G . Vft. LELTNER, Pn.D.

DARDISTAN:
GI' W; " LEITNER, &I*,A., It

(OF TIlE MIDDLE TEJIPLE, ~ A R ~ I S T E R - A T - L A N , )

P R I N C I r ~ \ L O F T H E GOVERNhIENT COLLEGE, LAHOllE AND REOISTRAR OF T H E I'LTNJAB
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE.
( L A T E ON S P E C I A L D U T Y IN K A S H M I R )
RON. FELI.ON OF. AND LATE PROIBBSOR O F ARADI(: W1TIC MUIlAIIIIAD.4N LI\W AT. I(IX0.S COLLEGE. I.OXnOX.
&YIOBTOFTBEORD6110F T l l E lllONCIIOWN O F A U I T n l A ; IlON. M E h m E R O F T H E ROY I. IIL7N<i.\KlA?rACAUE>IY O F S U l t S I ' E S
C O R l l 6 9 1 ' O X l ~ I N11EhlLlEROF
~ TIIEECOLEDER LANOUBS ORlEXr.hI.E6 VI\'.lNT19
AT I'AIllS , IlUN. hlEMUER AND YASTEII UP Tlll: OEnY.\N
HOCIIPTIPT ; Pl3.D. O F FHEIIIURU;

.
LATE FTRSTCL&SS INTOLII.RETIRT0 T H E DHlTlSH COWMISSbBlAT DUQlNO TILE RCSSIAN WAR ( I O L - I S 0
ETC ETC.

WITH MAPS BY E
l Gd RAVENSTEIN, F.R.G.S., F.S.S.,

AND ILLUSTRATIONS.

THIRD EDITION.

..". . " 7

GOVERNMENT CENTRAL BOOK D E P ~ T

1878.
 CONTENTS.

A VO~ABULARY
(LINGUISTIC, AND ETHNOGRAPHICAL
GEOGRAPHICAL, AND DIALOQUES
IN
THE SEINADIALECTS-

APPENDIX.

I L L U S T E A T I O N S .

Photograph of a Group of Dards (At the end of " Rough Outline of Tour,") -
Dance a t Ghilghit (page 30) - - - . .
Portrait, (from a Photograph, of Jamshbd, the first Siah Posh Kafir who visited
Europe (page 42) - - - - -
Portraits,from Photographs of two Chilbis, a Little Tibetan, and one of the Highland
Soldiers of the Maharaja of Kashmir (page 48)
Portraits, from Photograpbs, of Ghilghiti, Siah Posh Kafirs, and Swati (page 86) -
Dr. Leitner's Tibet Dog Cbang (page 107) - - - -
Photographs of Grace-Budl~istic, Hiddu, and other Sculptures showing the influence
of Greek A r t in India and Egypt - -
Drawing of two serics of siruilai. Sculptnres (n~iddleand end of Appendix) -

1.
2.
Sketch hJap of Dnrdistan and neighbouring Cnuntries. Scale, 1.1,000,000-
Map of tile Ct~unt~ieubetween Knshmir and Yanjkorah, includ~ngC h ~ l a sKandib
-
and other Districts of Dardistn~~.(Scale, 1:500,000) -
3. A Native Map of the Countries between Pesbawur and the Oxus. (Srnle 9 miles
to an ~ n c l ~ ) - - -
 ROUGH O U T L I N E TOUR.

