1. Press [PULSER] to access the Test mode parameter.

2. Use the function keys for direct access or the [ ] and [ ] keys to toggle through the three
selections.

Note: To compensate for the one-way sound path in Through mode, the
EPOCH LT does not divide transit time by two when calculating thickness
measurements.
40 Chapter 4
5. Managing Special Waveform Functions
This chapter describes how to manage special waveform functions.
• Reject
• Peak Memory
• Screen Freeze
5.1 Reject
The Reject function eliminates unwanted, low-level signals from the EPOCH LT’s display.
Because the EPOCH LT features a digital waveform display, the reject function is linear.
Increasing the reject level does not affect the amplitude of the signals above the reject
level. The reject level is continuously adjustable from 0 % to 80 % of full scale with 1 %
resolution and is displayed in the upper left corner of the screen in the split screen view.
Note: It is not possible to add Reject while in the unrectified, RF display.
To access the Reject function
1. Press [2nd F], [VEL] (REJECT).

2. Use the function keys to select preset values or use the [ ], [ ], [ ], and [ ] keys to
adjust the reject level upward or downward.
Any signal whose amplitude is less than or equal to the specified reject level is eliminated
from the display.
Managing Special Waveform Functions 41

5.2 Peak Memory
The Peak Memory function enables the display to capture and store on the screen the
amplitude of each display point. The display updates each pixel if a signal of greater amplitude
is acquired. When a transducer is scanned over a reflector, the signal envelope or echo
dynamic as a function of transducer position is held on the screen. In addition, the current, live
waveform is displayed at the appropriate place within the echo envelope.
This function is useful when it is necessary to peak up an indication during an angle beam
calibration.
Note: The Peak Memory function cannot be activated in the unrectified, RF

display mode.
To activate Peak Memory
1. Press [PEAK MEM].

A “P” appears at the right side of the display to indicate the function is active.
2. Scan over the reflector to acquire the echo envelope. Continue to scan slowly until the live
waveform peak matches the peak amplitude of the echo envelope. When these two points
match, the signal will be peaked up.
3. Press [PEAK MEM] again to shut off Peak Memory.
Note: The EPOCH LT software allows you to select whether to view the live
waveform and/or the Peak Memory echo envelope as an outline or a filled-in trace.
5.3 Screen Freeze
The Screen Freeze function holds or freezes the information on the screen at the moment
[FREEZE] is pressed. Once the Freeze function is activated, the pulser receiver of the
EPOCH LT becomes inactive and does not acquire any further data. An “F” appears to the
right of the A-scan display indicating the function is active.
42 Chapter 5
The Freeze function is useful when storing waveforms as it holds the current A-scan allowing
the transducer to be uncoupled from the test material. Once the display is frozen, you can do a
variety of functions such as storage of the waveform or thickness data and entry of an
alphanumeric location code or memo to describe the data. It is possible to manipulate the gates
to obtain thickness or sound path data.
The Freeze function differs from Peak Memory in that no new data is acquired and added to
the instrument display. The [FREEZE] key is ideal for high temperature measurements.
When Freeze is active, the following parameters cannot be changed/accessed:
• Zero Offset
• Range
• Zoom
• Reject
• Gain
• Reference Gain
• Peak Memory
• Pulser Receiver
To disable the Freeze function and return to normal operation, press [FREEZE] again.
Managing Special Waveform Functions 43

44 Chapter 5
6. Using the Gates
This chapter describes how to use the EPOCH LT gates.
• Positioning Gate 1
• Positioning Gate 2
• Making Thickness Readings
• Using the Echo-to-Echo Software Option
• Locating Flaws with an Angle Beam Transducer
• Measuring Signal Amplitude
• Operating Time-of-Flight (TOF) Mode
• Using the Zoom Feature
• Activating Gate Alarms
6.1 Positioning Gate 1
Gate 1 is the primary flaw gate. It provides thickness readings in both the A-scan and
unrectified RF displays, sound path data when using an angle beam transducer, signal
amplitude, time of flight data, or minimum depth or threshold alarm triggers.
Movement of Gate 1 is controlled via the red [GATE 1] key.
To access the starting position, width, or level of Gate 1
1. Press [GATE 1].

2. Press the appropriate function key.
Using the Gates 45

Tip: You can also access the start, width, and level by pressing [GATE 1]
multiple times. Use the [ ], [ ], [ ], and [ ] keys to position the gate.
6.2 Positioning Gate 2
Gate 2 is a secondary gate used when making echo-to-echo thickness readings or when
multiple alarm gates are required. To access Gate 2, follow these steps:
1. Press [GATE 2] to view Gate 2 controls.

2. Press [F4] for ON. The movement of Gate 2 is done in the same manner as Gate 1.
3. Press [GATE 1] to switch back to control Gate 1.
4. To turn Gate 2 off, press [GATE 2] followed by [F4].
6.3 Making Thickness Readings
The EPOCH LT is equipped with a high resolution distance calculator that provides a direct
readout of thickness, sound path, or time-of-flight data across the top of the A-scan. Depth
measurements can be made in two different ways. Some applications may require measuring to
the leading edge of the signal, while others may require measuring to the peak of the signal.
To take a thickness reading, assuming that the EPOCH LT is properly calibrated

(see chapter 7 on page 57)
1. Position Gate 1. Because Gate 1 is used to obtain single echo thickness readings, it must
be positioned correctly. To obtain a thickness reading, the appropriate echo on the display
must exceed the gate threshold. Make sure that Gate 1 starts at less than the minimum
expected thickness value and that its width exceeds the maximum expected value.
Note: When the gage is used for thickness gaging, set Gate 1 level just high
enough to avoid false readings. When the gage is used for flaw detection, set Gate 1
according to appropriate acceptance and rejection criteria.
46 Chapter 6
2. Select the Measurement mode. The EPOCH LT can measure to either the leading edge or
the peak of a signal.
3. Press [DEPTH/%AMPL] to select the appropriate mode. The following selections will
appear in the function boxes below the A-scan display:
F1 = EDGE F2 = PEAK F3 = %AMP F4 = TOGGLE
The F4 = TOGGLE selection only appears when the unit has a refracted angle entered and
when either the peak or edge mode is selected.
4. Press [F4] multiple times to allow you to select which of the sound path readings (depth,
surface distance, or total sound path) is displayed in large bold text.
5. Select [F1] or [F2] to put the EPOCH LT in the corresponding Depth Measurement
mode.
6. Select [F3] to put the EPOCH LT into the Amplitude Measurement mode.
One of the following icons appears next to the upper right corner of the A-scan.
Edge depth Peak depth
While in Edge Depth mode, thickness readings are made to the leading edge of the first signal
to exceed the flaw gate level. In Peak Depth mode, thickness readings are made to the peak of
the highest amplitude signal that falls within the gate.
If no refracted angle is entered, a Minimum Depth value appears above the display. This value
refers to the minimum detected thickness value and is only updated if a lower value is
measured. To reset the minimum depth value, press either [GATE 1] or [GATE 2].
Using the Gates 47

Note: To obtain the most accurate and consistent thickness or sound path
readings, select the Peak Depth mode. The apparent arrival time of the leading edge of
a signal varies with the signal amplitude. As a result, the instrument gain setting,
coupling conditions, and any other factor affecting signal amplitude has an impact on
the accuracy of a reading made in the Edge Depth mode. The effects of these factors
are not completely eliminated in the Peak Depth mode, but they are greatly reduced. If
Peak Depth is selected, perform calibrations using the peak of the signal. However,
when using a dual transducer, due to the jagged peaks, we recommend you use Edge
Depth.
6.4 Using the Echo-to-Echo Software Option
Using this Echo-to-Echo software option, you can make measurements between successive
echoes. Measurements can be made between two consecutive backwall echoes or between an
interface echo and any other selected signal, in which you can measure thickness through
coatings or perform low speed immersion testing.
6.5 Locating Flaws with an Angle Beam Transducer
During an angle beam inspection, you can obtain accurate and reliable sound path information
using the EPOCH LT’s high resolution distance calculator. If a refracted angle is entered into
the EPOCH LT and an echo is exceeding the gate threshold, all angular sound path
components are displayed at the top of the A-scan display.
48 Chapter 6
Figure 6-1 Angle beam inspection
These symbols represent the following distances:
= angular (sound path) distance to the reflector
= surface distance (projection) to the reflector
= depth to the reflector
= sound path leg in which the particular reflector is

located – 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, beyond 4th
The selection of the Measurement modes (Peak Depth or Edge Depth) and the ability to
toggle the sound path reading are shown above. See section 6.3 on page 46.
Any signal breaking the gate threshold generates the display of sound path data.
Using the Gates 49

To setup information in the first leg of the sound path
1. Enter a value of 0 for material thickness into the EPOCH LT when calibrating.
2. Press [2nd F], [ANGLE] (THICKNESS).
3. Press [F1] or use [ ] until the thickness value reads 0.00. With this set-up, all sound path
data is treated as if the information is in the first leg.
When working beyond the first leg, it is imperative that you enter an exact thickness of the
material into the EPOCH LT. Press [2nd F], [ANGLE] (THICKNESS) and use [ ], [ ],
[ ], and [ ] to enter the proper thickness. You can also use the function keys to quickly
select preset values. This value is then used to calculate the depth to a reflector that lies beyond
the first leg.
6.6 Measuring Signal Amplitude
When estimating discontinuity size, the instrument is adjusted so that a particular gain setting
and screen height represent the echo amplitude produced by a known size reflector in a
reference standard. In general, a signal with smaller amplitude may indicate a smaller reflector
and a signal with higher amplitude may indicate a larger reflector than the reference standard.
Press [DEPTH/%AMPL] and then [F3] to display a direct on-screen readout of amplitude
information.
If an echo exceeds the gate threshold and the EPOCH LT is in the Amplitude mode, the
amplitude information for that echo is displayed as a percentage of full screen height as both
Current Amp and Amp Max.
50 Chapter 6
Figure 6-2 Amplitude mode displaying current Amp and Amp Max
Current refers to the real time percentage of screen height of the highest amplitude signal
within the gate.
The Amplitude Max display retains the highest amplitude of a signal that has broken the gate
threshold. If a higher amplitude signal is read, the Amplitude Max value is updated. Reset the
maximum amplitude value by pressing any one of the red gate keys.
If there is no echo within the gate, Current will read “_____%” indicating no reading was
taken.
6.7 Operating Time-of-Flight (TOF) Mode
The EPOCH LT is capable of displaying Time-of-Flight (TOF) sound path data for an echo
that breaks the gate. Time-of-Flight is the location of the reflector in terms of microseconds
(µs).
When the Time-of-Flight mode is turned on, all EPOCH LT distance parameters are displayed
using µs values instead of inches or millimeter values.
Using the Gates 51

Figure 6-3 Time-of-Flight mode displaying µs values
To setup the Time-of-Flight mode
1. Use the Setup menu to turn on Time-of-Flight mode.

