OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

The overhead projector (OHP) is mostly used in all audio-visual aids. It projects transparencies
with brilliant screen images suitable for use in a lighted room. The teacher can write or draw
diagrams on the transparency while he teaches; these are projected simultaneously on the
screen by the OHP.

Purpose Of An OHP:

 To develop concepts and sequences in a subject matter area.

 To test student performances while other classmates observe.
 To show relationship by means of transparent overlays in contrasting colors.
 To give the illusion of motion in the transparency.

OHP Transparencies:

 Transparencies are a popular instructional medium. They are simple and easy to prepare
and easy to operate with the OPH which is lightweight.
 A 10×10-inch sheet with printed, written or drawn material is placed on the platform of
the projector and a large image is projected on the screen.
 The projected is used from rear to the front of the room with the teacher standing or
sitting beside the projector, facing the student.

Advantages of An OHP:

 Gains the students’ attention.

 Permits face –to-face interaction with the students.
 Can be used in daylight with a slight darkening of the room.
 Requires limited planning and can be prepared in a variety of inexpensive methods.
 Use of an OHP can be quite cheap and transparencies can be used repeatedly.
 Easily available
Limitation of an OHP:

 Cannot be used in situations of power supply interruptions.

 Requires careful handling an OHP bulbs are very sensitive to power fluctuations and
jerky movement
 Preparing transparencies is a time – consuming process and requires good handwriting
abilities.

FILMSTRIPS
A filmstrip is a continues strip of film consisting of individual frames or pictures arranged in a
sequence usually with a specific title. In other words, filmstrips are a sequence of transparent
still pictures with individual frames on a 35 mm film. A tape-recorded narration can be
synchronized with a film strip. Each strip contains between 12 and 18 or more pictures. It is
fixed sequence of related stills on a roll of a 35 mm or an 8 mm film.

Types of Filmstrips:

Discussion filmstrips: It is a continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames

arranged in a sequence usually with explanatory titles.

Sound slide film: It is similar to a filmstrip but instead of explanatory titles or spoken
discussion, the recorded explanation is audible and is synchronized with the pictures.

Advantages of Filmstrips:

 Filmstrips are compact, easy to handle and always in proper sequence.

 They can be supplemented with a recorded audiotape or verbal explanation.
 They are useful for group or individual study as the projection rate is controlled by the
instructor or user.
 They are projected with a simple, lightweight equipment.

Limitations of Filmstrips:

 Preparation the slide is a cumbersome job and requires a lot of effort.

 If the filmstrip is not supplemented with an audiotape, the verbal explanation becomes
difficult to understand, especially to the new learners.
 TELEVISION

Television (TV) is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images
that can be monochrome (black & white) or coloured with accompanying sound. Television is
a very commonly and widely used medium for sharing and dissemination information between
large groups. It is also very popular and widely viewed by different strata of the society because
of its specific feature, the combination of audio and visual technology.

Educational Uses Of Television:

 Television can be used in a classroom setting where either a telecasted or prerecorded

program may be displayed for students to supplement traditional learning.
 Television may be also be used for teaching students social, cultural, political and
religious affairs of the country by exposing them with the general basic television
program.
 Television may also be used for behavior modification through slowing specific
therapeutic programs.
 Television may also be used for educational entertainment so that students can feel
fresh to carry out the next traditional educational activity.

Advantages of Television:

 A cost –effective educational media, which is easily available everywhere and

large proportion of students may be covered by a single teacher in interactive
television program.
 A multiple sensory stimulation educational media (sight & sound), which makes
learning a recreational and leisure activity by providing real experiences in a
stimulating way to learn faster & quicker.
 Television ensure uniformity in learning experience because it offers same basic
ideas, information techniques to everyone viewing the educational program.
 Television provides quicker and long – lasting visual and sound impression because
it improves concentration by eliminating the possibilities of environmental
distraction.
Limitations Of Television:

 Television educational instructions are generally a one- way process, therefore doubts
of the students cannot be clarified.
 It is not a student-centric approach, where instructions are prepared and are not flexible
to be mould according to the situation of a particular group of students in a classroom.
 School schedule have to be customized according to the schedule of television
educational program.

Microscope

The word microscope is derived from Greek word mikro’s meaning ‘samll’ and ‘to look’ or
‘see’. It is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. The microscope
is a device used for visualization of objects or living things such as tissue sample,
microorganisms, micro-objects and so on, which cannot be seen by naked eyes. In health
science, a microscope is the most common used teaching device for preclinical subjects such
as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, pathology and genetics.

Uses of Microscope In Nursing And Medical Education:

 The microscope has played a significant role in nursing and medical education;
microscope is used for teaching anatomy, physiology, microbiology and pathology to
medical and nursing.
 Today, microscope are used to produce and develop pictures of diagnostic findings,
which could be used for teaching in classrooms.
 Power point presentation
Power point presentations are the most popular audiovisual aid in the present
educational community because they are believed to be more interesting and visually
attractive. A power point presentation is preferred because of its flexibility in both
preparation and presentation.

Guidelines For Using Power Point Presentation :

 Use the horizontal /landscape format for slide.

 Limit the information on each slide to a single topic or ideas.
 Use action words and short phrases rather than sentences.
 Maintain the consistency in the use of color throughout the slides and avoid overuse of
multiple color and graphics.
 Do not over board the slide with text; try to keep enough open space around the written
text on slide.
 Use the 6×6 rule that is 6 lines of text and 6 words per line.
 Ensure the use of standard styles of written text such Arial Fonts, which are easily
readable.
 To make the presentation more interactive, limit the written content and use simple
illustrations.
CHALKBOARD / BLACKBOARD :

A blackboard (also known as a chalkboard) is a reusable writing surface on which text or

drawings are made with sticks of calcium sulfate or calcium carbonate, known, when used for
this purpose, as chalk. Blackboards were originally made of smooth, thin sheets of black or
dark grey slate stone. Modern versions are often green because the color is considered easier
on the eyes.
The recommended size of chalkboard is 5 × 6 m. For effective use of the chalkboard, the
following characteristics should be considered:

 Surface should be rough enough to hold the chalk particles used for writing on the
board.
 Surface should be dull enough to eliminate the glare that hampers the visibility of the
writing board.
 Surface should be such that chalk can be easily removed with a cloth or foam duster.
 Surface should be mounted on appropriate height within the reach of teacher and
visibility of students.

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A CHALKBORD:

The recommended size of chalkboard is 5 × 6 m. For effective use of the chalkboard, the
following characteristics should be considered:

 Surface should be rough enough to hold the chalk particles used for writing on the
board.
 Surface should be dull enough to eliminate the glare that hampers the visibility of the
writing board.
 Surface should be such that chalk can be easily removed with a cloth or foam duster.
 Surface should be mounted on appropriate height within the reach of teacher and
visibility of students.

ADVANTAGES OF CHALKBOARD:

As compared to whiteboards, blackboards have a variety of advantages:

 Chalk requires no special care; whiteboard markers must be capped or else they dry out.
 Chalk is an order of magnitude cheaper than whiteboard markers for a comparable amount
of writing.
 It is easier to draw lines of different weights and thicknesses with chalk than with
whiteboard markers.
 Dashed lines can be drawn very quickly using a technique involving the friction of the
chalk and blackboard.
 Chalk has a mild smell, whereas whiteboard markers often have a pungent odour.
 Chalk writing often provides better contrast than whiteboard markers.
 DISADVANTAGES OF CHALKBOARD:
1. Chalk broad is time consuming in topic coverage than interactive boards.

2. Less attractive and appealing than interactive boards.

3. Visual or virtual video presentation is not possible which are more clear in understanding a
structure like of biology etc.

Types of charts:
 Flowcharts
 Flip Chart
 Tabulation chart
 Chain Chart
 Evolution Chart
 Tree Chart
 Strip chart
 Bar chart
 Pie chart
 Pull Chart
 Overlay Chart

Basic Characteristics of A Chart:

 Size of the chart could vary based on the type and purpose. the standard size of a chart
is considered 90×60 cm or 70×50 cm
 Charts can be carefully stored and preserved for use in future.
 They have an educational value.
 Charts display specific information.
 They are easy to carry and store.

Purpose of Charts:

 Charts are essential educational aids generally used to:

 Present specific facts, figures and their relationship.
 Symbolically present the education content.
 Illustrate continuity in a process of certain phenomenon.
 Present abstract ideas in visual forms.
 Provide students with motivation for learning.
 Show relationships between facts, figure and statistics.
 Advantage of chart:
 Charts are helpful in summarizing large information on a single paper so that
comprehension and understanding of content can be prompted.
 Illustrative properties of chart catch the attention of students and motivate them for
learning.
 The symbolic presentation in information increases quick learning in the learners.

Limitation Of A Chart:

 If the selection of material for preparing charts is not good they will be not last long .
 Takes up a teacher’s time if she has to prepare the chart.
 Charts only emphasize on the key point. This leaves the student in double if the
clarification is not clear.
 Charts los their charm if they contain too much written matter.
 Poor use of color combination, improper spacing and margins create confusion in the
minds of the student.

POSTER :
 S.L. Ahulawalia says; A poster is a pictorial device designed to attract attention and
communicate a story, a fact, an idea or an image rapidly and clearly.’ In other words, a
poster is a ‘placard, usually pictorial or decorative, utilizing an emotional appeal to
convey a message aimed at reinforcing an attitude or urging a course of action .’poster
are generally used for conveying a specific message ,teaching a particular thing ,
giving a general used a general ideas ,etc.

Characteristics Of A Good Poster:

 A poster is any piece of printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or a vertical

surface & is typically good substitute for a first-hand experience.
 Very effective visual aids, vary from a simple printed card to a complicated and artistic
design.
 There must be minimal use of words, only four to five words.
 The idea or feeling being presented must be original and clearly understandable.
  There must appropriate use of color and fonts. use bold illustrations. avoid fancy
lettering style. proper use of color.
 The poster must be attractive as possible so that students can be motivated for learning.

Purposes of Poster:

 Present a single ideas or subject forcefully.

 Communicate a more general idea.
 Publicize important school and community events and projected.
 Thrust the massage leading to action for the classroom and community.
 Add atmosphere to the classroom.
 Motivate the learners in the class

Advantages:

 Because of its impressive presentation, a poster captivated the eyes, regardless of the
message & it capable of being comprehensive.
 A poster tells the story vividly with the desired effect.
 A poster is a simple and dynamic medium of presenting a message in a compact form.

Limitation:

 A poster convey a single theme and does not always give enough information.
 The learning if not attractive and accurate makes the poster illegible.
 Smudge marks make the posters unattractive and futile.

FLASH CARDS:

Flash card are used for the presentation of an idea in the form of poster, pictures, words,
and sentence. A single card or a whole series may be flashed in front of the class. In other
words, flash cards are a set of pictured paper cards of varying size that are flashed one by one
in a logical sequence.
Basic Character of Flash Cards:

 Flash cards are small, compact cards of varying size approximately 10×12
inches in size.
 They are made out of cardboards or any other thick material.
 They are the simplest of all aids to present topic highlights in the form of words,
diagrams, photographs and illustration.

Purpose Of Flash Cards:

 The pictorial contents presented in a series are easily recognized by the group.
 They are fleshed before the class one by one to bring home an idea.
 Provide students with a systematic approach to drill
 Helpful to teach recognition by sight.
 They are easy to carry.

Advantages Of The Flash Cards :

 They are in the development of cognitive abilities and recognition and recall of
students.
 They help to introduce and present topic as well as review the topic.
 They can be used to apply information already gained by students to new situations.
 They emphasise important points.
 They are very cost-effective because they can be prepared on simple papers.
 They are easy to make, require only hand papers and pens.

Limitation Of Flash Cards :

 If used for a prolonged period, they become boring for students.

 The students cannot get a complete view of the concept, as the point are flashed one by
one.
 They needed to be carefully stored and prevent bending.
 They are ineffective for large groups.
 They are time consuming and cannot include the whole topic of presentation. Only a
part of a topic can be presented through flash cards.
 FLANNEL BOARD

The flannel board or felt board is a piece of rigid material covered with cotton flannel, wool,
suede cloth or paper. A piece of rough flannel or khadi fixed over a wooden board provides an
excellent background for displaying cut-out pictures, graphs, drawing and other illustrations.
The cut-out pictures and other illustrations are provided with a rough surface at the back by
pasting pieces of stand paper, felt or rough cloth.

Purposes of A Flannel:

 They can be used throughout the discussion whenever the needed item can be placed
and explained on (if the purpose is served the item has to be removed).
 They help improve the visual artifact of the written content or illustrations to a large
group of learners.
 They also facilitate the illustrative presentation of written content for easy
understanding.
 Their also facilitate the illustrative presentation of written content for easy
understanding.
 They add variety to the storyline.
 They help communicate the idea in an effective manner.

Advantages Of A Flannel Board :

 Makes concepts easy to understand.

 Effectively used for small groups.
 Saves time during the presentation.
 Keep students well motivated.

Limitations Of A Flannel Board :

 Cannot be used for large groups.

 Needs more preparatory time.
Preparing Flannel Board

Article Required:

 A piece of plywood, cardboard or poster board.

 A piece of flannel large enough to cover the board
 A pair of scissors.
 Duct tape (or a staple gun or upholstery tacks if using a plywood).
 Felt square to make shapes and other cut-outs.

Preparation Procedure:

 Wrap the piece of flannel around the board you have chosen.
 Secure all edges around the back side with the duct tape, staple or tacks.
 The items to be displayed should also be pasted with the same flannel on back side
which keeps it adherent to the board without visible support.

BULLETIN BOARD:
 A bulletin board is a display aboard that show the visual learning material on a specific
subject. It is a soft board that pins or tags. It is a simple device either indoors or
outdoors. Items like photographs, publications, posters, newspaper cut-outs are
generally displayed.
 A bulletin board also known as a pin board or notice board is a place where people can
leave public message, for example, to advertise things, to buy or sell, announce events
or provide information.

Basic Characteristics Of Bulletin Boards:

 They can be framed soft boards or straw boards or cork boards.

 Their size depends on the purpose.
 Dark blazer cloth works as a back drop.
 The height should be one mater above the ground.
Purpose Of Bulletin Boards:

 Communication of ideas
 Giving correct initial impression
 Broaden the sensory experience
 Intensify impressions
 Vitalize instructions
 Add variety to classroom activity.

Types Of Bulletin Boards.

 Felt boards
 Magnetic board
 Fixed type
 Movable type
 Folded type.

Advantages Of Bulletin Boards;

 Display can be effectively used as a follow –up of chalkboard work.

 Adds color and liveliness in communicating the message to the audience.
 Good supplement for other teaching aids.
 Introduces a new topic to a large number of people.
 Explains important events, report and special activities.

Limitations of Bulletin Board:

 Not effective for illiterate groups.

 Takes a lots of time for preplanning and preparation.
 Cannot be used for an all-inclusive teaching.
 Has to be used as a supplementary aid to other teaching aids.
 Collection of relevant materials for certain topics may sometimes be difficult.
 CARTOONS
 A cartoon is a humorous caricature which gives a subtle message. In a cartoon, the
features of object and people are exaggerated along with their general symbols. In short,
a cartoon is a figurative and subtle graphic aid. It is a metaphoric representation of
reality and makes learning, more interesting and effective as it creates a strong appeal
to the emotions. A cartoon is an interpretative illustration which uses symbols to portray
an opinion, a scene or a situation.

Basic Characteristics Of Cartoons:

The symbols used in cartoons must be clear and understandable.

 Use of text must be minimal and should be meaningful.

 Cartoons should be self- explanatory and instructive.
 Cartoons should be funny, interesting and humorous.

Purposes of Cartoons:

 They main purpose of cartoons in the teaching-learning process are as follows;

 They are primarily designed for capturing the attention of the targeted group.
 They are successful tools for student motivation and the promotion of learning.
 They create humor and fantasy among the learners so educational stress can be
minimized.
 A single cartoon can easily present multiple ideas and concepts.
 They trigger innovation thinking in the learners.
 They can present educational content in an interesting manner.

Advantages Of Cartoons:

 Cartoons are humorous caricatures so they capture the attention of the learners and
prevent boredom among them.
 They are quite successful in motivating the learning and message can be easily
understood by the learners.
 They can easily present multiple ideas and concepts to the learners.
Advantages of Cartoons:

 Cartoons are humorous caricatures so they capture the attention of the learners and
prevent boredom among them.
 They are quite successful in motivating the learning and message can be easily
understood by the learners.
 They can easily present multiple ideas and concepts to the learners.

Limitations Of Cartoons:

 A skilled specialist is required to prepare educational cartoons.

 Many educational topics can be presented only through cartoons.
 Cartoons as educational aids may sometimes distract the stations from the main learning
purpose and objectives.

MODELS

A model is a recognizable representation of a real thing three dimensionally, that is height,

width , & depth is felt as reality . In other words, a model is a life size miniature or over size
or original size whether workable or not, whether it differs from or not from original size of an
object to be studied, which is very useful in teaching.

Purpose Of Models :

 The real thing may be too big to be brought to the institute.

 The real things may be too dangerous to be felt of handled by the students.
 The real thing may be too expensive.
 Models simplify reality.
 Models help in clarifying the abstract concept of knowledge.
 Promote creative interest in students.
Types Of Models:

 Solid models
 Cutaways & X-Ray models
 Working models
 Sand model
 Scale model
 Simplified models

Essential Qualities of Model:

 Usefulness
 Accuracy
 Simplicity
 Utility
 Solidity
 Ingenuity

Advantages of Model:

 Model illustrate the application side of certain principle and laws.

 Model explain complex and intricate operations in a simplified ways & thus make
comprehension easier.
 Model are long lasting and ultimately work out to be cheaper teaching aids.
 Still models are easy to make with the help of discarded materials like empty boxes,
pins, clips, nails, & clay.
 Models should be reasonable in size and convenient to handle.
 Models involve the use of all five sense and make learning effective.

Limitation of Model:

 They require expertise to make.

 They are time consuming.
 Some model may be very expensive.
 PUPPETS
 One of the old and popular arts in Indian village is puppetry. Puppetry is an education
cum entertaining aid where puppets are manipulated by the performer. In writing or
selecting a puppet play, the page, background and tastes of students should be taken
into consideration. A short puppet play is always preferable.

Types of Puppets:

 String or marionette puppets

 Stick puppets.
 Shadow puppets.
 Finger of hand puppets

Advantages of Puppets:

 They create interest.

 They give knowledge in a brief period.
 They are an effective method in teaching.
 They motivate students.
 They are easy to carry and operate.

Limitations of Puppets:

 They need group coordination.

 They require skills in preparation and supply .
 Skills are needed for presentation.
 PAMPHLETS:

 Pamphlets are a type of non-projected audiovisual aids. A pamphlet is a paper that can
be folded into two or three or five, and the matter can be printed either on a single or
on both sides. In other words, a pamphlet is an unbounded booklet without a hard cover
or binding. It may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sided and
folded in half or stapled at the crease to make a single book. A pamphlet gives a chance
to explain to the people who do not have time to stay and discuss the content of
information. A pamphlet must be self-explanatory.

Purpose of Pamphlets:

Pamphlets are used for the following purpose:

 To mobilization people to support a cause.

 To advertise a meeting or a specific event.
 To popularize a slogan or a massage.

Advantages of Pamphlets:

 They are the best method of dissemination of information or a message to larger group
of people.
 They save time and recourses in dissemination of information to a large group of people

Limitations of Pamphlets:

 The main disadvantage of pamphlets is that they can waste a lot of money and time if
printed pamphlet are not distributed properly.
 Only literate and educated people can be benefited with this educational aid.
Furthermore, because of more written content, they capture less attention .
 They do not ensure that the targeted group has surely paid attention and time to read
the pamphlet .

NEWS PAPERS

It can furnish health messages in local languages which cancan reach to the public easily.
The information will be available in low cost, easy to read and understand simple language
 .the people may learn to read and interpret the contents along with pictures to enhance easy
grasping.
Advantages
 Best method to reach a large group
 Pictures will help in easy understanding
 Attractive and easy to understand
 Lot of information can be obtained in various fields

Disadvantages
 Useful for literates only
 Detailed information cannot be produces.

PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM

It is electronic sound amplification and distribution system with a microphone, amplifier and
loudspeakers, used to allow a person to address a large public, for example for announcements
of movements at large and noisy air and rail terminals.

Purpose
Pa system is an important component for any buildings, schools and office. It main purpose is
for public annocument, back ground music and most important is for emergency evacuation
system
TYPES OF PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM

 Microphone
 Loudspeaker
 Amplifier
 Conference system
 Pa system at railway station
 Trumpet Horn

ADVANTAGES
 A public address system gives you an immediate way to address every one at given
location even though it’s a more traditional form of communicating over modern
formats.
 The biggest advantages of public address sytem is the ability to get important
information out to a large number of people, at the same time.
 Is to convey massages over a large area and it will provide an easier way to cover a
large area with music or voice announcement.
 A great way to handle large noisy crowd in a large gymnasium or broadcasting to
announcement to an entire building.

DISADVANATGES
Loudspeaker causes noise pollution.
Sources are expensive.

SPECIMENS: A Sample of a substance or material for examination or study.

A specimen is a sample of something like a specimen of blood or body tissue that is taken for
medical testing.

Advantages of Specimens: collection of objects and specimens by students requires

interaction with others leading to development of social skills and values.

 Students when collect and display specimens derive satisfaction of contributing to the
school and teacher something worthwhile.
 Student’s power of observation and first hand experiences is enhanced by collection of
specimens.
 Student’s personal collection of specimens can be good source of doing investigatory
projects.
 Collection of specimens become an interesting educational pursuit of the teacher and
students alike.
 Specimens involve all the five senses in the process of learning.