AT 7 a.m. on the 1st of May 1866, I started from Lahorc on a tour through
Kangra, Mandi, Lahul, Zanskar, Ladak, and Rashmir, mith Mr. Henry Cowie, the brother
of Mr. David Co~vie,then Advocate-General of Bengrnl. The winter had been unus~lally
severe. The paths mere in many places covered 1)y landslips. The slippery and moveable
planks over torrents had been carried away, the rope bridges had not yet been repaired, and
of snolv constantly impeded our progress. After a series of adventures, which
1 propose to narrate in a separate publication, we crossed the Rohtnng, the Shingun, thc
Marang, and the Thunglung, one montli earlier in the year than these passes had been
attempted before, and reached Leh on the 4th of June. We had despatched couriers to
tlle Buddhist monasteries of Pugdal, I-Iimis, Lamajuru, kc., in order to prepare the monks
for our arrival, as we wished to see those pantomimic religious plays and other perform-
ances which had, as far as me knew, not been seen by other tml-ellers. At Pugdal, where
the devoted Hungarian scholar, Csoma de Kbros, had spent several years in learning Tibetan,
the " Abbott" offered, out of regnrci for the memory of the " Pelingi dasa," or European
disciple, to place his two nephews as hostages in our territory as a guarantee to our
Government of his conducting an English traveller in safety to Lhassa, the aim of the
studies of Csoma de Kords. This offer, however, has not been accepted. although i t was
announccd at several of the learned societies in Europe, and the strmghold of h m a i c
Buddhism yet awaits a follower in the footsteps of Huc and Gahet. I n spite of our
forced marches, we saw a good deal that had been passed over even by so close an
observer as General Cunningham, nhilst a variety of information was volunteered to us in
acknowledgment of our friendly intercourse mith the excellent Middle and South Tibetans,
and in return for presents of money, or of those cheap but useful domestic articles, such
aa knives, scissors, &c., under whose rapidly-diminishing loads a number of Coolies
werc staggering up and down the mountain-sides. On the S l ~ n g u n ,where me lost our
war, we suffered the usual effects of continued cliinbing or 'of the rarefaction of tlie
air, whilst nearly all our fifty Coolies, men and women, became snow-blind, but on the
higher pmses of the Marang and the Thunglung we had no difficulty in breathing. and Ire
positively enjoyed existence on the Kynng plain, whose mean elevation is 15,600 feet.
Our experience proved that the Tibetan passes from the side of India can be crossed early
in May, and that the Shingnn offers an alternative when the Barnlacha and the Langz-
laclla, generally so easy, are closed by tlle snow. At Takts6 I sarv a remarkable carving on a
Chodtcn, or mausoleum, representing Buddha and his follon-ers approaching the gntcs of a
city, against which a scribe and a tablet-holder were sitting in 311 attitude of oficial
ohstrllcti\-eness. The animal Br~ddharode was an ass, and the disciples carried branches
of tlle palm-trec, which is unlinown in tlle high regions of Tibct. I take this carving to be
fountla1 on a purely Buddhistic oriqinal, representing an evcnt in Buddha's life, xvhich lvas
excavated on the frontiers of the Panjab, and of \vllich I pobsess a cast, to which the L:~mas,
pos8il)ly influenced by thc Jcsuit missionaries, during the 17th and 18th centuries, may ha\-e
added some details. There I also found an anatomical "lingam " of stone, prol~nblya l l r s ~ r s
nntf'rm, ~vhicllis now in my collection. after Ilaving 1,een refusecl lly a number of IIindu
~riests,to whom nn improved ohject of worship might have been deemetl an acceptable present.
1
 After passing Kargyil, where there still lived the unfortunate Prince I ~ the ~ I
Maharaja of Enshmir had confined in a cage in which he could neither stand ,sit, nor lie down,
we came to tlie Dras river, orer whicli planks without railings, and cemented wit11 mud and
loosely embedded stones, forined the usual bridge. I n spite of warning my companion insisted
on crossing i t on liis pony, ~ r h i c hfell into the river with its rider. I mas not so fortunate as on
a previous occasion ; and, although a t one time u,ithin a yard of me, Mr. H. Cowie was
swept away into the middlc of the torrent, whence he mas llurled into a waterfall and
disappeared. After a careful but useless search for his body, I despatched men to the points
of confluence of tlie Dras and other rivers with the Indus, and resumed our march, which now
lay along tlie icecrust, over the Sind river, in the lower part of the Zoji Lci. This pass,
which is only 11,634 feet high, is more dangerons to cross than many higher mountains.
Depressed by tlie death of Colvie, me were less cnref~llthan usual, and, in consequence, lost
both men and property ; a number of the Purik goats. which when full grown stand little moro
than a foot and a quarter in their silken hair from tlie ground, were found by the side of their
frozen guide, who held in liis 1~nafl.sthe warm stockings which I had given him. Two mules
with their loads and leaders fell tlirough t l ~ eicecrust, mhicll the approaching summer and the