2. Press [OPTION].
3. Move the highlight bar over Setup and press [ENTER].
4. Move the highlight bar over Unit and press [ENTER].
5. Move the highlight bar over µs Full Scale to view units full scale, or µs/DIVISION to
view in units per division and press [ENTER].
6. Press [OPTION] to return to the live screen.
6.8 Using the Zoom Feature
To zoom in on an indication, position Gate 1 over the area of interest and press [2nd F],
[RANGE] (ZOOM). The instrument automatically uses material delay to bring the point that
corresponds to the gate start to the screen’s left side and also adjusts the displayed range to
match the gate width. The new range equals the unzoomed gate width. The lowest achievable
value of the expanded range is equivalent to the minimum range of the instrument at the
current material velocity setting.
52 Chapter 6
Flaw Detection
Zoom is useful in certain flaw detection applications, for example, in the detection of faceted
defects such as inter-granular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC). The inspector’s job can be
complicated by the geometry of the test specimen and also by the specific characteristics of the
defect itself. In instances where the pipe counterbore is close to the weld root, it is possible to
have three signals that all appear quite close to each other, from the weld root, the counterbore,
and the crack itself. Use the Zoom function to improve the visual resolution of the EPOCH LT
display so that each individual signal can be more easily identified.
When evaluating a crack signal, the inspector’s attention is usually focused on the leading edge
of an indication. By observing the number and location of small peaks along the leading edge
of the signal, it is possible to make some assumptions regarding the presence and location of
different facets of the crack. Use the Zoom function to get a much more detailed view of an
indication and thus make better judgements regarding flaw location and depth.
Zoom is useful when inspecting particularly large or thick components when detail is lost due
to using long screen ranges. Use the Zoom function to look at small sections of the test piece
without disturbing the instrument’s original calibration.
6.9 Activating Gate Alarms
The EPOCH LT features a variety of alarm configurations that can be used in either the Single
or Dual Gate modes. An alarm on Gate 2 can only be set if Gate 2 is turned on by pressing
[GATE 2] and then pressing [F4] for ON.
6.9.1 Threshold Alarms

Threshold alarms can be set on Gate 1 and/or Gate 2.
To set a threshold alarm on Gate 1
1. Press [GATE 1] and use the start, width, and level parameters to position the gate over the
desired area.
2. Press [2nd F], [GATE 1] (ALARM 1). The alarm choices are displayed in the function
boxes at the bottom of the screen.
3. Press [F1] for positive logic or [F2] for negative logic. A negative logic alarm indicates a
signal is absent from the gate. A positive logic alarm indicates a signal is present within
the gate. Either Gate 1 or Gate 2 can be set positive or negative.
Using the Gates 53

Once a threshold alarm is activated, markers at the starting and ending points of the gate will
point upwards or downwards to indicate which type of alarm has been set.
Figure 6-4 Negative logic alarm
Figure 6-5 Positive logic alarm
54 Chapter 6
4. Press [2nd F], [GATE 1] (ALARM 1) and then press [F4] for OFF to shut off the Gate 1
alarm.
5. Press [2nd F], [GATE 2] (ALARM 2) and then press [F4] for OFF to shut off the Gate 2
alarm.
6.9.2 Minimum Depth Alarm

The EPOCH LT is equipped with a minimum depth alarm, which is triggered whenever the
current thickness reading falls below an operator defined level. Use the minimum depth alarm
with a single gate or in the optional Echo-to-Echo measurement mode. In Echo-to-Echo mode,
the cursor appears on the second gate. A cursor appears at the bottom of Gate 2 to indicate this
level.
6.9.3 Minimum Depth Alarm with a Single Gate

Minimum depth alarms can be set on Gate 1 and/or Gate 2.
To set a minimum depth alarm on Gate 1
1. Press [GATE 1] and use the start, width, and level parameters to position the gate over the
desired area. Be sure the gate start position is set to cover a range below the minimum
depth alarm value.
2. Press [2nd F], [GATE 1] (ALARM 1) to display the alarm choices in the function boxes
at the bottom of the screen. Press [F3] to activate the minimum depth alarm.
3. Use the [ ], [ ], [ ], and [ ] keys to set the desired minimum value. The range of
minimum depth values is limited by the gate start and width settings. The minimum depth
alarm value must be greater than the gate start value and less than the gate width value.
Once activated, a marker appears on the gate to indicate the current setting. Any indication
that exceeds the gate threshold to the left of the marker will activate the alarm.
4. Press [2nd F], [GATE 1] (ALARM 1) and then press [F4] to shut off the alarm.
6.9.4 Minimum Depth Alarm in the Optional Echo-to-Echo

Mode
Use the minimum depth alarm when making Echo-to-Echo thickness readings. In the
Echo-to-Echo mode, the minimum depth marker appears on Gate 2.
Using the Gates 55

To set the minimum depth alarm when in the Echo-to-Echo mode
1. Position Gate 1 and Gate 2 over the desired areas. (See section 6.4 on page 48.) Be sure
the start position of Gate 2 is set to cover a range below the minimum depth value that will
be used for the alarm.
2. Press [2nd F], [DEPTH/%AMP] (ECHO-ECHO) to activate the Echo-to-Echo
Measurement mode.
3. Press [2nd F], [GATE 2] (ALARM 2) to activate the alarm.
4. Press [F3] to select the minimum depth alarm.
5. Use the [ ], [ ], [ ], and [ ] keys to set the desired minimum value. The range of
minimum depth values is limited by the start and width settings of both gates. Gate 1 must
be positioned to detect the first back echo. Also, the minimum depth alarm value must be
greater than the blank period between Gate 1 and Gate 2 and less than the Gate 2 width
value.
6.9.5 Alarm Condition Storage

When an alarm is active, a capital letter A flashes to the right of the A-scan. Alarm conditions
can be saved in the EPOCH LT’s datalogger. All data with an alarm is flagged in memory by
the @ character before the ID.
56 Chapter 6
7. Calibrating the EPOCH LT
This chapter describes how to calibrate the EPOCH LT. Calibration is the process of adjusting
the unit so that it measures accurately on a particular material, using a particular transducer at a
particular temperature. You must adjust the Zero Offset and Velocity parameters of the
EPOCH LT during calibration. Zero Offset (sometimes referred to as probe delay)
compensates for the time between initiating the Main Bang and the entry of the sound into the
test piece. The unit must be programmed with the correct Velocity setting so that it matches the
material velocity of the test piece.
The EPOCH LT has an advanced Auto-Calibration feature, which provides for a fast and easy
calibration process. The following sections detail the procedure to calibrate the EPOCH LT
when using the four basic transducer configurations: straight beam, delay line, dual element,
and angle beam.
Note: Do NOT use the Auto-Calibration feature when the EPOCH LT is in the
following modes: Microsecond Time-Of-Flight, DAC or TVG.
• Getting Started
• Calibrating with a Straight Beam Transducer
• Calibrating with a Delay Line Transducer
• Calibrating with a Dual Element Transducer
• Calibrating with an Angle Beam Transducer
Calibrating the EPOCH LT 57

7.1 Getting Started
Until you are completely comfortable operating the EPOCH LT, we recommend that a basic
review and set-up procedure be used prior to starting the actual calibration. The split-screen
feature of the EPOCH LT is useful for this as it lets you simultaneously view the waveform
display and all instrument calibration data.
To setup the EPOCH LT before calibrating
1. Press [DISPLAY] to select the split screen display.

2. Press [2nd F], [VEL] (REJECT) to set the reject level to 0 %. Press [F1] or use the [ ]
slewing key to adjust the value to zero.
3. Press [GAIN] to select an initial gain value that is appropriate for the calibration and
adjust the value by using the direct access function keys or the [ ] and [ ] keys. If the
appropriate gain level is unknown, set the initial gain at 30 dB and adjust it as necessary
during calibration.
4. Press [VEL] to enter an approximate velocity for the test material and adjust the value
with the function keys or the [ ] and [ ] keys. If the velocity value is unknown, find a
starting value in the velocity in Appendix B on page 109 of this manual.
5. Press [RANGE] to set the range and then adjust the value using the function keys or the
[ ], [ ], [ ], or [ ] keys.
6. Press [2nd F], [ANGLE] (THICKNESS) to set the material thickness to 0.00 in. or
0.00 mm. Press [F1] or use the [ ] key to adjust the value to zero.
7. Press [ZERO OFFSET] to set the zero offset value to 0.00 µs. Press [F1] or use the [ ]
or [ ] keys to bring the initial pulse to the left side of the instrument screen.
8. Press [ANGLE] to enter the correct refracted angle for the probe (0 for a straight beam or
90 ° probe, 45 for a 45 °, etc.). Use the function keys to access preset values or adjust in
0.1 ° adjustments using the [ ] and [ ] keys.
7.2 Calibrating with a Straight Beam Transducer
Use Panametrics® AccuScan transducer part number A109S-RM with a frequency of 5.0 MHz
and an element diameter of 0.50 in. (13 mm) to perform the sample Straight Beam calibration.
The calibration requires a test block with two known thicknesses made from the material to be
measured. Ideally, the two thicknesses should represent thicknesses that are both below and
above the expected thickness of the material being inspected.
58 Chapter 7
For this example, we are using Panametrics® standard 5-step steel test block part number
2214E. The steps measure 0.100 in., 0.200 in., 0.300 in., 0.400 in., and 0.500 in.
Note: If the EPOCH LT is set to metric units, the calibration process is exactly
the same, except that the entries below will be in millimeters, rather than inches.
To calibrate using a Straight Beam transducer
1. Follow the initial set-up procedure outlined above. Connect the transducer to an
appropriate cable and then connect the cable to either of the transducer posts on the
EPOCH LT.
2. Press [CAL]. A Cal symbol appears to the right of the A-scan, signifying the EPOCH LT
is in the Auto-Calibration mode. To exit the Auto-Calibration mode at any point, press
[ENTER].
3. Couple the transducer to the THIN calibration block step. For this example, the transducer
is coupled to the 0.200 in. step. Depending on the frequency of the contact transducer
being used, it may be impossible to obtain a proper reading on a very thin material.
4. Position Gate 1 so that the first backwall echo from the known thickness step exceeds the
gate threshold. Adjust the gain setting so that the echo amplitude is approximately 80 %.
Figure 7-1 Calibrating for a thin block using a straight beam transducer

5. A thickness reading appears in large text above the A-scan. Once a steady reading is
achieved, press [ZERO OFFSET]. The screen freezes and a pop-up box appears on the
screen.
Use the [ ] and [ ] slewing keys to enter the exact known thickness of the test sample.
Figure 7-2 Entering a thin standard value
6. Press [CAL]. The display returns to the live A-scan. Couple the transducer to the THICK
calibration block step. For this example, the transducer is coupled to the 0.500 in. step.
7. Position Gate 1 so that the first backwall echo from the known thickness step is exceeding
the gate threshold. Adjust the gain setting so that the echo amplitude is approximately
80 %.
Figure 7-3 Calibrating for a thick block using a straight beam transducer
60 Chapter 7
8. A thickness reading appears in large text above the A-scan. Once a steady reading is
achieved, press [VEL]. The screen freezes and a pop-up box appears again on the screen.
Figure 7-4 Entering a thick standard value
9. Press [ENTER] to complete the Auto-Calibration. The Zero Offset and Velocity
parameters adjust automatically and the correct thickness reading of any gated echo
displays on the screen.
Note: It is possible to use the Auto-Calibration feature on a single test block of

known thickness. You can use multiple backwall echoes instead of coupling on both a
thin step and a thick step. You can leave the transducer coupled on the thin step, move
the gate over to one of the multiple backwall echoes and enter the correct sound path
thickness (2, 3, 4, etc. multiple of the first backwall echo) during the velocity portion of
the calibration.
7.3 Calibrating with a Delay Line Transducer
The sample delay line calibration described below is performed using Panametrics®
VideoScan transducer part number V202-RM, with a frequency of 10.0 MHz and an element
diameter of 0.25 in. (6 mm). The calibration requires a test block with two known thicknesses
made from the material to be measured. Ideally, the two thicknesses measurements are both
below and above the expected thickness of the material to be inspected.
For this example, we are using a Panametrics standard 5-step steel test block part number
2211E. The steps measure 0.100 in., 0.200 in., 0.300 in., 0.400 in., and 0.500 in.

Note: If the EPOCH LT is set to work in metric units, the calibration process is
exactly the same, except that the entries below will be in millimeters, rather than
inches.
To calibrate using a Delay Line transducer
1. Follow the initial set-up procedure outlined in section 7.1 on page 58.
Connect the transducer to an appropriate cable and then connect the cable to either of the
transducer posts on the EPOCH LT. With a Zero Offset of 0.000 µs, the Main Bang (or
excitation pulse) should appear on the left side of the screen.
Increase the Zero Offset until the Main Bang moves off the left side of the screen and the
interface echo from the end of the delay line tip appears on the screen.
Verify that the echo represents the end of the delay by tapping your finger on the end of
the couplant-coated delay line. This dampens the signal and the echo should jump up and
down on the screen. Use the Zero Offset to move this echo to the left side of the screen so
that it is barely visible.
2. Press [CAL]. A Cal symbol will appear to the right of the A-scan, signifying the
EPOCH LT is in the Auto-Calibration mode. To exit the Auto-Calibration mode at any
point, press [ENTER].
will be coupled to the 0.100 in. step.
80 %. A thickness reading appears in large text above the A-scan.
Note: Make sure it is the first backwall echo being gated, not a multiple echo
from the end of the delay line tip.
62 Chapter 7
Figure 7-5 Calibrating for a thin block using a delay line transducer
5. Press [ZERO OFFSET] once the reading is steady. The screen freezes and a pop-up box
appears on the screen.
80 %. A thickness reading appears in large text above the A-scan.

