Ubuntu

Ubuntu (/ʊˈbʊntuː/ ( listen))[6] is a free and

open-source[7][8] Linux distribution based
on Debian.[9] Ubuntu is officially released
in three editions: Desktop,[10] Server,[11] and
Core[12] (for internet of things[13] devices
and robots[14][15]). All the editions can run
on the computer alone, or e.g. in
Windows.[16] Ubuntu is a popular operating
system for cloud computing, with support
for OpenStack.[17]
 Ubuntu

Ubuntu 19.04 "Disco Dingo"

Developer Canonical Ltd.

OS family Linux

Working state Current

Source model Open-source,[1][2] some

proprietary drivers[3]

Initial release 20 October 2004

Latest release Ubuntu 19.04 / 18 April

2019[4]

Marketing target Cloud computing, IoT,

personal computers,
 servers

Available in More than 55

languages by LoCos

Update method Software Updater

Package manager GNOME Software, APT,

dpkg, Snappy, flatpak

Platforms IA-32, AMD64; ARMhf

(ARMv7 + VFPv3-D16),
ARM64; and only for
servers: ppc64le
(POWER8 and later),
s390x[5]

Kernel type Monolithic

Userland GNU

Default user interface GNOME

License Free software

Official website www.ubuntu.com

Ubuntu is released every six months, with

long-term support (LTS) releases every two
years.[6][18][19] The latest release is 19.04
("Disco Dingo"), and the most recent long-
term support release is 18.04 LTS ("Bionic
Beaver"), which is supported until 2023
under public support and until 2028 as a
paid option.[20][21]

Ubuntu is developed by Canonical[22] and

the community under a meritocratic
governance model.[6][23] Canonical
provides security updates and support for
each Ubuntu release, starting from the
release date and until the release reaches
its designated end-of-life (EOL)
date.[6][24][25] Canonical generates revenue
through the sale of premium services
related to Ubuntu.[26][27]

Ubuntu is named after the African

philosophy of ubuntu, which Canonical
translates as "humanity to others" or "I am
what I am because of who we all are".[6]

History
Ubuntu is built on Debian's architecture
and infrastructure, and comprises Linux
server, desktop and discontinued phone
and tablet operating system versions.[28]
Ubuntu releases updated versions
predictably every six months,[29] and each
release receives free support for nine
months (eighteen months prior to
13.04)[30] with security fixes, high-impact
bug fixes and conservative, substantially
beneficial low-risk bug fixes.[31] The first
release was in October 2004.

Current long-term support (LTS) releases

are supported for five years, and are
released every two years.[32][33][34] LTS
releases get regular point releases with
support for new hardware and integration
of all the updates published in that series
to date.[35]
Ubuntu packages are based on packages
from Debian's unstable branch. Both
distributions use Debian's deb package
format and package management tools
(e.g. APT and Ubuntu Software). Debian
and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily
binary compatible with each other,
however, so packages may need to be
rebuilt from source to be used in
Ubuntu.[36] Many Ubuntu developers are
also maintainers of key packages within
Debian. Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by
pushing changes back to Debian,[37]
although there has been criticism that this
does not happen often enough. Ian
Murdock, the founder of Debian, had
expressed concern about Ubuntu
packages potentially diverging too far
from Debian to remain compatible.[38]
Before release, packages are imported
from Debian unstable continuously and
merged with Ubuntu-specific
modifications. One month before release,
imports are frozen, and packagers then
work to ensure that the frozen features
interoperate well together.

Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical

Ltd. On 8 July 2005, Mark Shuttleworth
and Canonical announced the creation of
the Ubuntu Foundation and provided an
initial funding of US$10 million. The
purpose of the foundation is to ensure the
support and development for all future
versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth
describes the foundation goal as to ensure
the continuity of the Ubuntu project.[39]

On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced

developer support for third-party cloud
management platforms, such as those
used at Amazon EC2.[40]

