Fabrication of modified steering and drive

mechanism for turning wheels through 90

degree in parallel parking

PME-853: PROJECT REPORT

By

Saurabh Kumar
Ravi Shankar
Kumar Saumya
Sujeet Kumar
Praveen Kumar
Jitendra Kumar Arya

Project work carried out at

AMRAPALI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES

HALDWANI (UTTRAKHAND)

AMRAPALI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

HALDWANI (UTTRAKHAND)

May, 2017
Fabrication of modified steering and drive
mechanism for turning wheels through 90
degree in parallel parking
PME-853: PROJECT REPORT

By

Saurabh Kumar
Kumar Saumya
Sujeet Kumar
Ravi Shankar
Praveen Kumar
Jitendra Kumar Arya
Project work carried out at

AMRAPALI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES

HALDWANI (UTTRAKHAND)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of B.TechMechanical Engineering Degree programme

Under the Supervision of

Er. Ashis Saxena and Asst. Prof. Hitendra Bankoti
Amrapali Institute of Technology and Sciences, Haldwani (Uttrakhand)

AMRAPALI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

HALDWANI (UTTRAKHAND)
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “Fabrication of modified steering and
drive mechanism for turning wheels through 90 degree in parallel parking” and
submitted by Saurabh kumar, Kumar Saumya, Ravi Shankar, Sujeet Kumar, Praveen
Kumar, Jitendra Kumar Arya for the partial fulfillment of the requirements of B.Tech.
Mechanical Engineering degree of Uttrakhand Technical Univeristy, embodies the bonafide
work done by them under my supervision.

Place: Haldwani

Date: Signature of the Supervisor

Er. Ashis Saxena

Associate Professor

Amrapali Institute of Technology & Sciences

[i]
 Amrapali Institute of Technology & Science, Haldwani

Uttrakhand Technical University

Eigth Semester 2016-2017

PME-853: Project Report

ABSTRACT
UNIVERSITYROLL NO. : 130030104017 130030104040
130030104057 130030104012
130030104052 130030104039

NAME OF THE STUDENT : Saurabh Kumar Kumar Saumya

Sujeet Kumar Ravi Shankar
Praveen Kumar Jitendra Kumar Arya

PROJECT CARRIED AT : Amrapali Institute of Technology & Sciences.

GUIDE NAME : Mr. Hitedra Bankoti, Er. Ashis Saxena

GUIDES’S EMAIL ADDRESS : hitendrabankoti@gmail.com, erashis@gmail.com

DISSERTATION TITLE : 900 TURNING OF WHEELS

ABSTRACT:

In this project, an effort is made on the development, modification and fabrication of

steering and drive mechanism which will result in turning of wheels by 90 degree for easy
parallel parking. The proposed approach is to construct a vehicle whose wheels can turn 90
degrees by using an additional rack and pinion type steering system for the rear wheels in
addition to front steering system. Rear wheel steering mechanism will come into action at
the time of parallel parking and can be engaged or disengaged with the help of a lever which
in turn operates the engagement /disengagement pin. In addition to this, turning angle of
wheels is increased to 90 degree by eliminating tie rods and using a longer rack. A cylindrical
pinion with length more than usual is connected to steering column via bevel gear and is used

[ii]
to move the rack in transverse axis (i.e. for side to side movement) to a greater extent
resulting in 90 degree turning of wheels. In order to drive vehicle during parallel parking
situations power must be given to all the four wheels along with steering. This is achieved
by using a modified drive mechanism involving the use of four differential gear assembly
at every wheel and two modified differential assemblies (D5& D6) in front and rear axle
for transmission of power during parallel parking. Modified differential assembly D5in the
front axle can be disengaged during normal driving conditions with the help of an
engagement /disengagement pin which is driven by a lever.

.Broad Academic Area of Work: Theory of machines, Manufacturing sciences, Strength of

materials, Machine Design.

