Wesleyan University - Philippines College of Criminal Justice Education

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
Maria Aurora, 3202 Aurora

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
COMMON CAUSE’S OF VEHICULAR ACCIDENT
IN SAN LUIS, AURORA PROVINCE
IN THE YEAR 2015-2017
An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to
The faculty of College Of Criminology
Wesleyan University-Philippines
Maria Aurora
In Partial fulfillment
Of The Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
By:
Bryan James B. Carpio
Reden R. Villanueva
Approval Sheet
This thesis entitled “Common Cause's of Vehicular Accident in San
Luis, Aurora " prepared by: Bryan James B. Carpio and Reden R. Villanueva,
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Criminology, has been examined and is recommended for the
acceptance and approval for oral examination.
Janice B. Aguinaldo
Thesis Adviser
Approval by the committee on oral examination with a rating of
on October, 2018
Panel of Examiners
Chairperson
Member Member
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers wish their profound gratitude and sincere appreciation
to the following people who contributed so much for the completion of this
study.
To our adviser, Ms. Janice B. Aguinaldo, for non-stop support,
comments, and recommendation and assessment from our outline, and to guide
us to finish our work.
To our panelist Mr. Rommel Angara, Dr. Estrella C. Buenaventura, Dr.
Ferdiand E. Romsno, for the time spent in giving comments and suggestions.
For imparting knowledge that help us to developed and enhance our skills
which we can use in our future job.
To our beloved Parents, Our mama and Papa for unconditional love you
always give to us, for the financial support for the finances of this
study.
And especially to our God, for strength, wisdom, for every blessing
and for touching our lives, for letting meet and know such persons who
became a big part of today’s us.
-THE RESEARHERS
DEDICATION
This humbled study is whole heatedly dedicated to our beloved parents
and our sisters and brothers in supporting and giving unconditional love to
us, to all our friends who shown loved and support to us, and also to all
who shared their time and efforts for the fulfillment of this study for the
acquisition for further Knowledge, Education and guidance toward us.
This work also dedicated to our cooperative Dean and especially to our
adviser, and to our respondents for their participation.
But above all to the ALMIGHTY GOD who helped us to be what we are today,
and who gave us strength to reach our goal.
-THE RESEARCHERS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Approval sheet
Acknowledgement
Dedication
Abstract
Chapter 1 The problem and its background
Chapter 2 Review of related literature
Chapter 3 Methodology
Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of the data
Chapter 5 Summary, Findings, Conclusions and Recommendation
Bibliography
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Man need to travel dates back as early as the creation of human
beings. Biblical passages alleged that when Adam and Eve ate the fruit of
the forbidden tree, they were sent out by God from the paradise of Eden.
"Therefore the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the
ground from whence he was taken." Since then the human race expanded and
the ancestors constantly move from one place to another to enable them to
survive and other for various reasons.
As man, from ancient times to the 20th century sought to make their
transport facilities more efficient, they have always endeavored to move
people and property with the least expenditure of time effort and money.
During the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, people's everyday lives
have been change to extraordinary degrees and previously unimagined ways by
technological advances. One of that is the field of transportation, great
men in science and technology provided wide arrange of knowledge in the
development of transportation facilities.

Similarly, the modernization of transportation also brought problems to
human race, such vehicle accident which damages the life and properties of
the individuals.
A vehicle accident is an event in which a road user collides with
another or in any part of the road system which result in fatal, nonfatal
and property damages.
Many accidents happen simply because the driver is going too fast. The
slower you're going, the less distance it will take to stop. By going
slowly, you will also be able to observe your surroundings more easily and
notice emerging dangers such as cyclist, pedestrians, children playing and
other vehicles. Sticking to the speed limit is one sure way to reduce
chance of an accident. Another main cause accidents in vehicle is a simple
matter of not paying enough attention. Many people pay far less attention
than they should to be safe, being distracted by music, conversation or
thinking about anything other than driving.
Worldwide it was estimated According to the World Health Organization,
road traffic injuries caused an estimated 1.25 million deaths worldwide in
the year 2010. That is, one person is killed every 25 seconds. Only 28
countries, representing 449 million people (seven percent of the world's
population), have adequate laws that address all five risk factors (speed,
drunk driving, helmets, seat-belts and child restraints).

