Cyber Law

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 Cyber Law ?
• Cyber Law is the law governing cyber space.It protects the activities
on internet and other online communication technologies
• Cyberlaw is important because it touches almost all aspects of
transactions and activities on and concerning the Internet, the
World Wide Web and Cyberspace.
• As the nature of Internet is changing and this new medium is
being seen as the ultimate medium ever evolved in human history,
every activity of yours in Cyberspace can and will have a
Cyberlegal perspective.

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Importance of Cyber Law
 We are living in highly digitalized world.

 All companies depend upon their computer networks

and keep their valuable data in electronic form.

 Government forms including income tax returns,

company law forms etc are now filled in electronic
form.

 Consumers are increasingly using credit cards for

shopping.

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Importance of Cyber Law
 Most people are using email, cell phones and SMS
messages for communication.

 Even in "non-cyber crime" cases, important evidence

is found in computers /cell phones e.g. in cases of
divorce, murder, kidnapping, organized crime,
terrorist operations, counterfeit currency etc.

 Since it touches all the aspects of transactions and

activities on and concerning the Internet, the World
Wide Web and Cyberspace therefore Cyber Law is
extremely important.

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Need of Cyber Law

"The modern thief can steal more with a computer than

with a gun. Tomorrow's terrorist may be able to do more
damage with a keyboard than with a bomb".

National Research Council, 1991.

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Need of Cyber Law
 Internet has dramatically changed the way we think,
the way we govern, the way we do commerce and the
way we perceive ourselves.
 Cyber space creates moral, civil and criminal wrongs.
It has now given a new way to express criminal
tendencies.
 The laws of real world cannot be interpreted in the
light of emerging cyberspace to include all aspects
relating to different activities in cyberspace

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Cyber Jurisprudence
•Jurisprudence studies the concepts of law and the effect of
social norms and regulations on the development of law.

•Jurisprudence refers to two different thing:

1.Philosophy of law or Legal Theory
2.Case Law

•Cyber jurisprudence deals with the composite idea of cyber

jurisdiction and cyber court's venue in the cyberspace. It
emphasis to recognize cyber uniform rules and policies at
international level,

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 Cyber law in india
IT Act-2000
 The Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act), came
into force on 17 October 2000.

 The primary purpose of the Act is to provide legal

recognition to electronic commerce and to facilitate
filing of electronic records with the Government.

 Information Technology Act 2000 consisted of

94 sections segregated into 13 chapters.

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Scope of Cyber Law

 Cyber Crimes

 Data Protection and Privacy

 Intellectual Property

 Electronic or Digital Signatures

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 Cyber Crime ?
 Any crime with the help of computer and a networking
technology.

 Any crime where either the computer is used as an

object or subject.

 Cyber crimes are unlawful acts where the computer is

used either as a tool or a target or both.

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 Various categories of Cyber-Crime:

Cyber Crime may be basically

divided into 3 categories-

• Against Persons
• Against Property
• Against Government

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 Against Person:
• Cybercrimes committed against persons include various
crimes like:
 Cyber stalking

 Defamation

 Spamming,spoofing.

 Transmission of Obscene Material/Cyber pornography.

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 Against Property:
• The second category of Cybercrimes is that of
Cybercrimes against all forms of property. These
crimes include:

 Unauthorized Computer Trespassing

 Computer vandalism

 Cyber squatting

 Hacking Computer system

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 Against Government:
• The third category of Cybercrimes relate to
Cybercrimes against Government.
• It includes:
 Hacking of Government websites

 Cyber Extortion

 Cyber Terrorism

 Computer Viruses

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Statistics of Cyber Crimes

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 TYPES OF CYBER CRIME
• Hacking
• Cyber pornography
• Spamming
• Spying
• Online frauds
– Phishing
– Cyber vandalism
– DOS attack
– Trojan
– Viruses
• Cyber Terrorism
• Illegal Trading
• Cyber Harrassment

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 Types of cyber crime
• HACKING :- Hacking in simple terms means an illegal intrusion into a
computer system and/or network . It is also known as CRACKING.
Government websites are the hot target of the hackers due to the press
coverage, it receives. Hackers enjoy the media coverage.

Motive behind the crime called hacking greed power, publicity, revenge,
adventure desire to access forbidden information destructive mindset.