Signature of the Student’s

Saurabh Kumar Sujeet Kumar Praveen Kumar

Kumar Saumya Ravi Shankar Jitendra Kumar Arya

Date:

Signature of the Project Guide

Name: Er. Ashis Saxena

Assistant professor

[iii]
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take the opportunity to express our gratitude and thanks to all the people who will directly
or indirectly help and guide us in our project.

We are especially thankful to Er. Ashis Saxena (project guide, H.O.D, Department of
Mechanical engineering) for his guidance and valuable suggestions time to time.

We are especially thankful to Mr. Hitendra Bankoti (project coordinator) for his constant
encouragement and inspiration.

Last but not the least we would like to thank our faculties and our friends for their constant
feedback and support.

Signature of the Student’s

Saurabh Kumar

Kumar Saumya

Sujeet Kumar

Ravi Shankar

Praveen Kumar

Jitendra Kumar Arya

[iv]
 CONTENTS

Page no.

CERTIFICATE ……………………………………………….……………………..[i]
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………….………...………..[ii-iii]
ACKNOWLEDGEMET……..………………………………….……………….…..[iv]
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………….………………….[v]
LIST OF FIGURES …………………………............................................................[vi]
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………[vii]

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………...………….[1-11]

1.1 Components used…………………………………..………………………[1-11]

2. Background study………………………………………………………..…..…..[12-13]

3. Objective………………………………………………………………………….......[14]

4. Methodology…………………………………………………………….….…..…[15-22]

4.1 Working…………………………………………………………………….[17-22]

4.1.1 Steering mechanism……………………………………………...[18-19]

4.1.2 Power transmission mechanism…………….………………….….[20-22]

4.2 Modified differential assembly………………………………………..…………[22]

5. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..………..[23]

6. References………………………………………………………………...………..…[24]

[v]
 LIST OF FIGURES

Page no.

FIGURE 1.1 Rack………………………………………………,,,,…………………….….[2]

FIGURE 1.2 Pinion…………………………………….…………………,,,,………....…..[2]

FIGURE 1.3 Rack pinion assembly………………….…………………,,,,,,,………….….[2]

FIGURE 1.4 Differential design using CATIA v5……………………,,,,,………………..[3]

FIGURE 1.5 Differential assembly…………………………………...……………..……..[4]

FIGURE 1.6 Bevel gear messing…………………………………….……………..………[5]

FIGURE 1.7 Four stroke engine………………………………………..…………….…….[6]

FIGURE 1.8 Steering wheel…………………….……………………….………..………..[7]

FIGURE 1.9 Steering arm………………………………………………..…………………[7]

FIGURE 1.10 Lower chassis part…………………………………………………………..[8]

FIGURE 1.11 Upper chassis part……………………………………...……………………[9]

FIGURE 1.12 Chain drive………………………………………………………………….[9]

FIGURE 1.13 Sprocket…………………………………………………………………….[10]

FIGURE 2.1 Pivo2……………………………………………………..…………………..[12]

FIGURE 4.1 Schematic diagram of the modified chassis with proposed mechanism…….[16]

FIGURE 4.1.1 3D-Model for proposed mechanism designed using CATIA v5………….[17]

FIGURE 4.1.1.1 Steering mechanism (Normal mode)…………………………………….[18]

FIGURE 4.1.1.2 Various views of vehicles during normal steering mode………………..[19]

FIGURE 4.1.1.3 90 Degree turned wheels (Parking mode)………………………………..[20]

FIGURE 4.1.2.1 Drive mechanism of the proposed vehicle……………………………….[21]

FIGURE 4.1.2.2 Various views of proposed vehicle showing drive mechanism…….…...[21]

FIGURE 4.2.1 Modified differential gear assembly………………………………….……[22]

[vi]
 LIST OF TABLES

Page no.

TABLE 1 Notations used in the schematic diagram of proposed mechanism……………..[17]

[vii]
 1. INTRODUCTION
The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front wheels using a hand–operated
steering wheel which is positioned in front of the driver, via the steering column, which may
contain universal joints to allow it to deviate somewhat from a straight line. Primary function
of the steering system is to achieve angular motion of the front wheels to negotiate a turn.
This is done through linkage and steering gear which convert the rotary motion of the steering
wheel into angular motion of the front wheels. For decreasing the turning radius and
increasing the turning angle of wheels of vehicles for transverse parking various mechanisms
are proposed one after another, some seemed to inspire but most of them failed to get
commercialized.