Figure 7-7 Calibrating for a thick block using a delay line transducer
8. Press [VEL] once the reading is steady. The screen freezes and a pop-up box appears
again on the screen.
parameters adjust automatically, and the correct thickness reading of any gated echo is
displayed on the screen.
64 Chapter 7
Note: It is possible to use Auto-Calibration on a single test block of known
thickness. You can use “multiple backwall echoes” instead of coupling on both a thin
step and a thick step. You can leave the transducer coupled on the thin step, and instead
move the gate over to one of the multiple backwall echoes and enter the correct sound
path thickness (2, 3, 4, etc. multiple of the first backwall echo) during the velocity
portion of the calibration.
7.4 Calibrating with a Dual Element Transducer
The sample delay line calibration described below is performed using Panametrics®
transducer part number DHC711-RM, with a frequency of 5.0 MHz and an element diameter
of 0.25 in. (6 mm). The calibration requires a test block with two known thicknesses made
from the material to be measured. Ideally, the two thicknesses should represent thicknesses that
are both below and above the expected thickness of the material to be inspected.
For this example, we are using a Panametrics standard 5-step steel test block part number
2214E. It has steps measuring 0.100 in., 0.200 in., 0.300 in., 0.400 in., and 0.500 in.
Note: If the EPOCH LT is set to work in metric units, the calibration process is
exactly the same, except that the entries below will be in millimeters, rather than
inches.

Note: Due to acoustic characteristics of dual transducers, a non-linearity in the
distance calibration occurs as the thickness of the material decreases. The point of
maximum sensitivity is determined by the “roof angle” of the particular dual
transducer. We recommend that the distance calibration is carried out using a step block
that covers the range of interest. Be careful interpreting thickness readings made
outside the calibrated range. The EPOCH LT does not have V-Path Correction,
therefore, there may be some non-linearity within the calibrated range depending on
the minimum thickness used in the calibration process.
The zero offset value of dual element transducers can vary significantly at extreme
temperatures. If the temperature changes more than a few degrees from the temperature
at which the zero offset value was established, re-check its value. If thickness
measurements are to be made over a wide temperature range, we strongly recommend
the use of Panametrics® dual transducers that are designed for high temperature
applications. These have built-in delay lines with a stable sound velocity that does not
change significantly with temperature. Specific recommendations are Panametrics
D790-SM and D791 dual element transducers.
To calibrate using a Dual Element transducer
Connect the transducer to an appropriate cable and then connect the cable to the
transducer posts on the EPOCH LT. Change the Test mode to Dual. Also, when using a
dual element transducer, the Gain setting is generally set very high so that the leading edge
of the backwall echoes appears as near-vertical lines on the screen. The leading edge is
then used when making thickness measurements. For this reason, the EPOCH LT should
be set to Edge Detection mode.
is in the Auto-Calibration mode. To exit the Auto-Calibration mode at any point, press
[ENTER].
will be coupled to the 0.100 in. step. As noted above, a higher Gain setting is required to
produce a clean leading edge of the signal. Do not be concerned with the jagged peaks of
the echo. Concentrate on the leading edge only.
4. Position Gate 1 so that the leading edge of the backwall echo from the known thickness
step is exceeding the gate threshold. A thickness reading appears in large text above the
A-scan.
66 Chapter 7
Figure 7-9 Calibrating for a thin block using a dual element transducer
7. Position Gate 1 so that the leading edge of the backwall echo from the known thickness
step is exceeding the gate threshold. A thickness reading appears in large text above the
A-scan.

Figure 7-11 Calibrating for a thick block using a dual element transducer
parameters adjust automatically, and the correct thickness reading of any gated echo is
displayed on the screen.
68 Chapter 7
7.5 Calibrating with an Angle Beam Transducer
The sample angle beam calibration described below is performed using Panametrics®
transducer part number A420S-SB, with a frequency of 2.25 MHz and an element diameter of
0.625 in. × 0.625 in. The transducer is mounted on a 45 ° wedge, part number ABWS-6-45.
We recommend using either an ASTM E-164 IIW Type I or a U.S. Air Force IIW Type II
Calibration Block for this procedure. The steps below use a Panametrics IIW Type I carbon
steel calibration block, part number TB7541-1.
To calibrate using an Angle Beam transducer
Connect the transducer to an appropriate cable and then connect the cable to either of the
transducer posts on the EPOCH LT.
2. Enter the correct refracted angle for the transducer/wedge combination. For this example,
enter 45 °.
3. Enter the approximate shear wave velocity of the material being inspected. For this
example using carbon steel, enter a velocity of 0.1280 in./µs (3251 mm/µs if working in
metric units).
4. Enter an appropriate range for the test block being used. For this example, enter a range of
10.000 in. (250.00 mm if working in metric units).
See section 7.5.1 on page 70, section 7.5.2 on page 71, section 7.5.3 on page 73 and
section 7.5.4 on page 76 for the following procedures:
• Locating the Beam Index Point (B.I.P.) of the probe

• Verifying the Refracted Angle (Beta)
• Calibrating for Distance
• Calibrating for Sensitivity
Note: If the EPOCH LT is set to work in metric units in each procedure listed
above, the calibration process is exactly the same, except that the entries below will be
in millimeters, rather than inches.

7.5.1 Locating the Beam Index Point (B.I.P.)
To locate the BIP
1. Couple the probe to the test block at the “0” mark.
IIW Type 1
Reference block
Figure 7-13 Reference block displaying the “0” mark
2. Manipulate the probe until a high amplitude signal appears on the screen after the Main
Bang. This is the reflection from the large arc of the block that is located on the Type I
block at 4 in. (100 mm).
3. Move the probe forward and backward to bring the echo to its maximum amplitude (peak
it up). Make sure the echoes do not exceed 100 %. Reduce the Gain setting if necessary.
Note: The Peak Memory feature on the EPOCH LT is an excellent tool to aid
in finding the BIP. Press [PEAK MEM] to turn on the feature. This feature draws and
collects the echo envelope of the signal while also drawing the live waveform. Match
the live waveform with the maximum point corresponding to the previously
accumulated echo dynamic curve. Refer to Figure 7-13 on page 70 for a detailed
schematic of using the Peak Memory feature to find the BIP. Press [PEAK MEM]
again to turn off the feature.
70 Chapter 7
Figure 7-14 Locating the beam index point
4. Hold the probe stationary once you have peaked up the signal and mark the side of the
transducer wedge directly over the “0” mark on the block. This is the BIP – the point at
which the sound leaves the wedge and enters the material with maximum energy.
7.5.2 Verifying the Refracted Angle (Beta)

The refracted angle of the probe should already have been previously entered into the
EPOCH LT in the initial steps of the calibration procedure. Although the wedge may be
marked 45 °, for example, the actual refracted angle may be slightly different due to the
properties of the test material or the amount of wear on the wedge. It is necessary to verify the
actual angle. This ensures the EPOCH LT’s sound path calculations are accurate.
To verify the refracted angle
1. Position the probe over the appropriate angle mark on the block, which is 45 ° for this
example.

IIW Type 1
Reference block
Figure 7-15 Verifying the refracted angle
2. Move the probe backward and forward to “peak up” the echo coming from the large
circular hold in the side of the block. The circular hole may be filled with Plexiglas, but
the procedure is the same.
Note: The Peak Memory feature on the EPOCH LT is an excellent tool to aid
in finding the peak of the signal.
3. Hold the probe stationary once you have peaked up the signal. Note the degree mark on
the block that lines up with the BIP, which you marked on the side of the wedge in the
previous step. This is the actual refracted angle (Beta) for this particular transducer and
wedge in steel.
If this value for Beta differs from the value entered previously, enter the corrected angle
now via the [ANGLE] key and the [ ], [ ], [ ], and [ ] keys.
72 Chapter 7
7.5.3 Calibrating for Distance
Note: This step differs depending on which type of IIW calibration block is
used. The ASTM E-164 IIW Type I Block, which has a crescent cut in the side,
produces echoes at 4 in. (100 mm) and 9 in. (225 mm) on the screen. The U.S. Air
Force IIW Type II Block, which has a large cutout in the side, produces echoes at 2 in.
and 4 in. on the screen. The procedure below uses Panametrics® IIW Type I carbon
steel calibration block, part number TB7541-1.
We recommend that the EPOCH LT’s Range parameter be set to 10 in. (250 mm) for
this step. Regardless of whether a Type I or Type II Calibration block is used, this
should ensure that the echoes from the block are visible on screen.
To calibrate for distance
1. Couple the probe to the block so that the BIP is directly over the “0” mark on the ASTM
test block (or the Air Force block.) Do not move the transducer from this point during
this step.
is in Auto-Calibration mode. To exit Auto-Calibration mode at any point, press
[ENTER].
3. Position Gate 1 so that the echo reflection from the 4 in. arc is exceeding the gate
threshold. This should be the first large echo after the Main Bang.
4. Adjust the gain setting so that the echo amplitude is approximately 80 %. A thickness
reading appears in large text above the A-scan.

Figure 7-16 Calibrating for distance
6. Press [CAL]. The display returns to the live A-scan. Position Gate 1 so that the echo from
the 1 in. crescent is exceeding the gate threshold. This echo is generally located at
approximately the ninth or tenth screen division and usually the 3rd echo after the Main
Bang.
7. Adjust the Gain setting so that this echo amplitude is approximately 40 %. A thickness
reading appears in large text above the A-scan.
74 Chapter 7
Note: Another echo may be present on the screen at approximately the eighth or
ninth screen division. Disregard this echo as it is usually the result of beam spreading
and sound bouncing off the side of the block. Make sure Gate 1 is not over this echo.
Figure 7-18 Adjusting the gain

parameters adjust automatically, and the correct sound path readings of any gated echoes
are displayed on the screen.
7.5.4 Calibrating for Sensitivity

The final step in the angle beam calibration is to calibrate for sensitivity. This lets you set up a
reference gain level.
1. Couple the probe to the IIW calibration block so that the transducer is aimed at the
0.060 in. diameter side drilled hole, which is used as a reference reflector.
IIW Type 1
Reference block
Figure 7-20 IIW calibration block with 0.060 in. diameter drilled hole
2. Move the probe forward and backward until you have “peaked up” the return signal from
the hole (that is, found the maximum amplitude).
Tip: The Peak Memory feature on the EPOCH LT is an excellent tool to aid in
finding the peak of the signal.
3. Adjust the system sensitivity (Gain) up or down once the echo is peaked up to bring the
reference reflector signal to a predetermined reference line on the screen. In this example,
the echo is brought to 80 % of full screen height.
4. Press [2nd F], [GAIN] (REF) to lock in the reference gain level and add/subtract scanning
gain separately.
5. Press the function keys once the reference gain functions are activated to select between
adding or subtracting in 0.1 dB or 6.0 dB increments.
76 Chapter 7
Figure 7-21 Locking the reference gain to add/subtract scanning gain

78 Chapter 7
8. Managing the Datalogger and Data
Communication Features
This chapter describes how to manage the EPOCH LT datalogger, which is designed for ease
of use while providing a wide range of features for virtually all flaw detection and thickness
gaging requirements. It includes the following capabilities:
• Data organized by file and identifier (ID) code

• Numeric file names and identifier codes
• On-screen scroll/review of file contents
• Ability to transfer data between the unit and a PC
• Defining the Datalogger Storage Capacity

• Using the Memory Screen
• Entering Numeric File Names and ID Codes
• Creating Files and ID Codes
• Saving Waveforms and Thickness Readings
• Incrementing ID Codes
• Recalling Transducer Calibrations and Waveforms
8.1 Defining the Datalogger Storage Capacity
The EPOCH LT datalogger stores the following data:
• Thickness Reading
— Identifier (ID) code
— Alarm conditions
Managing the Datalogger and Data Communication Features 79

— Peak/Edge Depth Mode Indicator
— Sound path leg of measurement
— Thickness/Sound path values (Edge or Peak Depth mode), Current and Maximum
Amplitude data (Amplitude mode), or Time-of-Flight data (Microsecond mode)
• Complete Waveform/Parameter Setup
— All data listed in the Thickness Reading section
— Waveform screen
— Peak Memory echo envelope
— Complete setup parameters
— Flag status (Freeze, Zoom, Peak Memory, etc.)
The EPOCH LT datalogger can store a maximum combination of 2,000 thickness readings or
100 waveforms.
Note: A software option is available to increase the storage capacity to

10,000 thickness readings or 500 waveforms. (See section 9.5 on page 96.)
The EPOCH LT can save information in 500 separate files. Files 1–9 are fixed files, meaning
that each file can only store one complete waveform/parameter setup with an associated
identifier (ID) code. This structure allows you to easily create and recall transducer
calibrations since each file can contain only one setup.
Files 10–500 are flexible files, which can store numerous thickness readings, waveforms, and
memos. Thickness readings and waveform data can coexist in the same file. Calibration
waveform/parameter setups can also be stored in these files and recalled to the live screen.
8.2 Using the Memory Screen
To enter the Memory screen, press [2nd F] (ID). The Memory screen is split into two windows.
• Lower window: displays a directory of files

• Upper window: displays the file contents
To toggle between the two windows, press [F1]. Other function key prompts appear when
applicable.
80 Chapter 8
The remaining available memory is displayed between the File Content and File Directory
windows. Press [F5] to exit and return to the live screen.
File content
window
File directory
window
Figure 8-1 Memory screen (no stored files)
8.3 Entering Numeric File Names and ID Codes
You can use the EPOCH LT datalogger for thorough documentation of inspection data. Enter a
filename along with the date and time for each file to organize inspection data. Also, you can
enter up to a 16-digit identifier string for each saved waveform or thickness measurement.
To enter numbers
1. Use the up and down arrows to enter the numbers 0–9.