In the Philippines, 2016: The National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA) reports that 37,461 people died in motor vehicle
crashes in 2016, up 5.6 percent from 35,485 in 2015. According to NHTSA,
distracted and drowsy driving deaths fell in 2016, but deaths involving
other reckless behavior, such as speeding, alcohol impairment, and not
wearing seatbelts or helmet continued to increase. The fatality rate,
measured as deaths per 100 million vehicle miles traveled, rose to 1.18 in
2016, from 1.15 in 2015.
According to preliminary estimates from the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration (2017), 37,150 people died in motor vehicle traffic
crashes in 2017, down about 0.8 percent from 2016. This decrease would be
the first decline in traffic fatalities since significant increases were
recorded in 2015 and 2016. Vehicle miles travelled is projected to have
increased about 1.2 percent. The fatality rate per 100 million vehicle
miles travelled is projected to be 1.17, compared to 1.18 in 2016.
In San Luis, Aurora, as from the record of San Luis Aurora Police
Station, most of vehicular accident is cause by driving under the influence
of liquor.
Statement of the Problem
The study attempted to find the Common Causes of Vehicular Accident in
San Luis, Aurora Province in the year 2015 – 2017; specifically, it sought
to answer the following sub problems:
1. What are the type of vehicles involved in vehicular accidents 2015
– 2017?
2. What are the causes of vehicular accident in San Luis, Aurora?
3. How to prevent the occurrence of vehicular accident in San Luis,
Aurora?
Significance of the study
The Study will be significant to the following;
1. To researchers- they may have a chance to know the common causes of
vehicular accident
2. To the community - for them to know the effects of vehicular accident
and other circumstances.
3. Other researchers- the study will serve as their basis and reference
on their studies.
4. Drivers- they may know their limitations or regulations when it comes
to accidents.
Scope and Delimitation
The study was conducted in Municipality of San Luis, Aurora. The study
covered a period of a semester and focused only on the items pertaining to
the Common Causes of Vehicular Accident in San Luis, Aurora from 2015 -
2017.
Definition of terms
Accident- It refers to a specific, unexpected, unusual and unintended
external action which occurs in a particular time and place, with no
apparent and deliberate cause but with marked effects. It implies a
generally negative outcome which may have been avoided or prevented had
circumstances leading up to the accident been recognized, and acted upon,
prior to its occurrence.
Motorist-It refers to the road user using a vehicle.
Death-It refers to the termination of the biological functions that
sustain a living organism. The word refers both to the particular processes
of life's cessation as well as to the condition or state of a formerly
living body. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include predation,
malnutrition, accidents resulting in terminal injury, and disease.
Vehicle- It refers to is a device that is designed or used to
transport people or cargo.

Collision- occurs when a vehicles collides with another vehicle,
pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other stationary obstruction such as a
tree, pole or building.
Sedan- are typically 4 to 5 seaters and are known as family car.
Theoretical Framework
This study was anchored on the theory that accident occur due to
varying circumstances and only thorough investigation, when liability and
responsibility can be ascertained. Not with standing that no driver will
readily accept that he/she initiated the accident. With these, the traffic
investigation is faced with a gargantuan task of bringing out the truth on
who should be responsible for the unusual incident. His primary concern
will be determined how and why the accident happened. The factor that may
cause the accident are simultaneous, sequential, operational and perception
factors (Delizo,2006).
A Traffic Management Unit was created primarily for the purpose of
overseeing and enforcing traffic safety compliance on roads and highway, or
a details within an existing local or regional police agency that is
primarily concerned with such duties. Duties of Traffic Management Unit
Personnel's are may include the following:
1.1 Emergency Response - Securing the scene of accident by using cones
and flares as well as providing first aid to the injured.

1.2 Accident Investigation - Gathering evidence to determine the cause
of a roadway accident.
1.3 Commercial Vehicle Enforcement - Enforcing highway laws related to
commercial transport, including weight limits and hazardous materials
rules.
1.4 General Law Enforcement - Assisting local police, especially in
rural areas, and keeping an eye out for non-traffic violation.
1.5 Maintenance - Observing and reporting damage to the roadways, and
conducting hasty survey after disasters or the passage of inclement
weather.
1.6 Education - Providing public information, handout and displays to
encourage safe driving and usage of the roads.

Research Paradigm
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Profile of vehicular Analysis and Gathering information

interpretation of the form Philippine
accident in year
data gathered form National Police about
2015-2017 on San
the Philippine the record of Accident
Luis, Aurora National Police from 2015 - 2017
INPU
T
CHAPTER 2
Review of Related literature and Studies
Foreign Literature
According to Baker (1973), accidents are usually complicated events
and so their descriptions in a few simple words are impossible. There are
all kinds of accidents, too, so that an immense variety of possible
situation must be considered. An accident is that an occurrence in a
sequence of events of which usually produces unintended injury, death or
property damage. This national safety council definition applies to all
kinds of accidents, including motor vehicle accidents. It limits an
accident to whatever does damages or injury.
Writes (2009), concluded that more than three millions of Americans
who were injured or killed because of vehicle accident most of this
accidents were attributed to driver error new legislation have been passed
to mitigate the occurrence of these accident by imposing heavier penalties
to those who are caught violation the laws. Following road safety rules are
strictly enforced by authorities drivers are encourages being discipline at
all times when they are on the road.
Lyle (2010), concluded that the one of the sad truths in life is that
a great deal of Britons will be involved in car crash or vehicular
accidents of some forms. During their lifetime whether it is as a driver.