1.1 COMPONENTS USED

A. Rack and Pinion-A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair
of gears which convert rotational motion into linear motion. A circular gear called
"the pinion" engages teeth on a linear "gear" bar called "the rack"; rotational motion applied
to the pinion causes the rack to move relative to the pinion, thereby translating the rotational
motion of the pinion into linear motion.

For example, in a rack railway, the rotation of a pinion mounted on a locomotive or

a railcar engages a rack between the rails and forces a train up a steep slope.

For every pair of conjugate in volute profile, there is a basic rack. This basic rack is the
profile of the conjugate gear of infinite pitch radius (i.e. a toothed straight edge)

A generating rack is a rack outline used to indicate tooth details and dimensions for the design
of a generating tool, such as a hob or a gear shaper cutter.

[1]
 Fig 1.1 Rack

Fig 1.2 Pinion

Fig 1.3 Rack and pinion assembly

[2]
B. Differentials- A differential is a gear train with three shafts that has the property that the
angular velocity of one shaft is the average of the angular velocities of the others, or a fixed
multiple of that average.

In automobiles and other wheeled vehicles, the differential allows the outer drive wheel to
rotate faster than the inner drive wheel during a turn. This is necessary when the vehicle turns,
making the wheel that is traveling around the outside of the turning curve roll farther and
faster than the other. The average of the rotational speed of the two driving wheels equals the
input rotational speed of the drive shaft. An increase in the speed of one wheel is balanced by
a decrease in the speed of the other.

When used in this way, a differential couples the input shaft (or prop shaft) to the pinion,
which in turn runs on the ring gear of the differential. This also works as reduction gearing.
On rear wheel drive vehicles the differential may connect to half-shafts inside axle housing, or
drive shafts that connect to the rear driving wheels. Front wheel drive vehicles tend to have
the pinion on the end of the main-shaft of the gearbox and the differential is enclosed in the
same housing as the gearbox. There are individual drive-shafts to each wheel.

Fig 1.4 Differential designed using CATIA V5

[3]
 Fig 1.5 Differential assembly

C. Bevel gears-Bevel gears are gears where the axes of the two shafts intersect and

The tooth-bearing faces of the gears themselves are conically shaped. Bevel gears are most
often mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other angles
as well. The pitch surface of bevel gears is a cone.

Two important concepts in gearing are pitch surface and pitch angle. The pitch surface of a
gear is the imaginary toothless surface that you would have by averaging out the peaks and
valleys of the individual teeth. The pitch surface of an ordinary gear is the shape of a cylinder.
The pitch angle of a gear is the angle between the face of the pitch surface and the axis.

The most familiar kinds of bevel gears have pitch angles of less than 90 degrees and therefore
are cone-shaped. This type of bevel gear is called external because the gear teeth point
outward. The pitch surfaces of meshed external bevel gears are coaxial with the gear shafts;
the apexes of the two surfaces are at the point of intersection of the shaft axes.

Bevel gears that have pitch angles of greater than ninety degrees have teeth that point inward
and are called internal bevel gears.

[4]
Bevel gears that have pitch angles of exactly 90 degrees have teeth that point outward parallel
with the axis and resemble the points on a crown. That's why this type of bevel gear is called
a crown gear.

Miter gears are mating bevel gears with equal numbers of teeth and with axes at right angles.

Skew bevel gears are those for which the corresponding crown gear has teeth that are straight
and oblique.

Fig 1.6 Bevel gear meshing

D. Four stroke engine- A four-stroke engine (also known as four cycles) is an internal
combustion (IC) engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes while turning a
crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either
direction. The four separate strokes are termed:

Intake: also known as induction or suction this stroke of the piston begins at top dead center
(T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in
the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing
vacuum pressure into the cylinder through its downward motion.