GNOME 3 has been the default GUI for

Ubuntu Desktop since Ubuntu 17.10,[41][42]
while Unity is still the default in older
versions,[43][44] including all current LTS
versions except 18.04 LTS.[45] However, a
community-driven fork of Unity 8, called
Yunit, has been created to continue the
development of Unity.[46] Shuttleworth
wrote on 8 April 2017, "We will invest in
Ubuntu GNOME with the intent of
delivering a fantastic all-GNOME desktop.
We're helping the Ubuntu GNOME team,
not creating something different or
competitive with that effort. While I am
passionate about the design ideas in Unity,
and hope GNOME may be more open to
them now, I think we should respect the
GNOME design leadership by delivering
GNOME the way GNOME wants it
delivered. Our role in that, as usual, will be
to make sure that upgrades, integration,
security, performance and the full
experience are fantastic."[47] Shuttleworth
also mentioned that Canonical will cease
development for Ubuntu Phone, Tablet,
and convergence.[48]

32-bit i386 processors have been

supported up to Ubuntu 18.04, but users
"will not be allowed to upgrade to Ubuntu
18.10 as dropping support for that
architecture is being evaluated".[49]

Features
A default installation of Ubuntu contains a
wide range of software that includes
LibreOffice, Firefox, Thunderbird,
Transmission, and several lightweight
games such as Sudoku and chess.[50][51]
Many additional software packages are
accessible from the built in Ubuntu
Software (previously Ubuntu Software
Center) as well as any other APT-based
package management tools. Many
additional software packages that are no
longer installed by default, such as
Evolution, GIMP, Pidgin, and Synaptic, are
still accessible in the repositories still
installable by the main tool or by any other
APT-based package management tool.
Cross-distribution snap packages and
flatpaks are also available,[52] that both
allow installing software, such as some of
Microsoft's software, in most of the major
Linux operating systems (such as any
currently supported Ubuntu version and in
Fedora). The default file manager is
GNOME Files, formerly called Nautilus.

Ubuntu operates under the GNU General

Public License (GPL) and all of the
application software installed by default is
free software. In addition, Ubuntu installs
some hardware drivers that are available
only in binary format, but such packages
are clearly marked in the restricted
component.[53]

Security
Ubuntu aims to be secure by default. User
programs run with low privileges and
cannot corrupt the operating system or
other users' files. For increased security,
the sudo tool is used to assign temporary
privileges for performing administrative
tasks, which allows the root account to
remain locked and helps prevent
inexperienced users from inadvertently
making catastrophic system changes or
opening security holes.[54] Polkit is also
being widely implemented into the
desktop.

Most network ports are closed by default

to prevent hacking.[55] A built-in firewall
allows end-users who install network
servers to control access. A GUI (GUI for
Uncomplicated Firewall) is available to
configure it.[56] Ubuntu compiles its
packages using GCC features such as PIE
and buffer overflow protection to harden
its software.[57] These extra features
greatly increase security at the
performance expense of 1% in 32-bit and
0.01% in 64-bit.[58]

Ubuntu also supports full disk

encryption[59] as well as encryption of the
home and Private directories.[60]

Installation
Ubuntu running on the Nexus S, a smartphone that ran
Android prior to Ubuntu

The system requirements vary among

Ubuntu products. For the Ubuntu desktop
release 16.04 LTS, a PC with at least 2 GHz
dual-core processor, 2 GB of RAM and
25 GB of free disk space is
recommended.[61][62] For less powerful
computers, there are other Ubuntu
distributions such as Lubuntu and
Xubuntu. Ubuntu supports the ARM
architecture.[5][63][64][65][66] It is also
available on Power ISA,[5][67][68][69] while
older PowerPC architecture was at one
point unofficially supported,[70] and now
newer Power ISA CPUs (POWER8) are
supported.

Live images are the typical way for users

to assess and subsequently install Ubuntu.
These can be downloaded as a disk image
(.iso) and subsequently burnt to a DVD and
booted, or run via UNetbootin directly from
a USB drive (making, respectively, a live
DVD or live USB medium). Running Ubuntu
in this way is slower than running it from a
hard drive, but does not alter the computer
unless specifically instructed by the user.
If the user chooses to boot the live image
rather than execute an installer at boot
time, there is still the option to then use an
installer called Ubiquity to install Ubuntu
once booted into the live environment.[71]
Disk images of all current and past
versions are available for download at the
Ubuntu web site.[72] Various third-party
programs such as remastersys and
Reconstructor are available to create
customized copies of the Ubuntu Live
DVDs (or CDs). "Minimal CDs" are available
(for server use) that fit on a CD.