snrollen waters underneath were thawing. I n this debacle we reached Srinagar, the capital
of Koshmir, where I met M. Lejean, the distinguished French traveller, in Mr. Cooper,
the Resident's house, 11-110,on seeing our plight, gave up his contemplated tour to Ladak.
I then returned to Mnrrec, leaving my 31unshi, or native Secretary, to continue my search
for Knshmiri MSS. and inscriptions, of mliich the most important, in the Shard4 form of the
Dewanngiri cliamcter, I lind discovered as forming part of a fisherman's hut in 1865, and
whicli seemingly records the victory of Dharmnng, son of Madhnnng, over an alien creed,
and which may relate to thc re-assertion of Brahminism over Buddhism.
At 3Iurree I was received in a highly flattering manner by Sir Donald M'Leod, and
exhibited the spoils of my journey at a soiree, to whicli Dr. Thornton, the Secretary to
Government, was good enough to invite the station. Most of the articles then shown still
remin in my etl~nologicalcollection, though the Tibetan songs then sung may have become
obliterated by lapse of t.ilne and exposure, ant1 their melodies, some of which are antiphonal, no
longer linger in my memory, beyond a general impression, in some instances, of their sweet-
ness, quaintness, or similarity to our on-n choral singing. Scarcely back to Lahore, I mas taken
from a study of the material which I had collected, by the invitation of the Pnnjab Government,
to return nt once to Srinagar, and there ascertain particulars r e p d i n g Chilas and its language.
Tllo subject had been mooted by JIr. (now Sir) George Campbell at the Uengal Aeiatic Society,
mhicli designated me to my Go~crnmentfor the mission. An idcntifi~ttionmas sought to be
estaljlished 1,etwecn Cliilas and Icailns, the seat of the IIindu Olympus, hundrecls of miles
a n - a , overlooking tlie &lanoseran-cm h k e . Altllough very grateful to Mr. Campbell for
the higlily flattering manner in mhicli he had mentioned my name, I mas unwilling to go, for
official reasons ~rliichI necd not dctnil. 1,ut nt last I darted, on theassurance of thc decp interest
felt by tlie Government nrid the Asiatic Society in thc matter. I n-asagain at Sriilagar on the
17th ~lugust,18G6, ~vhcnruy Jlunshi infornied mc that one of the men whom I hod sent in
swrclh of JIr. Con-fe's hcdy hod rcturncd with the news that it had been rccovercd four
m r c h e s nl~oveSkardo, in Littlc Tibet. Shortly afterwards this man was spirited away. As
regards t l ~ cIIalinraja of k d m i i r , to wlioln I had I~ecnstrongly rccommcndcd by the Govern-
ment of thc l'anjd), he was kind cnougll to order a numl~erof C h i h i prisoners to come into
his prebence, in order tlint I might examine them. When they gavc me " il)" for " wntcr," and
, cheshm for eye," kc., I SUspeCtdthat thcy were trying to deceive me ; and I therefore
requested to be allowed to examine these men in my tent. I n spite of repeated promises, this
was never done, bemuse the Maharaja of K3shmir was afraid that I mould find out in conver-
sation with the prisoners than linguistic matters. and mhich i t was to his interest t~
conceal. A deposed Chief of Skardo, who came to see me, was suddenly arrested, my servants
were subjected to every kind of chicanery, and a charge mas trumped up against a Ghilgliiti,
whose language and Chililsi I conjectured to be kindred dialects. I began to despair that I
should ever be able to accomplish the work on mhich 1 had beell deputed by Govcmment, a t
Srinagar, ?nd finally I informed his Highness, the Maharaja, that I was going to lemn the
lallguage at Bunji, on the Indus, then the estreme frontier of his country, according to the
treatymade Lord Hw&nge in 1846. I had been cautioned by Sir Donald &Ichoeod not
to expose lnyself by going beyond, and mas specially warned against thc tcrrors of Ghilghit,
on the road to whicll Bunji lics. There was a mar being waged with the Mal~arajahat the
time at Ghilghit, the assembled tribcs coming down as far as Sai, opposite to Uunji. I
secured two men ~vllohad been to Ghilghit ; but wlien I liad started from Srinagar, 1 found
that two Sepoys of the Maharaja had been substituted for them. I turned them off when
I discovered that they mere the mcn who had led an English colonel, bent on reaching
Ghilgllit, a two montlis' dance 01-er the hills, wit11 tlic sole rcsult of bringing him back
to Srinngsr by anotller road, and without accomplisl~ingliis object.
I could fill a small volume with an account of tlle hardships which Ire encountered
on cven thc well-known ground mhich me had to t1.a~-ersebefore r&cliing the Little explored
districts ; liom my followers were tampered with and my supplies cut oiF; how- an attempt
was made to draw me into a quarrel, the contemplated result of which sliould be my
assassination. To me, wllose knowledge and courteous treatment of natives are, I nlay say
witllout brcach of modesty, admitted, all tliis nould, under ordinary circumstnnces, have
been a mystery, especially after the very cordial manner in n liich I had been accredited
to, and recciled by, the Kashlnir Government. I then suddenly changed my route, and,
