Java Programming Tutorial

OOP Exercises
1. Exercises on Classes and Instances
1.1 Exercise: The Circle Class

A class called circle is designed as shown in the following class diagram. It contains:
 Two private instance variables: radius (of type double) and color (of
type String), with default value of 1.0 and "red", respectively.
 Two overloaded constructors;
 Two public methods: getRadius() and getArea().
The source codes for Circle is as follows:
public class Circle { // save as "Circle.java"
// private instance variable, not accessible from outside this class
private double radius;
private String color;

// 1st constructor, which sets both radius and color to default

public Circle() {
radius = 1.0;
color = "red";
}

// 2nd constructor with given radius, but color default

public Circle(double r) {
radius = r;
color = "red";
}

// A public method for retrieving the radius

public double getRadius() {
return radius;
}

// A public method for computing the area of circle

 public double getArea() {
return radius*radius*Math.PI;
}
}

Compile "Circle.java". Can you run the Circle class? Why? This Circle class
does not have a main() method. Hence, it cannot be run directly. This Circle class is a
“building block” and is meant to be used in another program.
Let us write a test program called TestCircle which uses the Circle class, as follows:
public class TestCircle { // save as "TestCircle.java"
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Declare and allocate an instance of class Circle called c1
// with default radius and color
Circle c1 = new Circle();
// Use the dot operator to invoke methods of instance c1.
System.out.println("The circle has radius of "
+ c1.getRadius() + " and area of " + c1.getArea());

// Declare and allocate an instance of class circle called c2

// with the given radius and default color
Circle c2 = new Circle(2.0);
// Use the dot operator to invoke methods of instance c2.
System.out.println("The circle has radius of "
+ c2.getRadius() + " and area of " + c2.getArea());
}
}

Now, run the TestCircle and study the results.

TRY:
1. Constructor: Modify the class Circle to include a third constructor for
constructing a Circle instance with the given radius and color.
2. // Construtor to construct a new instance of Circle with the given
radius and color

public Circle (double r, String c) {......}

Modify the test program TestCircle to construct an instance of Circle using

this constructor.
3. Getter: Add a getter for variable color for retrieving the color of
a Circle instance.
4. // Getter for instance variable color

public String getColor() {......}

Modify the test program to test this method.

5. public vs. private: In TestCircle, can you access the instance
variable radius directly (e.g., System.out.println(c1.radius)); or
 assign a new value to radius (e.g., c1.radius=5.0)? Try it out and explain the
error messages.
6. Setter: Is there a need to change the values of radius and color of
a Circle instance after it is constructed? If so, add two public methods
called setters for changing the radius and color of aCircle instance as follows:
7. // Setter for instance variable radius
8. public void setRadius(double r) {
9. radius = r;
10. }
11.
12. // Setter for instance variable color

public void setColor(String c) { ...... }

Modify the TestCircle to test these methods, e.g.,

Circle c3 = new Circle(); // construct an instance of Circle
c3.setRadius(5.0); // change radius
c3.setColor(...); // change color

13. Keyword "this": Instead of using variable names such as r (for radius)
and c (for color) in the methods' arguments, it is better to use variable
names radius (for radius) and color (for color) and use the special keyword
"this" to resolve the conflict between instance variables and methods' arguments.
For example,
14. // Instance variable
15. private double radius;
16.
17. // Setter of radius
18. public void setRadius(double radius) {
19. this.radius = radius; // "this.radius" refers to the instance
variable
20. // "radius" refers to the method's argument

Modify ALL the constructors and setters in the Circle class to use the keyword
"this".
21. Method toString(): Every well-designed Java class should contain
a public method called toString() that returns a short description of the
instance (in a return type of String). ThetoString() method can be called
explicitly (via instanceName.toString()) just like any other method; or
implicitly through println(). If an instance is passed to
the println(anInstance)method, the toString() method of that
instance will be invoked implicitly. For example, include the
following toString() methods to the Circle class:

22. public String toString() {

 23. return "Circle: radius=" + radius + " color=" + color;

Try calling toString() method explicitly, just like any other method:

Circle c1 = new Circle(5.0);

System.out.println(c1.toString()); // explicit call

toString() is called implicitly when an instance is passed

to println() method, for example,

Circle c2 = new Circle(1.2);

System.out.println(c2.toString()); // explicit call
System.out.println(c2); // println() calls toString()
implicitly, same as above
System.out.println("Operator '+' invokes toString() too: " + c2); //
'+' invokes toString() too

1.2 Exercise: The Author and Book Classes

A class called Author is designed as shown in the class diagram. It contains:

 Three private instance variables: name (String), email (String),
and gender (char of either 'm' or 'f');
 One constructor to initialize the name, email and gender with the given values;

public Author (String name, String email, char gender) {......}

(There is no default constructor for Author, as there are no defaults for name, email and
gender.)
 public getters/setters: getName(), getEmail(), setEmail(),
and getGender();
(There are no setters for name and gender, as these attributes cannot be changed.)
 A toString() method that returns "author-name (gender) at email", e.g., "Tan Ah
Teck (m) at ahTeck@somewhere.com".
Write the Author class. Also write a test program called TestAuthor to test the
constructor and public methods. Try changing the email of an author, e.g.,

Author anAuthor = new Author("Tan Ah Teck", "ahteck@somewhere.com", 'm');

System.out.println(anAuthor); // call toString()
anAuthor.setEmail("paul@nowhere.com")
System.out.println(anAuthor);

A class called Book is designed as shown in the class diagram. It contains:

 Four private instance variables: name (String), author (of the
class Author you have just created, assume that each book has one and only one
author), price (double), and qtyInStock (int);

 Two constructors:

 public Book (String name, Author author, double price) {...}

 public Book (String name, Author author, double price,

int qtyInStock) {...}

 public
methods getName(), getAuthor(), getPrice(), setPrice(), getQtyI
nStock(),setQtyInStock().
 toString() that returns "'book-name' by author-name (gender) at email".
(Take note that the Author's toString() method returns "author-name (gender)
at email".)
Write the class Book (which uses the Author class written earlier). Also write a test
program called TestBook to test the constructor and public methods in the
class Book. Take Note that you have to construct an instance ofAuthor before you can
construct an instance of Book. E.g.,

Author anAuthor = new Author(......);

Book aBook = new Book("Java for dummy", anAuthor, 19.95, 1000);
// Use an anonymous instance of Author
Book anotherBook = new Book("more Java for dummy", new Author(......), 29.95,
888);

Take note that both Book and Author classes have a variable called name. However, it
can be differentiated via the referencing instance. For a Book instance
says aBook, aBook.name refers to the name of the book; whereas for an Author's
instance say auAuthor, anAuthor.name refers to the name of the author. There is no
need (and not recommended) to call the variables bookName and authorName.