Additionally, USB flash drive installations

can be used to boot Ubuntu and Kubuntu
in a way that allows permanent saving of
user settings and portability of the USB-
installed system between physical
machines (however, the computers' BIOS
must support booting from USB).[73] In
newer versions of Ubuntu, the Ubuntu Live
USB creator can be used to install Ubuntu
on a USB drive (with or without a live CD or
DVD). Creating a bootable USB drive with
persistence is as simple as dragging a
slider to determine how much space to
reserve for persistence; for this, Ubuntu
employs casper.[74][75]

The desktop edition can also be installed

using the Netboot image (a.k.a. netboot
tarball) which uses the debian-installer
and allows certain specialist installations
of Ubuntu: setting up automated
deployments, upgrading from older
installations without network access, LVM
or RAID partitioning, installs on systems
with less than about 256 MB of RAM
(although low-memory systems may not
be able to run a full desktop environment
reasonably).[76]

Package classification and

support
Ubuntu divides most software into four
domains to reflect differences in licensing
and the degree of support available.[77]
Some unsupported applications receive
updates from community members, but
not from Canonical Ltd.

Free software Non-free software

Canonical supported software domains Main Restricted

Unsupported Universe Multiverse

Free software includes software that has

met the Ubuntu licensing requirements,[77]
which roughly correspond to the Debian
Free Software Guidelines. Exceptions,
however, include firmware, in the Main
category, because although some
firmware is not allowed to be modified,
their distribution is still permitted.[78]
Non-free software is usually unsupported
(Multiverse), but some exceptions
(Restricted) are made for important non-
free software. Supported non-free
software includes device drivers that can
be used to run Ubuntu on some current
hardware, such as binary-only graphics
card drivers. The level of support in the
Restricted category is more limited than
that of Main, because the developers may
not have access to the source code. It is
intended that Main and Restricted should
contain all software needed for a complete
desktop environment.[77] Alternative
programs for the same tasks and
programs for specialized applications are
placed in the Universe and Multiverse
categories.

In addition to the above, in which the

software does not receive new features
after an initial release, Ubuntu Backports is
an officially recognized repository for
backporting newer software from later
versions of Ubuntu.[79] The repository is
not comprehensive; it consists primarily of
user-requested packages, which are
approved if they meet quality guidelines.
Backports receives no support at all from
Canonical, and is entirely community-
maintained.
The -updates repository provides stable
release updates (SRU) of Ubuntu and are
generally installed through update-
manager. Each release is given its own -
updates repository (e.g. intrepid-updates).
The repository is supported by Canonical
Ltd. for packages in main and restricted,
and by the community for packages in
universe and multiverse. All updates to the
repository must meet certain requirements
and go through the -proposed repository
before being made available to the
public.[80] Updates are scheduled to be
available until the end of life for the
release.
In addition to the -updates repository, the
unstable -proposed repository contains
uploads which must be confirmed before
being copied into -updates. All updates
must go through this process to ensure
that the patch does truly fix the bug and
there is no risk of regression.[81] Updates
in -proposed are confirmed by either
Canonical or members of the community.

Canonical's partner repository lets vendors

of proprietary software deliver their
products to Ubuntu users at no cost
through the same familiar tools for
installing and upgrading software.[82] The
software in the partner repository is
officially supported with security and other
important updates by its respective
vendors. Canonical supports the
packaging of the software for
Ubuntu[83][84][85] and provides guidance to
vendors.[82] The partner repository is
disabled by default and can be enabled by
the user.[86] Some popular products
distributed via the partner repository as of
28 April 2013 are Adobe Flash Player,
Adobe Reader, Skype and Wine are also
able to be installed to run Windows
software if the user desires.

Package Archives
A Personal Package Archive (PPA) is a
software repository for uploading source
packages to be built and published as an
Advanced Packaging Tool (APT)
repository by Launchpad.[87] While the
term is used exclusively within Ubuntu,
Launchpad's host, Canonical, envisions
adoption beyond the Ubuntu
community.[88]

Third-party software

Ubuntu has a certification system for third-

party software.[89] Some third-party
software that does not limit distribution is
included in Ubuntu's multiverse
component. The package ubuntu-
restricted-extras additionally contains
software that may be legally restricted,
including support for MP3 and DVD
playback, Microsoft TrueType core fonts,
Sun's Java runtime environment, Adobe's
Flash Player plugin, many common
audio/video codecs, and unrar, an
unarchiver for files compressed in the RAR
file format.