Passer over or even a pedestrian crossing the road, car accident occurs
across the country each day but these very in level of damage: severity and
causes.
Local Literature
Delizo (2009), research studies in the united kingdom have shown that
human factors contribute to 95 percent of accident, road factors to about
one quarter of a percent, and vehicle factors to fewer than five percent to
reduce on risk on the accident or injury on the road, achieved through
multidisciplinary approaches involving road engineering and traffic
management education and training of a road, users, and vehicle design.
According to North Luzon Expressway, the causes of the
miscalculation/drivers error (44.35%), insufficient breaking distance
(7.96%), malfunction brake (4.60%), blown tire (6.28%), driver fell asleep
(5.02%), mechanical problem (5.94%) and unsafe swerving (3.35%). When we
compare in the SCTEX miscalculation/drivers error (58.33%), inefficient
braking distance (0%), blown tire (8.33%) driver fell asleep (0.17%)
mechanical problem (9.17%) and unsafe swerving (0%) conducted that accident
happened because of the human intervention like negligence, arrogant
driving in the influence of drugs, and alcohol, also the overloading,
driving without license, physical ability, like the amputation of hand,
feet eye defects.

CHAPTER 3
DESIGN and METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methods and procedure used in this study. It
also deals with the methods of treating gathering data.
Research Designs
The researcher utilized the documentary method of research on Common
Causes of Vehicular Accident in San Luis, Aurora Province in the year 2015
– 2017.
The researcher also interviews the personnel San Luis Police Station
as source of information and data that will serve as a main basis to be
studied.
Documentary analysis is the method used in interpreting or analyzing
the needed data.
Population of the Study
Common Causes of Vehicular accident in San Luis, Province Aurora in
the year 2015 – 2017 will be subject of the study. The data were taken from
the personnel of San Luis Police Station as they interview by the
researchers, with the help of staff and with the approval of the Chief of
Police.
Data Gathering Tools
The profiles of the listed vehicular accident is the instrument to be
used in data gathering.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher will ask permission to the Chief of Police of San Luis
Police Station to gather the needed data about the Common Causes of
Vehicular Accidents in the San Luis, Aurora Province in the year 2015 -
2017 by means of request letter. The Information about the following
Vehicular Accidents got by the researchers through the help and cooperation
of the Personnel of San Luis Police Station.

CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
This Chapter contains the presentation and analysis of data collected
about the Common Causes of vehicular Accidents in San Luis, Aurora Province
in the year 2015-2017
What are the types of vehicles involve?
Table 1
TYPE OF VEHICLES INVOLVED IN VEHICULAR ACCIDENT
Types of vehicle 2015 2016 2017 Total Rank
Motorcycle (MC) 48 48 81 177 1
Tricycle (TC) 24 36 40 100 2
Public Utility Jeep

(PUJ) 0 1 1 2 7
Public Utility Vehicles

(PUV) 2 3 3 8 5
Bicycle 2 2 2 6 6
Sedan 9 14 20 43 3
Truck 4 4 6 14 4
The table shows that the Motorcycle (MC) ranked 1 and obtained a
total of 177 involved in a vehicular accident in the year 2015 up to 2017.
Tricycle (TC) was ranked 2 and obtained a total of 100 involved
in the year.
Sedan was in ranked 3, and obtained total of 43 involved in a
vehicular accident in the year.
Truck was in ranked 4 and obtained total of 14 involved in a vehicular
accident in the year 2015-2017. Public Utility Vehicle (PUV), was in the
ranked 5 with the obtained total of 8 involved in vehicular accident in the
year 2015-2017. Ranked was a Bicycle, with the obtained total of 6 involved
in vehicular accident in the year 2015-2016. And the last or the lowest
ranked was a Public Utility Jeep (PUJ) with the ranked of 7, with the
obtained total of 2 involved in vehicular accident in the year 2015-2017.
Findings
The table shows that the common type of vehicles involved in Vehicular
Accident was Motorcycle. Most of the teenagers always use motorcycle
wherever they go even though they have no license. Teenagers nowadays as
well as the adults are rude and they can’t even control their limits when
it comes to driving. And also Aurora is not fully capable of having the
large number of the Public Utility Jeep (PUJ), Public Utility Vehicle
(PUV), SEDAN and TRUCK because this vehicles are more exclusively for urban
communities or place. Therefore, many of the teenagers and also the adults
already experience what accident is.
Table 2
Common Causes of Vehicular Accident (2015-2017
Common Causes of Vehicular 2015 2016 2017 Total Rank