[5]
Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction stroke, and ends at
T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in preparation for ignition
during the power stroke (below). Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed during this
stage.

Combustion: also known as power or ignition This is the start of the second revolution of the
four stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft has completed a full 360 degree revolution.
While the piston is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke) the compressed air-fuel
mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat generated by high
compression (diesel engines), forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C. This stroke produces
mechanical work from the engine to turn the crankshaft.

Exhaust: also known as outlet. During the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns from
B.D.C. to T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent air-fuel mixture
through the exhaust valve.

Fig 1.7 Four-stroke engine

[6]
E. Steering Wheel-A steering wheel (also called a driving wheel or a hand wheel) is a type
of steering control in vehicles and vessels (ships and boats).

Steering wheels are used in most modern land vehicles, including all mass-
production automobiles, as well as buses, light and heavy trucks, and tractors. The steering
wheel is the part of the steering system that is manipulated by the driver; the rest of the
steering system responds to such driver inputs. This can be through direct mechanical contact
as in recirculation ball or rack and pinion steering gears, without or with the assistance
of hydraulic power steering, HPS, or as in some modern production cars with the assistance of
computer-controlled motors, known as Electric Power Steering.

Fig 1.8 Steering wheel

F. Steering Arms- A steering arm is the final part of a steering set up and pushes/pulls the
hub's in order to gain directional control over the front wheels. Steering wheel spins column
clockwise and anti clockwise as the driver sees fit. The column imparts this motion into a
horizontal rack through means of a pinion.

Fig 1.9 Steering arm

[7]
G. Chassis-A chassis consists of an internal vehicle frame that supports an artificial object in
its construction and use, can also provide protection for some internal parts. An example of a
chassis is the under part of a motor vehicle, consisting of the frame (on which the body is
mounted). If the running gear such as wheels and transmission, and sometimes even the
driver's seat, are included, then the assembly is described as a rolling chassis.

In the case of vehicles, the term rolling chassis means the frame plus the "running gear"
like engine, transmission, drive shaft, differential, and suspension.

An under body (sometimes referred to as "coachwork"), which is usually not necessary for
integrity of the structure, is built on the chassis to complete the vehicle.

For commercial vehicles, a rolling chassis consists of an assembly of all the essential parts of
a truck (without the body) to be ready for operation on the road. The design of a pleasure car
chassis will be different than one for commercial vehicles because of the heavier loads and
constant work use. Commercial vehicle manufacturers sell "chassis only", "cowl and chassis",
as well as "chassis cab" versions that can be outfitted with specialized bodies. These
include motor homes, fire engines, ambulances, box trucks, etc.

In particular applications, such as school buses, a government agency like National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in the U.S. defines the design standards of chassis
and body conversions.

An armored fighting vehicles hull serves as the chassis and comprises the bottom part of the
AFV that includes the tracks, engine, driver's seat, and crew compartment. This describes the
lower hull, although common usage might include the upper hull to mean the AFV without
the turret. The hull serves as a basis for platforms on tanks, armored personnel
carriers, combat engineering vehicles, etc.

Fig 1.10 Lower chassis part

[8]
 Fig 1.11 Upper chassis part

H. Chain drive-Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to
another. It is often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, bicycles and motorcycles.
It is also used in a wide variety of machines besides vehicles.

Most often, the power is conveyed by a roller chain, known as the drive chain or transmission
chain, passing over a sprocket gear, with the teeth of the gear meshing with the holes in the
links of the chain. The gear is turned, and this pulls the chain putting mechanical force into
the system. Another type of drive chain is the Morse chain, invented by the Morse Chain
Company of Ithaca, New York, United States. This has inverted teeth.

Sometimes the power is output by simply rotating the chain, which can be used to lift or drag
objects. In other situations, a second gear is placed and the power is recovered by attaching
shafts or hubs to this gear. Though drive chains are often simple oval loops, they can also go
around corners by placing more than two gears along the chain; gears that do not put power
into the system or transmit it out are generally known as idler-wheels. By varying the
diameter of the input and output gears with respect to each other, the gear ratio can be altered.