Additionally, third-party application suites

are available for purchase through Ubuntu
Software,[90] including many games such
as Braid and Oil Rush,[91] software for DVD
playback and media codecs.
Releases
Releases
Version Code name Release date Supported until

16.04 LTS Xenial Xerus[92] 2016-04-21[93] 2021-04

16.10 Yakkety Yak[94] 2016-10-13[95] 2017-07-20[96]

17.04 Zesty Zapus 2017-04-13[97] 2018-01-13[98]

17.10 Artful Aardvark 2017-10-19[99] 2018-07-19[100]

18.04 LTS Bionic Beaver 2018-04-26[101] 2023-04[20]

18.10 Cosmic Cuttlefish[102] 2018-10-18[103] 2019-07

19.04 Disco Dingo 2019-04-18[104] 2020-01

19.10 Eoan Ermine[105] 2019-10-17[106] 2020-07

Legend: Old version Older version, still supported Latest version

Future release

Each Ubuntu release has a version number

that consists of the year and month
number of the release.[107] For example,
the first release was Ubuntu 4.10 as it was
released on 20 October 2004. Version
numbers for future versions are
provisional; if the release is delayed the
version number changes accordingly.

Ubuntu releases are also given alliterative

code names, using an adjective and an
animal (e.g. "Xenial Xerus"). With the
exception of the first two releases, code
names are in alphabetical order, allowing a
quick determination of which release is
newer, at least until restarting the cycle
with the release of Artful Aardvark in
October 2017.[108] Commonly, Ubuntu
releases are referred to using only the
adjective portion of the code name; for
example, the 18.04 LTS release is
commonly known as "Bionic".
Releases are timed to be approximately
one month after GNOME releases (which
in turn are about one month after releases
of X.org). As a result, every Ubuntu release
was introduced with an updated version of
both GNOME and X. After major releases,
the Ubuntu Developer Summit (UDS) is
held, at which the Ubuntu community sets
the development direction for the next
cycle. The latest such event, as of
February 2017, was held 5–7 May 2015,
after Ubuntu 15.04 and planning 15.10.[109]

Upgrades from one LTS release to the next

LTS release (e.g. Ubuntu 14.04 LTS to
Ubuntu 16.04 LTS and then to Ubuntu
18.04 LTS) are supported,[110] while
upgrades from non-LTS have only
supported upgrade to the next release,
regardless of its LTS status (e.g. Ubuntu
15.10 to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS).

Some versions have optional extended

security maintenance (ESM) support
available, including 14.04 "Trusty"[111] (and
18.04) that are otherwise out of public
support, adding support for that version up
to 2021.

Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat), was

released on 10 October 2010 (10–10–10).
This departed from the traditional
schedule of releasing at the end of
October in order to get "the perfect 10",[112]
and makes a playful reference to The
Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy books,
since, in binary, 101010 equals decimal 42,
the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of
Life, the Universe and Everything" within
the series.[113]

Ubuntu (16.04.5 and later) requires a 2 GB

or larger installation medium.[114][115]
However, there is an option to install it with
a Minimal CD.[116]

Variants
Ubuntu family tree

Ubuntu Desktop (formally named as

Ubuntu Desktop Edition, and simply called
Ubuntu) is the variant officially
recommended for most users. It is
designed for desktop and laptop PCs and
officially supported by Canonical. From
Ubuntu 17.10, GNOME Shell is the default
desktop environment. From Ubuntu 11.04
to Ubuntu 17.04, the Unity desktop
interface was default, and before Ubuntu
11.04 the desktop interface was GNOME
2.[117][118] A number of other variants are
distinguished simply by each featuring a
different desktop environment.[72] LXQt
and Xfce[119] are often recommended for
use with older PCs that may have less
memory and processing power available.

Official distributions

These Ubuntu variants simply install a set

of packages different from the original
Ubuntu, but since they draw additional
packages and updates from the same
repositories as Ubuntu, all of the same
software is available for each of them.[120]
Distribution Description

An official derivative of Ubuntu Linux using KDE instead of the GNOME or Unity
Kubuntu
interfaces used by default in Ubuntu.[121]

Lubuntu is a project that is an official derivative of the Ubuntu operating system

Lubuntu that is "lighter, less resource hungry and more energy-efficient", using the LXQt
desktop environment (used LXDE before 18.10).[122][123][124]

Ubuntu
An official derivative of Ubuntu using Budgie.
Budgie

Ubuntu
An official derivative aimed at the Chinese market.
Kylin

An official derivative of Ubuntu using MATE, a desktop environment forked from

Ubuntu
the now-defunct GNOME 2 code base, with an emphasis on the desktop
MATE
metaphor.[125]

Ubuntu Ubuntu has a server edition that uses the same APT repositories as the Ubuntu
Server Desktop Edition. The differences between them are the absence of an X Window
environment in a default installation of the server edition (although one can easily
be installed, including Unity, GNOME, KDE or Xfce), and some alterations to the
installation process.[126] The server edition uses a screen-mode, character-based
interface for the installation, instead of a graphical installation process. This
enables installation on machines with a serial or "dumb terminal" interface without
graphics support.

Since version 10.10, the server edition (like the desktop version) supports
hardware virtualization and can be run in a virtual machine, either inside a host
operating system or in a hypervisor, such as VMware ESXi, Oracle, Citrix
XenServer, Microsoft Hyper-V, QEMU, a Kernel-based Virtual Machine, or any other
IBM PC compatible emulator or virtualizer. Ubuntu 7.10 and later turn on the
AppArmor security module for the Linux kernel by default on key software
packages, and the firewall is extended to common services used by the operating
system.

Has minimum requirements of: 512 MB RAM, 1 GHz CPU, and 1 GB disk space
(1.75 GB for all features to be installed).[126]

Runs on all major architectures – x86, x86-64, ARM v7, ARM64,[127] POWER8
and IBM System z mainframes via LinuxONE.[128] SPARC is no longer
 commercially supported.

Supports ZFS, a file system with snapshot capabilities, since Ubuntu

16.04 LTS.[129][130][131]

Has LXD, a hypervisor to manage LXC Linux containers.

Includes the first production release of DPDK for line-speed kernel networking.

Uses Linux 4.4 kernel and systemd service manager.

Is certified as a guest on AWS, Microsoft Azure, Joyent, IBM and HP Cloud.[128]

It has up-to-date versions of key server software pre-installed, including: Tomcat

(v8), PostgreSQL (v9.5), Docker v(1.10), Puppet (v3.8.5), Qemu (v2.5), Libvirt
(v1.3.1), LXC (v2.0), and MySQL (v5.6).[128]

Ubuntu Based on Ubuntu, providing open-source applications for multimedia creation

Studio aimed at the audio, video and graphic editors.[132]

An official derivative of Ubuntu using Xfce. Xubuntu is intended for use on less-
Xubuntu powerful computers or those who seek a highly efficient desktop environment on
faster systems, and uses mostly GTK+ applications.[133]

Discontinued official distributions

Distribution Description

A complete Linux based operating system targeted for primary and secondary
education. It is freely available with community based support. The Edubuntu
community is built on the ideas enshrined in the Edubuntu Manifesto: that
Edubuntu
software, especially for education, should be available free of charge and that
software tools should be usable by people in their local language and despite any
disabilities. No longer under active development. [134]

Gobuntu was an official derivative of the Ubuntu operating system, aiming to

provide a distribution consisting entirely of free software. It was officially
Gobuntu announced by Mark Shuttleworth on 10 July 2007, and daily builds of Gobuntu
7.10 began to be publicly released. The project ended around the release of 8.04
and has since merged into mainline Ubuntu as a "free software" option.[135]

Based on Ubuntu and MythTV, providing applications for recording TV and acting
Mythbuntu as a media centre.[136] On 4 November 2016, the development team announced
the end of Mythbuntu as a separate distribution, citing insufficient developers.

Ubuntu for
Designed for use with Android phones.[137] No longer under active development.
Android

Formerly an official Ubuntu variant,[138] but since 17.10, which uses Gnome Shell
Ubuntu
as its default desktop and GDM as its display manager, this has been merged into
GNOME
mainline releases.[139]

"Just Enough OS" – was described as "an efficient variant ... configured
Ubuntu
specifically for virtual appliances".[140] Since the release of Ubuntu 8.10 it has
JeOS
been included as an option as part of the standard Ubuntu Server Edition.

An embedded operating system designed for use on mobile devices. The

Ubuntu
operating system will use Hildon from maemo as its graphical frontend. Ubuntu
Mobile
Touch is a successor to Ubuntu Mobile.

Ubuntu Netbook Edition was an official derivative of Ubuntu designed for netbooks using
Netbook the Intel Atom processor. Starting from Ubuntu 11.04, Ubuntu Netbook Edition has
Edition been merged into the desktop edition.[141]

Ubuntu
Designed for use with touchscreen devices.
Touch

Ubuntu TV Designed for use with TVs.[142]

Cloud computing

Cloud Ubuntu Orange Box

Ubuntu offers Ubuntu Cloud Images which

are pre-installed disk images that have
been customized by Ubuntu engineering to
run on cloud-platforms such as Amazon
EC2, OpenStack, Microsoft Azure and
LXC.[143] Ubuntu is also prevalent on VPS
platforms such as
DigitalOcean.[144]Ubuntu 11.04 added
support for OpenStack, with Eucalyptus to
OpenStack migration tools added by
Canonical in Ubuntu Server 11.10.[145][146]
Ubuntu 11.10 added focus on OpenStack
as the Ubuntu's preferred IaaS offering
though Eucalyptus is also supported.
Another major focus is Canonical Juju for
provisioning, deploying, hosting, managing,
and orchestrating enterprise data center
infrastructure services, by, with, and for the
Ubuntu Server.[147][148]
Eucalyptus interface

Adoption and reception

Installed base

As Ubuntu is distributed freely and there is

no registration process, Ubuntu usage can
only be roughly estimated.[149] In 2015,
Canonical's Ubuntu Insights page stated
"Ubuntu now has over 40 million desktop
users and counting".[150]

W3Techs Web Technology Surveys

estimated in September 2016 that:
Ubuntu is the most popular Linux
distribution for running Web servers,
used by 34% of "all the websites" they
analyze.[151] Linux distributions are used
a little more than Microsoft Windows for
websites based on W3Techs numbers,
and only Ubuntu and Debian (which
Ubuntu is based on, with the same
package manager and thus
administered the same way) make up
65% of all Linux distributions for web
serving use; the usage of Ubuntu
surpassed Debian (for such server use),
in May 2016.
Ubuntu is the most popular Linux
distribution among the top 1000 sites
 and gains around 500 of the top 10
million websites per day.[152]
Ubuntu is used by 12.4% of all websites
analyzed, growing from less than 7% in
October 2012.[153]

W3Techs analyzes the top 10 million

websites only.[154] It considers Linux a
subcategory of Unix and estimated in the
same month that 66.7% of the analyzed
websites use Unix, under that broad
definition.[155]

According to TheCloudMarket.com,
Ubuntu is on at least 57% of the images it
scanned on Amazon EC2 (and Windows at
7.8%).[156]
Wikimedia Foundation data (based on user
agent) for September 2013 shows that
Ubuntu generated the most page requests
to Wikimedia sites, including Wikipedia,
among recognizable Linux
distributions.[157][158]

Large-scale deployments

The public sector has also adopted

Ubuntu. As of January 2009, the Ministry
of Education and Science of the Republic
of Macedonia deployed more than
180,000[159] Ubuntu-based classroom
desktops, and has encouraged every
student in the country to use Ubuntu-
powered computer workstations;[160] the
Spanish school system has 195,000
Ubuntu desktops.[159] The French police,
having already started using open-source
software in 2005 by replacing Microsoft
Office with OpenOffice.org, decided to
transition to Ubuntu from Windows XP
after the release of Windows Vista in
2006.[161] By March 2009, the Gendarmerie
Nationale had already switched 5000
workstations to Ubuntu.[161] Based on the
success of that transition, it planned to
switch 15,000 more over by the end of
2009 and to have switched all 90,000
workstations over by 2015 (GendBuntu
project).[161] Lt. Colonel Guimard
announced that the move was very easy
and allowed for a 70% saving on the IT
budget without having to reduce its
capabilities.[161] In 2011, Ubuntu 10.04
was adopted by the Indian justice
system.[162] The Government of Kerala
adopted Ubuntu for the legislators in
Kerala and the government schools of
Kerala began to use customized
IT@School Project Ubuntu 10.04 which
contains specially created software for
students. Previously, Windows was used in
the schools. Textbooks were also remade
with an Ubuntu syllabus and are currently
used in schools.[163]
The city of Munich, Germany, forked
Kubuntu 10.04 LTS and created LiMux for
use on the city's computers.[164] After
originally planning to migrate 12,000
desktop computers to LiMux, it was
announced in December 2013 that the
project had completed successfully with
the migration of 14,800 out of 15,500
desktop computers,[165] but still keeping
about 5000 Windows clients for unported
applications. In February 2017 the majority
coalition decided, against heavy protest
from the opposition[166], to evaluate the
migration back to Windows[167], after
Microsoft had decided to move its
company headquarters to Munich.[168]
Governing Mayor Dieter Reiter cited lack of
compatibility with systems outside of the
administrative sector, such as requiring a
governmental mail server to send e-mails
to his personal smartphone, as reasons
for the return, but has been criticised for
evaluating administrative IT based on
private and business standards.[169]