2. Use the left and right arrows to move to the previous or next space.

Tip: From the live A-scan screen, use the function keys as shortcuts. For
example:
F1: Enter any number between 0–9
F2: Move to the previous space
F3: Move to the next space
F4: Delete an entry
F5: Exit the screen
8.4 Creating Files and ID Codes
Thickness readings and waveforms are stored in the EPOCH LT datalogger in a file with an
associated ID. You can either manually enter file names and IDs using the EPOCH LT’s
keypad, or create them in the GageView Interface Program and download them to the
instrument. (Contact Olympus or your local representative for more information on the
GageView Interface Program.)
You can create file names in the EPOCH LT’s Memory screen in preparation for saving
thickness readings and waveforms. On entering the memory screen, a cursor appears at the first
available empty file location. If the cursor is flashing over an existing file, use the down arrow
key to move to the next available empty file location. You can enter a filename, date, and time.
File number File name Date Time Note
Figure 8-2 Entering file information
The following rules and conditions apply:
• The file name is limited to eight characters with an extension of three characters. If no file
name is assigned, the instrument automatically assigns a generic name FILENAME.001,
FILENAME.002, and so forth.
82 Chapter 8
• You can manually enter the date and time.
Once the file name is created, press [DISPLAY] to return to the live screen. Whatever file is
open (designated by a flashing cursor) is the file that begins to have data saved to it when
returning to the live A-scan. The file name displays continually at the top left screen.
Before any data is stored in the file, press [ID] to enter the first Identification (ID) code. A
cursor appears at the ID entry line at the top right side of the screen. Use the slewing keys or
the function keys to enter the ID. To redo an entry, use the left arrow key to backspace or press
[ID] a second time and a blank line will appear. To toggle back to the original ID, press [ID]
again.
8.5 Saving Waveforms and Thickness Readings
Follow the steps outlined in section 8.4 on page 82 to setup a file name in the Memory screen
and an Identifier (ID) file in the live screen.
The EPOCH LT can save two types of data:
• Thickness Readings: Press [SAVE THICK] to save the ID code along with the displayed
depth, amplitude, or TOF value. The waveform and the setup parameters will NOT be
saved during this process and these IDs CANNOT be recalled to the live screen. Saving
this limited data allows the EPOCH LT to store a larger number of individual IDs and
corresponding measurement values (2,000 readings or 10,000 readings with the Expanded
Memory option).
• Waveforms: Press [SAVE WAVE] to save all waveform data and setup parameters in the
datalogger. These IDs can be recalled to the live screen to restore the instrument’s settings
to what they were when the calibration/waveform was initially saved. The EPOCH LT can
save a total of 100 (500 with the Expanded Memory option) complete
waveform/parameters setups.
Data is saved in the EPOCH LT datalogger in the currently displayed file and tagged with the
ID code displayed on the screen. The ID code automatically increments to the next ID in
preparation for saving additional data. (See section 8.6 on page 84.)
To save thickness readings and waveforms to a different file already created in the EPOCH LT
or a completely new file, return to the Memory screen and position the highlight bar over the
desired filename (or on a newly created filename.) When you return to the live screen, the
EPOCH LT saves data at whichever file was highlighted when the Memory screen was exited.
The file name is also displayed on the top left of the live screen.

Note: Every time the EPOCH LT is initially turned on, the next available blank
file is displayed. The top left portion of the screen displays a blank line indicating that
no file has been selected. If you enter an ID and then attempt to start saving data, the
EPOCH LT automatically creates a new file name where the data is stored. The file is
named FILENAME.XXX, where the extension incrementally increases depending on
the number of untitled files created.
8.6 Incrementing ID Codes
This feature automatically increments the EPOCH LT’s ID code every time you press the
[SAVE THICK] or [SAVE WAVE] key. You do not have to enter a new ID every time a
reading is saved. For example, a user wants to save several readings when inspecting an
aircraft wing. Begin by entering an initial ID of “01”. Press [SAVE THICK] or [SAVE
WAVE] to save desired thickness readings and waveforms. Every time you press one of these
keys, the ID code listed at the top of the screen increments by one character value. In this
example, the first thickness reading/waveform is saved with an ID code of “01,” the second
one with an ID code of “02,” and so on.
Some guidelines for the auto-ID incrementing features are:
• Only the portion of the ID consisting of digits and letters (no punctuation marks)
beginning with the rightmost letter and extending leftward to the first punctuation mark or
leftmost character (whichever comes first) is incremented.
• To have the EPOCH LT properly increment, first create and hold using zeros the
maximum number of needed digit positions. To save 999 readings, enter “001” as the first
ID code. If an initial ID code of “1” is entered, the EPOCH LT only increments up to “9”
and beeps. The message error – “Id Cannot Increment” appears. Press [F1] to exit and
enter a new ID code to continue saving readings.
• After saving several readings to a file, you may want to save data to a different file. If you
return to a file where data has already been saved, the ID code displays the next available
ID (incremented after the last save).
• To interrupt the auto-ID sequencing, press the [ID] key and enter a new ID code. The new
ID code then increments in the same fashion.
84 Chapter 8
Note: It is possible to create a list of ID’s in the GageView Interface Program
and then transmit this list to the instrument. When you select this file to save
information, the unit automatically begins to incrementally fill the ID database created
in the PC. Contact Olympus or your local representative for details regarding ordering
the GageView Interface Program.
8.7 Recalling Transducer Calibrations and Waveforms
The EPOCH LT datalogger is designed to let you quickly review the contents of saved files,
and then recall saved transducer calibrations to the live screen.
To recall a saved calibration
1. Press the [2nd F] (ID) to enter the Memory screen.

2. Use the slewing keys to select the file where the desired calibration is located.
3. When the file is highlighted, press [F1] to enter the Contents screen.
4. Use the slewing keys to scroll through the selected file. Only IDs with saved
waveform/parameter setups can be recalled to the live screen. The ID name being viewed
displays at the top of the screen. As you scroll through the file, this ID will continually
change.
a) When an ID is listed that has a corresponding waveform and setup parameters saved
with it, a Recall selection is available by pressing [F2].
b) The Recall selection disappears when an ID is listed that contains a measurement
value only (depth, amplitude, or TOF).
5. Press [F2] for Recall when the appropriate ID is listed at the top of the screen. The
calibration is recalled and the EPOCH LT is in the Freeze mode. You cannot change any
parameters while in Freeze mode.
6. Press [FREEZE] to go to the live screen. The EPOCH LT is ready for use with the same
parameter settings used when this calibration was initially saved.

86 Chapter 8
9. Using Software Options
This chapter describes the different software options available for the EPOCH LT. The
EPOCH LT is intended to be a highly versatile instrument. It is capable of being configured to
perform specialized functions related to certain applications or code requirements. Because
some inspectors may not make use of these functions, these functions are offered as software
options. Contract Olympus or your local representative for information on ordering these
options.
• Defining Active/Inactive Options

• Distance Amplitude Correction
• Time Varied Gain
• Low Pulse Repetition Frequency
• Expanded Memory
• Echo-to-Echo Measurement Mode
• Extended Range
• Curved Surface Correction
• AWS D1.1/D1.5
Using Software Options 87

9.1 Defining Active/Inactive Options
Software options are accessed using the [OPTION] key. The menu displays a list of available
options, each with a triangle or box preceding it. Table 5 on page 88 describes each symbol:
Table 5 Active/inactive software options
Symbol Description
Unfilled triangle () or box () The option is not activated.
Filled triangle () The option is active.
To activate an option, move the highlight bar over a

desired selection using the slewing keys and press
[ENTER].
Filled box () The option is active, and no further adjustment is

necessary.
9.2 Distance Amplitude Correction
A Distance Amplitude Correction (DAC) curve is used to plot amplitude variations of signals
from reflectors of the same size, but at different distances from the transducer. Normally, these
reflectors produce echoes of varying amplitude due to material attenuation and spreading of
the sound beam. The purpose of a DAC curve is to graphically compensate for material
attenuation, nearfield effects, beam spread, and surface roughness.
After plotting a DAC curve, reflectors that are the same size as those used for creation of the
curve produce echoes that peak along the curve despite different locations in the test piece.
Similarly, reflectors that are smaller than those used to create the curve fall below the level,
while larger reflectors exceed the curve level.
With the use of the DAC curve option, the EPOCH LT is capable of drawing user-defined
DAC curves. It is possible to select formats that are consistent with either ASME, ASME-3, or
JIS Z3060 code requirements.
When the ASME format is selected, a single curve is drawn. The ASME-3 format lets you
draw three curves simultaneously at 0 dB, –6 dB, and –12 dB. When the JIS format is selected,
up to eight segmented curves are drawn.
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In all formats, the signal amplitude as a percentage of the primary curve level is displayed on
the screen. Users can select to view this value in terms of a “%” or “dB.” In addition, DAC
alarms can be set to activate whenever an echo exceeds the primary curve level. DAC curves
can be saved in the EPOCH LT datalogger and recalled when needed.
9.2.1 Drawing DAC Curves

To draw a DAC curve
1. Calibrate the EPOCH LT for the appropriate transducer. Adjust the Gain so the peak of the
highest amplitude echo that is to be used in the DAC curve is visible on the screen. An
echo cannot be used in the curve if its amplitude is greater than 100 % screen height.
2. Press [OPTION].
3. Use the slewing keys to position the highlight bar over the DAC selection, and press
[ENTER] to display the DAC setup choices.
4. Use the slewing keys and the [ENTER] key to select the DAC standard (ASME,
ASME-3, or JIS) and the signal amplitude units (% DAC or dB DAC).
5. Press [OPTION] to return to the A-scan display.
6. Position Gate 1 over the desired echo to begin drawing the DAC curve. Adjust the gate
level if necessary to make sure the echo breaks the gate. Press [F1].
7. Move Gate 1 to the appropriate position to capture the next point for the curve.
8. Press [F1]. Repeat this step until all points for the curve are captured.
9. Press [F2] to complete the curve once the last point is captured.
Tip: To correct a mistake made while drawing the curve, press [F3] to clear the
curve and start again.