TRY:
1. Printing the name and email of the author from a Book instance.
(Hint: aBook.getAuthor().getName(), aBook.getAuthor().getEm
ail()).
2. Introduce new methods
called getAuthorName(), getAuthorEmail(), getAuthorGender() i
n the Book class to return the name, email and gender of the author of the
book. For example,

public String getAuthorName() { ...... }

1.3 Exercise: The MyPoint Class

A class called MyPoint, which models a 2D point with x and y coordinates, is designed as
shown in the class diagram. It contains:
 Two instance variables x (int) and y (int).
 A "no-argument" (or "no-arg") constructor that construct a point at (0, 0).
 A constructor that constructs a point with the given x and y coordinates.
 Getter and setter for the instance variables x and y.
 A method setXY() to set both x and y.
 A toString() method that returns a string description of the instance in the format
"(x, y)".
 A method called distance(int x, int y) that returns the distance
from this point to another point at the given (x, y) coordinates.
 An overloaded distance(MyPoint another) that returns the distance
from this point to the given MyPoint instance another.

You are required to:

1. Write the code for the class MyPoint. Also write a test program
(called TestMyPoint) to test all the methods defined in the class.
Hints:
2. // Overloading method distance()
3. public double distance(int x, int y) { // this version takes two ints
as arguments
4. int xDiff = this.x – x;
5. int yDiff = ......
6. return Math.sqrt(xDiff*xDiff + yDiff*yDiff);
7. }
8.
9. public double distance(MyPoint another) { // this version takes a
MyPoint instance as argument
10. int xDiff = this.x – another.x;
11. .......
12. }
13.
14. // Test program
15. MyPoint p1 = new MyPoint(3, 0);
16. MyPoint p2 = new MyPoint(0, 4);
17. ......
18. // Testing the overloaded method distance()
19. System.out.println(p1.distance(p2)); // which version?
20. System.out.println(p1.distance(5, 6)); // which version?

.....

21. Write a program that allocates 10 points in an array of MyPoint, and initializes
to (1, 1), (2, 2), ... (10, 10).
Hints: You need to allocate the array, as well as each of the ten MyPoint instances.
 22. MyPoint[] points = new MyPoint[10]; // Declare and allocate an array of
MyPoint
23. for (......) {
24. points[i] = new MyPoint(...); // Allocate each of MyPoint
instances

Notes: Point is such a common entity that JDK certainly provided for in all flavors.

1.4 Exercise: The MyCircle Class

A class called MyCircle, which models a circle with a center (x, y) and a radius, is
designed as shown in the class diagram. The MyCircleclass uses an instance
of MyPoint class (created in the previous exercise) as its center.

The class contains:

 Two private instance variables: center (an instance of MyPoint)
and radius (int).
 A constructor that constructs a circle with the given center's (x, y) and radius.
 An overloaded constructor that constructs a MyCircle given a MyPoint instance
as center, and radius.

 Various getters and setters.

 A toString() method that returns a string description of this instance in the format
"Circle @ (x, y) radius=r".
 A getArea() method that returns the area of the circle in double.
Write the MyCircle class. Also write a test program (called TestMyCircle) to test all
the methods defined in the class.
1.5 Exercise: The MyTriangle Class
A class called MyTriangle, which models a triangle with 3 vertices, is designed as follows.
The MyTriangle class uses three MyPointinstances (created in the earlier exercise) as
the three vertices.

The class contains:

 Three private instance variables v1, v2, v3 (instances of MyPoint), for the three
vertices.
 A constructor that constructs a MyTriangle with three points v1=(x1,
y1), v2=(x2, y2), v3=(x3, y3).
 An overloaded constructor that constructs a MyTriangle given three instances
of MyPoint.
 A toString() method that returns a string description of the instance in the format
"Triangle @ (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)".
 A getPerimeter() method that returns the length of the perimeter in double. You
should use the distance() method ofMyPoint to compute the perimeter.
 A method printType(), which prints "equilateral" if all the three sides are equal,
"isosceles" if any two of the three sides are equal, or "scalene" if the three sides are
different.
Write the MyTriangle class. Also write a test program (called TestMyTriangle) to
test all the methods defined in the class.
1.6 Exercise: The MyComplex class
A class called MyComplex, which models complex numbers x+yi, is designed as shown
in the class diagram. It contains:
 Two instance variable named real(double) and imag(double) which stores the
real and imaginary parts of the complex number respectively.
 A constructor that creates a MyComplex instance with the given real and imaginary
values.
 Getters and setters for instance variables real and imag.
 A method setValue() to set the value of the complex number.
 A toString() that returns "(x + yi)" where x and y are the real and imaginary
parts respectively.
 Methods isReal() and isImaginary() that returns true if this complex
number is real or imaginary, respectively. Hint:
return (imag == 0); // isReal()

 A method equals(double real, double imag) that

returns true if this complex number is equal to the given complex number of (real,
imag).
 An overloaded equals(MyComplex another) that
returns true if this complex number is equal to the
given MyComplexinstance another.
 A method magnitude()that returns the magnitude of this complex number.

magnitude(x+yi) = Math.sqrt(x2 + y2)

 Methods argumentInRadians() and argumentInDegrees() that returns

the argument of this complex number in radians (indouble) and degrees (in int)
respectively.

arg(x+yi) = Math.atan2(y, x) (in radians)

Note: The Math library has two arc-tangent

methods, Math.atan(double) and Math.atan2(double, double). We
commonly use the Math.atan2(y, x) instead of Math.atan(y/x) to avoid
division by zero. Read the documentation of Math class in package java.lang.
 A method conjugate() that returns a new MyComplex instance containing the
complex conjugate of this instance.

conjugate(x+yi) = x - yi

Hint:
return new MyComplex(real, -imag); // construct a new instance and return
the constructed instance

 Methods add(MyComplex another) and subtract(MyComplex

another) that adds and subtract this instance with the
given MyComplex instance another, and returns a new MyComplex instance
containing the result.

 (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a+c) + (b+d)i

(a + bi) - (c + di) = (a-c) + (b-d)i

 Methods multiplyWith(MyComplex
another) and divideBy(MyComplex another) that multiplies and divides
this instance with the given MyComplex instance another, keep the result in this
instance, and returns this instance.

