Building Technology 5: (Assignment No. 5)

Building Technology 5
(Assignment No. 5)
Submitted by: Aguilar, Daryl

Submitted to: Ar. Joseph Perfecto A. Rea, UAP
Prestressed concrete
Prestressed concrete is a structural material that allows for predetermined,
engineering stresses to be placed in members to counteract the stresses that occur
when they are subject to loading. It combines the high strength compressive
properties of concrete with the high tensile strength of steel.
In ordinary reinforced concrete, stresses are carried by the steel reinforcement,
whereas prestressed concrete supports the load by induced stresses throughout the
entire structural element. This makes it more resistant to shock and vibration than
ordinary concrete, and able to form long, thin structures with much smaller sectional
areas to support equivalent loads.
Prestressed concrete was patented by San Franciscan engineer P.H Jackson in
1886, although it did not emerge as an accepted building material until 50 years later
when a shortage of steel, coupled with technological advancements, made prestressed
concrete the building material of choice during European post-war reconstruction.
It is now commonly used for floor beams, piles and railways sleepers, as well
as structures such as bridges, water tanks, roofs and runways. Generally, prestressed
concrete is not necessary for columns and walls, however, it can be used economically
for tall columns and high retaining walls with high bending stresses.
As a general rule, traditional reinforced concrete is the most economic method
for a span of up to 6 m. Prestressed concrete is more economical when spans are over
9 m. Between 6 and 9 m, the two options must be considered according to the
particular requirements as to which is the most suitable option.
Method
Pre-tensioning
This process involves the stressing of wires or cables by anchoring them at the
end of a metal form, which may be up to 120 m in length. Hydraulic jacks stress the
wire as required, often adding 10% to accommodate creep and other pre-stress losses
that may be incurred. Side molds are then fixed and the concrete placed around the
tensioned wires. The concrete hardens and shrinks, gripping the steel along its length,
transferring the tension from the jacks to exert a compressive force in the concrete.
Once the concrete has reached the desired strength, the tensioned wires are
released from the jacks. A typical concrete strength of 28 N/mm2 can be achieved by
24-hour steam curing, as well as using additives.
To create shorter members, dividing plates can be placed at any point along
the member which, when removed, permit the cutting of the wires.
Post-tensioning
This follows the reverse method to pre-tensioning, whereby the concrete
member is cast and the prestressing occurs after the concrete is hardened. This
method is often used where stressing is to be carried out on site after casting an insitu
component or where a series of precast concrete units are to be joined together to
form the required member.
The wires, cables or bars may be positioned in the unit before concreting, but
bonding to the concrete is prevented by using a flexible duct or rubber sheath which
is deflated and removed when the concrete has hardened.
Stressing is carried out after the concrete has been cured by means of hydraulic
jacks operating from one or both ends of the member. Due to the high local stresses
at the anchorage positions it is common for a helical (spiral) reinforcement to be
included in the design. When the required stress has been reached, the wire or cables
are anchored to maintain the prestress. The ends of the unit are sealed with cement
mortar to prevent corrosion due to any entrapped moisture and to assist in stress
distribution.
Anchorages used in post-tensioning depend on whether the tendons are to be
stressed individually or as a group. Most systems use a form of split cone wedges or
jaws which act against a form of bearing or pressure plate.
There are many different post-tensioning systems. For example, the Freyssinet
system enables the stressing strands to be tensioned simultaneously using center hole
tensioning jacks, anchored by tapered jaws. This is suitable for pre-
stressing elements up to 50 m in length.
The Macalloy system on the other hand, involves applying stress to

the concrete by means of a solid bar, usually with a diameter of 25-75 mm. The bar
is anchored at each end by a special nut which bears against an end plate to distribute
the load.
Advantages and disadvantages
The advantages of prestressed concrete include:
 The inherent compressive strength of concrete is used to its fullest.

 The special alloy steels used to form the prestressing tendons are used to their
fullest.
 Tension cracks are eliminated, reducing the risk of
the steel components corroding.
 Shear stresses are reduced.
 For any given span and loading condition a reduction in weight can be achieved
from using a component with a smaller cross section.
 A composite member can be formed by joining individual precast
concrete units together.
The disadvantages of prestressed concrete include:
 A high degree of workmanship and control is required.

 Special alloy steels are more expensive than traditional steels used in reinforced
concrete.
 Expensive equipment is needed and there are complex safety requirements.

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Building Technology 5

Submitted by: Aguilar, Daryl

The Macalloy system on the other hand, involves applying stress to

Advantages and disadvantages

The advantages of prestressed concrete include:

 The inherent compressive strength of concrete is used to its fullest.

The disadvantages of prestressed concrete include:

 A high degree of workmanship and control is required.

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