Fig 1.12 Chain drive

[9]
I. Sprocket- A sprocket or sprocket-wheel is a profiled wheel with teeth, cogs, or even
sprockets that mesh with a chain, track or other perforated or indented material. The name
'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon which radial projections engage a chain passing
over it. It is distinguished from a gear in that sprockets are never meshed together directly,
and differs from a pulley in that sprockets have teeth and pulleys are smooth.

Sprockets are used in bicycles, motorcycles, cars, tracked vehicles, and other machinery either
to transmit rotary motion between two shafts where gears are unsuitable or to impart linear
motion to a track, tape etc. Perhaps the most common form of sprocket may be found in the
bicycle, in which the pedal shaft carries a large sprocket-wheel, which drives a chain, which,
in turn, drives a small sprocket on the axle of the rear wheel. Early automobiles were also
largely driven by sprocket and chain mechanism, a practice largely copied from bicycles.

Sprockets are of various designs, a maximum of efficiency being claimed for each by its
originator. Sprockets typically do not have a flange. Some sprockets used with timing
belts have flanges to keep the timing belt centered. Sprockets and chains are also used for
power transmission from one shaft to another where slippage is not admissible, sprocket
chains being used instead of belts or ropes and sprocket-wheels instead of pulleys. They can
be run at high speed and some forms of chain are so constructed as to be noiseless even at
high speed.

Fig 1.13 Sprocket

[10]
J. Wheels- A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing. The
wheel is one of the main components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple
machines. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily
facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in
machines. Wheels are also used for other purposes, such as a ship's wheel, steering
wheel, potter's wheel and flywheel.

Common examples are found in transport applications. A wheel greatly reduces friction by
facilitating motion by rolling together with the use of axles. In order for wheels to rotate,
a moment needs to be applied to the wheel about its axis, either by way of gravity or by the
application of another external force or torque.

[11]
 1. BACKGROUND STUDY
Earliest one is “PIVO2” of Nissan which is based on 3600 swiveled electric Nissan concept
and was eventually launched in 2007. This was a 3600 rotating three seated cabin on a
chassis of four wheels, and hence eliminate the need of reversing and makes parking easier.
It is powered with a lithium-ion battery; the wheels have been moved to rotating pods that
allows the car to drive the car in any direction. Along with the rotating cabin, this allows the
car to pull up next to a parking space, the wheels and cabs simply rotate 90 degree and the
car drives in sideways. Each wheel contains a motor for transmitting power in individual
wheels.

Fig. 2.1 PIVO2

Several other mechanisms were proposed for decreasing the turning radius of automobiles
for better parking at confined spaces.

Worm gear and pinion arrangement based steering mechanism [1] Worm gears are used
to transmit power at 90°, Compaq gear boxes and worm gear arrangement was used for every
individual wheel. They used four motors and gear boxes for individual wheel which drive the
wheel. In order to provide angular motion i.e. 90 degree in the wheels they used worm gear
arrangement. While for rotating the wheel, they used two separate geared motors.

[12]
Convertible four wheel steering with three mode operation[2]This concept was based on
insertion and removal of lock nuts consisting of a steering setup, spur gears, bevel gears. The
three modes were Front wheel steer, both front and rear wheel steers in same direction, both
wheels in opposite direction. When the lock nut is removed, the steering operation is carried
out in normal condition. That is only front wheels steer. But when the lock nut is inserted, the
other two modes can be used. When the gear arrangement is pushed to one position, the spur
gears get engaged and the steering of rear wheel is ensured and is in same direction as that of
the front wheels. When the gear arrangement is moved to other side, the spur gear disengages
and the bevel gear gets engaged. Due to bevel gear arrangement, the rear wheel steers in
opposite direction to the front wheel. This results in third mode steering.

Linkage based steering mechanism[3]Linkages are employed to transmit steering from

steering wheel to wheels, Here a set of diagonal wheels are selected in which power and
steering both systems are attached.

