INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION

1. INTRODUCTION
India, the second most populous country in the world, and a fast growing economy, is
seeing terrible road congestion problems in its cities. Building infrastructure, levying proper
taxes to curb, private vehicle growth and improving public transport facilities are long-term
solutions to this problem. These permanent solution approaches need government intervention.
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), metro rails and mono rails are being built in different cities to
[6].
encourage the use of public transport But still there is a steep growth of private vehicles.
Intelligent management of traffic flows and making computers more informed about traffic and
road status, can reduce the negative impact of congestion.[6]

ITS is an interdisciplinary research area. Building road sensors need embedded systems
background. Using mobile phones for sensing need mobile computing background. Analyzing
sensed data needs signal processing or computer vision background. Communication among
sensors and traffic control authorities need wired or wireless networking back- ground.The traffic
classification and prediction algorithms need machine learning or statistics background.
Applications like traffic signal management need transportation engineering background. [6]

Transportation goals and technology have always been intimately linked. The Intelligent
Transportation Systems (ITS) technology of today is contributing to improved transportation just
as the steam and internal combustion engine technologies of the industrial revolution contributed
to enhanced transportation then. The goals of this paper are to explain what ITS is and how it is,
what are its use and barriers in application. [3]

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2. INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (ITS).

2.1. DEFINATION

Intelligent transport systems (ITS) are those in which information, data processing
communication, and sensor technologies are applied to vehicles (including trains, aircraft and
ships), transport infrastructure and users. [4]

The blanket term “Intelligent Transport Systems” covers a wide range of items:
standalone systems installed on vehicles, portable systems, systems allowing communication
between vehicles or between vehicles and infrastructure, cooperative systems, or planned urban
mobility schemes. [1]

One way to define ITS is as a set of information technologies applied to transportation

infrastructure and vehicles to improve their performance. Expanding on this, then, ITS has been
viewed by transportation researchers as the application of established communications, control,
electronics, and computer hardware and software technologies surface transportation systems to
improve their capacity and performance. It is important to note that improved performance
means many things including more qualitative factors such as access, environment, equity and
competitiveness. [3]

2.2 Methodological Approach

2.2.1 Information Collection: In terms of information the study is principally based on online
research, considering elaborated scenarios, short scenarios, research publications and projects
goals which are equally important for the objective of this paper because all of them presented
novel ideas and interesting functionalities of ITS and Ambient Intelligence in the future world.

2.2.2. Problem Identified Based: on various literature available, the problems are identified
they are logically placed in three Clusters: 1) Lack of Traffic Management System 2) Homeland
Security System and Vehicles Operation 3) Vehicle to Vehicle Co-ordination and implementation
of new technologies

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CLUSTER 1: Lack or Traffic Management System: Traffic management system is meant to

handle large mass of traffic efficiently, but due to presence of large crowd of vehicles the
complexity of management system increases and these systems somehow fails to handle the
crowd., which results in decrease in mobility, reduced fuel consumption, higher travel time and
pollution.

CLUSTER 2: Homeland Security System and Vehicle Operation: Homeland Security System
and Vehicle Operation refer to the security and surveillance on the traffic system and vehicles. It
helps in keeping the track on the trip of vehicle and real-time identification of vehicle and driver
driving the vehicle. The problem identified is that there is no such efficient has been developed.

CLUSTER 3: Vehicle to Vehicle Co-ordination and implementation of new technologies:

This cluster is most important from the point of implementation of ITS, vehicle to vehicle
coordination refers to the onboard information regarding the nearby vehicle: this would
facilitates in collision control, coordinating them on the basis of the trips planned by the driver.
Implementation of new technologies is rare in developing countries. Here the problem identifies
is that there is no such technology implemented for public transportation system even though the
technologies are available

