The Cardiovascular

system & Physiology of

Heart

Presented By:
Bhupendra Kumar
Integrated M.Tech.
 Contents
 Components of the cardiovascular system (CVS)
 The systemic and pulmonary circulation
 Basic functions of the various parts of the CVS.
 General function of the CVS.
 Physiological anatomy of the heart.
 Blood vessels
 Heart sounds
 Characteristics of blood
 Cardiovascular system
 In order to pump blood through the body,
the heart is connect to the vascular system
of the body.
 It is the closed system.
 It is designed to transport oxygen and
nutrients to the cells of the body and remove
carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products
from the body.
Components of CVS
 Heart:
 It is a pump composed of 4 chambers (2 atria & 2
ventricles.
 The heart provides the driving force for the
cardiovascular system.

 Blood Vessels:
 The blood vessels are systems of tubes including:
 Arteries and arterioles which carry the blood
from the heart to all parts of the body.
 The arteries serve as distribution channels to the
organs.
 Components of CVS
 Venules and veins which carry the blood back
from the tissues to the heart.
 The veins serve as blood reservoirs and collect
the blood to return it to the heart.
 Blood capillaries which form a network of fine
vessels connecting the arterioles with the Venules.
 The blood capillaries are the sites of exchange of
gases (O2 & CO2), nutrients and waste products
between blood and tissues.
Construction of CVS
 The cardiovascular system is actually
made up of two major circulatory
systems, acting together.

 The right side of the heart pumps blood

to the lungs through the pulmonary
artery (PA), pulmonary capillaries, and
then returns blood to the left atrium
through the pulmonary veins (PV).

 The left side of the heart pumps blood

to the rest of the body through the
aorta, arteries, arterioles, systemic
capillaries, and then returns blood to
the right atrium through the Venules and
great veins
In the cardiovascular system, blood passes through
two circulations in series. One full circulation
consists of these two circulations together. Both
circulations start and end in the heart. These two
circulations are:
The systemic (or greater or high-pressure)circulation:
It starts in the left ventricle → the aorta → systemic
arteries → systemic capillaries → systemic veins →
superior and inferior vena cava → ends in the right
atrium.
The pulmonary (or lesser or low-pressure) circulation:
It starts in the right ventricle → the pulmonary trunk
→ pulmonary arteries → pulmonary capillaries →
pulmonary veins → ends in the left atrium.
 Thetwo circulations are in series. So, blood finishes
one circulation to start the other.

 Thisallows the whole blood volume to carry out its

respiratory function more efficiently as blood goes
once through the systemic capillaries and once
through the pulmonary capillaries.

 Thus, both ventricles must pump the same volume

of blood during any significant time interval because
of the series arrangement of the systemic and
pulmonary circulations.
Systemic and pulmonary
circulations
 From an Engineering stand point, systemic
circulation is a high resistance circuit with a large
pressure gradient between the arteries and veins.

 Heart is analogous to the pump but the analogy to

pump and hydraulic piping system should not be
used too discriminately.(Blood is not a pure
Newtonian fluid).

 Muscle contraction of the left side of heart is larger

and stronger than that of right heart because of the
greater pressure required for the systemic
circulation.
Basic Function of the various
parts of the CVS
a)HEART:
1) The left side of the heart (high pressure side) acts a
pressure pump that pumps blood into the systemic
arteries at a sufficient pressure that drives blood to the
tissues.
2) The right side of the heart (low pressure side) pumps
blood into the pulmonary arteries at a relatively lower
pressure that drives blood into the lungs.
b) BLOOD VESSELS:
1) The arteries: the aorta and the pulmonary artery are
elastic arteries i.e. they have the properties of stretch
(=distension or compliance) and recoil.
During ventricular contraction (systole), they distend by
the blood ejected into them; and energy is at load in their
walls.
 During ventricular relaxation (diastole), this energy is
released causing elastic recoil of their walls, which acts as
an additional pump to blood during diastole.

Thus on efficient pressure is maintained during systole and

diastole, resulting in a continuous blood flow through the
tissues.

