Java Programming

Basics of Java

P.Suresh

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 Java is

 Object Oriented
 Platform independent
 Simple :Java is designed to be easy to learn.
 Secure
 Architectural- neutral
 Portable
 Robust
 Multi-threaded
 Distributed
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 Popular Java Editors

 Notepad
 Netbeans
http://www.netbeans.org/index.html.
 Eclipse http://www.eclipse.org/.

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 Classes

 A class is a collection of fields (data) and

methods (procedure or function) that
operate on that data.

Circle

centre
radius

circumference()
area()

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 Classes

 A class is a collection of fields (data) and methods

(procedure or function) that operate on that data.
 The basic syntax for a class definition:
class ClassName [extends
SuperClassName]
{
[fields declaration]
[methods declaration]
}
 Bare bone class – no fields, no methods

public class Circle {

// my circle class
}
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Adding Fields: Class Circle with fields

 Add fields
public class Circle {
public double x, y; // centre coordinate
public double r; // radius of the
circle

 The fields (data) are also called the

instance varaibles.

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 Adding Methods

 A class with only data fields has no life. Objects

created by such a class cannot respond to any
messages.
 Methods are declared inside the body of the
class but immediately after the declaration of
data fields.
 The general form of a method declaration is:
type MethodName (parameter-list)
{
Method-body;
}

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Adding Methods to Class Circle
public class Circle {

public double x, y; // centre of the circle

public double r; // radius of circle

//Methods to return circumference and area

public double circumference() {
return 2*3.14*r;
}
public double area() {
return 3.14 * r * r; Method Body

}
}
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 Data Abstraction

 Declare the Circle class, have created a

new data type – Data Abstraction

 Can define variables (objects) of that

type:

Circle aCircle;
Circle bCircle;

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 Class of Circle cont.

 aCircle, bCircle simply refers to a Circle

object, not an object itself.

aCircle bCircle

null null

Points to nothing (Null Reference) Points to nothing (Null Reference)

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 Creating objects of a class

 Objects are created dynamically using the

new keyword.
 aCircle and bCircle refer to Circle objects
aCircle = new bCircle = new Circle() ;
Circle() ;

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 Creating objects of a class
aCircle = new Circle();
bCircle = new Circle() ;

bCircle = aCircle;

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 Creating objects of a class
aCircle = new Circle();
bCircle = new Circle() ;

bCircle = aCircle;

Before Assignment Before Assignment

aCircle bCircle aCircle bCircle

P Q P Q

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Automatic garbage collection

 The object Q
does not have a
reference and cannot be used in future.

 Java automatically collects garbage

periodically and releases the memory
used to be used in the future.

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Accessing Object/Circle Data

 Similar to C syntax for accessing data

defined in a structure.
ObjectName.VariableName
ObjectName.MethodName(parameter-list)

Circle aCircle = new Circle();

aCircle.x = 2.0 // initialize center and radius

aCircle.y = 2.0
aCircle.r = 1.0

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Executing Methods in Object/Circle

 Using Object Methods:

sent ‘message’ to
aCircle

Circle aCircle = new

Circle();

double area;
aCircle.r = 1.0;
area = aCircle.area();

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 Using Circle Class
// Circle.java: Contains both Circle class and its user class
//Add Circle class code here
class MyMain
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Circle aCircle; // creating reference
aCircle = new Circle(); // creating object
aCircle.x = 10; // assigning value to data field
aCircle.y = 20;
aCircle.r = 5;
double area = aCircle.area(); // invoking method
double circumf = aCircle.circumference();
System.out.println("Radius="+aCircle.r+" Area="+area);
System.out.println("Radius="+aCircle.r+" Circumference ="+circumf);
}
}
[raj@mundroo]%: java MyMain
Radius=5.0 Area=78.5
Radius=5.0 Circumference =31.400000000000002
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 Basic Syntax
 Case Sensitivity
 Class Names - For all class names the first letter should
be in Upper Case.
Example class MyFirstJavaClass
 Method Names - All method names should start with a
Lower Case letter. If several words are used, then each
inner word's first letter should be in Upper Case.
Example public void myMethodName()
 Program File Name - Name of the program file should
exactly match the class name.
 public static void main(String args[]) - java
program processing starts from the main() method which
is a mandatory part of every java program..
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 Java Identifiers

 All identifiers should begin with a letter (A to Z

or a to z ), currency character ($) or an
underscore (_).
 After the first character identifiers can have any
combination of characters.
 A key word cannot be used as an identifier.
 Most importantly identifiers are case sensitive.
 Examples of legal identifiers: age, $salary,
_value, __1_value
 Examples of illegal identifiers : 123abc, -salary
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 Java Modifiers

 Visible to the package. the default. No

modifiers are needed.
 Visible to the class only (private).
 Visible to the world (public).
 Visible to the package and all subclasses
(protected).

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 Operators

 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Logical Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Conditional operator

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 Conditional and Looping
Statements
 if statements
 switch statements
 while Loop
 do...while Loop
 for Loop

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 Arrays

 which stores a fixed-size sequential collection of

elements of the same type
 Declaring Array Variables:
 dataType[] arrayRefVar;

 dataType arrayRefVar[];

 Example:

double[] myList;
double myList[];
Creating Arrays:
arrayRefVar = new dataType[arraySize];

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 Another way

 dataType[] arrayRefVar = new

dataType[arraySize];
 Alternatively you can create arrays as
follows:
 dataType[] arrayRefVar = {value0, value1,
..., valuek};
 Loop: for (double element: myList)

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Creating a Method

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 Constructors
 A constructor with no parameters is referred
to as a default constructor.
 Constructors must have the same name as
the class itself.
 Constructors do not have a return type—not
even void.
 Constructors are invoked using the new
operator when an object is created.
Constructors play the role of initializing
objects.
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 Constructors

Circle(double r) {
radius = r;
}

Circle() {
radius = 1.0;
}
myCircle = new Circle(5.0);
 Constructors are a special kind of methods that
are invoked to construct objects.
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