2.3. APPLICATIONS

ITS is a new approach for the traditional transportation community where there has been
difficulty in defining ITS and adapting it in a culture. The energy of this dynamism and the
benefits it produces are the focus of the following analysis. ITS includes communication
technologies (e.g., global positioning, the Internet, and radio and cellular telephone
communication), control (e.g., sensors and sensor dependent feedback systems, transponders and
related bar code technologies), electronics (e.g., computers and electronic memory devices) and
computer hardware and software. However, it is the integrated application of these technologies
to provide a host of transportation services that enables improved productivity and performance
of traditional infrastructure. Transportation services that increasingly depend on ITS technologies
are:

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1) Travel and traffic management

2) Public transportation management

3) Electronic payment

4) Information management

5) Commercial vehicle operations

6) Advanced vehicle safety systems and

7) Emergency management.

The other application which are as follows:

2.3.1. WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Various forms of wireless communications technologies have been proposed for

intelligent transportation systems. Short-range communications (less than 500 yards) can be
accomplished using IEEE 802.11 protocols, specifically WAVE or the Dedicated Short Range
Communications standard being promoted by the Intelligent Transportation Society of America
and the United States Department of Transportation. Theoretically, the range of these protocols
can be extended using Mobile ad-hoc networks or Mesh networking.

Longer range communications have been proposed using infrastructure networks such as
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), or 3G. Long-range
communications using these methods are well established, but, unlike the short-range protocols,
these methods require extensive and very expensive infrastructure deployment. There is lack of
consensus as to what business model should support this infrastructure.

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Fig:3.2.1 : Wireless communication

2.3.2. FLOATING CAR DATA/FLOATING CELLULAR DATA:

Virtually every car contains one or more mobile phones. These mobile phones routinely
transmit their location information to the network even when no voice connection is established.
This allows them to be used as anonymous traffic probes. As the car moves, so does the signal of
the mobile phone. By measuring and analyzing triangulation network data in an anonymous
format the data is converted into accurate traffic flow information. With more congestion, there
are more cars, more phones, and thus, more probes. In metropolitan areas, the distance between
antennas is shorter and, thus, accuracy increases. No infrastructure needs to be built along the
road; only the mobile phone network is leveraged. Floating car data technology provides great
advantages over existing methods of traffic measurement:

1. Much less expensive than sensors or cameras

2. More coverage: all locations and streets
3. Faster to set up (no work zones) and less maintenance
4. Works in all weather conditions, including heavy rain .

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Fig: 3.2.2: Floating car data

2.3.3.SENSING TECHNOLOGIES:

Sensing systems for ITS are vehicle and infrastructure based networked systems, e.g.,
Intelligent vehicle technologies. Infrastructure sensors are indestructible (such as in-road
reflectors) devices that are installed or embedded on the road, or surrounding the road (buildings,
posts, and signs for example) as required and may be manually disseminated during preventive
road construction maintenance or by sensor injection machinery for rapid. Hybrid sensing:
techniques.

There are a set of techniques that use both static infrastructure and mobile sensors to gain
traffic information. (1) Teledensity - Cell phone operators can give approximate vehicle densities
in the neighborhood of a given cell tower, based on subscribers seen at that tower. There are
commercial systems like and research efforts based on this. (2) Bluetooth -is a system where
roadside Bluetooth detectors sense Bluetooth radios in phones inside vehicles. Correlating the
sensed Bluetooth addresses among different detectors, gives travel times of the vehicles between
the detectors. (3) RFID - Similar systems are being explored using RFID tags on vehicles and
RFID readers on roads.

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Fig:3.2.3: sensing technology.

2.3.4.INDUCTIVE LOOP DETECTION:

Inductive loops can be placed in a roadbed to detect vehicles as they pass over the loop by
measuring the vehicle's magnetic field. The simplest detectors simply count the number of
vehicles during a unit of time (typically 60 seconds in the United States) that pass over the loop,
while more sophisticated sensors estimate the speed, length, and weight of vehicles and the
distance between them. Loops can be placed in a single lane or across multiple lanes, and they
work with very slow or stopped vehicles as well as vehicles moving at high- speed.

Fig:3.2.4: Induction loop detection.

