International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research

Volume 8–Issue 05, 153-156, 2019, ISSN:-2319–8656

Use and Analysis on Cyclomatic Complexity in Software

Development
Chandrakant R. Gujar Dr. Suryakanta R. Ajmera
Assistant Professor, MCA WKBS Mandals
MCA WKBS Mandals MCA College for Women’s
MCA College for Women’s Deopur Dhule, Maharashtra, India
Deopur Dhule, Maharashtra, India

Abstract: Cyclomatic complexity is software metric used in software developments as White box testing and structural
testing. The purpose of the paper is to describe the Use and Analysis on Cyclomatic complexity in Software development
with an example. The Cyclomatic complexity is computed using the flow graph of the program: the nodes of the graph
correspond to one or more code statement and the edges connect two nodes. Based on the flow graph how to find
Cyclomatic complexity is described here.
Keywords: Cyclomatic Complexity, Flow graph, Predicate node, connected components, developers, testers.

1. INTRODUCTION
Cyclomatic complexity is software metric (measurement). It
was developed by Thomas J. McCabe, Sr. in 1976 and is used
to indicate the complexity of a program. It is a quantitative
measure of the complexity of programming instructions. It
directly measures the number of linearly independent paths
through a program’s source code. It is one of the metric based
on not program size but more on information/control flow.

The Cyclomatic Complexity is software metric that provides

quantitative measures of logical complexity of a program.

Basic Concepts 1.2 Flow graph notation for a program:

The Cyclomatic complexity of a section of source code is the
count of the number of linearly independent paths through the
source code. For instance, if the source code contained no Flow Graph notation for a program is defines. Several nodes
decision points such as IF through the code. If the code had a connected through the edges. Below are Flow diagrams for
single IF statement containing a single condition, there would statements like if-else, While, until and normal sequence of
be two paths through the code: one path where the IF flow. fig.2 Reference [1]
statement is evaluated as TRUE and one path where the IF
statement is evaluated as FALSE.

1.1 What is Cyclomatic Complexity?

Cyclomatic complexity is a software metric used to measure

the complexity of a program. These metric, measures
independent paths through program source code. Independent
path is defined as a path that has at least one edge which has
not been traversed before in any other paths. Cyclomatic
complexity can be calculated with respect to functions,
modules, methods or classes within a program.

This metric was developed by Thomas J. McCabe in 1976 and

it is based on a control flow representation of the program.
Control flow depicts a program as a graph which consists of
Nodes and Edges.

In the graph, Nodes represent processing tasks while edges

represent control flow between the nodes. fig 1 [1]

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 International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
Volume 8–Issue 05, 153-156, 2019, ISSN:-2319–8656

1.3 How to Calculate Cyclomatic 1.4 Computing mathematically,

Complexity?  . V(G) = 9 - 7 + 2 = 4

The Cyclomatic Complexity is computed in one of five ways:  V(G) = 3 + 1 = 4 (Condition nodes are 1,2 and 3
 The number of regions of the flow graph nodes)
corresponds to the Cyclomatic complexity.  Basis Set - A set of possible execution path of a
 The Cyclomatic complexity, V(G), for a graph G is program
defined as V(G) = E – N + 2  1, 7
 Where E is the number of flow graph edges and N is  1, 2, 6, 1, 7
the number of flow graph nodes.  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 6, 1, 7
 The Cyclomatic complexity, V(G), for a graph G is  1, 2, 3, 5, 2, 6, 1, 7
defined as V(G) = E – N + 2P
 Where E is the number of flow graph edges, N is the
number of flow graph nodes and P is connected 2. PROPERTIES OF CYCLOMATIC
components.
 The Cyclomatic complexity, V(G), for a graph G is COMPLEXITY:
also defined as V(G) = P + 1
 Where P is the number of predicate nodes contained Following are the properties of Cyclomatic complexity:
in the flow graph G. The predicate node is a node
that has of out degree two i.e. Binary node.
1. V (G) is the maximum number of independent paths
 The Cyclomatic complexity, V (G), for a graph G is in the graph
also defined as total number of independent path of 2. V (G) >=1
flow graph. 3. G will have one path if V (G) = 1
4. Minimize complexity to 10

For Example:
2.1 How this metric is useful for software
i = 0;
testing?
n=4; //N-Number of nodes present in the graph
while (i<n-1) do Basis Path testing is one of White box technique and it
guarantees to execute at least one statement during testing. It
j = i + 1;
checks each linearly independent path through the program,
while (j<n) do which means number test cases, will be equivalent to the
if A[i]<A[j] then Cyclomatic complexity of the program.

swap (A[i], A[j]);

This metric is useful because of properties
of Cyclomatic complexity (M) -
end do;
i=i+1; 1. M can be number of test cases to achieve branch
coverage (Upper Bound)
2. M can be number of paths through the graphs.
end do; (Lower Bound)

Consider this example -

Flow graph for this program will be fig3 [1]
If (Condition 1)
Statement 1

Else
Statement 2

If (Condition 2)
Statement 3

Else

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 International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
Volume 8–Issue 05, 153-156, 2019, ISSN:-2319–8656

for specific technologies. Complexity can be found by the

Statement 4
number of decision points in a program. The decision points
are if, for, for-each, while, do, catch, case statements in a
Cyclomatic Complexity for this program will be 9-7+2=4. source code.