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• Cyber Pornography:Cyber pornography is the act of using
cyberspace to create, display, distribute, import, or publish
pornography or obscene materials.

• As more homes have access to internet, more children would be

using the internet and more are the chances of falling victim to
the aggression of Pedophiles.
How Do They Operate :
How do they operate Pedophiles use false identity to trap the
children , Pedophiles connect children in various chat rooms
which are used by children to interact with other children.
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• SPAMMING: Spamming is the use of
electronic messaging systems to send
unsolicited messages (spam) for commercial or
fraud purpose. While the most widely recognized
form of spam is e-mail spam

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• SPYING:Cyber spying is a form of cybercrime in which hackers
target computer networks in order to gain access to classified or
other information that may be profitable or advantageous for the
hacker. Cyber spying is an ongoing process that occurs over time
in order to gain confidential information. It can result in
everything from economic disaster to terrorism.

The potentially harmful outcomes of cyber spying not only cause

government security breaches but can also lead to the
declassification of company secrets. This can be disastrous for
companies if the attackers use stolen information to manufacture
copy-cat products and gain market share.

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• ONLINE FRAUDS

 PHISHING: “ Phishing” or “Web spoofing” attacks use

fraudulent Web sites to trick you into giving away
confidential personal information such as credit card
numbers, account usernames and passwords, and ID
numbers. This is called “phishing” because attackers are
“fishing” for your personal information and trying to lure
you into providing it.

 CYBER THEFT:Stealing of financial and/or

personal information through the use of computers
for making its fraudulent or other illegal use.

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• ONLINE FRAUDS

• DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS : This is an act by the criminals

who floods the bandwidth of the victims network or fills his E-mail
box with spam mail depriving him of the service he is entitled to
access or provide. Many DOS attacks, such as the ping of death and
Tear drop attacks.
• VIRUS DISSEMINATION : Malicious software that attaches itself
to other software. VIRUS , WORMS, TROJAN HORSE ,WEB
JACKING, E-MAIL BOMBING etc.
• COMPUTER VANDALISM : Damaging or destroying data rather
than stealing or misusing them is called cyber vandalism. These are
program that attach themselves to a file and then circulate.

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• CYBER TERRORISM: Cyber terrorism is the use of Internet
attacks in terrorist activities, including acts of deliberate, large-
scale disruption of computer networks, especially of personal
computers attached to the Internet, by the means of tools such as
computer viruses.
• HARRASSMENT: Harassment includes directing obscenities
toward others, as well as making derogatory comments based for
example on gender, race, religion, nationality, sexual orientation.
Unsolicited email messages and advertisements can also be
considered to be forms of Internet harassment where the content
is offensive or of an explicit sexual nature.
• ILLEGAL TRADING: Sale of illegal article.This would
include sale of narcotics, weapons and wildlife etc., by posting
information on websites, auction websites, and bulletin boards or
simply by using email communication.

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 DIGITAL SIGNATURE
Why Digital Signatures?
• To provide Authenticity, Integrity and Non -repudiation
to electronic documents

• To use the Internet as the safe and secure medium for e-

Governance and e-Commerce

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 DIGITAL SIGNATURE
What is Digital Signatures?
 A digital signature is an electronic signature that can be used to
authenticate the identity of the sender of a message or the signer of
a document, and possibly to ensure that the original content of the
message or document that has been sent is unchanged.
 Digital signatures are easily transportable, cannot be imitated by
someone else, and can be automatically time-stamped. The ability
to ensure that the original signed message arrived means that the
sender can not easily repudiate it later.
 Concept is based on method of cryptography.
 The originator of a message uses a signing key (Private Key) to sign
the message and send the message and its digital signature to a
recipient
 The recipient uses a verification key (Public Key) to verify the
origin of the message and that it has not been tampered with while
in transit
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 CRYPTOGRAPHY

• Cryptography is a method of storing and transmitting

data in a particular form so that only those for whom it is
intended can read and process it. The term is most often
associated with scrambling plaintext (ordinary text,
sometimes referred to as cleartext) into ciphertext (a
process called encryption), then back again (known as
decryption).