In the present project “Fabrication of modified steering and drive mechanism for turning
wheels through 90 degree in parallel parking” we are using separate mechanism for
transmission of power and for steering the vehicle. Again there will be two modes of
operation in each case, one in case of normal driving i.e. normal mode and another which is
used during parking i.e. parking mode.

[13]
 3. OBJECTIVES
The aim of development of the specifications of the original 90 degree turning wheels for
transverse parking project are outlined in this section. The development of suitable goals and
specifications were crucial to the project’s success as they guided both the design and aims of
the project team. As part of the requirements of the project a number of goals were established
to measure the success of the project. The primary goals were defined as the goals the group
hoped to achieve a minimum for success.

The main objectives of the project are-

1. Making the design of our model on CATIA V5 software.

2. Making a working model of our proposed mechanism.
3. Using a four stroke IC engine.
4. Using rack pinion based steering mechanism to turn the vehicle at 900.

[14]
 4. METHODOLOGY
In the present work we have used two engagement/ disengagement levers, one for engaging
and disengaging the steering on rear portion of vehicle and another for engaging and
disengaging power on rear portion of the vehicle.

There will be two modes of operation one in case of normal driving i.e. normal mode and
another while parking i.e. parallel parking mode.

• Normal Mode

In this mode we will disengage the front side of power mechanism and rear side of steering
mechanism. It is essential because when we are providing power to front wheels together with
the steering system then the direction of bevel gears which is part of modified differential
assembly will rotate in counter direction which will result in distortion of gears attached.

• Parking Mode

In this mode we will engage power mechanism to front wheels and steering mechanism to
rear wheels. This will result in 900turning of wheels through manual steering. If we are not
providing power mechanism to front wheels then it will act as hinge and result in rotation of
the vehicle.

Note-

In this project we have used bike engine and chain drive is used for power transmission in
both the axles which can be easily replaced by transmission system as used in four wheelers
without any major change in the proposed mechanism.

Notations used-

We are using various notations to identify each of the essential parts used to describe our
mechanism.

[15]
Fig. 4.1 Schematic diagram of the modified chassis with proposed mechanism

W1,W2,W3,W4 Wheels
D1,D2,D3,D4 Differentials at wheels
Modified differentials for
D5,D6
power
DS Bevel gear sets for steering
S Steering wheel
Engagement pin 1(rear
EP1 steering
engagement/disengagement)
Engagement pin (front
EP2 wheel power engagement
/disengagement)
L1,L2,L3,L4 Steering arms
P1,P2 Pinions
R1,R2 Racks
E Engine

[16]
 C1 Chain drive at rear axle
C2 Chain drive at front axle
PS1,PS2 Power shaft at front axle
PS3,PS4 Power shaft at rear axle

Table 1 Notations used in the schematic diagram of proposed mechanism.

4.1 WORKING
90 degree steering mechanism basically helps to reduce the space required for a person to
steer his vehicle. Our project of Fabrication of modified steering and drive mechanism for
turning wheels through 90 degree in parallel parking
parking, is a combination of front
f steer drive for
normal driving and four wheels steering for 900 turning.

Fig 4.1.1 3D-model

model of proposed mechanism designed using CATIA V5 software.

[17]
900 steering mechanism is especially designed to decrease turning radius for parking purposes
in confined spaces. For our project we are using rack and pinions, differentials, bevel gears
and other essential linkages in different arrangements as discussed bel
below.
ow.

4.1.1 Steering mechanism-

mechanism

For steering of our vehicle we are using a special set of rack and pinions joined with two sets
of steering arms L1, L2, L3 and L4 attached to the wheels on each sides of vehicle i.e. front
and rear side. For steering of the vehicle,
vehicle, the steering wheel S1 will be connected through a
steering shaft to steering bevel gears DS, and the shaft from DS will connect the two pinions
P1 and P2.when steering wheel is rotated in clock wise direction, the motion is transferred to
the front pinion shaft(during normal drive) which rotates pinion in clock wise direction due to
which rack will slide towards left side and wheels will turn towards right side. Now the
thickness of the pinions is sufficient to compensate the forward movement of rac
rack. The two
1) Normal steering 2) 900 steering
modes of steering are –1)

In case of normal steering the control will be at the front side of the vehicle thus our vehicle
will turn by turning the steering wheel. During normal mode hand lever which is engaging
engagement pin EP1 remains in the disengaged position and steering is only provided to the
front wheels.