 (a + bi) * (c + di) = (ac - bd) + (ad + bc)i

(a + bi) / (c + di) = [(a + bi) * (c – di)] / (c2 + d2)

Hint:
return this; // return "this" instance

You are required to:

1. Write the MyComplex class.
 2. Write a test program to test all the methods defined in the class.
3. Write an application called MyComplexApp that uses the MyComplex class. The
application shall prompt the user for two complex numbers, print their values, check
for real, imaginary and equality, and carry out all the arithmetic operations.
4. Enter complex number 1 (real and imaginary part): 1.1 2.2
5. Enter complex number 2 (real and imaginary part): 3.3 4.4
6.
7. Number 1 is: (1.1 + 2.2i)
8. (1.1 + 2.2i) is NOT a pure real number
9. (1.1 + 2.2i) is NOT a pure imaginary number
10.
11. Number 2 is: (3.3 + 4.4i)
12. (3.3 + 4.4i) is NOT a pure real number
13. (3.3 + 4.4i) is NOT a pure imaginary number
14.
15. (1.1 + 2.2i) is NOT equal to (3.3 + 4.4i)
16. (1.1 + 2.2i) + (3.3 + 4.4i) = (4.4 + 6.6000000000000005i)

(1.1 + 2.2i) - (3.3 + 4.4i) = (-2.1999999999999997 + -2.2i)

Take note that there are a few flaws in the design of this class, which was introduced solely
for teaching purpose:
 Comparing doubles in equal() using "==" may produce unexpected outcome. For
example, (2.2+4.4)==6.6 returns false. It is common to define a small
threshold called EPSILON (set to about 10^-8) for comparing floating point
numbers.
 The method add(), subtract(), and conjugate() produce new instances,
whereas multiplyWith() and divideBy() modify this instance. There is
inconsistency in the design (introduced for teaching purpose).
 Unusual to have both argumentInRadians() and argumentInDegrees().
1.7 Exercise: The MyPolynomial Class

A class called MyPolynomial, which models polynomials of degree-n (see equation), is

designed as shown in the class diagram.
The class contains:
 An instance variable named coeffs, which stores the coefficients of the n-degree
polynomial in a double array of size n+1, where c0 is kept at index 0.
 A constructor MyPolynomial(coeffs:double...) that takes a variable
number of doubles to initialize the coeffs array, where the first argument corresponds to
c0. The three dots is known as varargs (variable number of arguments), which is a new
feature introduced in JDK 1.5. It accepts an array or a sequence of comma-separated
arguments. The compiler automatically packs the comma-separated arguments in an
array. The three dots can only be used for the last argument of the method.
Hints:

 public class MyPolynomial {

 private double[] coeffs;
 public MyPolynomial(double... coeffs) { // varargs
 this.coeffs = coeffs; // varargs is treated as array
 }
 ......
 }

 // Test program
 // Can invoke with a variable number of arguments
 MyPolynomial p1 = new MyPolynomial(1.1, 2.2, 3.3);
 MyPolynomial p1 = new MyPolynomial(1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5);
 // Can also invoke with an array
 Double coeffs = {1.2, 3.4, 5.6, 7.8}

MyPolynomial p2 = new MyPolynomial(coeffs);

 Another constructor that takes coefficients from a file (of the given filename), having
this format:

 Degree-n(int)
 c0(double)
 c1(double)
 ......
 ......
 cn-1(double)
 cn(double)
 (end-of-file)

Hints:

public MyPolynomial(String filename) {

 Scanner in = null;
try {
in = new Scanner(new File(filename)); // open file
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
int degree = in.nextInt(); // read the degree
coeffs = new double[degree+1]; // allocate the array
for (int i=0; i<coeffs.length; ++i) {
coeffs[i] = in.nextDouble();
}
}

 A method getDegree() that returns the degree of this polynomial.

 A method toString() that returns "cnx^n+cn-1x^(n-1)+...+c1x+c0".
 A method evaluate(double x) that evaluate the polynomial for the given x, by
substituting the given x into the polynomial expression.
 Methods add() and multiply() that adds and multiplies this polynomial with the
given MyPolynomial instance another, and returns a
new MyPolynomial instance that contains the result.
Write the MyPolynomial class. Also write a test program
(called TestMyPolynomial) to test all the methods defined in the class.
Question: Do you need to keep the degree of the polynomial as an instance variable in
the MyPolynomial class in Java? How about C/C++? Why?
1.8 Exercise: Using JDK's BigInteger Class
Recall that primitive integer type byte, short, int and long represent 8-, 16-, 32-, and
64-bit signed integers, respectively. You cannot use them for integers bigger than 64 bits.
Java API provides a class called BigInteger in a package called java.math. Study the
API of the BigInteger class (Java API ⇒ From "Packages", choose "java.math" " From
"classes", choose "BigInteger" " Study the constructors (choose "CONSTR") on how to
construct a BigInteger instance, and the public methods available (choose "METHOD").
Look for methods for adding and multiplying two BigIntegers.
Write a program called TestBigInteger that:
1. adds "11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111" to
"22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222" and prints the result.
2. multiplies the above two number and prints the result.

Hints:

import java.math.BigInteger
public class TestBigInteger {
public static void main(String[] args) {
BigInteger i1 = new BigInteger(...);
BigInteger i2 = new BigInteger(...);
 System.out.println(i1.add(i2));
.......
}
}

1.9 Exercise: The MyTime Class

A class called MyTime, which models a time instance, is designed as shown in the class
diagram.
It contains the following private instance variables:
 hour: between 0 to 23.
 minute: between 0 to 59.
 Second: between 0 to 59.
The constructor shall invoke the setTime() method (to be described later) to set the
instance variable.
It contains the following public methods:
 setTime(int hour, int minute, int second): It shall check if the
given hour, minute and second are valid before setting the instance variables.
(Advanced: Otherwise, it shall throw an IllegalArgumentException with the
message "Invalid hour, minute, or second!".)
 Setters setHour(int hour), setMinute(int
minute), setSecond(int second): It shall check if the parameters are valid,
similar to the above.
 Getters getHour(), getMinute(), getSecond().
 toString(): returns "HH:MM:SS".
 nextSecond(): Update this instance to the next second and return this instance.
Take note that the nextSecond() of23:59:59 is 00:00:00.
 nextMinute(), nextHour(), previousSecond(), previousMinute(
), previousHour(): similar to the above.
Write the code for the MyTime class. Also write a test program (called TestMyTime) to
test all the methods defined in the MyTime class.
1.10 Exercise: The MyDate Class

