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    Efroymson Rebecca Oak Ridge National Laboratory The Billion Ton 2016 Algae Resource Analysis. Prices To Procure The Biomass

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    The document summarizes the analysis of algal biomass production potential and costs from the 2016 Billion Ton Report. Key findings include: 1) The report estimated up to 54 million tons per year of algal biomass could be produced using CO2 from coal power plants, with average minimum selling prices ranging from $150-490 per ton depending on species and production method. 2) Higher biomass potentials and lower prices may be possible with future improvements like increased algal productivity, use of wastewater, and co-locating facilities with additional CO2 and nutrient sources. 3) Key uncertainties that could impact potential and costs include algal strain selection, pond design, saline water use,

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    Efroymson Rebecca Oak Ridge National Laboratory The Billion Ton 2016 Algae Resource Analysis. Prices To Procure The Biomass

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    The document summarizes the analysis of algal biomass production potential and costs from the 2016 Billion Ton Report. Key findings include: 1) The report estimated up to 54 million tons per year of algal biomass could be produced using CO2 from coal power plants, with average minimum selling prices ranging from $150-490 per ton depending on species and production method. 2) Higher biomass potentials and lower prices may be possible with future improvements like increased algal productivity, use of wastewater, and co-locating facilities with additional CO2 and nutrient sources. 3) Key uncertainties that could impact potential and costs include algal strain selection, pond design, saline water use,

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    The document summarizes the analysis of algal biomass production potential and costs from the 2016 Billion Ton Report. Key findings include: 1) The report estimated up to 54 million tons per year of algal biomass could be produced using CO2 from coal power plants, with average minimum selling prices ranging from $150-490 per ton depending on species and production method. 2) Higher biomass potentials and lower prices may be possible with future improvements like increased algal productivity, use of wastewater, and co-locating facilities with additional CO2 and nutrient sources. 3) Key uncertainties that could impact potential and costs include algal strain selection, pond design, saline water use,

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    30 views19 pages

    Efroymson Rebecca Oak Ridge National Laboratory The Billion Ton 2016 Algae Resource Analysis. Prices To Procure The Biomass

    Uploaded by

    Aditya Jain
    The document summarizes the analysis of algal biomass production potential and costs from the 2016 Billion Ton Report. Key findings include: 1) The report estimated up to 54 million tons per year of algal biomass could be produced using CO2 from coal power plants, with average minimum selling prices ranging from $150-490 per ton depending on species and production method. 2) Higher biomass potentials and lower prices may be possible with future improvements like increased algal productivity, use of wastewater, and co-locating facilities with additional CO2 and nutrient sources. 3) Key uncertainties that could impact potential and costs include algal strain selection, pond design, saline water use,

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    The Billion Ton 2016 Algae

    Resource Analysis: Prices


    to Procure the Biomass
    October 24, 2016
    Algae Biomass Summit
    Phoenix, AZ

    Rebecca Efroymson1, André Coleman2,


    Mark Wigmosta2, Susan Schoenung3,
    Matthew Langholtz1, Ryan Davis4, Shahab
    Sokhansanj1, Michael Hilliard1
    1Oak Ridge National Laboratory
    2Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
    3Longitude 122 West, Inc.
    4National Renewable Energy Laboratory
    Background
    • 2016 Billion Ton Report: Advancing Domestic Resources for a Thriving Bioeconomy
    (BT16), volume 1, was released in July 2016
    http://energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/downloads/2016-billion-ton-report-advancing-domestic-
    resources-thriving-bioeconomy
    • The report quantified potential county-level and national feedstock production and
    cost

    2
    BT16 volume 1
    Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6
    Current Use of Forest Resources Agricultural Secondary and Delivered
    Biomass Resources Waste Resources Resources
    Resources

    Objectives of microalgae analysis


    Chapter 7 • Incorporate algae (for the first time) into a US
    Microalgae Billion Ton report, quantifying potential site-
    specific to national feedstock production and cost
    • Focus on open ponds/raceways
    • Focus on strategies to reduce production costs
    – Use CO2 from coal-fired and natural gas power plants
    and ethanol production plants, rather than purchase
    CO2
    – Consider a high-productivity scenario 3
    – Consider minimally lined ponds
    Questions and variables

    • Can waste CO2 be transported cost-effectively?


    • How much suitable land is available near CO2 sources?
    • Under what conditions are the biggest cost reductions
    derived from co-location of production with CO2?
    • How much does the use of saline water increase cost of
    algal biomass?
    • What effect does an increased future productivity have
    on potential biomass and price estimates?
    Production and logistics assumptions
    • Facility size. 100 10-acre traditional raceway open ponds, 30-cm
    depth (+200 acres infrastructure)
    • Land suitability. Slope ≤ 1%, no agricultural land, no forest land
    • Strains. Chlorella sorokiniana, freshwater; Nannochloropsis
    salina, saline
    See related presentation:
    • CO2 demand. Based on annual biomass, C fraction in biomass,
    Coleman et al. The Billion Ton
    CO2 utilization efficiency
    2016 Algae Resource
    • CO2 recycle. None Analysis: Waste CO2 Co-
    • Pond pH. No consideration of potential effects location
    • Days of annual operation. 330 (Tuesday 10/25, 11AM, Track
    • CO2 delivery and use. Only during daylight hours; no storage 2, Engineering & Analysis)
    • Existing competitive uses of CO2. If CO2 had a known existing
    use, it was not included in this analysis
    • Electricity costs. $0.08 kWh
    • Moisture content. Biomass delivered at 20% solids
    5
    • Coproducts. None
    Cost-effective distance for CO2 transport
    See related poster
    #202
    Susan Schoenung et al.
    Algae co-location
    resources of carbon
    dioxide and cost-
    effective transport
    distances