Figure 9-1 Creating a DAC curve
When the DAC mode is active, any parameter that would affect instrument calibration is
automatically locked. This includes: [GAIN], [RANGE], [ZERO OFFSET], [VELOCITY],
[ANGLE], [REJECT], and all pulser and filter parameters.
To obtain amplitude information in the DAC mode, press [DEPTH /%AMP], and [F3]. If you
highlight the % DAC selection in the DAC setup screen, the EPOCH LT displays the current
echo height percentage (in terms of full screen height) and the percentage of the echo related to
the primary DAC curve level. If DB DAC is selected, the current echo height percentage (in
terms of full screen height) and the dB value of the echo related to the primary DAC curve
level are displayed.
Once the curve is complete, the Reference Gain function can be activated by pressing [2nd F],
[GAIN] (REF DB). This key sequence locks in a reference gain level and allows scanning
gain to be added or subtracted to accommodate specific applications. For example, if it is
required to evaluate any reflector that exceeds 50 % of the DAC level, 6 dB of scanning gain
can be added. In this manner, the DAC curve when used in conjunction with the Amplitude
DAC display and DAC alarm becomes an easy reference to determine if an indication exceeds
the evaluation level. Note that the additional scanning gain cannot be added to the original
reference gain level as this would change the calibration and invalidate the DAC curve.
90 Chapter 9
Note: The Zoom function is active after setting up a DAC curve. When
zooming in on a particular echo, the DAC curve temporarily disappears. The curve
reappears when zooming back out. The A-scan waveform can also be saved when in
the Zoom mode, however, the DAC curve is not saved with the waveform.
9.2.2 Special Considerations for JIS Z3060 DAC Curves

In general, the instructions in section 9.2.1 on page 89 apply to the construction of all DAC
curves. However, there are some special provisions that have been made to address the
requirements of JIS Z3060. These considerations are listed below.
• Because of the large number of curves drawn for the JIS DAC mode, it is possible to
temporarily add 6 dB, 12 dB, 18 dB, or 24 dB of additional gain while constructing the
DAC curve set. The purpose of this feature is to facilitate construction of additional curves
when testing at longer ranges. Once construction of the curve set has begun, add up to
24 dB of additional gain through repeated presses of the [GAIN] key. In order to make
clear that gain has been added while constructing the curve, the gain appears as follows:
“GAIN 46.2 dB + 6,” “GAIN 46.2 dB + 12,” etc. Once the curve set is completed, the gain
is reset to its original level (46.2 dB in this example).
• It is possible to change Angle, Material Thickness, Zero Offset, and Gain in the normal
manner when in the JIS DAC mode. Be careful when adjusting these parameters to ensure
that the relationship of DAC curves to material thickness or distance is not unintentionally
altered.
• Any of the six curves can be used to trip the alarm when in the JIS DAC mode.
Additionally, you can set the alarm to positive or negative. To select which curve will be
used as the alarm reference level, first activate JIS DAC and then use the [F4] and [F5]
function keys to select which curve to use for the alarm threshold. The selected curve
appears as a double thickness line. Once a curve has been selected, an alarm can be
activated and set to be either positive or negative threshold detection by pressing [2nd F],
[GATE 1] (ALARM 1) and following the prompts.
• When the JIS DAC mode is active, the amplitude (level) of a gated signal is always
displayed as a percentage (% DAC or dB DAC) with respect to the selected curve. If a
different curve is selected, the displayed amplitude changes accordingly.

9.2.3 Saving and Recalling DAC Curves
DAC curves are saved and recalled in the same manner as any general waveform/calibration.
With DAC mode active, use the [SAVE WAVE] key to save the entire setup in the datalogger.
When a setup that was stored with a DAC curve is recalled, the instrument automatically
comes up in the DAC mode.
9.2.4 Setting Alarms in DAC Mode

You can use the gates to set alarms while DAC is active. When using the ASME or ASME-3
DAC modes, all alarms are referenced to the primary curve. When using the JIS DAC mode,
alarms are referenced to the highlighted alarm curve. For example, any DAC alarm can be set
by using the positive threshold alarm on either Gate 1 or Gate 2. Any echo that falls within the
gate and exceeds the DAC level triggers the alarm. The alarm is triggered only if an echo
exceeds the portion of the DAC curve immediately above the gate. This same rule applies to
the use of the minimum depth and negative threshold alarms while in DAC.
Note: Alarms do not function in the area outside of the DAC curve.
9.2.5 Exiting DAC Mode

To clear the DAC curve and return to the normal operation
1. Press [OPTION].
2. Use the slewing keys to highlight the DAC selection and press [ENTER] to go into the
DAC setup.
3. Use the slewing keys to highlight Off and press [ENTER].
9.3 Time Varied Gain
The Time Varied Gain (TVG) option compensates for the changes in echo amplitude from
equal sized reflectors at different distances due to material attenuation and beam spreading.
When TVG is properly set up, equal sized reflectors produce indications of equal screen height
92 Chapter 9
regardless of their distance from the transducers. TVG has a dynamic range of 40 dB with a
minimum echo height of approximately 5 %.
Note the following items when using the TVG option:
• TVG is active in all display modes (RF, Full Wave, Half Wave +, and Half Wave -).
• TVG and DAC may not be activated simultaneously.
• Up to 20 TVG calibration points may be programmed, separated by a minimum of
0.52 microsecond (approximately 0.06 in. or 1.5 mm at longitudinal velocity in steel).
• The minimum full screen range must be set greater than approximately 1 in. (25 mm) at
longitudinal velocity of steel to activate TVG. After a TVG curve is set up, it is possible to
zoom in to smaller ranges than 1.000 in.
• The maximum full screen range must be set less than approximately 120 in. (3050 mm) at
the longitudinal velocity of steel to activate TVG.
• TVG must be set up with the aid of reference standards that generate representative echoes
at the points of interest.
9.3.1 Activating and Calibrating TVG

To activate and calibrate TVG
1. Calibrate the EPOCH LT for the appropriate transducer.

2. Adjust the Gain so the peak of the highest amplitude echo to be used in the TVG setup is
visible on the screen. An echo cannot be used at a TVG point if its amplitude is greater
than 100 % screen height.
3. Press [OPTION] to display the Options menu.
4. Use the slewing keys to position the highlight bar over the TVG selection, and press
[ENTER] to display the TVG setup choices.
5. Use the slewing keys and the [ENTER] key to select On.
7. To set a TVG point, position Gate 1 over the desired echo. Adjust the gate level if
necessary to make sure that the echo breaks the gate. Press [F1]. Generally, you should
start with the highest amplitude calibration echo and work down to the smallest one.
You can go back to fine tune the gain level at any selected point by repositioning the gate
on the appropriate echo and pressing [F1] again. If a point is outside the allowable time
limits, the unit beeps to indicate an error.
8. Move Gate 1 to the appropriate position to capture the next point for the curve and press
[F1] again. Repeat this step until all points for the curve are captured.

9. Press [F2] when all echoes have been set to lock the TVG setup. The letters “TVG” will
appear to the right of the screen to indicate that TVG is active. A double thickness line
appears at the top of the display to mark the area over which TVG has been programmed.
Figure 9-2 TVG example
When TVG mode is active, any parameter that would affect instrument calibration is
automatically locked. This includes: [GAIN], [ZERO OFFSET], [VELOCITY], [ANGLE],
[REJECT], and all pulser and filter parameters.
Once the TVG setup is complete, you can activate the Reference Gain function by pressing
[2nd F], [GAIN] (REF DB). This locks in a reference gain level and allows scanning gain to
be added or subtracted to accommodate specific applications. Note that the additional scanning
gain cannot be added to the original reference gain level as this would change the calibration
and invalidate the TVG setup.
9.3.2 Saving and Recalling TVG Setups

TVG setups are saved and recalled in the same manner as any general waveform/calibration.
With TVG mode active, the [SAVE WAVE] key is used to save the entire setup in the
datalogger. When a setup that was stored with a TVG setup is recalled, the instrument
automatically comes up in TVG mode.
94 Chapter 9
9.3.3 Exiting TVG Mode
To clear the TVG setup and return to the normal operation
1. Press [OPTION].
2. Use the slewing keys to highlight the TVG selection and press [ENTER] to go into the
TVG setup.
3. Use the slewing keys to highlight Off and press [ENTER].
9.4 Low Pulse Repetition Frequency
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) is a measure of how often the transducer is being pulsed by
the electronic circuitry in the EPOCH LT. The standard PRF setting of the EPOCH LT is
“Auto,” where the PRF changes automatically from 60 Hz to 180 Hz depending on the range
setting.
For some applications, it may be necessary to lower the PRF rate below 60 Hz to avoid a
phenomenon known as “wrap-around noise.” This can sometimes occur when testing long
sound paths and can result in random noise and echoes on the A-scan display. When the Low
PRF option is activated, the EPOCH LT maintains a fixed PRF of 30 Hz.
9.4.1 Activating Low PRF Mode

To activate the Low PRF mode
1. Press [OPTION].
2. Use the slewing keys to highlight the PRF selection and press [ENTER].
3. Use the slewing keys to highlight LOW and press [ENTER].
4. Press [OPTION] to return to the A-scan display. A “PRF” symbol displays on the right
side of the screen to indicate that the Low PRF mode is enabled.
9.4.2 Exiting Low PRF Mode

To exit the Low PRF mode
1. Press [OPTION].
2. Use the slewing keys to highlight the PRF selection and press [ENTER].

3. Use the slewing keys to highlight Off, and press [ENTER].
9.5 Expanded Memory
The standard datalogger capacity in the EPOCH LT allows for a combination of

100 waveforms/calibrations or 2,000 thickness readings. The Expanded Memory option
provides the EPOCH LT with a total capacity of 500 waveforms/calibrations or
10,000 thickness readings.
If an EPOCH LT is purchased with the Expanded Memory option, there is no further setup that
is required by you. The instrument’s datalogger is simply able to store more information before
reaching its capacity.
To confirm that the Expanded Memory option is active in a particular EPOCH LT, press the
[OPTION] key. If the Expanded Mem selection has a filled-in box next to it, the option is
active.
Note: To determine the remaining capacity in the EPOCH LT datalogger, press

[2nd F] (ID) to enter the datalogger screen. The remaining number of waveforms or
thickness readings that can be saved is displayed in the center of the screen.
9.6 Echo-to-Echo Measurement Mode
Using the Echo-to-Echo software option, you can make measurements between successive
echoes. Measurements can be made between two consecutive backwall echoes or between an
interface echo and any other selected signal. This provides the capability to measure thickness
through coatings or to do low speed immersion testing. A second gate (Gate 2) is used to
capture data from the second backwall echo. Echo-to-Echo readings are made by calculating
the separation between the detected echoes in Gate 1 and Gate 2.
Echo-to-Echo thickness readings cannot be made in the unrectified RF display mode.
Calibrate the EPOCH LT and follow these steps to make Echo-to-Echo thickness readings.
(See chapter 7 on page 57 for more detail about calibration.)
1. Position Gate 1 over the region where the first backwall echo is expected to appear.
96 Chapter 9
2. Press [2nd F], [DEPTH/%AMP] (ECHO-ECHO) to activate the optional Echo-to-Echo
measurement mode. The following will appear in the function boxes at the bottom of the
display.
F1 = EDGE, F2 = PEAK
3. Select either edge-to-edge or peak-to peak. The icon appears for peak-to-peak or
appears for edge-to-edge to the right of the display to indicate Echo-to-Echo
measurements are being used.
If Gate 2 is off and the optional Echo-to-Echo mode is turned on, then Gate 2 is
automatically turned on.
4. Define the Blanking Period to avoid possible false readings that could occur due to
transducer ringing or material noise. A dead zone or blanking period is necessary after the
detection of the first echo. This period is defined during set-up as the separation between
the start of Gate 1 and the start of Gate 2. When an echo is detected in Gate 1, Gate 2 start
automatically adjusts to trail the detected echo by the blank period.
For example, if Gate 1 Start is set to 0.25 in. (6.35 mm) and Gate 2 Start is set to 0.40 in.
(10 mm), then the blank period is 0.15 in. (3.8 mm) of metal path. If the first detected echo
breaks Gate 1 at 0.35 in. (8.9 mm), then Gate 2 Start automatically adjusts by the value of
the blanking period to 0.50 in. (0.35 in. + 0.15 in.) or 12.7 mm (8.9 mm + 3.8 mm).
There is a trade-off in defining the blanking period. While a relatively long period may
prevent false readings, the minimum measurable thickness is limited to a value slightly
greater than the blanking period.