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 DIGITAL SIGNATURE
Digital signatures employ a type of Asymmetric Cryptography. The
Scheme typically consists of three Algorithms

 A key generation algorithm that selects a private key uniformly at

random from a set of possible private keys. The algorithm outputs
the private key and a corresponding public key.
 A signing algorithm that, given a message and a private key,
produces a signature.
 A signature verifying algorithm that, given a message, public key
and a signature, either accepts or rejects the message's claim to
authenticity
Hash value of a message when encrypted with the private key of a person is his
digital signature on that e-Document

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 DIGITAL SIGNATURE

Each individual generates his own key pair

[Public key known to everyone
&
Private key only to the owner]

Private Key – Used for making Digital Signature

Public Key – Used to verify the Digital Signature

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DIGITAL SIGNATURE

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 DIGITAL SIGNATURE
Certifying Authorities

Certificate Authority (CA) is a trusted entity that issues

Digital Certificates and public-private key pairs. The role of
the Certificate Authority (CA) is to guarantee that the
individual granted the unique certificate is, in fact, who he or
she claims to be.

Certificate Authority (CA) is a critical security service in a

network.

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 DIGITAL SIGNATURE
A Certificate Authority (CA) performs the following functions.
Certificate Authority (CA) Verifies the identity: The Certificate
Authority (CA) must validate the identity of the entity who requested
a digital certificate before issuing it.
Certificate Authority (CA) issues digital certificates: Once the
validation process is over, the Certificate Authority (CA) issues the
digital certificate to the entity who requested it. Digital certificates
can be used for encryption (Example: Encrypting web traffic), code
signing, authentication etc.
Certificate Authority (CA) maintains Certificate Revocation List
(CRL): The Certificate Authority (CA) maintains Certificate
Revocation List (CRL). A certificate revocation list (CRL) is a list of
digital certificates which are no longer valid and have been revoked
and therefore should not be relied by anyone.
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Data protection and
privacy
Privacy on the Internet depends on your ability to control
both the amount of personal information that you provide and
who has access to that information

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 INTRODUCTION
Maintaining your privacy requires you to take a multi-pronged
approach. It involves protecting your sensitive information by
preventing, detecting, and responding to a wide variety of
attacks. There are many potential risks to your computer. Some
are more serious than others. Among these dangers are:
· Viruses corrupting your entire system
· Someone breaking into your system and altering files
· A hacker using your computer to attack others
· Someone stealing your computer and accessing your personal
information
There's no guarantee that even with the best precautions some of
these things won't happen. However, you can take steps to
minimize the risks to your computer and your sensitive
information. Ultimately, the security of your computer is
dependent upon you.
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Ensuring privacy
Privacy software is software built to protect
the privacy of its users. The software typically
works in conjunction with Internet usage to control
or limit the amount of information made available
to third parties. The software can
applyencryption or filtering of various kinds.

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Ensuring privacy
•Privacy software can refer to two different types of
protection. One type is protecting a user's Internet
privacy from theWorld Wide Web. There are software
products that will mask or hide a user's IP address from the
outside world in order to protect the user from identity
theft.
•The second type of protection is hiding or deleting the
users Internet traces that are left on their PC after they
have been surfing the Internet. There is software that will
erase all the users Internet traces and there is software that
will hide and encrypt a user's traces so that others using
their PC will not know where they have been surfing.

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 Intellectual property

• Intellectual property (IP) theft is defined as theft

of material that is copyrighted, the theft of
trade secrets, and trademark violations.

• Theft of copyrighted material involves

Stealing,Copying ,Distributing computer software,
recorded music, movies, and electronic games.

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 Intellectual property
• Theft of trade secrets means the theft of ideas, plans,
methods, technologies, or any sensitive information from
all types of industries including manufacturers, financial
service institutions, and the computer industry.Theft of
trade secrets damages the competitive edge and therefore
the economic base of a business.

• A trademark is the registered name or identifying symbol

of a product that can be used only by the product's
owner. A trademark violation involves counterfeiting or
copying brand name products such as well-known types
of shoes, clothing, and electronics equipment and selling
them as the genuine or original product.

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 Intellectual property
• IP pirates never have to make sales in person or
travel, their costs are minimal, and profits are
huge.
• Internet pirates target the online shoppers who
look for discounted, but legitimate, products.
• They do so by emails and Internet
advertisements that seem to be the real thing.
• Not just individuals, but companies, educational
institutions, and even government agencies
have been tricked by IP pirates into buying
stolen goods.

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Thank You

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