Fig. 4.1.1.1
4.1. Steering mechanism (Normal mode)
mode

[18]
 Various views of Vehicle during normal steering mode.
Fig 4.Various

Fig. 4.1.1.2 Various

arious views of Vehicle during normal steering mode.
In case of parallel parking ((900 steering)steering
steering system on the rear side is engaged through
the engagement pin EP1and thus steering control will get transferred to all the four wheels of
the vehicle to turn the vehicle at 900. During this operation when steering wheel will move in
anti-clock wise direction it will result in anti
anti-clockwise rotation of front pinion shaft and
clock wise rotation of rear pinion shaft due to which front rack will move towards rightward
and rear rack towards leftward and wheels will be steered through 900. Now with the help of
parallel drive mode which can be enabled by engaging the pin EP2
EP power can be transmitted
to front wheels along with the rear wheels and vehicle can be parked either left or right side as
per .requirement.

[19]
 Fig 4.1.1.3
4.1. 90 degree turned wheels (Parking mode)

4.1.2 Power transmission mechanism-

mechanism

In the current work a four stroke engine is used for transmitting power to the rear axle through
the chain drive. However power could easily be transmitted through actual transmission
system as in cars without any major change in the proposed mechanism.

The vehicle will work as a two wheel drive during normal driving mode and four wheel drive
during parallel parking depending on the situation.

[20]
 Fig 4.1.
4.1.2.1 Drive mechanism of the proposed
ed Vehicle

Fig 4.1.2.2 Various view of proposed vehicle showing drive mechanism

[21]
Two modes of power transmission-

• Normal driving mode

• Parallel Parking mode

In case of normal driving mode power is transmitted to rear axle i.e. power shaft PS4 through
chain drive. Now the modified differential gear D6 attached to the power shaft PS4 reverse
the direction of power shaft PS5 so that two wheels on real axle rotate in the same direction
simultaneously.

In case of parking mode power is transmitted to all the four wheels by engaging the two
sides of Power transmission mechanism by engagement pin EP2 and turning the steering
wheel at maximum arc.

4.2 Modified differential assemblies- In the differential gear ring gear is removed and
power is transmitted through pinion gear so when power is transmitted to axle side gear the
rotation is reversed in the counter axle side gear to serve the purpose.

Fig 4.2.1 Modified Differential gear Assembly

[22]
 5. CONCLUSION

The purpose of developing this mechanism is to solve the problem of car parking. 90 degree
steering mechanism helps in minimizing the space and effort required for a person to park his
vehicle. The 90 degree steering mechanism made using rack and pinion and with the help of
differential gears is feasible to manufacture and is easy to switch between normal mode and
parallel parking mode. However, a major disadvantage here is the limitation of top speed in
such mechanism due to use of differential gears. Moreover, cars can be parked very close to
each other. This may save costly parking space, In congested apartment complexes where
parking is limited this mechanism can be very helpful and if our vehicle got stuck to some
uneven road or surface then four wheels can be engaged to power mechanism and with this
we can easily come out from that surface.

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 6. REFERENCES
[1] IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 3, Issue 01,
ISSN (noline): 2321-0613.

[2] International journal of research in aeronautical and mechanical engneering Vol.2,

Issue.3, March 2014.

[3] Project done by our seniors AkhiileshSagar, MandeepBhndari, Manojkumarjoshi,Pankaj

Bisht and Vikas Prasad during year 2015.

[4] R.S Khurmi, J.K Gupta, Theory of machine, S. Chand publication (page no-174-257).

[5] R.S Khurmi, J.K Gupta, A text book machine design, S. Chand publication (page no-
1021-1124)

[6] Dr.SaketBhiskar and VatsalGhudka, Design and simulation of four wheel steering
system.

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