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    Cosmology: The Evidence For Dark Matter and Dark Energy

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    Roy Vesey
    - Dark matter: Evidence from galaxy rotation curves and gravitational lensing shows there is more mass than can be accounted for by visible matter alone. The density of dark matter is much greater than that of baryonic matter from nucleosynthesis. - Dark energy: Observations of Type Ia supernovae used as standard candles show the universe is accelerating, indicating the presence of dark energy driving this acceleration. - Current model: The universe is composed of about 25% dark matter, 5% baryonic matter, and 70% dark energy. The nature and cause of both dark matter and dark energy remain unknown but are areas of ongoing research.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Cosmology: The Evidence For Dark Matter and Dark Energy

    Uploaded by

    Roy Vesey
    20 views26 pages
    - Dark matter: Evidence from galaxy rotation curves and gravitational lensing shows there is more mass than can be accounted for by visible matter alone. The density of dark matter is much greater than that of baryonic matter from nucleosynthesis. - Dark energy: Observations of Type Ia supernovae used as standard candles show the universe is accelerating, indicating the presence of dark energy driving this acceleration. - Current model: The universe is composed of about 25% dark matter, 5% baryonic matter, and 70% dark energy. The nature and cause of both dark matter and dark energy remain unknown but are areas of ongoing research.

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    SSM Cosmology - Introductory Physics lecture slides (UCL)

    Original Title

    Ssm Bridle

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    - Dark matter: Evidence from galaxy rotation curves and gravitational lensing shows there is more mass than can be accounted for by visible matter alone. The density of dark matter is much greater than that of baryonic matter from nucleosynthesis. - Dark energy: Observations of Type Ia supernovae used as standard candles show the universe is accelerating, indicating the presence of dark energy driving this acceleration. - Current model: The universe is composed of about 25% dark matter, 5% baryonic matter, and 70% dark energy. The nature and cause of both dark matter and dark energy remain unknown but are areas of ongoing research.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views26 pages

    Cosmology: The Evidence For Dark Matter and Dark Energy

    Uploaded by

    Roy Vesey
    - Dark matter: Evidence from galaxy rotation curves and gravitational lensing shows there is more mass than can be accounted for by visible matter alone. The density of dark matter is much greater than that of baryonic matter from nucleosynthesis. - Dark energy: Observations of Type Ia supernovae used as standard candles show the universe is accelerating, indicating the presence of dark energy driving this acceleration. - Current model: The universe is composed of about 25% dark matter, 5% baryonic matter, and 70% dark energy. The nature and cause of both dark matter and dark energy remain unknown but are areas of ongoing research.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 26

    Cosmology: The evidence for

    dark matter and dark energy


    Sarah Bridle (UCL)

    Cosmology: The evidence for dark


    matter and dark energy

    • Dark matter
    – Not everything emits light
    – It’s not normal (baryonic)
    • Dark energy
    – The Universe is accelerating
    • Prospects for the future
    Cosmology: The evidence for dark
    matter and dark energy

    • Dark matter
    – Not everything emits light
    – It’s not normal (baryonic)
    • Dark energy
    – The Universe is accelerating
    • Prospects for the future

    The COMA cluster of galaxies


    Fritz Zwicky 1937

    Observations of COMA
    • Measured speeds of galaxies
    – ~1200 km/s
    • Law of gravity gives Fg=GMm/r2
    • Centrifugal force gives Fc=mv2/r
    • Must have Fg ~ Fc or galaxies fly out!
    – Gives M ~ 5x1014 Mo
    • Observed amount of starlight
    – ~1013 Mo
    ! Fifty times more mass than seen!
    Galaxy rotation curves
    • Measure rotation speed of galaxies
    • v2 / r = G M(r) / r2
    • M(r) = v2 r / G

    Rotation of our galaxy

    roughly constant
    Galaxy rotation curves
    • Measure rotation speed of galaxies
    • v2 / r = G M(r) / r2
    • M(r) = v2 r / G
    • v ~ constant ! M(r) / r !

    http://hepwww.rl.ac.uk/ukdmc/dark_matter/rotation_curves.html
    Galaxy rotation curves
    • Measure rotation speed of galaxies
    • v2 / r = G M(r) / r2
    • M(r) = v2 r / G
    • v ~ constant M(r) / r !
    • Whereas light is nearly constant
    ! Dark matter!