    Engineering design
    based on CO2 purity
    6
    Assumptions related to price estimates
    Assumption in
    Starting point‒base case Topic Davis et al. 2015 Change for BT16
    base case
    Cultivation 500 ten-acre ponds 100 ten-acre ponds per facility. $102 per dry ton added
    area per facility based on economy of scale losses

    Algae strain Scenedesmus acutus Chlorella sorokiniana (freshwater) and Nannochloropsis


    salina (saline water); costs from base case in Davis et al.
    (2016 are adjusted upward by $3/ton for Chlorella and
    $35/ton for Nannochloropsis)

    Algal Cultivation Regional; modeled in BAT, 13.2 g/m2/d annual average


    productivity productivity target of (or 25 g/m2/d, future) for highly productive regions. Price
    25g/m2/d annual avg adjusted based on productivity-price function

    Saline water No saline case. Estimated costs for both minimal liner and full liner cases
    Liners cover 2–25% used; added $32 per dry ton for blowdown waste
    of total pond area disposal

    CO2 delivery to CO2 purchased at CO2 delivery costs estimated at $0/ton purchase price
    facility gate $41/ton plus transport costs to facility gate, depending on
    http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64772. transport distance and co-location scenario
    7
    pdf
    Summary results for current productivities
    Current productivity
    Chlorella sorokiniana Nannochloropsis salina
    Ethanol Natural gas Ethanol Coal Natural
    Coal EGU
    production EGU production EGU gas EGU
    Total annual biomass 12 19 15 10 54 21
    (million tons/year)
    Total cultivation area 905 1,257 790 793 3,349 1,096
    (thousand acres)
    Total CO2 used (million 29 46 37 25 134 52
    tons/year)
    Percent of total CO2 in 19.3% 1.7% 8.9% 16.8% 4.91% 12.6%
    CONUS used for algae

    Average distance from 15.2 6.2 4.8 16.0 8.9 6.7


    CO2 source to algae
    facility (miles)
    8
    CONUS=contiguous US; EGU=electricity-generating unit
    Interactive components of BT16
    http://bioenergykdf.net/billionton
    Example result:
    Potential biomass
    supply at future
    productivity levels
    using Chlorella
    sorokiniana in
    freshwater media in
    minimally lined ponds
    using CO2 from ethanol
    Marginal minimum selling price vs supply
    plants

    10
    Minimum selling prices of algae

    Saline Saline
    Minimally lined ponds Minimally lined ponds
    Current productivities Future productivities

    Saline Saline
    Fully lined ponds Fully lined ponds
    Current productivities Future productivities

    11
    Biomass potential and prices

    12
    CO2 co-location cost savings

    13
    Productivity
    is an
    important
    determinant
    of price

    14
    How complete is the picture in BT16?
    Higher potential if the following are Future productivity costs at >$490/dry
    included: ton:
    • Photobioreactor systems • Reduced if future technology advances
    • Excretion pathways considered
    • CO2 storage • Represent more “finished” algae biomass
    than terrestrial at ~$5/gallon
    • Crop rotation or polyculture
    • Reduced if coproduct value considered
    • Sloping land
    • Agricultural land
    • Artificial light
    • Additional co-location opportunities
    – Additional CO2 sources
    – Waste heat sources
    – Sources of nitrogen and phosphorus
    15
    Future Research
    Advancing Algal Resources
    Supply push
    • Crop improvement
    • Logistics
    Market Supply
    Market pull
    pull Push • Conversion process efficiency
    D
    D’ S’
    S • Co-products
    • Aviation & military biofuels
    • Incentives
    Price

    Q Q’ Q’’ Quantity

    16
    Chapter 12. Qualitative Analysis of
    Environmental Effects for Microalgae
    in
    2016 Billion-Ton Report, Volume 2
    Environmental Sustainability Effects
    of Select Scenarios from Volume 1
    PNNL photo

    Thanks to ABO members who reviewed a draft of this chapter!


    Summary
    • Algae can provide substantial
    biomass for biofuels and other
    uses
    • Co-location with CO2 sources can
    reduce costs
    • Increasing productivities and
    minimizing lined pond area would
    reduce costs
    • Costs of potential biomass are
    high, but technical advances
    could reduce costs

    Collage by Val Smith

    18
    Acknowledgments
    This research was supported by the US Department of Energy Bioenergy
    Technologies Office. We thank Daniel Fishman, Kristen Johnson, Mark Elless,
    Alison Goss Eng, and Devinn Lambert for insights and project sponsorship. Oak
    Ridge National Laboratory is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for DOE under
    contract DE-AC05-00OR22725.

    We’d like to thank the following individuals who helped make this chapter better
    by supplying information or reviewing the algae chapter in the BT16 report: Matt
    Carr, David Hazlebeck, John Benemann, Toby Ahrens, Yan Poon, Becky Ryan,
    Jacques Beaudry-Losique, Tomothy Zenk, Martin Sabarsky, Mark Allen, David St.
    Angelo, Sissi Liu, Al Darzins, Greg Mitchell, Laurie Purpuro, Colin Beal, Michael
    Huesemann, Richard Skaggs, Ron Kent, Alexis Wolfe, Rebecca White, and Hans
    Kistenmacher.
    19

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