A class called MyDate, which models a date instance, is defined as shown in the class
diagram.
The MyDate class contains the following private instance variables:
 year (int): Between 1 to 9999.
 month (int): Between 1 (Jan) to 12 (Dec).
 day (int): Between 1 to 28|29|30|31, where the last day depends on the month
and whether it is a leap year for Feb (28|29).
It also contains the following private static variables (drawn with underlined in the
class diagram):
 strMonths (String[]), strDays (String[]),
and dayInMonths (int[]): static variables, initialized as shown, which are used
in the methods.
The MyDate class has the following public static methods (drawn with underlined in
the class diagram):
 isLeapYear(int year): returns true if the given year is a leap year. A year
is a leap year if it is divisible by 4 but not by 100, or it is divisible by 400.
 isValidDate(int year, int month, int day): returns true if the
given year, month, and day constitute a valid date. Assume that year is
between 1 and 9999, month is between 1 (Jan) to 12 (Dec) and day shall be
between 1 and28|29|30|31 depending on the month and whether it is a leap year
on Feb.
 getDayOfWeek(int year, int month, int day): returns the day of
the week, where 0 for Sun, 1 for Mon, ..., 6 for Sat, for the given date. Assume that the
date is valid. Read the earlier exercise on how to determine the day of the week (or Wiki
"Determination of the day of the week").
The MyDate class has one constructor, which takes 3 parameters: year, month and day.
It shall invoke setDate() method (to be described later) to set the instance variables.
The MyDate class has the following public methods:
 setDate(int year, int month, int day): It shall invoke
the static method isValidDate() to verify that the
givenyear, month and day constitute a valid date.
(Advanced: Otherwise, it shall throw an IllegalArgumentException with the
message "Invalid year, month, or day!".)
 setYear(int year): It shall verify that the given year is between 1 and 9999.
(Advanced: Otherwise, it shall throw an IllegalArgumentException with the
message "Invalid year!".)
 setMonth(int month): It shall verify that the given month is
between 1 and 12.
(Advanced: Otherwise, it shall throw an IllegalArgumentException with the
message "Invalid month!".)
 setDay(int day): It shall verify that the given day is between 1 and dayMax,
where dayMax depends on the month and whether it is a leap year for Feb.
(Advanced: Otherwise, it shall throw an IllegalArgumentException with the
message "Invalid month!".)
 getYear(), getMonth(), getDay(): return the value for
the year, month and day, respectively.
 toString(): returns a date string in the format "xxxday d mmm yyyy", e.g.,
"Tuesday 14 Feb 2012".
 nextDay(): update this instance to the next day and return this instance. Take
note that nextDay() for 31 Dec 2000 shall be 1 Jan 2001.
 nextMonth(): update this instance to the next month and return this instance.
Take note that nextMonth() for 31 Oct 2012 shall be 30 Nov 2012.
 nextYear(): update this instance to the next year and return this instance.
Take note that nextYear() for 29 Feb 2012 shall be 28 Feb 2013.
(Advanced: throw an IllegalStateException with the message "Year out of
range!" if year > 9999.)
 previousDay(), previousMonth(), previousYear(): similar to the
above.
Write the code for the MyDate class.
Use the following test statements to test the MyDate class:

MyDate d1 = new MyDate(2012, 2, 28);

System.out.println(d1); // Tuesday 28 Feb 2012
System.out.println(d1.nextDay()); // Wednesday 29 Feb 2012
System.out.println(d1.nextDay()); // Thursday 1 Mar 2012
System.out.println(d1.nextMonth()); // Sunday 1 Apr 2012
System.out.println(d1.nextYear()); // Monday 1 Apr 2013

MyDate d2 = new MyDate(2012, 1, 2);

System.out.println(d2); // Monday 2 Jan 2012
System.out.println(d2.previousDay()); // Sunday 1 Jan 2012
System.out.println(d2.previousDay()); // Saturday 31 Dec 2011
System.out.println(d2.previousMonth()); // Wednesday 30 Nov 2011
System.out.println(d2.previousYear()); // Tuesday 30 Nov 2010

MyDate d3 = new MyDate(2012, 2, 29);

System.out.println(d3.previousYear()); // Monday 28 Feb 2011

// MyDate d4 = new MyDate(2099, 11, 31); // Invalid year, month, or day!

// MyDate d5 = new MyDate(2011, 2, 29); // Invalid year, month, or day!

Write a test program that tests the nextDay() in a loop, by printing the dates from 28
Dec 2011 to 2 Mar 2012.
1.11 Exercise: Book and Author Classes Again - An Array of
Objects as an Instance Variable
In the earlier exercise, a book is written by one and only one author. In reality, a book can be
written by one or more author. Modify the Book class to support one or more authors by
changing the instance variable authorsto an Author array. Reuse the Author class
written earlier.

Notes:
 The constructors take an array of Author (i.e., Author[]), instead of
an Author instance.
 The toString() method shall return "book-name by n authors", where n is the
number of authors.
 A new method printAuthors() to print the names of all the authors.

You are required to:

1. Write the code for the Book class. You shall re-use the Author class written earlier.
2. Write a test program (called TestBook) to test the Book class.

Hints:

// Declare and allocate an array of Authors

Author[] authors = new Author[2];
authors[0] = new Author("Tan Ah Teck", "AhTeck@somewhere.com", 'm');
authors[1] = new Author("Paul Tan", "Paul@nowhere.com", 'm');

// Declare and allocate a Book instance

Book javaDummy = new Book("Java for Dummy", authors, 19.99, 99);
System.out.println(javaDummy); // toString()
System.out.print("The authors are: ");
javaDummy.printAuthors();

1.12 Exercise: Book and Author Classes Once More - A

Fixed-length Array of Objects as an Instance Variable

In the above exercise, the number of authors cannot be changed once a Book instance is
constructed. Suppose that we wish to allow the user to add more authors (which is really
unusual but presented here for academic purpose).
We shall remove the authors from the constructors, and add a new method
called addAuthor() to add the given Author instance to this Book.
We also need to pre-allocate an Author array, with a fixed length (says 5 - a book is
written by 1 to 5 authors), and use another instance variable numAuthors (int) to keep
track of the actual number of authors.