2) The arterioles are resistance vessels that act as variable

resistors because their diameters continuously undergo
changes in order to regulate the amount of blood flow into
the capillaries. Therefore, the arterioles are considered the
“taps” regulating blood flow to the tissues.

.
3) The veins act as capacitance vessels (volume reservoir) that
hold most of the blood volume.
 Veins have a high distending capacity (=high compliance) and
they can store or mobilize blood depending upon the
underlying condition.

GENERAL FUNCTION OF THE CVS:

The normal function of the CVS is to maintain homeostasis
(i.e. a constant optimum internal environment). Thus, in spite
of continuous metabolic activity of the tissue cells,
homeostasis is maintained by continuous adequate blood flow
to the tissues.
 ARTERIES (LOW COMPLIANCE)

HEART

DIASTOLE

VEINS
80 mmHg 120 mmHg
CAPACITY
VESSELS

SYSTOLE

CAPILLARIES
PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY
of the HEART
The HEART is the great central pump of the CVS. It lies in
the left side of the thoracic cavity partly behind the sternum
and between the right and left lungs. It is covered by a
fibrous sac called the pericardium.

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE HEART

The heart is a hollow muscular organ. Its walls are
composed of a muscle called the cardiac muscle or the
myocardium

.
Cardiac Chambers & their functions
The human HEART is consist of four chambers:
Two atria (right and left) which are separated from each
other by the interatrial septum.

Two ventricles (right and left) which are separated from

each other by the interventricular septum.

The wall of the left ventricle is about 3 times thicker than

the wall of the right ventricle.

The ventricular myocardium (wall) is much thicker and

stronger than the atrial myocardium (wall). The atrial muscle
(of both atria) is completely separated from the ventricular
muscle (of both ventricles) by a fibrous ring called AV ring
(atrioventricular ring).
The atria have 2 main functions:
1) They act as blood reservoir for the blood returning
back to the heart.
2) They act as pumps (primer pumps). Atrial
contraction pushes about 25% of the blood filling
the ventricles during ventricular diastole and about
75% of the blood that ventricles during their
diastole pass passively i.e. by its own weight.

The ventricles, on the other hand , are the powerful

cardiac pumps filling the arteries with blood. The right
ventricle (pulmonary pumps) pushes blood into the
pulmonary arteries and the left ventricle (systemic
pump) pushes blood into the aorta during ventricular
systole.
Cardiac Valves and their functions

The human heart contains four valves

Two atrioventricular valves (AV valves) between the

atria and the ventricles:
- Tricuspid valve between the right atrium and the right
ventricle.
- Mitral or tricuspid valve between the left atrium and
there left ventricle.

Two semi lunar valves:

- Aortic valve between the left ventricle and the aorta.
- Pulmonary valve between the right ventricle and the
pulmonary trunk.
Functions of the cardiac valves
The cardiac valves allow for the blood to pass only in one
direction i.e.
- The AV valves allow for the blood to pass from the atria into
the ventricles during ventricular diastole. During ventricular
systole, the AV valves close to prevent back flow of blood from
the ventricles into the atria.
- The semi lunar valves allow for the blood to pass from the
ventricles into the arteries during ventricular systole. During
ventricular diastole, these valves prevent back flow of blood
from the arteries into the ventricles (as these valves become
closed during ventricular diastole).
It should be noted that:
a) The valves open or close depending upon the
pressure gradient of the blood on both sides of the
valves e.g.
The AV valves:
- Open when the atrial pressure becomes higher than
the ventricular pressure or
- Close when the ventricular pressure becomes higher
that the atrial pressure.
The semi lunar valves:
- Open when the ventricular pressure becomes higher
than the arterial pressure and
- Close when the arterial pressure becomes higher
than the ventricular pressure.
 The right ventricle
 The right ventricle pumps relatively large volumes
of blood at a low pressure through the pulmonary
circulation (the right ventricle is essentially flow
generator).
 The normal cross-section of the right ventricle is
crescent-shaped.
 If the right ventricle must eject blood against a high
pressure for prolonged periods (as seen in certain
pulmonary diseases), it assumes a much more
cylindrical appearance and there is a thickening of
the right ventricular free wall (right ventricular
hypertrophy).
 The left ventricle