Figure 9-3 Set-up for peak-to-peak measurement
9.7 Extended Range
The standard EPOCH LT has a range of 0.16 in. to 200.00 in. (4 mm to 5,000 mm). With the
Extended Range option, the instrument range is increased to 0.038 in. to 400.00 in. (1 mm to
10,000 mm).
Extended Range is a factory-installed software option. Once this option is activated, you
cannot turn it on and off. To verify that an EPOCH LT is equipped with Extended Range, press
the [OPTION] key. If the square next to the Extended Range option is filled (), then the
instrument is equipped with this option; if the square is empty (), then the instrument is not
equipped with this option.
9.8 Curved Surface Correction
The Curved Surface Correction (CSC) option for the EPOCH LT is used to provide accurate
sound path values when inspecting curved surfaces such as pipes. When you enter the pipe
diameter and thickness, sound path information is adjusted accordingly when using an angle
beam probe to inspect the circumference of the curved surface.
1. Press [OPTION].
98 Chapter 9
2. Use the slewing keys to highlight CSC from the menu and press [ENTER].
An  appears, indicating that the CSC option is active. A cursor will appear over the
outer diameter value.
3. Use the slewing keys to enter the desired diameter.
4. Press [F1] and then [OPTION] to return to the live screen. A CSC prompt is displayed to
the right of the A-scan whenever the EPOCH LT is in CSC mode.
5. Calibrate the EPOCH LT and be sure to enter the appropriate shear wave angle. Correct
sound path information is displayed when an echo breaks a gate.
Note: The CSC option is linked to the EPOCH LT memory. If a calibration or

waveform is saved in CSC mode, the instrument will be in CSC mode when that data
set is recalled. A “c” is displayed in the Memory screen after the ID to signify the
calibration or waveform was saved in CSC mode.
6. Press [OPTION] and highlight CSC to exit CSC mode.

7. Press [ENTER] to bring up the CSC setup menu.
8. Press [ENTER] to disable the option and deselect the check box.
9. Press [F1] to return to the Option menu.
9.9 AWS D1.1/D1.5
The AWS D1.1/D1.5 software option for the EPOCH LT assists with performing inspections
covered under the American Welding Society D1.1 Structural Welding Code for steel. This
code provides inspectors with a method to classify discontinuities found in welds.

This code uses the following formula to develop an indication rating for a reflector found
during an inspection:
A–B–C=D
where:
A = Discontinuity Indication Level (dB)
B = Reference Indication Level (dB)
C = Attenuation Factor: 2*(sound path in inches – 1 inch) (dB)
D = Indication Rating (dB)
An AWS D1.1 inspector must take the Indication Rating (D) that is calculated based on A, B,
and C to an Ultrasonic Acceptance – Rejection Criteria table produced by the AWS in order to
classify the severity of the discontinuity that has been located. When performing an inspection,
you are required to develop an AWS report that lists the values for all variables listed above as
well as transducer information, discontinuity length and location, and your overall evaluation
of the discontinuity.
For further details regarding the test equipment, methods, interpretation, and classification
requirements for these inspections, refer to the AWS D1.1 Code Book.
9.9.1 AWS D1.1 and the EPOCH LT

Olympus developed the AWS D1.1 software option for the EPOCH LT to simplify your tasks
and lower overall inspection time. This is accomplished by having the EPOCH LT perform
some required calculations automatically and also by allowing you to document discontinuities
in the EPOCH LT’s datalogger for reporting purposes.
The EPOCH LT can also transfer inspection data to the GageView Interface Program to aid in
report generation. This program allows you to view the instrument setup parameters, the
waveform generated by a discontinuity, the discontinuity’s sound path and location
information, and all values for the AWS D1.1 formula variables.
9.9.2 Operating the AWS D1.1 Software

The first step in operating the EPOCH LT for AWS D1.1 inspections is to calibrate the
instrument for the transducer and test conditions.
100 Chapter 9
Figure 9-4 AWS D1.1 software option activated in the options menu
When AWS D1.1 is activated, the EPOCH LT function keys provide the following options:
[F1]: REF B – store the dB value from a reference reflector
[F2]: No Function
[F3]: No Function
[F4]: SCAN DB – toggle the scanning gain between a selected value and zero dB
[F5]: AUTO-80 – adjust a gated signal to 80 % FSH
After the AWS option is activated from the Options menu, you must set a REF B value in
order to begin an inspection. This number represents the gain level necessary to bring the echo
from a reference reflector to 80 % Full Screen Height (FSH). The reference reflector is often a
side drilled hole in the calibration block used for the angle beam calibration. Other reference
reflectors may be used provided that they meet AWS requirements for these inspections.
In order to store a REF B value, you must gate the echo from the reference reflector and bring
the echo to 80 % FSH. You can achieve this by pressing the [GAIN] key and adjusting the gain
with the Up and Down arrow keys or by pressing [F5] to automatically adjust the gain to bring

the echo to 80 % FSH. Once the echo has the appropriate amplitude, press [F1] and the
following screen will appear:
Figure 9-5 Pressing [F1] to store the REF B value
9.9.3 Adding Scanning Gain

AWS codes require that an operator enter a certain amount of scanning gain to the REF B dB
value allowing the operator to locate flaws that may be smaller or deeper into the test piece
than the reference flaw. By pressing [F4], you can enter the amount of scanning gain necessary
to perform the inspection as outlined by AWS code.
The EPOCH LT allows scanning gain to be entered in increments of 0.1 dB and 6.0 dB by
default. However, you can customize these settings by using the Editable Parameters feature
that is included with all EPOCH LT instruments. This feature is located in the Options menu,
and there are on-screen prompts explaining how to adjust the preset values. Once the scanning
gain is setup, press [F4] to toggle the scanning gain On and Off as necessary.
102 Chapter 9
When a discontinuity is located within the test piece, the EPOCH LT provides a D value
corresponding to the discontinuity. However, in order to display a D value, the gated echo must
peak at an amplitude less than 100 % FSH. Often, you will have to press [F4] to turn off
scanning gain and bring the echo peak onto the screen. In some cases, further gain adjustments
are necessary.
9.9.4 Calculating A and C Values

When a gated echo has a peak below 100 % FSH, the EPOCH LT automatically calculates the
A and C values necessary to provide a D value. In order to calculate the A value, the
EPOCH LT automatically calculates the required dB value to bring the gated echo to 80 %
FSH. In order to calculate the C value, the EPOCH LT uses the data in the sound path
calculator to generate an attenuation factor.
Note: For this calculation to be accurate, you must enter the correct thickness
for the test piece. The EPOCH LT displays the value for D in the upper right portion of
the A-scan waveform display.

Figure 9-6 Displaying the D value
Pressing the [SAVE WAVE] key saves the data for this discontinuity in the EPOCH LT
datalogger.
Note: While using the EPOCH LT and the AWS D1.1 software option, you must
be aware of any inspection conditions that may cause variation in the displayed
Indication Rating (D value). You must also be able to interpret the meaning of echo
indications and reported D values corresponding to these indications properly.
104 Chapter 9
Appendix A: Specifications
DISPLAY 320 pixels (W) × 240 pixels (H) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).
“Split-screen” allows simultaneous viewing of waveform and
setup data. Selectable “filled” or outline waveform trace.
GRATICULE Electronically generated 2.625 in. × 2.375 in. (67 mm ×

60 mm). No parallax error. No changes in brightness due to
repetition rate changes.
DISPLAY UPDATE Minimum 60 Hz under all test conditions.

RATE
SENSITIVITY 100.0 dB max. and reference level sensitivity feature with 6 dB

or 0.1 dB selectable resolution.
SELF CALIBRATION Continuous, automatic self-calibration compensates pulse

amplitude and receiver sensitivity for temperature and aging
effects.
AUTO Automatic calibration of Zero Offset and/or Velocity.

CALIBRATION
REJECT Absolutely linear from 0 % to 80 % full scale in 1 %

increments.
UNITS English, metric, or microseconds.
MATERIAL 0.025 in./µs to 0.6000 in./µs (635 m/s to 15240 m/s).

VELOCITY Switchable between two stored velocity settings.
ZERO OFFSET 0 µs to 350 µs.
Specifications 105
RANGE 0.160 in. to 200 in. (4 mm to 5,000 mm) standard range at the
velocity of longitudinal waves in steel. Optional 0.04 in. to
400 in. (1 mm to 10,000 mm).
DISTANCE Provides single echo or optional Echo-to-Echo thickness

READOUT readings (in large numerals) or sound path, surface and depth
display for angle beam testing. Measures to either peak or
leading edge of gated signal. In addition, selectable
microsecond readout for time-of-flight measurements.
REFRACTED ANGLE Fixed settings of 0 °, 30 °, 45 °, 60 °, 70 °, or variable from 10 °

to 85 ° in 0.1 ° resolution.
GATE START Variable over entire displayed range.
GATE WIDTH Variable from Gate Start position to the maximum displayed
range.
GATE LEVEL Off or On with level adjustable from 2 % to 95 % of full screen

in 1 % increments for both Rectified and RF display modes.
ZOOM Expands gated portion of display to full screen width.
PEAK MEMORY Simultaneous display of live A-scan and peak envelope of

A-scan display with peak hold reference.
SCREEN FREEZE Freezes and holds waveform and sound path display. Gates and
thickness can be adjusted after the display is frozen.
PULSER TYPE Negative spike or square wave tunable excitation.
PULSE ENERGY Selectable: Low, Medium, High, or Max.
DAMPING Selectable settings of 50 ohms, 63 ohms, 150 ohms, or

400 ohms.
RECTIFICATION Full wave, half wave positive or negative, and unrectified RF

settings.
ANALOG Broadband, 20 MHz at –3 dB.

BANDWIDTH
TEST MODES Pulse Echo, Dual, or Through-Transmission.
ALARMS Selectable threshold positive/negative or Minimum Depth

modes.
106 Appendix A
MEMORY Storage of up to 100 waveforms or 2,000 thickness readings.
Expanded memory to 500 waveforms or 10,000 thickness
readings.
IDENTIFIERS 16 numeric location codes.
OPERATING 0 °C to 50 °C (32 °F to 122 °F).

TEMPERATURE
STORAGE –20 °C to 50 °C (–4 °F to 122 °F) with battery.

TEMPERATURE –15 °C to 60 °C (5 °F to 140 °F) without battery.
POWER AC Mains; 100 volts AC to 120 volts AC, 200 volts AC to

REQUIREMENTS 240 volts AC, 50 Hz to 60 Hz.
BATTERY Internal rechargeable NiMH battery back.
BATTERY 6 to 8 hours nominal.

OPERATING TIME
BATTERY 2.5 hours typical.

RECHARGE TIME
BATTERY STATUS Continuously displayed, low battery warning display when

battery life falls below one-half hour.
TRANSDUCER 00 Lemo.
CABLE
CONNECTORS
KEYPAD English or International symbols.
LANGUAGES Keypad selectable English, French, German, Japanese, Spanish,

Italian, Russian, and user customizable languages available
(Custom option not active).
USB USB 2.0 port for high speed data transmission between the
COMMUNICATIONS EPOCH LT and a PC.
PORT
DIMENSIONS 9.375 in. H × 5.45 in. W × 1.5 in. T
WEIGHT 2.35 lbs (1.0 Kg)
WARRANTY One year warranty, battery not included.