You are required to:

1. Modify your Book class to support this new requirement.
Hints:

2. public class Book {

3. // private instance variable
4. private Author[] authors = new Author[5]; // declare and allocate the
array
5. // BUT not the element's
instance
6. private int numAuthors = 0;
7.
 8. ......
9. ......
10.
11. public void addAuthor(Author author) {
12. authors[numAuthors] = author;
13. ++numAuthors;
14. }
15. }
16.
17. // Test program
18. Book javaDummy = new Book("Java for Dummy", 19.99, 99);
19. System.out.println(javaDummy); // toString()
20. System.out.print("The authors are: ");
21. javaDummy.printAuthors();
22.
23. javaDummy.addAuthor(new Author("Tan Ah Teck", "AhTeck@somewhere.com",
'm'));
24. javaDummy.addAuthor(new Author("Paul Tan", "Paul@nowhere.com", 'm'));
25. System.out.println(javaDummy); // toString()
26. System.out.print("The authors are: ");

javaDummy.printAuthors();

27. Try writing a method called removeAuthorByName(authorName), that

remove the author from this Book instance if authorName is present. The method
shall return true if it succeeds.

boolean removeAuthorByName(String authorName)

Advanced Note: Instead of using a fixed-length array in this case, it is better to be a

dynamically allocated array (e.g., ArrayList), which does not have a fixed length.
1.13 Exercise: Bouncing Balls - Ball and Container Classes
A class called Ball is designed as shown in the class diagram.
The Ball class contains the following private instance variables:
 x, y and radius, which represent the ball's center (x, y) co-ordinates and the
radius, respectively.
 xDelta (Δx) and yDelta (Δy), which represent the displacement (movement) per
step, in the x and y direction respectively.
The Ball class contains the following public methods:
 A constructor which accepts x, y, radius, speed, and direction as arguments.
For user friendliness, user specifies speed (in pixels per step) anddirection (in
degrees in the range of (-180°, 180°]). For the internal operations,
the speed and direction are to be converted to (Δx, Δy) in the internal
representation. Note that the y-axis of the Java graphics coordinate system is inverted,
i.e., the origin (0, 0) is located at the top-left corner.

 Δx = d × cos(θ)

Δy = -d × sin(θ)

 Getter and setter for all the instance variables.

 A method move() which move the ball by one step.

 x += Δx

y += Δy

 reflectHorizontal() which reflects the ball horizontally (i.e., hitting a vertical

wall)

 Δx = -Δx

Δy no changes

 reflectVertical() (the ball hits a horizontal wall).

 Δx no changes

Δy = -Δy
 toString() which prints the message "Ball at (x, y) of velocity
(Δx, Δy)".
Write the Ball class. Also write a test program to test all the methods defined in the class.

A class called Container, which represents the enclosing box for the ball, is designed as
shown in the class diagram. It contains:
 Instance variables (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) which denote the top-left and bottom-
right corners of the rectangular box.
 A constructor which accepts (x, y) of the top-left corner, width and height as
argument, and converts them into the internal representation (i.e., x2=x1+width-
1). Width and height is used in the argument for safer operation (there is no need
to check the validity of x2>x1 etc.).
 A toString() method that returns "Container at (x1,y1) to (x2,
y2)".
 A boolean method called collidesWith(Ball), which check if the
given Ball is outside the bounds of the container box. If so, it invokes
the Ball's reflectHorizontal() and/or reflectVertical() to change
the movement direction of the ball, and returns true.

 public boolean collidesWith(Ball ball) {

 if (ball.getX() - ball.getRadius() <= this.x1 ||
 ball.getX() - ball.getRadius() >= this.x2) {
 ball.reflectHorizontal();
 return true;
 }
 ......

Use the following statements to test your program:

Ball ball = new Ball(50, 50, 5, 10, 30);

Container box = new Container(0, 0, 100, 100);
for (int step = 0; step < 100; ++step) {
ball.move();
box.collidesWith(ball);
System.out.println(ball); // manual check the position of the ball
}

1.14 Exercise: Ball and Player

[TODO]

2. Exercises on Inheritance
2.1 Exercise: The Circle and Cylinder Classes

In this exercise, a subclass called Cylinder is derived from the superclass Circle as
shown in the class diagram (where an an arrow pointing up from the subclass to its
superclass). Study how the subclass Cylinder invokes the superclass' constructors
(via super() andsuper(radius)) and inherits the variables and methods from the
superclass Circle.
You can reuse the Circle class that you have created in the previous exercise. Make sure
that you keep "Circle.class" in the same directory.
public class Cylinder extends Circle { //save as "Cylinder.java"
private double height; // private variable
 // Constructor with default color, radius and height
public Cylinder() {
super(); // call superclass no-arg constructor Circle()
height = 1.0;
}
// Constructor with default radius, color but given height
public Cylinder(double height) {
super(); // call superclass no-arg constructor Circle()
this.height = height;
}
// Constructor with default color, but given radius, height
public Cylinder(double radius, double height) {
super(radius); // call superclass constructor Circle(r)
this.height = height;
}

// A public method for retrieving the height

public double getHeight() {
return height;
}

// A public method for computing the volume of cylinder

// use superclass method getArea() to get the base area
public double getVolume() {
return getArea()*height;
}
}

Write a test program (says TestCylinder) to test the Cylinder class created, as
follow:
public class TestCylinder { // save as "TestCylinder.java"
public static void main (String[] args) {
// Declare and allocate a new instance of cylinder
// with default color, radius, and height
Cylinder c1 = new Cylinder();
System.out.println("Cylinder:"
+ " radius=" + c1.getRadius()
+ " height=" + c1.getHeight()
+ " base area=" + c1.getArea()
+ " volume=" + c1.getVolume());

// Declare and allocate a new instance of cylinder

// specifying height, with default color and radius
Cylinder c2 = new Cylinder(10.0);
System.out.println("Cylinder:"
+ " radius=" + c2.getRadius()
+ " height=" + c2.getHeight()
+ " base area=" + c2.getArea()
 + " volume=" + c2.getVolume());

// Declare and allocate a new instance of cylinder

// specifying radius and height, with default color
Cylinder c3 = new Cylinder(2.0, 10.0);
System.out.println("Cylinder:"
+ " radius=" + c3.getRadius()
+ " height=" + c3.getHeight()
+ " base area=" + c3.getArea()
+ " volume=" + c3.getVolume());
}
}

Method Overriding and "Super": The

subclass Cylinder inherits getArea() method from its superclass Circle.
Try overriding the getArea() method in the subclass Cylinder to compute the
surface area (=2π×radius×height + 2×base-area) of the cylinder instead of base area. That is,
if getArea() is called by a Circle instance, it returns the area. If getArea() is
called by a Cylinder instance, it returns the surface area of the cylinder.
If you override the getArea() in the subclass Cylinder, the getVolume() no
longer works. This is because the getVolume() uses
the overridden getArea() method found in the same class. (Java runtime will search the
superclass only if it cannot locate the method in this class). Fix the getVolume().
Hints: After overridding the getArea() in subclass Cylinder, you can choose to
invoke the getArea() of the superclass Circle by calling super.getArea().