Accident
Under Influence of
Liquor/Alcohol 16 19 23 58 1
Over Speeding 11 11 17 39 2
Weather Condition 0 1 3 4 7
Defected Headlights During

1 4 10 15 6
Night Travel
Using Cell phone while

driving 3 6 7 16 5
Animal Crossings 5 8 12 25 3
Slippery Road 9 5 5 19 4
“Under Influence of Liquor/Alcohol”, was ranked 1 and obtained a total
of 16 common causes in vehicular accident; “Over Speeding”, was ranked 2
and obtained a total of 11 common causes of vehicular accident; “Slippery
Road”, was ranked 3 and obtained a total of 9 common causes of vehicular
accidents; “Animal Crossings”, was ranked 4 and obtained a 5 total of

common causes of vehicular accident; “Using Cellphone while Driving”,
ranked fifth and obtained a total 3 total of common causes of vehicular
accidents and “Defected Headlights During Night Travel”, was ranked 6 and
obtained a total of 1 common causes of vehicular accident and the lowest
ranked 7, “Weather Condition” and obtained a total of 0, common causes of
vehicular accident.
Findings
The table shows that the most common causes of vehicular accident is
Alcohol. It’s a depressant, alcohol slows down the brain and affects the
body’s responses. At the same time, if you’ve been drinking, you’re more
likely to take risks. Combined, these reactions increase the chance of
accidents happening. The more you drink, the more likely you are to have an
accident. Alcohol can affect your driving by causing drowsiness, impaired
vision, reduce reaction times, reduce concentration and vigilance, feeling
more relaxed and drowsy which may cause you to fall asleep at the wheel,
difficulty in understanding sensory information, Difficulty doing several
tasks at once (e.g. keeping in your lane and in avoiding other traffic),
failure to obey road rules and over confidence which may lead to risk
taking. That’s why those common victims of vehicular accidents are all
cause of alcohol.
Slippery Road was in the ranked 4 and obtained total of 19 involved in
a common causes of vehicular accidents in the year 2015-2017.

Using Cell phone while Driving was in the ranked 5 with the obtained
total of a 16 involved in common causes vehicular accidents in the year
2015-2017.
Ranked 6 was Defected Headlights during Night Travel, with the
obtained total of 15 involved in common causes of vehicular accidents in
the year 2015-2016.
And the last or the lowest ranked is a Weather Condition with the
ranked of 7, with the obtained total of 4 involved in common causes of
vehicular accidents in the year 2015-2017
1. Program implemented by San Luis Aurora to prevent the occurrence
of vehicular accident.
-Establishment and operation of Road Safety Park
-Sustain policy on the free passage including toll roads for
“emergency vehicles”
-No helmet, No entry
-Public Transport Performance Evaluation and Monitoring System
-Develop, maintain and integrate road crash data base system by
key agencies
-Traffic Accident Reporting and Analysis
-Research and propose for the Blood Alcohol Content level limit
-Establish a System for updating the cost road crashes annually
and conduct periodic review (every 3 years)

-Implementation of Motor Vehicles Inspection System
-Providing effective education on Road Safety awareness to the
public, young people and drivers
Summary
The Researcher work entitled “Common Causes of Vehicular Accident in
San Luis, Aurora Province In the year 2015-2017”.
The main goal of this work was to determine the Common causes of
Vehicular Accident in San Luis, Aurora Province.
This Study presents the Causes of Vehicular Accident in San Luis,
Aurora, and its implication of what type of vehicles involved in the said
accidents.
This Study proved that causes of Vehicular Accidents in San Luis are
“Under Influence of Liquor / Alcohol”, “Over speeding”, “Weather
Condition”, “Defected Headlights during Night Travel”. “Using Cellphone
while driving”, “Animal Crossings”, and “Slippery Road”.
Then the solution by the local government in dealing with this
problems are “Conducting an Intervention Program”, “Conducting a seminars
regarding about rules and regulations”, “Enhance the information
dissemination for motorist w/regards to causes of vehicle accident”,