In March 2012, the government of Iceland

launched a project to get all public
institutions using free and open-source
software. Already, several government
agencies and schools have adopted
Ubuntu. The government cited cost
savings as a big factor for the decision,
and also stated that open-source software
avoids vendor lock-in. A 12-month project
was launched to migrate the biggest
public institutions in Iceland to using open-
source software, and help ease the
migration for others.[170] US president
Barack Obama's successful campaign for
re-election in 2012 used Ubuntu in its IT
department.[171] In August 2014, the city of
Turin, Italy, announced its migration from
Windows XP to Ubuntu for the 8,300
desktop computers used by the
municipality, becoming the first city in Italy
to adopt Ubuntu.[172][173]
Critical reception

Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for

best Linux distribution at the 2005
LinuxWorld Conference and Expo in
London,[174] received favorable reviews in
online and print publications,[175][176] and
has won InfoWorld's 2007 Bossie Award
for Best Open Source Client OS.[177] In early
2008, PC World named Ubuntu the "best
all-around Linux distribution available
today", though it criticized the lack of an
integrated desktop effects manager.[178]
Chris DiBona, the program manager for
open-source software at Google, said "I
think Ubuntu has captured people's
imaginations around the Linux desktop,"
and "If there is a hope for the Linux
desktop, it would be them". As of
January 2009, almost half of Google's
20,000 employees used Goobuntu, a
slightly modified version of Ubuntu.[159] In
2012, ZDNet reported that Ubuntu was still
Google's desktop of choice.[179] In March
2016, Matt Hartley picked a list of best
Linux distributions for Datamation; he
chose Ubuntu as number one.[180]

In 2008, Jamie Hyneman, co-host of the

American television series MythBusters,
advocated Linux (giving the example of
Ubuntu) as a solution to software
bloat.[181] Other celebrity users of Ubuntu
include science fiction writer Cory
Doctorow[182] and actor Stephen Fry.[183]

In January 2014, the UK's authority for

computer security, CESG, reported that
Ubuntu 12.04 LTS was "the only operating
system that passes as many as 9 out of
12 requirements without any significant
risks".[184]

Ubuntu 14.04 improved battery life, but

still lagged other operating systems in the
battery life metric.[185]

Amazon controversy
One of the new features of Unity in Ubuntu
12.10 was the shopping lens—Amazon
search results displayed in the Unity dash.
It was alternately described as the
"Amazon controversy",[186][187] "privacy
fiasco"[188] and "spyware".[189]

From October 2012, it sent the user's

queries through a secure HTTPS
connection from the home lens to
productsearch.ubuntu.com,[190] which then
polled Amazon.com to find relevant
products; Amazon then sent product
images directly to the user's computer
through HTTP. If the user clicked on one of
these results and then bought something,
Canonical received a small commission on
the sale.[191]

In 2012, many reviewers criticized it: as

the home lens is the normal means to
search for content on the local machine,
reviewers were concerned about the
disclosure of queries that were intended to
be local, creating a privacy problem.[190] As
the feature is active by default instead of
opt-in, many users could be unaware of
it.[190][191][192][193]

Some users chose to turn it off or to

remove the feature using a patch.[194] An
April 2014 article by Scott Gilbertson
stated that the online search components
of Ubuntu could be turned off with a
couple of clicks in version 14.04.[185]

For the move, it was awarded the 2013

Austria Big Brother Award.[195]

Since Ubuntu 16.04, the setting has been

off by default.[196]

The Unity desktop environment was

discontinued in Ubuntu 17.10, in favour of
GNOME, which has no support for Unity
lenses.[197] An Amazon shopping icon still
appears in the Ubuntu Dock by default, but
merely opens the default web browser
with Canonical's referral link.
Conformity with European data
privacy law

Soon after being introduced, doubts

emerged on the conformance of the
shopping lens with the European Data
Protection Directive.[198][199] A petition was
later signed by over 50 Ubuntu users and
delivered to Canonical demanding various
modifications to the feature in order to
clearly frame it within European law.[200]
Canonical did not reply.

In 2013, a formal complaint on the

shopping lens was filed with the
Information Commissioner's Office (ICO),
the UK data privacy office. Almost one
year later the ICO ruled in favour of
Canonical, considering the various
improvements introduced to the feature in
the meantime to render it conformable
with the Data Protection Directive.[201]
According to European rules, this ruling is
automatically effective in the entirety of
the European Union. However, the ruling
also made clear that at the time of
introduction the feature was not legal,
among other things, since it was missing a
privacy policy statement.

Local communities (LoCos)

In an effort to reach out to users who are
less technical, and to foster a sense of
community around the distribution, Local
Communities,[202] better known as
"LoCos", have been established throughout
the world. Originally, each country had one
LoCo Team. However, in some areas, most
notably the United States and Canada,
each state or province may establish a
team.[203] A LoCo Council approves teams
based upon their efforts to aid in either the
development or the promotion of
Ubuntu.[204]

Hardware vendor support

Ubuntu works closely with OEMs to jointly
make Ubuntu available on a wide range of
devices.[205] A number of vendors offer
computers with Ubuntu pre-installed,
including Dell,[206] Hasee,[207] Sharp
Corporation,[208] and Cirrus7.[209][210]
Specifically, Dell offers the XPS 13 laptop,
Developer Edition with Ubuntu pre-
installed.[211] Together, Dell, Lenovo, HP,
and Acer offer over 200 desktop and over
400 laptop PCs preloaded with Ubuntu.[212]
System76 PCs are also sold with
Ubuntu.[213] Dell and System76 customers
are able to choose between 30-day, three-
month, and yearly Ubuntu support plans
through Canonical.[214] Dell computers
(running Ubuntu 10.04) include extra
support for ATI/AMD Video Graphics, Dell
Wireless, Fingerprint Readers, HDMI,
Bluetooth, DVD playback (using LinDVD),
and MP3/WMA/WMV.[215] Asus is also
selling some Eee PCs with Ubuntu pre-
installed and announced "many more"
models running Ubuntu for
2011.[216][217][218] Vodafone has made
available a notebook for the South-African
market called "Webbook".[219][220][221]

Dell sells computers (initially Inspiron 14R

and 15R laptops) pre-loaded with Ubuntu
in India and China, with 850 and 350 retail
outlets respectively.[222][223] Starting in
2013, Alienware began offering its X51
model gaming desktop pre-installed with
Ubuntu at a lower price than if it were pre-
installed with Windows.[224]

While Linux already works in IBM's

mainframe system (zLinux), IBM in
collaboration with Canonical (and SUSE;
"Linux Foundation will form a new Open
Mainframe Project") announced Ubuntu
support for their z/Architecture (IBM
claims their latest system, IBM zEnterprise
System, version z13 is the most powerful
computer in the world; it is the largest
computer by transistor count) for the first
time, at the time of their "biggest code
drop" ("LinuxOne") in Linux history.[225]

In early 2015, Intel launched the Intel

Compute Stick small form factor computer
available preloaded with Ubuntu or
Windows operating systems.[226]

Windows subsystem
In March 2016, Microsoft announced that
it would support the Ubuntu userland on
top of the Windows 10 kernel by
implementing the Linux system calls as a
subsystem (and in 2019 Microsoft
announced the new WSL 2 subsystem that
includes a Linux kernel, that Canonical
announced will have "full support for
Ubuntu"[16]). It focuses on command-line
tools like Bash and is therefore aimed at
programmers.[227][228][229] As of the Fall
Creators Update, this feature is fully
available to the public.[230] As of 2019,
other Linux variants are also supported.

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