TRY:
Provide a toString() method to the Cylinder class, which overrides
the toString() inherited from the superclass Circle, e.g.,

@Override
public String toString() { // in Cylinder class
return "Cylinder: subclass of " + super.toString() // use Circle's
toString()
+ " height=" + height;
}

Try out the toString() method in TestCylinder.

Note: @Override is known as annotation (introduced in JDK 1.5), which asks compiler to
check whether there is such a method in the superclass to be overridden. This helps greatly if
you misspell the name of the toString(). If @Override is not used
and toString() is misspelled as ToString(), it will be treated as a new method in
the subclass, instead of overriding the superclass. If @Override is used, the compiler will
signal an error. @Override annotation is optional, but certainly nice to have.
2.2 Exercise: Superclass Shape and its
subclasses Circle, Rectangle and Square
Write a superclass called Shape (as shown in the class diagram), which contains:
 Two instance variables color (String) and filled (boolean).
 Two constructors: a no-arg (no-argument) constructor that initializes the color to
"green" and filled to true, and a constructor that initializes
the color and filled to the given values.
 Getter and setter for all the instance variables. By convention, the getter for
a boolean variable xxx is called isXXX() (instead of getXxx() for all the other
types).
 A toString() method that returns "A Shape with color of xxx and
filled/Not filled".
Write a test program to test all the methods defined in Shape.
Write two subclasses of Shape called Circle and Rectangle, as shown in the class
diagram.
The Circle class contains:
 An instance variable radius (double).
 Three constructors as shown. The no-arg constructor initializes the radius to 1.0.
 Getter and setter for the instance variable radius.
 Methods getArea() and getPerimeter().
 Override the toString() method inherited, to return "A Circle with
radius=xxx, which is a subclass of yyy", where yyy is the output
of the toString() method from the superclass.
The Rectangle class contains:
 Two instance variables width (double) and length (double).
 Three constructors as shown. The no-arg constructor initializes
the width and length to 1.0.
 Getter and setter for all the instance variables.
 Methods getArea() and getPerimeter().
 Override the toString() method inherited, to return "A Rectangle with
width=xxx and length=zzz, which is a subclass of yyy",
where yyy is the output of the toString() method from the superclass.
Write a class called Square, as a subclass of Rectangle. Convince yourself
that Square can be modeled as a subclass of Rectangle. Square has no instance
variable, but inherits the instance variables width and length from its superclass Rectangle.
 Provide the appropriate constructors (as shown in the class diagram). Hint:

 public Square(double side) {

 super(side, side); // Call superclass Rectangle(double, double)

}
 Override the toString() method to return "A Square with side=xxx,
which is a subclass of yyy", where yyy is the output of
the toString() method from the superclass.
 Do you need to override the getArea() and getPerimeter()? Try them out.
 Override the setLength() and setWidth() to change both
the width and length, so as to maintain the square geometry.
3. Exercises on Composition vs Inheritance
They are two ways to reuse a class in your applications: composition and inheritance.
3.1 Exercise: The Point and Line Classes
Let us begin with composition with the statement "a line composes of two points".
Complete the definition of the following two classes: Point and Line. The
class Line composes 2 instances of class Point, representing the beginning and ending
points of the line. Also write test classes
forPoint and Line (says TestPoint and TestLine).
public class Point {
// Private variables
private int x; // x co-ordinate
private int y; // y co-ordinate

// Constructor
public Point (int x, int y) {......}

// Public methods
public String toString() {
return "Point: (" + x + "," + y + ")";
}

public int getX() {......}

public int getY() {......}
public void setX(int x) {......}
public void setY(int y) {......}
public void setXY(int x, int y) {......}
}
public class TestPoint {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Point p1 = new Point(10, 20); // Construct a Point
System.out.println(p1);
// Try setting p1 to (100, 10).
......
}
}
public class Line {
// A line composes of two points (as instance variables)
private Point begin; // beginning point
private Point end; // ending point
 // Constructors
public Line (Point begin, Point end) { // caller to construct the Points
this.begin = begin;
......
}
public Line (int beginX, int beginY, int endX, int endY) {
begin = new Point(beginX, beginY); // construct the Points here
......
}

// Public methods
public String toString() { ...... }

public Point getBegin() { ...... }

public Point getEnd() { ...... }
public void setBegin(......) { ...... }
public void setEnd(......) { ...... }

public int getBeginX() { ...... }

public int getBeginY() { ...... }
public int getEndX() { ...... }
public int getEndY() { ...... }

public void setBeginX(......) { ...... }

public void setBeginY(......) { ...... }
public void setBeginXY(......) { ...... }
public void setEndX(......) { ...... }
public void setEndY(......) { ...... }
public void setEndXY(......) { ...... }

public int getLength() { ...... } // Length of the line

// Math.sqrt(xDiff*xDiff + yDiff*yDiff)
public double getGradient() { ...... } // Gradient in radians
// Math.atan2(yDiff, xDiff)
}
public class TestLine {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Line l1 = new Line(0, 0, 3, 4);
System.out.println(l1);

Point p1 = new Point(...);

Point p2 = new Point(...);
Line l2 = new Line(p1, p2);
System.out.println(l2);
...
}
}

The class diagram for composition is as follows (where a diamond-hollow-head arrow

pointing to its constituents):
Instead of composition, we can design a Line class using inheritance. Instead of "a
line composes of two points", we can say that "a line is a point extended by another point",
as shown in the following class diagram:

Let's re-design the Line class (called LineSub) as a subclass of

class Point. LineSub inherits the starting point from its superclass Point, and adds an
ending point. Complete the class definition. Write a testing class called TestLineSub to
test LineSub.
public class LineSub extends Point {
// A line needs two points: begin and end.
// The begin point is inherited from its superclass Point.
// Private variables
Point end; // Ending point

// Constructors
public LineSub (int beginX, int beginY, int endX, int endY) {
super(beginX, beginY); // construct the begin Point
this.end = new Point(endX, endY); // construct the end Point
}
public LineSub (Point begin, Point end) { // caller to construct the
Points
super(begin.getX(), begin.getY()); // need to reconstruct the begin
Point
this.end = end;
}