“Strict implementation of rules and regulation, through this road users
will be discipline.
Findings
The motorcycle is the most common involved in accidents. A motorcycle
is a machine consisting of a motor and two wheels in the same plane
designed to convey people.
Motorcycle accidents are like other vehicle accidents in some ways,
but because of some unique factors inherent in motorcycle riding, the
causes of motorcycle accidents can be very different from car accidents.
Motorcycle is more risky than the other vehicles, like tricycle, cars,
trucks and etc. because motorcycles are much smaller and lighter than cars,
it has only two wheels and do not enclose the rider in a box of metal.
These characteristics, along with others make motorcycle more risky than
riding in a car. As compared to car accidents motorcycle accidents are more
likely to result in death or serious injury.
A tricycle is a human-powered (or gravity powered) three wheeled
vehicle. Some tricycles, such as cycle rickshaws (for passenger transport)
and freight trikes, are used for commercial purposes especially in
developing world, particularly in Africa and Asia.

Public Utility Vehicles (PUV), sometimes called “jeeps” are buses and
the most popular means of public transportation ubiquitous in the
Philippines.
Bicycles, also called a cycle or bike is a human-powered or motor-
powered, pedal driven, single track vehicle, having two wheels attached to
a frame, one behind the other
A truck or lorry is a motor vehicle designed to transport cargo.
Trucks vary greatly in size, power and configuration; smaller varieties may
be mechanically similar to some automobiles.
Sport-Utility (SUV) or sport-ute is an automotive classification,
typically a kind of station wagon/estate car with off-road vehicle features
like raised ground clearance and ruggedness and available four-wheel drive.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The following statements were the recommendation of this study.
1. Enhance the information dissemination for motorist with regards to
causes of traffic accident.
2. Strict implementation of rules and regulation about driving,
through this road users will be discipline and be able to follow
this enforced Rules and regulation.

3. Conduct seminars to traffic management group of Aurora to given
them additional knowledge with Regards traffic management.
4. Similar study be conducted in another set of date and time that
will focus on Common Causes of Vehicular Accident to validate or
negate the findings of this study.

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WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

Maria Aurora, 3202 Aurora

COMMON CAUSE’S OF VEHICULAR ACCIDENT

IN SAN LUIS, AURORA PROVINCE

IN THE YEAR 2015-2017

The faculty of College Of Criminology

Of The Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Bryan James B. Carpio

This thesis entitled “Common Cause's of Vehicular Accident in San

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of

Science in Criminology, has been examined and is recommended for the

acceptance and approval for oral examination.

Approval by the committee on oral examination with a rating of

The researchers wish their profound gratitude and sincere appreciation

To our adviser, Ms. Janice B. Aguinaldo, for non-stop support,

us to finish our work.

To our panelist Mr. Rommel Angara, Dr. Estrella C. Buenaventura, Dr.

which we can use in our future job.

became a big part of today’s us.

This humbled study is whole heatedly dedicated to our beloved parents

acquisition for further Knowledge, Education and guidance toward us.

adviser, and to our respondents for their participation.

and who gave us strength to reach our goal.

Chapter 1 The problem and its background

Chapter 2 Review of related literature

Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of the data

Chapter 5 Summary, Findings, Conclusions and Recommendation

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Man need to travel dates back as early as the creation of human

survive and other for various reasons.

transport facilities more efficient, they have always endeavored to move

have been change to extraordinary degrees and previously unimagined ways by

technological advances. One of that is the field of transportation, great

men in science and technology provided wide arrange of knowledge in the

development of transportation facilities.

Similarly, the modernization of transportation also brought problems to

A vehicle accident is an event in which a road user collides with

and property damages.

notice emerging dangers such as cyclist, pedestrians, children playing and

chance of an accident. Another main cause accidents in vehicle is a simple

than they should to be safe, being distracted by music, conversation or

thinking about anything other than driving.

Worldwide it was estimated According to the World Health Organization,

road traffic injuries caused an estimated 1.25 million deaths worldwide in

countries, representing 449 million people (seven percent of the world's

drunk driving, helmets, seat-belts and child restraints).

In the Philippines, 2016: The National Highway Traffic Safety

Administration (NHTSA) reports that 37,461 people died in motor vehicle

crashes in 2016, up 5.6 percent from 35,485 in 2015. According to NHTSA,

other reckless behavior, such as speeding, alcohol impairment, and not

wearing seatbelts or helmet continued to increase. The fatality rate,

2016, from 1.15 in 2015.

According to preliminary estimates from the National Highway Traffic

Safety Administration (2017), 37,150 people died in motor vehicle traffic

the first decline in traffic fatalities since significant increases were

recorded in 2015 and 2016. Vehicle miles travelled is projected to have

miles travelled is projected to be 1.17, compared to 1.18 in 2016.

Station, most of vehicular accident is cause by driving under the influence