Optional second year warranty available.
Specifications 107
108 Appendix A
Appendix B: Sound Velocities
The following table lists the ultrasonic velocity in a variety of common materials. This is only
a guide. The actual velocity in these materials may vary significantly due to a variety of causes,
such as: composition, preferred crystallographic orientation, porosity, and temperature. For
maximum accuracy, establish the sound velocity in a given material by first testing a sample of
the material.
Material V (in./µs) V (m/s)

Acrylic resin (Perspex) 0.107 2730
Aluminum 0.249 6320
Beryllium 0.508 12900
Brass, naval 0.174 4430
Copper 0.183 4660
Diamond 0.709 18000
Glycerin 0.076 1920
Inconel 0.229 5820
Iron, Cast (slow) 0.138 3500
Iron, Cast (fast) 0.220 5600
Iron oxide (magnetite) 0.232 5890
Lead 0.085 2160
Lucite 0.106 2680
Molybdenum 0.246 6250
Sound Velocities 109

Material V (in./µs) V (m/s)
Motor oil (SAE 20/30) 0.069 1740
Nickel, pure 0.222 5630
Polyamide (slow) 0.087 2200
Nylon, fast 0.102 2600
Polyethylene, high density (HDPE) 0.097 2460
Polyethylene, low density (LDPE) 0.082 2080
Polystyrene 0.092 2340
Polyvinylchloride, (PVC, hard) 0.094 2395
Rubber (polybutadiene) 0.063 1610
Silicon 0.379 9620
Silicone 0.058 1485
Steel, 1020 0.232 5890
Steel, 4340 0.230 5850
Steel, 302 austenitic stainless 0.223 5660
Steel, 347 austenitic stainless 0.226 5740
Tin 0.131 3320
Titanium, Ti 150A 0.240 6100
Tungsten 0.204 5180
Water (20 °C) 0.0580 1480
Zinc 0.164 4170
Zirconium 0.183 4650
References
1. Folds, D. L. “Experimental Determination of Ultrasonic Wave Velocities in Plastics,
Elastomers, and Syntactic Foam as a Function of Temperature.” Naval Research and
Development Laboratory. Panama City, Florida, 1971.
2. Fredericks, J. R. Ultrasonic Engineering. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1965.
3. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Cleveland, Ohio: Chemical Rubber Co., 1963.
110 Appendix B
4. Mason, W. P. Physical Acoustics and the Properties of Solids. New York: D.Van Nostrand
Co., 1958.
5. Papadakis, E. P. Panametrics - unpublished notes, 1972.
Sound Velocities 111

112 Appendix B
Appendix C: Glossary
Term Definition
Acoustic Impedance A material property defined as the product of sound

velocity (C) and the material’s density (d).
Acoustic Interface The boundary between two media of different acoustic

impedance.
Acoustic Zero The point on the CRT display that represents the entry
surface of the specimen.
Amplifier An electronic device that increases the strength of a signal

fed into it, by obtaining power from a source other than the
input signal.
Amplitude Referring to an indication on the CRT screen, the vertical

height of an indication measured from the lowest to the
highest point on the indication. In wave motion, the
maximum displacement of the particles of the material.
Angle Beam Transducer A transducer that transmits or receives the acoustic energy
at an angle to the surface to set up shear waves or surface
waves in the part being inspected.
A-scan Pulse-echo format wherein the CRT display shows the

pulse travel time in the horizontal direction (left to right)
representing the corresponding sound paths. The vertical
direction (bottom to top) displays the maximum value of
the acoustic pressure echo amplitude received by the
probe.
Glossary 113
Term Definition
Attenuation The loss in acoustic energy that occurs between any two
points of travel. This loss may be due to absorption,
reflection, or other factors.
Attenuation (M.L.A.) The loss of sound pressure in a travelling wavefront caused

by the scattering of some of the wave’s sound pressure by
the grain structure and/or porosity of the medium, and by
absorption, a conversion of sound energy into heat.
Back or Backwall Echo The echo received from the side of the specimen opposite
the side to which the transducer is coupled. This echo
represents the thickness of the specimen at that point.
Background Noise Extraneous signals caused by sources within the ultrasonic

testing system and the material being tested.
Beam Index Point The point on the base of an angle beam probe’s wedge
from which the sound leaves the wedge and enters the
specimen.
B-scan A sectional representation (side view) of a test specimen,

often performed in an immersion system. This can be in
the form of a photograph or recorder display.
Cal Block Velocity Calibration block velocity.
Couplant A material (usually a liquid or gel) used between the

transducer and the test specimen to eliminate air from this
space and thus facilitate the passage of sound waves into
and out of the specimen.
Critical Defect Either the largest tolerable defect or the smallest

intolerable defect. The critical defect size is usually given
by a specification or code.
Cross Talk An unwanted condition affecting dual element transducers

in which acoustic energy travels from the transmitting
crystal to the receiving crystal by routes other than the
intended path through the material.
114 Appendix C
Term Definition
Damping (Control) A variable resistance across the pulser circuit output which
shapes the excitation pulse. Typically it is used to change
pulse characteristics to optimize either penetration (low
damping) or near surface resolution (high damping).
Damping Material Any gel, rubber-like substance, or other material which,

when used in the transducer, results in a shorter ringing
time of the piezoelectric crystal.
Decibel A unit which compares levels of power. Two power levels

P1 and P2, are said to differ by n decibels when: n = 10
P
log10  -----2-
P1
This unit is often used to express sound intensity. In this
case, P2 is the intensity of the sound under consideration
and P1 is the intensity of some reference level.
In the case of the displayed voltages on a cathode ray tube
screen, the relationship becomes:
V
n = 20 log10  ------2
V1
Delay Control Subcircuit of the sweep generator that allows a variably

adjustable time period from the sending of the trigger pulse
to the start of the sweep across the CRT.
Detectability The ability of a test system (instrument and transducer) to

detect a given size reflector.
Distance Amplitude A method of flaw evaluation that uses a test block with a
Correction (DAC) known size reflector at varying known distances from the
transducer. This allows you to plot a curve on the CRT
screen that represents the amplitude of that size reflector
throughout a given distance range. This curve shows loss
of energy due to beam spreading and attenuation.
Dual-Element Probe A probe containing two piezoelectric elements, one that

transmits and one that receives.
Dynamic Range The ratio of maximum to minimum reflective areas that

can be distinguished on the cathode ray tube (usually based
on decibel ratios.)
Glossary 115
Term Definition
Electronic Zero The point in time when the pulser fires the initial pulse to
the transducer and the point on the cathode ray tube screen
where the electron beam leaves the baseline due to the
initial pulse signal coming from the transmitter.
First Critical Angle The minimum incident angle in the first medium at which
the refracted longitudinal wave is eliminated from the test
specimen.
Flaw A discontinuity that may be undesirable but does not

necessarily call for rejection.
Frequency The number of complete cycles undergone or produced by

an oscillating body in one second.
Gain Used in electronics with reference to an increase in signal

power, usually expressed as the ratio of the output power
(for example, of an amplifier) to the input power in
decibels.
Gain (Control) Selects the amount of calibrated gain (dBs) available

within the instrument. Usually consists of a coarse gain
control (additions at 20 dB increments) and a fine gain
(additions at 1 dB or 2 dB increments).
Gate An electronic baseline display used to monitor portions of

the displayed range with reference to distance or
amplitude.
Hertz The derived unit of frequency defined as the frequency of a

periodic phenomenon of which the period is one second;
equal to one cycle per second.
Symbol Hz. 1 Kilohertz (KHz) = 103 cycles per second.
1 Megahertz (Mhz) = 106 cycles per second.
Horizontal A The smaller length (if rectangular) of the actual crystal.

The software will compute the affective length
automatically.
116 Appendix C
Term Definition
Immersion Testing A test method, useful for testing irregularly shaped parts,
in which the part to be tested is immersed in water (or
other liquid) so that the liquid acts as a couplant. The
search unit is also immersed in the liquid, but not in
contact with the part being tested.
Incidence, Angle of The angle between a sound beam striking an acoustic

interface and the normal (that is, perpendicular) surface at
that point. Usually designated by the Greek symbol α
(alpha).
Indication The signal displayed on the screen signifying the presence

of a sound wave reflector in the part being tested.
Indication (Defect) Level The number of decibels of calibrated gain that must be set
on the instrument to bring the indication (defect) echo
signal to peak at the reference line on the screen.
Initial Pulse (IP) The pulse of electrical energy sent by the pulser to the
transducer.
Leg In angle beam testing, the path the shear wave travels in a
straight line before being reflected by the opposite surface
of the material being tested.
Linearity, Vertical or The characteristics of an ultrasonic test system indicating

Amplitude its ability to respond in a proportional manner to a range of
echo amplitudes produced by specified reflectors.
Linearity, Horizontal or The characteristics of an ultrasonic test system indicating

Distance its ability to respond in a proportional manner to a range of
echo signals, produced by specified reflectors, variable in
time, usually a series of multiple back reflections.
Longitudinal Wave Mode of wave propagation characterized by particle

movement parallel to the direction of wave travel.
Main Bang Slang term used to describe the Initial Pulse Voltage.
Glossary 117
Term Definition
Mode Conversion Changing a portion of a sound beam’s energy into a wave

of a different mode due to refraction at incident angles
other than zero degrees. In NDT, this usually involves
conversion of longitudinal waves into shear waves or
surface waves.
Peaking Up Maximizing the height of any indication displayed on the

CRT screen by positioning the main axis of the sound
beam directly over the reflector.
Penetration The ability of the test system to overcome material loss

attenuation, that is, the ability of the sound beam to bypass
small reflectors such as grain boundaries and porosity in
the specimen.
Piezoelectric Elements A family of elements (such as lead metaniobate, quartz,

lithium sulfate) that possess the characteristic ability to
produce: a) voltage differential across their faces when
deformed by an externally applied mechanical force, and
b) change in their own physical configuration (dimensions)
when an external voltage is applied to them.
Probe Another name for a transducer or search unit.
Pulse Repetition Rate The frequency with which the clock circuit sends its
trigger pulses to the sweep generator and the transmitter,
usually quoted in terms of pulses per second (pps).
Range The distance represented by the entire horizontal CRT

screen display.
Receiver That circuit of a flaw detector that receives both the initial
pulse voltage from the transmitter and the returning echoes
(as voltages) from the transducer. By passing these
incoming signals through certain subcircuits, the signals
are rectified, filtered, and amplified with the results sent to
the screen for display.
Reference Echo The echo from a reference reflector.
118 Appendix C
Term Definition
Reference Level The number of decibels of calibrated gain that must be set
on the instrument to bring the reference reflector signal to
peak at the reference line on the screen.
Reference Line A predetermined horizontal line (usually dictated by

specifications) on the screen representing some percentage
of total screen height (for example, 40 %), at which
reference echoes and indication echoes are compared.
Reference Reflector A reflector of known size (geometry) at a known distance,

such as a flat-bottom hole.
Refraction, Angle of The angle of sound reflection in the wedge equal to the
angle of incidence (also in the wedge.) The angle of
reflectance is measured from the normal to the reflected
sound beam.
Registration The minimum detectable flaw size.
Reject (Control) Also known as suppression, it limits the input sensitivity of

the amplifier in the receiver. “Grass” or scattering noise
can be reduced or eliminated from the screen by its use. On
most analog instruments, it also destroys the vertical
linearity relationship between echo heights.
Resolution The ability of the test system (instrument and transducer)

to distinguish reflectors at slightly different depths.
Scanning Level The number of dBs of calibrated gain above the reference
level added to insure seeing potentially significant
reflectors at the end of the V-path in a weld inspection.
Second Critical Angle The minimum incident angle in the first medium at which
the refracted shear wave leaves the body of the test
specimen.
Sensitivity The ability of the test system (instrument and transducer)

to detect a given size reflector at a given distance.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio The ratio of amplitudes and indications from the smallest
defect considered significant and those caused by random
factors, such as grain scattering or instrument noise.
Glossary 119
Term Definition
Single Element Probe A probe containing only one piezoelectric element, which
is used to both transmit and receive sound.
Skip-Distance In angle beam testing, the surface distance that represents

one V-path of sound in the material.
Sound Beam The characteristic shape of the ultrasonic wave sent into
the material.
Sound Path Distance The distance from the transducer beam index point to the
reflector located in the specimen, measured along the
actual path that the sound travels. Sometimes referred to as
angular distance in angle beam testing.
Straight Beam Probe (Normal A probe that transmits the sound into the material
Beam Probe) perpendicular to the entry surface.
Surface Wave Mode of wave propagation characterized by an elliptical

movement of the particles (molecules) on the surface of
the specimen as the wavefront moves forward, this
movement penetrating the specimen to a depth of one
wavelength.
Through Transmission A test method in which the vibrations emitted by one

search unit are directed toward, and received by, another
search unit. The ratio between quantity of vibration sent
and received is a measure of the integrity or quality of the
material being tested.
Time Varied Gain (TVG) Circuit that automatically adjusts gain so that the echo
amplitude of a given size reflector is displayed at a
constant screen height regardless of the distance to that
given size reflector.
Transducer A device that transforms one form of energy into another.
Transmitter Circuit of the flaw detector that sends the initial pulse
voltage to both the transducer and receiver.
Ultrasonic Of or relating to frequencies above the human audible

range, that is, above 20,000 cycles/s (Hertz).
120 Appendix C
Term Definition
Ultrasonics Study of pressure waves, which are of the same nature as

sound waves, but which have frequencies above the human
audible limit, that is, above 20,000 cycles/s (Hertz).
V-Path The angular distance sound travels, measured from the top
surface of the material to the bottom, and reflecting back
up to the top surface.
Vertical B The larger length (if rectangular) of the actual crystal. The
software will compute the “affective length” automatically.
Wavelength The distance between like points on successive

wavefronts, that is, the distance between any two
successive particles of the oscillating medium that are in
the same phase. It is denoted by the Greek letter λ
(lambda).
Glossary 121
122 Appendix C
Appendix D: EPOCH LT Parts List
Table 6 EPOCH LT ultrasonic flaw detector
Part Description
EPLT-xx EPOCH LT flaw detector
Table 7 Items included with the EPOCH LT (spares can be purchased)
Part Description
EPLT/DAC DAC (Distance Amplitude Correction)
EPLT/TVG TVG (Time Varied Gain)
EPLT/DAC/TVG DAC and TVG Combination
EPLT/MEM Expanded Memory
EPLT/LPRF Low PRF (30 Hz)
EPLT/RANGE Extended Range 0.04 in. to 400 in. (1 mm to 10,000 mm)
EPLT/ECHO Echo-to-Echo Measurement Software
EPLT/CSC Curved Surface Correction
EPLT/AWS American Welding Society Structural Welding Code
EPOCH LT Parts List 123