// Public methods
// Inherits methods getX() and getY() from superclass Point
public String toString() { ... }

public Point getBegin() { ... }

public Point getEnd() { ... }
public void setBegin(...) { ... }
 public void setEnd(...) { ... }

public int getBeginX() { ... }

public int getBeginY() { ... }
public int getEndX() { ... }
public int getEndY() { ... }

public void setBeginX(...) { ... }

public void setBeginY(...) { ... }
public void setBeginXY(...) { ... }
public void setEndX(...) { ... }
public void setEndY(...) { ... }
public void setEndXY(...) { ... }

public int getLength() { ... } // Length of the line

public double getGradient() { ... } // Gradient in radians
}

Summary: There are two approaches that you can design a

line, composition or inheritance. "A line composes two points" or "A line is a
point extended with another point"”. Compare
the Line andLineSub designs: Line uses composition and LineSub uses inheritance.
Which design is better?
3.2 Exercise: Circle and Cylinder using Composition

Try rewriting the Circle-Cylinder of the previous exercise using composition (as
shown in the class diagram) instead of inheritance. That is, "a cylinder is composed of a base
circle and a height".
public class Cylinder {
private Circle base; // Base circle, an instance of Circle class
private double height;

// Constructor with default color, radius and height

public Cylinder() {
base = new Circle(); // Call the constructor to construct the Circle
height = 1.0;
}
......
}

Which design (inheritance or composition) is better?

4. Exercises on Polymorphism, Abstract Classes
and Interfaces
4.1 Exercise: Abstract Superclass Shape and Its Concrete
Subclasses
Rewrite the superclass Shape and its subclasses Circle, Rectangle and Square, as
shown in the class diagram.
In this exercise, Shape shall be defined as an abstract class, which contains:
 Two protected instance variables color(String) and filled(boolean).
The protected variables can be accessed by its subclasses and classes in the same
package. They are denoted with a '#' sign in the class diagram.
 Getter and setter for all the instance variables, and toString().
 Two abstract methods getArea() and getPerimeter() (shown in italics in
the class diagram).
The
subclasses Circle and Rectangle shall override the abstract methods getArea
() and getPerimeter() and provide the proper implementation. They
also override the toString().

Write a test class to test these statements involving polymorphism and explain the outputs.
Some statements may trigger compilation errors. Explain the errors, if any.

Shape s1 = new Circle(5.5, "RED", false); // Upcast Circle to Shape

System.out.println(s1); // which version?
System.out.println(s1.getArea()); // which version?
System.out.println(s1.getPerimeter()); // which version?
System.out.println(s1.getColor());
System.out.println(s1.isFilled());
System.out.println(s1.getRadius());

Circle c1 = (Circle)s1; // Downcast back to Circle

System.out.println(c1);
System.out.println(c1.getArea());
System.out.println(c1.getPerimeter());
System.out.println(c1.getColor());
System.out.println(c1.isFilled());
System.out.println(c1.getRadius());

Shape s2 = new Shape();

Shape s3 = new Rectangle(1.0, 2.0, "RED", false); // Upcast

System.out.println(s3);
System.out.println(s3.getArea());
System.out.println(s3.getPerimeter());
System.out.println(s3.getColor());
System.out.println(s3.getLength());

Rectangle r1 = (Rectangle)s3; // downcast

System.out.println(r1);
System.out.println(r1.getArea());
System.out.println(r1.getColor());
System.out.println(r1.getLength());

Shape s4 = new Square(6.6); // Upcast

System.out.println(s4);
System.out.println(s4.getArea());
System.out.println(s4.getColor());
System.out.println(s4.getSide());

// Take note that we downcast Shape s4 to Rectangle,

// which is a superclass of Square, instead of Square
Rectangle r2 = (Rectangle)s4;
System.out.println(r2);
System.out.println(r2.getArea());
System.out.println(r2.getColor());
System.out.println(r2.getSide());
System.out.println(r2.getLength());

// Downcast Rectangle r2 to Square

Square sq1 = (Square)r2;
System.out.println(sq1);
System.out.println(sq1.getArea());
System.out.println(sq1.getColor());
System.out.println(sq1.getSide());
System.out.println(sq1.getLength());

What is the usage of the abstract method and abstract class?

4.2 Exercise: Polymorphism
Examine the following codes and draw the class diagram.

abstract public class Animal {

abstract public void greeting();
}
public class Cat extends Animal {
@Override
public void greeting() {
System.out.println("Meow!");
}
}
public class Dog extends Animal {
@Override
public void greeting() {
System.out.println("Woof!");
}

public void greeting(Dog another) {

System.out.println("Woooooooooof!");
}
}
public class BigDog extends Dog {
@Override
public void greeting() {
System.out.println("Woow!");
}
 @Override
public void greeting(Dog another) {
System.out.println("Woooooowwwww!");
}
}

Explain the outputs (or error) for the following test program.

public class TestAnimal {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Using the subclasses
Cat cat1 = new Cat();
cat1.greeting();
Dog dog1 = new Dog();
dog1.greeting();
BigDog bigDog1 = new BigDog();
bigDog1.greeting();

// Using Polymorphism
Animal animal1 = new Cat();
animal1.greeting();
Animal animal2 = new Dog();
animal2.greeting();
Animal animal3 = new BigDog();
animal3.greeting();
Animal animal4 = new Animal();

// Downcast
Dog dog2 = (Dog)animal2;
BigDog bigDog2 = (BigDog)animal3;
Dog dog3 = (Dog)animal3;
Cat cat2 = (Cat)animal2;
dog2.greeting(dog3);
dog3.greeting(dog2);
dog2.greeting(bigDog2);
bigDog2.greeting(dog2);
bigDog2.greeting(bigDog1);
}
}

4.3 Exercise: Interface Movable and its

implementations MovablePoint and MovableCircle
Suppose that we have a set of objects with some common behaviors: they could move up,
down, left or right. The exact behaviors (such as how to move and how far to move) depend
on the objects themselves. One common way to model these common behaviors is to define
an interface called Movable,
with abstract methods moveUp(), moveDown(), moveLeft() and moveRigh
t(). The classes that implement the Movable interface will provide actual implementation
to these abstract methods.
Let's write two concrete classes - MovablePoint and MovableCircle - that
implement the Movable interface.

The code for the interface Movable is straight forward.

public interface Movable { // saved as "Movable.java"
public void moveUp();
......
}

For the MovablePoint class, declare the instance

variable x, y, xSpeed and ySpeed with package access as shown with '~' in the class
diagram (i.e., classes in the same package can access these variables directly). For
the MovableCircle class, use a MovablePoint to represent its center (which
contains four variable x, y, xSpeed and ySpeed). In other words,
the MovableCircle composes a MovablePoint, and its radius.
public class MovablePoint implements Movable { // saved as "MovablePoint.java"
// instance variables
int x, y, xSpeed, ySpeed; // package access

// Constructor
public MovablePoint(int x, int y, int xSpeed, int ySpeed) {
 this.x = x;
......
}
......

