Code of Ethics Handouts
Code of Ethics Handouts
Code of Ethics Handouts
Competent,
of Ethics for
caring,
Registered Nurses
knowledge‐
Linda Muzio, RN
based SRNA
Nursing Practice Advisor
nursing for the
people of
Saskatchewan.
Cover reprinted with the permission of the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA).
The CNA Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses is available for download at
www.cna‐aiic.ca
What is the Code of Ethics?
• 1954 CNA adopted the International
Council of Nurses code
• 1980 CNA developed and adopted its
own Code‐CNA Code of Ethics: An
Ethical Basis for Nursing in Canada
• Updated every 5‐6 years
• Most recent version launched June 2008
CNA Convention
Nature of Ethics
• Ethics is not a black & white subject
• Ethics is not something you either know
or don’t know
• Ethics involves thinking and feeling,
study and practice, knowledge and
intuition
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Purpose of the Code
• Serves as a foundation of ethical practice
• Sets out expectations for ethical behavior of
RNs
• Provides guidance for decision‐making
– used in conjunction with professional regulations,
competencies, standards & laws
• Basis from which RNs can advocate
• Provides a means for self‐evaluation and self‐
reflection
• Provides a basis for feedback and peer review
Purpose of the Code (cont’d)
• Delineates what RNs must know about their
ethical responsibilities
• Informs other health care professionals &
members of the public about the ethical
commitments of RNs
• Upholds the responsibility of being a self‐
regulating profession
• Serves as an ethical basis from which to
advocate for quality practice environments
The Code Does Not…
• Provide rules of ethical or moral behavior for
every circumstance
• Offer guidance about which values should take
priority or how they can be balanced in practice
• Supersede other and stronger moral or legal
obligations (e.g. the law)
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Elements of an ethical practice
• Commitment to do good
• Sensitivity and receptiveness to ethical
matters
• Willingness to enter into relationships
with clients receiving care
Level of Application
• Nursing practice involves attention to ethics at
various levels:
– The client (individual, family, groups,
populations)
– Organizational ‐ the health care agency or
program
– The community
– Society
– Internationally
Structure of the Code
• The Code is organized in two parts:
– Part 1 – “Nursing Values and Ethical
Responsibilities”
– Part 2 – “Ethical Endeavours”
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Nursing Values
• Providing safe, • Maintaining privacy
compassionate, and confidentiality
competent and • Promoting justice
ethical care • Being accountable
• Promoting health
and well‐being
• Promoting and
respecting informed
decision‐making
• Preserving dignity
Further Support
Responsibility Statements
• Each value is followed with a number of
responsibility statements
• Assist in clarifying and elaborating on the
application of each value
• Provide further support in assessing the
ethical situation
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Types of Ethical Situations
• Ethical Problems • Ethical (or moral)
• Ethical (or Moral) Residue
Uncertainty • Ethical (or Moral)
• Ethical Dilemmas or Disengagement
Questions • Ethical Violations
• Ethical (or Moral) • Ethical (or Moral)
Distress Courage
Moral Residue
• “Is what nurses experience when they
seriously compromise themselves or
allow themselves to be compromised.
The moral residue that nurses carry
forward from these kinds of situations
can help them reflect on what they would
do differently in similar situations in the
future” (CNA, 2008, p. 7).
Ethical Disengagement
• “Can occur if nurses begins to see the
disregard of their ethical commitments as
normal. A nurse may then become
apathetic or disengage to the point of being
unkind, non‐compassionate or even cruel
to other health‐care workers and persons
receiving care” (CNA, 2008, p. 7).
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Ethical Courage
• “Is exercised when a nurse stands firm on
a point of moral principle or a particular
decision about something in the face of
overwhelming fear or threat to himself or
herself” (CNA, 2008, p. 7).
Barriers
• Barriers to carrying out or completing the
action:
– Fear or circumstances beyond the RNs
control
– Co‐worker’s attitudes
– Institutional obstacles
Sources of Moral Distress
• Harm to patients (pain, suffering)
• Health policy constraints
• Medical prolongation of dying without
informed choice
• Inadequate staffing
• Effects of cost containment
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Signs of ethical & moral distress
• Anger • Miserable
• Frustration • Physical Pain
• Anxiety • Sadness
• Feeling ashamed • Ineffective
• Embarrassed • Fatigue
• Heartsick • Burnout
• Grieving • Cynicism
• Depression
Symptoms Over Time
• Crying • Feelings of
• Loss of sleep worthlessness
• Loss of appetite • Loss of confidence
• Nightmares • More intense or
prolonged physical
symptoms
Strategies to reduce ethical distress
• Recognition
• Speak Out
• Education
• Support
• Consultation
• Debriefing/case studies
• Be proactive!
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Summary: Ethical Distress
• Nurse perceives a moral problem
• Acknowledges moral responsibility
• Makes a moral judgement about right
action
• Real or perceived constraints block the
action
Nurse participates in perceived moral
wrongdoing ‐ moral distress experienced
Guidance in Making Moral
Decisions
• Recognize the moral dimension
• Who are the interested parties? What are
their relationships?
• What values are involved?
• Weigh the benefits and burdens
Guide to Moral
Decision‐Making
• Look for similar cases
• Discuss with relevant others
• Does this decision accord with legal and
organizational rules?
• Am I comfortable with this decision?
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Part 2: Ethical Endeavours
• RNs should advocate for and work
toward eliminating social inequities. Such
as:
– Utilize principles of primary health care
– Address organizational, social, economic and
political factors
– Advocate for change to unethical
policies/laws/regulations
Additional Resources
• Appendix A – History of Code
• Appendix B – Context of the Code
• Appendix C – Ethical Models
• Appendix D – Applying the Code
The Code as a Resource
• While the code cannot enforce
responsibilities outside of nursing, it can
provide a powerful political instrument
for nurses when they are concerned
about being able to practice ethically.
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References & Resources
• Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses.
Canadian Nurses Association. June 2008.
• Everyday ethics‐Putting the code into
practice. Canadian Nurses Association.
2004.
• SRNA website www.srna.org
• CNA website www.cna‐aiic.ca
Saskatchewan Registered
Nurses’ Association
2066 Retallack St.
Regina, SK, S4T 7X5
Phone: 306‐359‐4200 or
Toll Free: 1‐800‐667‐9945
Fax: 306‐359‐0183
www.srna.org
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