Table 8 Instrument software options
Part Description
EPLT/DAC DAC (Distance Amplitude Correction)
EPLT/TVG TVG (Time Varied Gain)
EPLT/DAC/TVG DAC and TVG Combination
EPLT/MEM Expanded Memory
EPLT/LPRF Low PRF (30 Hz)
EPLT/RANGE Extended Range 0.04 in. to 400 in. (1 mm to 10,000 mm)
EPLT/ECHO Echo-to-Echo Measurement Software
EPLT/CSC Curved Surface Correction
EPLT/AWS American Welding Society Structural Welding Code
Table 9 PC interface program
Part Description
EP4P/IP-KIT-USB EPOCH 4PLUS interface program (includes EP4P/IP,

EP4P/C-USB-6)
EP4P/IP EPOCH 4PLUS interface program (software CD-ROM only)
EP4P/C-USB-6 EPOCH 4PLUS and LT USB cable
Table 10 Optional hardware accessories
Part Description
EPLT/EW Extended Warranty (One additional year)

36DLP-CC Plastic Transport Case
EPLT/EC External Stand-Alone Charger (base only)
124 Appendix D
Table 10 Optional hardware accessories (continued)
Part Description
PLUS/RPC Rubber Protective Carrying Case (includes EP4/CH)

EP4/CH Chest Harness for Rubber Protective Case
EPLT/DP Screen Protective Screen Cover (Quantity 10)
EPOCH LT Parts List 125

126 Appendix D
List of Figures
Figure 3-1 English keypad ......................................................................................................... 14

Figure 3-2 International keypad ................................................................................................. 15
Figure 3-3 Selecting the Editable Parameters Option ................................................................ 21
Figure 3-4 Viewing the Editable Parameters screen .................................................................. 22
Figure 3-5 Editing the Gain Parameter ...................................................................................... 23
Figure 3-6 Viewing New Preset Values ..................................................................................... 24
Figure 3-7 Full screen display ................................................................................................... 25
Figure 3-8 Split screen display .................................................................................................. 26
Figure 3-9 Menu options ............................................................................................................ 29
Figure 4-1 Before activating AUTO-80 % ................................................................................ 34
Figure 4-2 After activating AUTO-80 % ................................................................................... 35
Figure 6-1 Angle beam inspection ............................................................................................. 49
Figure 6-2 Amplitude mode displaying current Amp and Amp Max ........................................ 51
Figure 6-3 Time-of-Flight mode displaying µs values .............................................................. 52
Figure 6-4 Negative logic alarm ................................................................................................ 54
Figure 6-5 Positive logic alarm .................................................................................................. 54
Figure 7-1 Calibrating for a thin block using a straight beam transducer ................................. 59
Figure 7-2 Entering a thin standard value .................................................................................. 60
Figure 7-3 Calibrating for a thick block using a straight beam transducer ................................ 60
Figure 7-4 Entering a thick standard value ................................................................................ 61
Figure 7-5 Calibrating for a thin block using a delay line transducer ....................................... 63
Figure 7-7 Calibrating for a thick block using a delay line transducer ...................................... 64
Figure 7-9 Calibrating for a thin block using a dual element transducer .................................. 67
Figure 7-11 Calibrating for a thick block using a dual element transducer ................................. 68
Figure 7-13 Reference block displaying the “0” mark ................................................................ 70
Figure 7-14 Locating the beam index point ................................................................................. 71
List of Figures 127

Figure 7-15 Verifying the refracted angle .................................................................................... 72
Figure 7-16 Calibrating for distance ............................................................................................ 74
Figure 7-18 Adjusting the gain .................................................................................................... 75
Figure 7-20 IIW calibration block with 0.060 in. diameter drilled hole ...................................... 76
Figure 7-21 Locking the reference gain to add/subtract scanning gain ....................................... 77
Figure 8-1 Memory screen (no stored files) ............................................................................... 81
Figure 8-2 Entering file information .......................................................................................... 82
Figure 9-1 Creating a DAC curve .............................................................................................. 90
Figure 9-2 TVG example ........................................................................................................... 94
Figure 9-3 Set-up for peak-to-peak measurement ...................................................................... 98
Figure 9-4 AWS D1.1 software option activated in the options menu .................................... 101
Figure 9-5 Pressing [F1] to store the REF B value .................................................................. 102
Figure 9-6 Displaying the D value ........................................................................................... 104
128 List of Figures

List of Tables
Table 1 Overview to Instruction Manual ................................................................................ 3

Table 2 Typographic conventions ........................................................................................... 5
Table 3 Main keypad functions ............................................................................................. 15
Table 4 Menu symbol descriptions ....................................................................................... 29
Table 5 Active/inactive software options .............................................................................. 88
Table 6 EPOCH LT ultrasonic flaw detector ...................................................................... 123
Table 7 Items included with the EPOCH LT (spares can be purchased) ............................ 123
Table 8 Instrument software options ................................................................................... 124
Table 9 PC interface program ............................................................................................. 124
Table 10 Optional hardware accessories ............................................................................... 124
List of Tables 129

130 List of Tables
Index
A calibrating the EPOCH LT 57

A values 103 calibrating TVG 93
AC line power 7 charging the battery 8, 9
activating low PRF mode 95 creating files 82
activating TVG 93 creating ID codes 82
active/inactive software options 88 CSC 98
adding scanning gain 35 Curved Surface Correction (CSC) option 98
adjusting screen 12 D
Amplitude mode 50
DAC 88
angle beam inspection 48
damping control 38
angle beam transducer 48
damping option 39
audience 2
datalogger storage capacity 79
AUTO-80 % 33
DC output power cable 8
AWS D1.1 software 100
delay line calibration 61
AWS D1.1/D1.5 software option 99
distance amplitude correction (DAC) 88
B drawing DAC curves 89
battery 107 E
battery storage 10
Echo-to-Echo Edge Measurement mode 27
battery symbol 8
Echo-to-Echo Measurement mode 96
Beam Index Point (B.I.P.) 70
Echo-to-Echo Peak Measurement 27
C Echo-to-Echo software option 48
C values 103 Edge Depth mode 27, 47
Cal Lock function 28 editable parameters menu 21
calibrating for distance 73 Enter key 12, 13
calibrating for sensitivity 76 entering ID codes 81
Index 131
entering numeric file names 81 # Div 18
EPOCH LT parts list 123 Angle 19
exiting DAC mode 92 Calibration 18
exiting low PRF mode 95 Contrast 18
exiting TVG mode 95 Depth/% Amp 17
Expanded Memory 96 Display View 17
Extended Range 98 Echo-to-Echo 17
F Enter 16
Freeze 16
Filled Live 31
Gate 1 16
Filled Peak 32
Gate 1 Alarm 16
flags 27
Gate 2 16
flaw detection 53
Gate 2 Alarm 17
Freeze key 12
Peak Memory Function 17
full screen 24
Pulser 17
full screen A-scan 24
Range 18
G Reject 19
GageView interface program 5, 100 Save Thickness Reading 16
Gain key 12 Save Waveform 16
gain reference level 35 Thickness 19
gate alarms 53 Velocity 19
glossary 113 Zero Offset 18
graticule 105 Zoom 18
Grid On/Off 31 keypad functions 15
I L
incrementing ID codes 84 languages 30
instrument settings 13 locating the beam index point (B.I.P.) 70
J lock functions 31
JIS Z3060 DAC curves 91 M
K markers 27
measurement units 30
key, datalogger
ID Entry 19 Memory screen, 80
minimum depth alarm 55
Open Datalogger 20
key, main
132 Index
O sensitivity 105
overview to instruction manual 3 setting alarms in DAC mode 92
setting up the EPOCH LT 58
P
settings, pulser energy 38
Peak Depth mode 27, 47
Setup screen 29
Peak Memory function 27, 42
signal amplitude 50
positioning Gate 1 45
slewing keys 14
positioning Gate 2 46
sound velocities 109
power supply 7
split screen 24
powering-up 11
split screen display 26
PRF 95
survey 6
product description 1
system sensitivity 33
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) 95
pulser energy settings 38 T
pulser key 36 test modes
Dual mode 39
R
Pulse-Echo mode 39
recalling a saved calibration 85 Through mode 39
recalling DAC curves 92 threshold alarms 53
recalling TVG setups 94 Time Varied Gain (TVG) option 92
refracted angle 71 Time-of-Flight mode 51, 52
Reject function 41 TVG 92
replacing the battery 9 typographic conventions 4, 5
S U
sample angle beam calibration 69 ultrasonic velocity 109
sample delay line calibration 65 units of measurement 30
sample straight beam calibration 58
W
Save key 12
saving DAC curves 92 warranty 107
saving thickness readings 83 waveform rectification mode 37
saving TVG setups 94 Z
saving waveforms 83 Zoom function 27, 53
scanning gain 35, 102
Screen Freeze function 42
Index 133
134 Index

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EPOCH LT

Part No. 910-258-EN – Revision C

Olympus NDT, 48 Woerd Avenue, Waltham, MA 02453, USA

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

Part number: 910-258-EN

Printed in the United States of America.

Table of Contents ................................................................................................. v

2. Operating the Power Supply ......................................................................... 7

3. Managing Basic Operations ........................................................................ 11

4. Adjusting the Pulser Receiver .................................................................... 33

5. Managing Special Waveform Functions .................................................... 41

6. Using the Gates ............................................................................................. 45

8. Managing the Datalogger and Data Communication Features ............... 79

9. Using Software Options ............................................................................... 87

Table of Contents vii

Appendix A: Specifications ............................................................................. 105

Appendix B: Sound Velocities ......................................................................... 109

Appendix C: Glossary ..................................................................................... 113

Appendix D: EPOCH LT Parts List ............................................................... 123

List of Figures ................................................................................................... 127

List of Tables ..................................................................................................... 129

Index .................................................................................................................. 131

viii Table of Contents

This preface discusses the following introductory topics:

1.1 Product Description

1.2 About This Document

While the EPOCH LT is a continuously self-calibrating instrument, it is up to the customer to

Table 1 on page 3 describes the major sections in this document.

Chapter Description Audience

Chapter 3 Describes the EPOCH LT interface and functions such as Operators

Chapter 7 Describes how to calibrate the EPOCH LT with a straight Operators

Chapter 8 Describes how to use the datalogger and data Operators

Chapter Description Audience

Chapter 9 Describes various software options for EPOCH LT Operators

Appendix A Describes EPOCH LT specifications. Operators

Appendix B Provides a table of the ultrasonic velocity in a variety of Operators

Appendix C Glossary of terms. Operators

Appendix D Provides the EPOCH LT part list. Operators

1.5 Typographic Conventions

Tip: This information provides helpful guidelines for easy operation.

Table 2 Typographic conventions

Heavy courier Used for command line user input.

Bold Used for textual parts of graphical user interface, including

Italics Used for screen/window names, dialog boxes and document

Bold italics Used for emphasis.

[Bold] (square brackets Used for instrument keys on the keypad.

→ Used for showing the next sequential step.

1.6 Related Documentation

• GageView Interface Program, Part Number 910-259

• Send comments to Olympus, Attention: Technical Publications

1.8 Technical Help

Call Olympus and ask for a sales engineer to assist you.

Topics are as follows:

• Using AC Line Power

2.1 Using AC Line Power

To use AC line power

Operating the Power Supply 7

2.2 Using Battery Power

The Olympus EPOCH LT uses Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries.