International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 9, September - 2013

Design of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor for Jam Industry
Wastes
1 2
M.M.C.Rajivgandhi and M.Singaravelu
1
Research scholar, 2Professor, Department of Bioenergy,
Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute,
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003.

Abstract stabilized effluent which is almost neutral in pH and

is odourless (Bardiya et al., 1996). Fruit-processing
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactors wastes are highly biodegradable as they are rich in
have been widely used for the treatment of industrial organic matter and have a high (above 50% ) moisture
wastewater. An Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket content. It has been established that bio-conversion
Reactor was designed to handle 8,800 liters per day of processes are more suitable than thermo-conversion
the influent and field tested for energy production from processes. So, there exists a vast scope for the energy
biomethanation of papaya fruit processing jam industry recovery as well as waste management, through
RT

wastes. The reactor has the total height of 5.4 m and establishment of proper design of biomethanation plants
diameter of 1.6 m. Effective volume and total volume of for the fruit industries.
the reactor are 8.84 m3 and 10.8 m3 respectively. The
IJE

optimum organic loading rate (OLR) observed to be 2.67 2. Materials and methods
kg of COD. m-3 day-1, when the reactor was operated at
three days HRT. The COD removal efficiency is 70 % The UASB was designed to treat the fruit waste water
and the specific gas production is 0.577 m3 kg-1 of COD anaerobically for biogas generation. The temperature
removed per day. range (which affects solid retention time), and the flow
fluctuations (which affect the upflow velocity) are also
Keywords: Biomethanation, Fruit wastes, UASB considered. The design features of the UASB reactor
reactor, UASB design design are presented below in Table 1.
Table 1.Important design features of UASB reactor
1. Introduction
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor in S. Parameters Assumptions Ref.
the late 1970s in the Netherlands by Lettinga. UASB No
process is used most commonly, with over 1500 1. Solid retention time 40 days [6]
installations treating wide range of industrial waste 2. Temperature of reactor 20º - 32º C [4]
waters. 3. BOD removal yield 0.1 g VSS /g [2]
Papaya and pineapple are the fruits which are widely coefficient BODremoved
being processed for manufacturing the finished products 4. Degradable residues of 90% [6]
such as jam, jelly, etc. Utilization of these commodities VSS coming in the
results in 30 to 35 % of waste generation (Rajivgandhi et inflow
al., 2013). These wastes are either uneconomically 5. COD removal efficiency 80 % [6]
utilized or disposed of as such, thereby causing 6. Reactor height 4 – 5.9 m [2]
serious pollution problems.In recent years, attention is 7. Average concentration 75 % [2]
being given to treating the fruit wastes and waste water of sludge in blanket
chemically or biologically to obtain useful by-products 8. Effective depth of 2.2 m [2]
before the final disposal. Of the many alternatives, sludge blanket
biomethanation of fruit wastes is the best suited 9. Theoretical CH4, m3 / kg 0.35 m3 [2]
treatment, as the process not only adds energy in the COD removed
form of methane, but also results in a highly

IJERTV2IS90665 www.ijert.org 1674

 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 9, September - 2013

Analysis analyzed. The pH of the fruit wastewater is observed to

vary from 4.02 to 5.9.
Parameters like pH, total solids (TS), volatile solids The total solid content of the fruit wastewater is
(VS), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended found to vary between 1375 and 1625 mg L-1 and the
solids (VSS) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) volatile solid content varies between 1130 and 1326 mg
were analyzed as per the APHA (1998) methods. L-1. The BOD of the fruit wastewater is found to vary
between 1250 and 1610 mg L-1 and the COD varies
3. Results and discussion between 3000 and 3800 mg L-1. The BOD: COD ratio
was determined and it is found to vary between 0.41 and
The physico-chemical characteristics of the fruit 0.42. The Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) is observed to
wastewater and mixtures of solid and liquid wastes were vary from 2.4 to 3.4 mg L-1. The value of TOC varies
from 1290 to 1310 mg L-1. The C: N ratio of the waste
water is found to vary from 35.2 to 36.4.

3.1 Design of the reactor

The physico – chemical characteristics of the sludge bed play a key role in deciding the biomethanation capacity of
the reactor. The amount of daily deposition of sludge depends on the characteristics of raw waste water. The design of
the reactor is accomplished as described below,

3.1.1 Total Sludge Production

i) New VSS produced as a result of BOD removal, the yield coefficient assumed as 0.1 g VSS/g BOD removed.
RT

Influent BOD, (mg/L)  BOD 


New VSS produced in BOD Removal, (mg/L)  Removal (%)  Yield cofficient ,

 
IJE

(g VSS/g BOD removed) 

,ii) The non-biodegradable residue of the VSS coming in the inflow is given by

Non-degradable residue, (mg/L) = VSS,(mg/L) ×(1- degradable fraction)

iii) Ash received in the inflow can be calculated as

New Ash received in the inflow, (mg/L) = TSS, (mg/L) – VSS, (mg/L)
The sum of the above three components gives total sludge produced per day

 New VSS produced in BOD removal, (mg/L) 


Total sludge produced,(kg/day)  Non - degradable residue, (mg/L) 

 
Ash received in the inflow, (mg/L) 

3.1.2 Solid Retention Time

The solid retention time of a system also depends on the characteristics of the wastewater

Total quantity of sludge present in the reactor, (kg)

Solid retention time, (days) 
Quantity of sludge removed per day, (kg/day)

IJERTV2IS90665 www.ijert.org 1675

 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 9, September - 2013

 Average Concentration of sludge in the blanket, (kg/m 3 ) 

 
 x Effective depth of the sludge blanket, (m) 
 
 x Effectiven ess coefficien t , (%) 
 
SRT, (days) 
 x Hydraulic Retention time, (h) 
Total quantity of sludge produced, (mg / L)

3.1.3 Hydraulic retention time (HRT)

Solid retention time  Total quantity of sludge produced  24

Hydraulic retention time 
Average concentration of sludge in the blanket 
 Effective depth of the sludge blanket  
 
 Effectiven ess coefficien t 

3.1.4 Upflow velocity

RT
Reactor Height, (m)
Upflow Velocity, (m/h) 
Hydraulic Retention, Time (h)
IJE

The liquid upflow velocity in the reactor is directly related to reactor height. In a conventional UASB system,
the average daily value of liquid upflow velocity for domestic wastewater should not exceed 0.7 m/h (Lettinga and
hulshoff Pol, 1991).

3.1.5 Area of Reactor

A cylindrical reactor was considered and the area of the reactor can determined as follows:
3
2 Flow rate, (m /h)
Cross sectional area of reactor, (m ) 
Upflow velocity, (m/h)

3.1.6 Diameter of the reactor

2  2
Reactor area, (m )   d
4

The designed reactor has the total height of 5.4 m and retention time’s viz. 1 day, 3 days and 5 days. The
diameter of 1.6 m. Effective volume and total volume optimum organic loading rate (OLR) observed to be
of the reactor are 8.84 m3 and 10.8 m3, respectively. 2.67 kg of COD. m-3 day-1, when the reactor was
Schematic diagram of UASB reactor shown in Fig.1. operated at three days HRT. The COD removal
efficiency is 70 % and the specific gas production is
The influent with COD load of 5000, 8000 and 0.577 m3 kg-1 of COD removed per day.
11000 mg L-1 were tested for each of the hydraulic

IJERTV2IS90665 www.ijert.org 1676

 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 9, September - 2013

5. References

[1] APHA, 1998. Standard Methods for the

Examination of Water and Wastewater,
20th Ed. American Public Health Association,
Washington DC.
[2] Arceivala, S. J. (2000). Wastewater Treatment
and Pollution Control, 2nd Ed., Tata McGraw Hill,
New Delhi, India.
[3] Bardiya, N., Somayaji, D. and Khanna, S. 1996.
Biomethanation of banana peel and
pineapple waste. Bioresour. Technol., 58:73–76.
[4] Lettinga, G., S.W. Hobma, A. Klapwijk, A.F.M.
VanVelsen and W.J.D. Zeeuw. 1980. Use of the
Fig 1. Schematic diagram of UASB reactor Upflow Sludge Blanket (USB) Reactor Concept for
Biological Wastewater Treatment. Biotechnol.
3.2 Cost Economics Bioeng., 22: 699 - 734.
[5] Lettinga, G. and Hulshoff Pol, L.W. 1991.
The cost economics is the most important UASB Process Design for Various Type
consideration of any proposed engineering system. of wastewater. Water Sci. Technol., 24 (8): 87 -
The total cost of the plant (fabrication cost of the 107.
reactor, installation of the reactor, slurry pump,
RT
[6] Mahmoud, N., Zeeman, G. Gijzen, H. and
pipelines and other accessories) is Rs.80,000. Daily Lettinga. G. 2003. Solids Removal in Upflow
gas production is 10 m3 day-1, which amounts to a Anaerobic Reactors, A Review. Bioresour,
value of Rs. 52,920/ year. The reactor produces Technol., 90: 1 – 9.
IJE

2010 kg of sludge in a year, which gives an income [7] Rajivgandhi, M.M.C., Singaravelu, M. and
of Rs. 24,120/ year. From the estimation it is seen Kamaraj, S. 2013. Study on Bio-methanation of
that the reactor has the payback period of 3 to 4 Papaya Fruit Processing Industrial Wastes. Madras
years. Agric. J., 100 (Special Issue): 212-215, May 2013.

4. Conclusions

The results obtained on biomethanation of

papaya fruit processing wastes reveal that the
anaerobic treatment of papaya fruit wastes is
technically feasible. The energy generated in the
form of methane, when utilized efficiently, not only
improves the overall economy of these fruit
processing industries, but also provides onsite
solutions to waste management problems.

IJERTV2IS90665 www.ijert.org 1677