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2.3.5.VIDEO VEHICLE DETECTION:

Traffic flow measurement and automatic incident detection using a video camera is
another form of vehicle detection. Since video detection systems such as those used in automatic
number plate recognition do not involve installing any components directly into the road surface
or roadbed, this type of system is known as a "non-intrusive" method of traffic detection. Video
from black-and- white or color cameras is fed into processors that analyze the changing
characteristics of the video image as vehicles pass. The cameras are typically mounted on poles
or structures above or adjacent to the roadway. Most video detection systems require some initial
configuration to "teach" the processor the baseline background image. This usually involves
inputting known measurements such as the distance between lane lines or the height of the
camera above the roadway. A single video detection processor can detect traffic simultaneously
from one to eight cameras, depending on the brand and model. The typical output from a video
detection system is lane-by-lane vehicle speeds, counts, and lane occupancy readings. Some
systems provide additional outputs including gap, headway, stopped-vehicle detection, and
wrong-way vehicle alarms. 3. Intelligent transportation applications.

Fig:3.2.5: video vehicle detection.

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2.3.6.ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION

Electronic toll collection (ETC) makes it possible for vehicles to drive through toll gates
at traffic speed, reducing congestion at toll plazas and automating toll collection. Originally ETC
systems were used to automate toll collection, but more recent innovations have used ETC to
enforce congestion pricing through cordon zones in city centers and ETC lanes. Until recent
years, most ETC systems were based on using radio devices in vehicles that would use
proprietary protocols to identify a vehicle as it passed under a gantry over the roadway. More
recently there has been a move to standardize ETC protocols around the Dedicated Short Range
Communications protocol that has been promoted for vehicle safety by the Intelligent
Transportation Society of America, ERTICO and ITS Japan. Other systems that have been used
include barcode stickers, license plate recognition, infrared communication systems, and Radio
Frequency Identification Tags .

Fig:3.2.6: Electronic toll collection

2.3.7.EMERGENCY VEHICLE NOTIFICATION SYSTEMS

The in-vehicle eCall is an emergency call generated either manually by the vehicle
occupants or automatically via activation of in-vehicle sensors after an accident. When activated,
the in-vehicle eCall device will establish an emergency call carrying both voice and data directly
to the nearest emergency point (normally the nearest E1-1-2 Public-safety answering point,
PSAP). The voice call enables the vehicle occupant to communicate with the trained eCall
operator. At the same time, a minimum set of data will be sent to the eCall operator receiving the
voice call.
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The minimum set of data contains information about the incident, including time, precise
location, the direction the vehicle was traveling, and vehicle identification. The pan-European
eCall aims to be operative for all new type-approved vehicles as a standard option. Depending on
the manufacturer of the eCall system, it could be mobile phone based (Bluetooth connection to
an in- vehicle interface), an integrated eCall device, or a functionality of a broader system like
navigation, Telematics device, or tolling device.

Fig:3.2.7: EMERGENCY VEHICLE NOTIFICATION SYSTEMS

2.4.In practice: actual examples of ITS

These systems can be classified according to their objectives:

Primary safety: assisting the driver or rider, providing information on infrastructure and
black spots, improving detection of hazards and other users, communicating with other
vehicles, both. It is achieved with active technologies, which influence crash risk.
Secondary safety: minimizing crash and injury severity at the time of the accident. It
includes crash mitigation systems. It is achieved with passive technologies.
Tertiary safety: mitigating consequences after the crash occurred, reporting accidents to
reduce response time, avoiding further collisions on accident sites. It is achieved with
passive technologies. It is achieved with both active and passive technologies.
2.3.1Active technologies for Primary safety

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I. with crash avoidance systems, such as:

 Forward and Intersection Collision Avoidance
 Adaptive Cruise
 Lane Departure Warning / Lane Keeping
 Lane Change Support / Blind Spot Monitoring.
 Black Spot
 Incident Warning
II. with stability and braking enhancement systems, such as:
 Electronic Stability
 Anti-Lock Brake Systems (ABS) & Combined Brake Systems (CBS)
 Traction Control System (TCS)
III. with visibility enhancement systems, such as:
 Daytime running lights
 Adaptive Front Lighting / Active Headlights
 Vision enhancement.
With compliance assistance systems, such as:
 Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA)
III.3.2.Passive technologies for Secondary and Tertiary safety:
The secondary and tertiary safety technologies are:
 Emergency services
 Airbags.
 Crash lights
III.3.3.Comfort objectives
These systems provide assistance with navigation, weather and traffic information,
finding parking spaces, paying tolls, and include applications such as:
 Adaptive Cruise Control
 OEM Remote Service
 Real-time Traffic Information
 To help with route planning
 Vehicle-to-infrastructure communication
 Can provide information on weather conditions
 Stolen Vehicle Tracking
2.3.4.Environment objectives
Linked to comfort to an extent, these systems cover functions to reduce congestion and
improve travel efficiency: improve traffic information, create traffic platoons, allocate
parking space, adjust road use charging; improve fuel efficiency with smoother driving,
improve co-modality by providing information on other transport modes. They comprise
of applications such as:
 Stop Go
 shutting down the engine at stops

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 Platooning
 Grouping vehicles using the same route into a convoy with a lead vehicle
determining pace and direction
 Urban Traffic Guidance / Green Route Navigation
 Suggesting alternative routes to reduce congestion and/or environmental impact
 Parking Spot Management
 Monitoring parking space.
2.3.5.Enforcement/compliance objectives
Systems including enforcement applications for speed and
other traffic offenses, payment of road taxes and tolls, access management in cities, such
as:
 Black Box and recording events and location, to be accessed later
 Vehicle Tracking – logging the vehicle’s use of roads to calculate road tax or toll.

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3. BENEFITS

3.1. Positive aspects

 Route planning and navigation systems may offer real-time access to commercial or user-
created databases of infrastructure information of interest to motorcyclists.
 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure systems (V2I) can forward specific information to motorcyclists
about traffic, road surface condition, weather or accidents ahead, through direct link or
variable roadside message signs. There are potential gains in more efficient mobility and
reduced stress.
 Post-crash automatic emergency call (eCall), crash lights (automatic emergency lighting)
and fuel shutoff systems can reduce the consequences of single-vehicle accidents by
avoiding further accidents and reduce response time from emergency services.
 Increased visibility of motorcyclists in traffic, with specific warnings given to other
drivers when a motorcyclist is in the vicinity
 Collision alert, lane departing warning, blind spot monitoring, vision enhancement or
rear-view cameras installed on four-wheeled vehicles may be beneficial to motorcyclists
 Pre-crash systems for four-wheeled vehicles originally aimed at pedestrians, such as
external airbags or pop-up hoods, could benefit motorcyclists. New systems specifically
aimed at motorcyclists could be developed.

3.2.Negative aspects

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 Invasive technology may take several forms: taking over from the rider (braking
automatically, blocking acceleration), deterring the rider from taking a certain course of
action, or force-feeding distracting or annoying information.
 Rider distraction can be caused by poorly designed ITS interfaces not suitable for
motorcyclists. Besides, systems may point the obvious, divert rider attention at critical
moments, or display too many 'false alarms'.
 Changes in driver behaviour might be negative after the introduction of ITS. Reliance on
electronics may lure some drivers into a false sense of safety, with reduced attention and
awareness of powered two-wheeler users.
 Pay-as-you-drive insurance, with payments based on distance traveled and driving style,
is presented as beneficial to the consumer. However, drivers or riders refusing to sign up
may face higher insurance costs in comparison, reducing mobility for those with less
income.
 Data security and protection can be sensitive issues, in the context of a wireless-heavy
communications environment where personal information such as locations traveled and
driving behaviour can be of great interest to law enforcement agencies and private
companies (e.g. insurance, advertising).

4. ITS PRACTICES IN INDIA

Quite a few ITS projects have been implemented in India mainly in Metros another big
cities like Delhi, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Pune, etc. These various projects are of
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individual nature, and focus limited functions of the ITS, like traffic signal management,
organised parking management, public transportation management and highway toll collection
centres to name a few. Most of these projects are pilot projects and are in primary operating
stages for future large-scale implementation. Few examples of existing ITS practices in India:

CHENNAI: Chennai has initiated Advance Traffic Management System. This system comprises
of putting up a complete monitoring system using surveillance cameras for traffic rules violators,
especially at junctions, named as Traffic Regulatory Management System (TRMS). Special
purpose cameras haying latest technology and high resolution image capturing capacities like
Automatic Number Plate Reader cameras, Pan Tilt Zoom cameras, and CCTV cameras have
been installed at various locations in the city, for additional help at various junctions. Automatic
Traffic Control system, along with TRMS helps to supervise and adjust the traffic flows without
physical interference in deciding and changing the duration of signal waiting time, by the
computerised analysis of next three signalised intersection and its synchronisation. Apart from
these systems, FM radio is also one of the significant sources of transmitting crucial information
about traffic jams, road blockages due to extreme weather, etc. in Chennai

MUMBAI: Mumbai has implemented Area Traffic Control Project that deals with management
of traffic flows at major junctions. Technological help is also taken from latest gadgets like,
accelerometer guns, smart cameras for vehicle number detection, radar sensor, etc.

BENGALURU AND HYDERABAD: A pilot project has been introduced where real-time
traffic scenario of major intersection and its secondary connector roads can be obtained through
internet in Bengaluru and Hyderabad. The real-time images are available 24 by this internet
based portal for these major intersections and these images are dated at every 15 second interval.
In addition to internet advisory information system, SMS based system is also available to the
road users and motorists to get the updates for traffic jams and restricted accesses due to ongoing
construction and maintenance activities. This facility has been made available to the public for
free, but system. SMS base get this prior registration has to be done to avail of these updates. The
subscribers updates twice a day i.e., in morning and evening peak hours

New Delhi: In the year 2009 a pilot project known as 'The Traffic People' was launched to
provide real time traffic conditions and updates of in-and-around New Delhi (including NCR

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region). Basically, with a web-based platform, this project was initiated for providing morning
and evening peak hour traffic condition of selected locations. The idea was also to initiate SMS
service with monthly subscription charges but this service failed to function due to weak
response from the people and unavailability of the data

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5. CONCLUSION
Traffic congestion is an important problem in Indian cities. The characteristics of Indian
roads and traffic make the problem interesting to solve. There is scope for evaluating existing
ideas in different and challenging traffic scenarios, innovate new solutions and empirically
evaluate ideas in collaboration with public and private sectors. In this paper, we make a small
effort to put together the different ideas and people relevant in Indian ITS, so that it gives an
overview of the problem and the available solutions and outlines a set of open questions to
answer.

ITS is obviously going to play an increasingly important role in transportation. It is going

to be relatively more successful in vehicle based systems and in revenue collection. As far as
immediate implementation is concerned in low and middle income countries ITS in public
transport systems is likely to provide the biggest benefits. For congestion relief and safety,
behavior adaptation is going to be the most unpredictable issue. The other important concern is
level of market penetration required to make some of the technologies useable especially in low
and middle income countries because of cost and in some cases issues of privacy. The impact of
sophisticated technologies and vehicle based systems can take a long time and the effects will be
limited if too few cars are equipped with the necessary electronic systems.

In low and middle income countries the decisions will have to be based on the concept of
public goods versus private goods. Route guidance systems are certainly a private good, how
much they contribute to the public good is open to debate. Pollution reduction and safety
promotion by vehicle based technologies would be a public good. But, in those societies, where a
vast majority of crash victims are pedestrians, bicyclists and motorcyclists, a technology that
saves car occupants only becomes less of a public good. Choices have to be made, and the near
future they point to a focus on ITS in public transport systems, pollution control by vehicle based
technologies, and safety promotion by use of ITS in limiting speeds and controlling drunk
driving.

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