    Space-time is bent by mass


    Gravitational lensing
    • Light follows straight lines in space-time
    S

    b "
    M
    O
    ^
    • " = 4 G M / (c2 b)
    • Independent of light wavelength
    ^ ^
    ~0.003 degrees

    Arc radius _ Mass enclosed

    #E2 = 4GM/c2 Dds / (Dd Ds)


    • # ~ 0.003 degrees
    • Mass expected from starlight ~ 1013 Mo
    • Mass measured from gravitational lensing
    ~ 1015 Mo
    • Factor of ~100 different!
    • Mass-to-light ratio = M/L ~ 100
    http://gladstone.uoregon.edu/~cturner/p405/step3.html

    Bahcall et al
    Dark matter density
    • Calculate density of light emitting matter

    • Multiply by M/L

    ! Density of dark matter $m ~ 0.6 mp / m3

    Cosmology: The evidence for dark


    matter and dark energy

    • Dark matter
    – Not everything emits light
    – Its not normal (baryonic)
    • Dark energy
    – There must be something else
    • Prospects for the future
    A brief history of the Universe

    http://physics.ucsd.edu/students/courses/fall2001/physics5/notes/ch17/sld026.htm
    http://physics.ucsd.edu/students/courses/fall2001/physics5/notes/ch17/sld004.htm

    http://physics.ucsd.edu/students/courses/fall2001/physics5/notes/ch17/sld026.htm
    http://physics.ucsd.edu/students/courses/fall2001/physics5/notes/ch17/sld027.htm

    http://physics.ucsd.edu/students/courses/fall2001/physics5/notes/ch17/sld026.htm
    Baryons
    • Made up of 3 quarks
    – Protons, neutrons
    • Nuclei of atoms are made of p, n
    – therefore are baryonic

    • Non-baryonic:
    – e.g. photons (light), electrons, neutrinos …
    http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/arny/student/webtutor/solar_energy/
    Nucleosynthesis
    • ~3 minutes after the Big Bang
    • Universe cools enough for nuclei to form

    http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~phillips/bang/bang.html
    http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/BBNS.html

    http://departments.weber.edu/physics/carroll/Wonder/big_bang_nucleosynthesis.htm

    Baryon density controls relative abundances


    http://www-ik1.fzk.de/tritium/liebenzell/ccd_data/hamilton/bbn.html

    Observations

    4He and D agree!


    = evidence for
    Big Bang

    http://physics.ucsd.edu/students/courses/fall2001/physics5/notes/ch17/sld026.htm
    http://www-ik1.fzk.de/tritium/liebenzell/ccd_data/hamilton/bbn.html

    Observations

    $b ~ 0.1 mp / m3

    Dark matter is not normal (baryonic)


    • From M/L ratio:
    • Density of dark matter $m ~ 0.6 mp / m3

    • From nucleosynthesis
    • Baryon density $b ~ 0.1 mp /m3

    • What is the non-baryonic dark matter?


    Jargon: The “critical density”
    • The critical density _ $crit
    • $m < $crit (and no dark energy) %m<1
    – Universe expands forever
    • $m > $crit %m>1
    – Big Crunch
    • $m = $crit %m=1
    – Universe eventually stops expanding (at t=1)
    • Define matter density %m = $m / $crit

    map.gsfc.nasa.gov/ m_uni/101bb2_1.html
    Dark Matter: Summary
    • Mass compared to starlight: M/L ~100
    • Extrapolate M/L to give %m ~ 0.3
    • Nucleosynthesis: %b ~ 0.05
    • Galaxy clustering gives %& < 0.05

    • Mass is dominated by “dark matter”


    • We don’t know what it is!

    Cosmology: The evidence for dark


    matter and dark energy

    • Dark matter
    – Not everything emits light
    – Its not normal (baryonic)
    • Dark energy
    – The Universe is accelerating
    • Prospects for the future
    http://panisse.lbl.gov/

    Standard Candles
    • Definition:
    – Anything that is intrinsically the same
    brightness wherever it is placed
    • e.g.
    – Could estimate distance to nearby farmhouse
    by looking at apparent brightness of lightbulb
    • Historical examples
    – e.g. Hubble used galaxies for discovering
    expansion
    Observations of Supernova type Ia 7/25

    All roughly the same


    peak brightness

    S. Perlmutter, Physics Today, April 2003 http://panisse.lbl.gov/PhysicsTodayArticle.pdf

    9/25

    Model for SNIa


    Why might SNIa be standard candles?
    • Accreting white dwarf reaches
    Chandrasekhar mass and explodes
    • Chandrasekhar mass well defined
    • White dwarfs might be very simple

    • Problems:
    – explosion v hard to model (esp in 3d)
    – composition varies from WD to WD

    map.gsfc.nasa.gov/ m_uni/101bb2_1.html
    4/50

    4/50
    Dark
    energy
    density
    Latest constraints from SN

    Dark matter density


    Barris et al 2004 Data from Supernova Cosmology Project (LBL)
    Graphic by Barnett, Linder, Perlmutter & Smoot
    Current Cosmological Model
    ~70 % Dark Energy

    ~5 % Baryonic
    Matter

    ~25 % non-Baryonic
    Dark Matter

    Cosmic Coincidence?
    Graphic from http://supernova.lbl.gov/~evlinder/linderdoegeneral.ppt

    Dark
    energy

    Matter

    Size=1/4 Size=1/2 Today Size=2 Size=4

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