 The left ventricle pumps blood through the

systemic circulation.
 It is cylindrical in shape and normally has a
thicker wall than does the right ventricle.
 The left ventricle works much harder than the
right ventricle because of the higher pressure in
the systemic circulation (the left ventricle is
essentially pressure generator).
 Consequently, the left ventricle is more
commonly affected by disease processes than is
the right ventricle.
 Blood flow from the heart

 During ventricular systole, blood is pumped into

the circulation.

 During diastole, the pumping of blood stops and

the ventricles get filled with blood.

 In this way, the flow of blood from the ventricles

into the systemic and pulmonary circulations is
an intermittent pulsatile flow.
The heart rate is under neural control. Cardiac
sympathetic efferent activity increases the heart rate,
whereas parasympathetic (vagal) efferent impulses
decreases heart rate.

The heart of a normal adult male beats automatically

and regularly at a rate of 75 beats/minute during rest.
The normal range of heart rate is between 60 – 100.

The stroke volume for each ventricle averages 70 ml

of blood, and a normal heart rate is approximately 70-
75 beats/minute; therefore, the cardiac output at rest is
approximately 5 L/min.
Blood flow from the heart
Blood vessels
 Blood vessels

1. Elastic vessels.
2. Low-resistance vessels.
3. High-resistance vessels.
4. Exchange vessels.
5. Capacitance vessels.
 The peripheral resistance
As the blood flows from the arterial to the venous
side of the circulation, it meets resistance because
of the smaller caliber of the vessels and the viscous
nature of the blood. This is called the peripheral
resistance.
It is an important factor in generating and
maintaining the arterial blood pressure.
Vasoconstriction of the small vessels increases the
peripheral resistance, which in turn elevates the
arterial blood pressure. Whilst vasodilatation
decreases the resistance and lowers the pressure.
 Pressure Drop in the Vascular
System
ELASTIC TISSUE

MUSCLE
LARGE ARTERIES

SMALL ARTERIES

ARTERIOLES

CAPILLARIES
VENULES &VEINS

LARGE SMALL LARGE

INSIDE DIAMETER
INSIDE DIAMETER
Pressure Drop in the Vascular
System
* The wall of the left ventricle is much thicker
(15 mm) than the wall of the right ventricle (5
mm), yet the capacities and outputs of both
ventricles are equal.

* The thickness of the ventricular wall reflects

the pressure load on the ventricle. The
pressure load on the left ventricle (the aortic
pressure) is much higher than the pressure
load on the right ventricle (the pulmonary
arterial pressure).
Heart Sounds
 Heart sounds are the noises generated by the
beating heart and the resultant flow of blood through
it.
 Specifically, the sounds reflect the turbulence created
when the heart valves snap shut.
 In cardiac auscultation, an examiner may use a
stethoscope to listen for these unique and distinct
sounds that provide important auditory data regarding
the condition of the heart.
 In healthy adults, there are two normal heart sounds
often described as a lub and a dub (or dup), that occur
in sequence with each heartbeat.
 These are the first heart sound (S1) and second
heart sound (S2), produced by the closing of the AV
valves and semilunar valves, respectively.
Functions and Characteristics of the
Blood
 Blood is the only liquid tissue in the body. It is
a connective tissue.
 Consists of formed elements (cells and cell
fragments) in a liquid intercellular matrix
(plasma)
 Average adult blood volume is around 5 liters
(8% of body weight)
Blood Functions

 Transportation: Blood transports oxygen and

nutrients to cells, CO2 and waste away from
cells, hormones to target tissues
 Regulation: Helps maintain stable body
temperature, pH, water and electrolyte levels
 Protection: Clotting prevents fluid loss, white
blood cells protect body against disease