// Implement abstract methods declared in the interface Movable

@Override
public void moveUp() {
y -= ySpeed; // y-axis pointing down for 2D graphics
}
......
}
public class MovableCircle implements Movable { // saved as
"MovableCircle.java"
// instance variables
private MovablePoint center; // can use center.x, center.y directly
// because they are package accessible
private int radius;

// Constructor
public MovableCircle(int x, int y, int xSpeed, int ySpeed, int radius) {
// Call the MovablePoint's constructor to allocate the center instance.
center = new MovablePoint(x, y, xSpeed, ySpeed);
......
}
......

// Implement abstract methods declared in the interface Movable

@Override
public void moveUp() {
center.y -= center.ySpeed;
}
......
}

Write a test program and try out these statements:

Movable m1 = new MovablePoint(5, 6, 10); // upcast

System.out.println(m1);
m1.moveLeft();
System.out.println(m1);

Movable m2 = new MovableCircle(2, 1, 2, 20); // upcast

System.out.println(m2);
m2.moveRight();
System.out.println(m2);
Write a new class called MovableRectangle, which composes
two MovablePoints (representing the top-left and bottom-right corners) and
implementing the Movable Interface. Make sure that the two points has the same speed.

What is the difference between an interface and an abstract class?

4.4 Exercise: Interfaces GeometricObject and Resizable

1. Write the interface called GeometricObject, which declares
two abstract methods: getParameter() and getArea(), as specified in
the class diagram.
Hints:
2. public interface GeometricObject {
3. public double getPerimeter();
4. ......

5. Write the implementation class Circle, with a protected variable radius, which
implements the interface GeometricObject.
Hints:
6. public class Circle implements GeometricObject {
7. // Private variable
8. ......
9.
10. // Constructor
11. ......
12.
13. // Implement methods defined in the interface GeometricObject
14. @Override
15. public double getPerimeter() { ...... }
16.
17. ......
 }

18. Write a test program called TestCircle to test the methods defined in Circle.
19. The class ResizableCircle is defined as a subclass of the class Circle, which
also implements an interface called Resizable, as shown in class diagram. The
interface Resizable declares anabstract method resize(), which modifies
the dimension (such as radius) by the given percentage. Write the
interface Resizable and the class ResizableCircle.
Hints:
20. public interface Resizable {
21. public double resize(...);

}
public class ResizableCircle extends Circle implements Resizeable {

// Constructor
public ResizableCircle(double radius) {
super(...);
}

// Implement methods defined in the interface Resizable

@Override
public double resize(int percent) { ...... }
}

22. Write a test program called TestResizableCircle to test the methods defined
in ResizableCircle.
5. More Exercises on OOP
5.1 Exercise: The Discount System
You are asked to write a discount system for a beauty saloon, which provides services and
sells beauty products. It offers 3 types of memberships: Premium, Gold and Silver. Premium,
gold and silver members receive a discount of 20%, 15%, and 10%, respectively, for all
services provided. Customers without membership receive no discount. All members receives
a flat 10% discount on products purchased (this might change in future). Your system shall
consist of three classes: Customer, Discount and Visit, as shown in the class
diagram. It shall compute the total bill if a customer purchases $x of products and $y of
services, for a visit. Also write a test program to exercise all the classes.
The class DiscountRate contains only static variables and methods (underlined in
the class diagram).
5.2 Exercise: Polyline of Points with ArrayList

A polyline is a line with segments formed by points. Let's use the ArrayList (dynamically
allocated array) to keep the points, but upcast to List in the instance variable. (Take note
that array is of fixed-length, and you need to set the initial length).
public class Point {
private int x;
 private int y;

public Point(int x, int y) { ...... }

public String toString() { ...... }
}
import java.util.*;
public class PolyLine {
private List<Point> points = new ArrayList<Point>();
// Allocate an ArrayList of Points and upcast to List

public PolyLine() { } // default constructor

public PolyLine(List<Point> points) {

this.points = points;
}

// Append a point at (x, y) to the end of this polyline

public void appendPoint(int x, int y) {
Point newPoint = new Point(x, y);
points.add(newPoint);
}

// Append a point instance to the end of this polyline

public void appendPoint(Point point) {
points.add(point);
}

// return (x1,y1)(x2,y2)(x3,y3)....
public String toString() {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for (Point aPoint : points) {
sb.append(aPoint.toString());
}
return sb.toString();
}
}
public class TestPolyLine {
public static void main(String[] args) {
PolyLine l1 = new PolyLine();
System.out.println(l1); // empty
l1.appendPoint(new Point(1, 1));
l1.appendPoint(2, 2);
l1.appendPoint(3, 3);
System.out.println(l1); // (1,1)(2,2)(3,3)
}
}

6. Exercises on Data Structure and Algorithm

6.1 Exercise: MyIntStack
A stack is a first-in-last-out queue. Write a program calld MyIntStack, which uses an
array to store the contents, restricted to int.

Write a test program.

1public class MyIntStack {

2 private int[] contents;
3 private int tos; // Top of the stack
4
5 // constructors
6 public MyIntStack(int capacity) {
7 contents = new int[capacity];
8 tos = -1;
9 }
10
11 public void push(int element) {
12 contents[++tos] = element;
13 }
14
15 public int pop() {
16 return contents[tos--];
17 }
18
19 public int peek() {
20 return contents[tos];
21 }
22
23 public boolean isEmpty() {
24 return tos < 0;
25 }
26
27 public boolean isFull() {
28 return tos == contents.length - 1;
29 }
30}

Try:
1. Modify the push() method to throw an IllegalStateException if the
stack is full.
2. Modify the push() to return true if the operation is sucessful,
or false otherwise.
3. Modify the push() to increase the capacity by reallocating another array, if the stack
is full.
Exercise (Nodes, Link Lists, Trees, Graphs):

[TODO]
 Study the existing open source codes, including JDK.
 Specialized algorithms, such as shortest path.

Exercise (Maps):

[TODO]
 Representation of map data.
 Specialized algorithms, such as shortest path.

Exercise (Matrix Operations for 3D Graphics):

[TODO]
 Study the existing open source codes, including JDK's 2D Graphics and JOGL's 3D
Graphics.
 Efficient and specialized codes for 3D Graphics (4D matrices). Handle various primitive
types such as int, float and double efficiently.
Latest version tested: JDK 1.7.3
Last modified: May, 2012