As complexity has calculated as 4, four test cases are

necessary to the complete path coverage for the above
Examples of tools are
example.
 OCLint - Static code analyzer for C and Related
Languages
Steps to be followed:  devMetrics - Analyzing metrics for C# projects
 Reflector Add In - Code metrics for .NET
The following steps should be followed for computing assemblies
Cyclomatic complexity and test cases design.  GMetrics - Find metrics in Java related applications
 NDepends - Metrics in Java applications
Step 1 - Construction of graph with nodes and edges from the
code
4 USES OF CYCLOMATIC
Step 2 - Identification of independent paths COMPLEXITY:
Step 3 - Cyclomatic Complexity Calculation
Cyclomatic Complexity is a very common buzz word in the
Step 4 - Design of Test Cases Development community. This technique is mainly used to
determine the complexity of a piece of code or functionality
Once the basic set is formed, TEST CASES should be written [1].
to execute all the paths.
The technique was developed by MaCabe and helps to
identify the below 3 questions for the programs / features
More on V (G):

Cyclomatic complexity can be calculated manually if the  Is the feature / program testable?
program is small. Automated tools need to be used if the  Is the feature/ program understood by every one?
program is very complex as this involves more flow graphs.  Is the feature / program reliable enough?
Based on complexity number, team can conclude on the
actions that need to be taken for measure. As a QA we can use this technique to identify the “level” of
our testing. It is a practice that if the result of Cyclomatic
Table 1 : Overview on the complexity number and complexity is more or a bigger number, we consider that piece
corresponding meaning of v (G): of functionality to be of complex nature and hence we
conclude as a tester; that the piece of code / functionality
requires an in-depth testing. On the other hand if the result of
1.4 Complexity 1.5 Meaning the Cyclomatic Complexity is a smaller number, we conclude
Number as QA that the functionality is of less complexity and decide
1.6 1-10 1.7 Structured and well the scope accordingly.
written code
High Testability
Cost and Effort is less Cyclomatic Complexity can prove to be
1.8 10-20 1.9 Complex Code very helpful in
Medium Testability
Cost and effort is Medium  Helps developers and testers to determine
1.10 20-40 1.11 Very complex Code independent path executions
Low Testability  Developers can assure that all the paths have been
Cost and Effort are high tested atleast once
1.12 >40 1.13 Not at all testable  Helps us to focus more on the uncovered paths
Very high Cost and Effort  Improve code coverage in Software Engineering
 Evaluate the risk associated with the application or
program
3 TOOLS FOR CYCLOMATIC  Using these metrics early in the cycle reduces more
risk of the program
COMPLEXITY CALCULATION:

Many tools are available for determining the complexity of

the application. Some complexity calculation tools are used

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 International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
Volume 8–Issue 05, 153-156, 2019, ISSN:-2319–8656

5. CONCLUSION:

Cyclomatic Complexity is software metric useful for White

Box and structured testing in Software development. It is
mainly used to evaluate complexity of a program. If the
decision points are more, then complexity of the program is
more. If program has high complexity number, then
probability of error is high with increased time for
maintenance and trouble shoot.

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

We are thankful to our President West Khandesh

Bhagini Seva Mandals Mr. Atul R. Ajmera , College
Director Dr. Rajeev B. Kharat, Dr. Jagdish Kute,Centre
coordinator Mr.Sanjay Mali, College Liberian Mr. Atul
Khairnar , Our College OS Mr.M.D.Pathak, Mrs.Megha
V.Kamerkar,Mr.Neeraj Dhaghe, faculty member Miss.
Jayshri Deore, Miss. Gayatri Sharma and office Staff of
the WKBSM Dr. Suryakanta R. Ajmera MCA College
for Women Dhule Maharashtra, India for motivation
and encouragement which helped us to complete this
research paper.

7. REFERENCES:

[1] https://www.guru99.com

[2] Pressman Roger, Software, Engineering: A

Practitioner’s Approach Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.

[3] A Review and Analysis on Cyclomatic

Complexity by Ramesh Patelia and Shipan vyas.

[4] https://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/ Cyclomatic-

complexity/

[5] Software Engineering by K K Agrawal New Age

Publication

[6] Somerville, Software Engineering, Addison-Wesley.

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