instead of going West towards Bunji, I moved rapidly in an Eastcrly direction towards Skardo.
Thc reason was that an Akhun, whom I entertained at my camp-fire, told me, as a secret,
that Mr. Comie's body llad been found and buried at Tolti, four marches from Skardo, ~vhere
the Indus beconzes shallo~vand often washes bodies on shore, and that i t was thc AIaharaja's
~ t i s hto hush up thc whole matter. I marchcd day and night, in order to be beforehand
with his runners, passed an Englibh officer from some Pesllalvar regiment, who had
cnquired about Cowie, but had been told tliat lie had not bccn found, and at midnight called
upon thc Munshi of the Governor of Skardo, whom I ordered forthwith to produce the body.
On liis rcglying that he coirld not do so, as it was buried f o u lnarcl~esofr, I \was paaificd, folu
nly o\\.n information \\-as thus corroborated, and I sent off R, clozcn lnen with instructious to take
the rrhole I)locli of enrill in which tllc body ~ m buried s bring i t to me. Tile \\-ere
unclcr the cllfirgc of A h . Cowie's b ~ r c rRerem , Beg, who \\-as profoundly attached to llis h t e
and ]lad followed me partly in the hope of recovering his hotly. IVhcn it \ms brought in,
t'bO \\ashcd alvay tllc earth \\-ith onr own hands, found tllc skeleton, a portion of his
'jut no ~ ~ ~of ~llis~rings. , kc. Most singular events then happened, whicl, 1must
b .~ Qc t c hkc.,
not ifcvcl', l'clatc. Sufficei t to say that we found and copied an entry in the C;overnor's
D i : ' r ~in
, Wllich duly rcported to the Mahamja the recovery of the body, on the '7nd
J u l ~ y la'';* lllc Englishman 1~110was dmsned at Dms, ~\-hilaton tile 17th ,illgustfollo\ving,
1)otelltatcllad hied to uic the reception of m g n e w on thC slll)ject ! I then put the limbs
into a light coffin, after wrapping them in linen, shawl-wool, and certain gums. An attempt
was made to carry the body away, which I defeated, and against the repetition of which I
guarded by keeping it under my camp-bed during the remainder of my travels, except during the
fortnight that I left it, together with my camp, a t the Fort of Astor, to which place I now
marched from Skardo, falling back into my original direction. The Government subsequently
approved of my search after Cowie's body, although i t mas no part of my official mission, tvhich I,
h o n e ~ e rmas
, cnahled accidentally also to discharge, in consequenceof the fortunate discovery in
the neighbourhood of Skardo of a number of Dad villages, indicated in Part 111. of this volume,
showing that the race in whose search I was engaged had not only extended its invasion into
Tibet, but had also founded some permanent settlements in that country. I may mention
tliat I handsomely rewarded the Muhammadan (Shiali) Chief who had given a decent burial to
one ~vliomhe knew to be an European, and that I mould not have talcen the body alvay had
this not been necessary for purposes of absolutc identification, and in order to get i t buried
according to Christian rites, ns his family had desired, and as was subsequently done when
the body mas brought to
On my way to Astor, and thence to Bunji, the men in charge of each halting-placc
used to implore me not to proceed. " The people at Ghilghit mere cannibals ; they mere in
thc habit of using the Maharaja's Sepoys, when prisoners, as fie~vorksfor their festive
gatherings; one liad lost a brother, whosc head was stucli up in front of a K a f i hut in
order to complete the number of l~eadsnecessary for tlie acquisition of tribal dignity," &c.,
kc. These statements were partly true, tliough they did not in the least apply to Chilghit,
as may be seen in subjoined account, and werc cliiefly inspired by the Maharaja's officials,
who did not wish me to accomplisll n linguistic mission, in the course of which the encroacli-
ments of that feudatory, then unknown and unauthorised, must necessarily have become
known. My people were frightened, and left me. Even my Munshi and my Chupmssi, 11-ho
subsequently did excellent sen ice, wanted me to g i ~ - ethem thcir clismissnl, on tlie transparent
pretest that they had heard that their mother was ill ! I gave them a lesson, and dismissed
them as faitliless to their salt," and went on alone, when, to my great pleasure, they turned
up agnin a mile or two on, and implored to be takcn 1)acL into my scrvice. The roads
mere strewn with the remains of animals, and, further on, of men, but I fancicd that I
had at last reached the sphere of my labour^, ~ r h e n ,aftcr crossing the rotten rope-l~ridgc
at the Sllcitan Nare, the " D e ~ i l ' sFord," from which several hundred Sepoys had fallen
into the friglitful torrcnt belo\v, I came to Runji, and took up my ahode in a shed,
sel-era1 inclles dcep in mutl, whose owner, to my great deliglit, spoke tlie dialcct of which
I n-as in starch. The I<ashrnir Governor of tlie Fort, hone\-er, induced me to take up
more respectable quarters in thc Mosque, nndcr the pledge that thc pcoplc sllould llavc frcc
ncceqs to nie. land tliat I might lcnrn thcir language at leisure. Thc nevt morning I
found the placc surrounded 1)p his soldiers, ~\-lloclamourcd for quinine, and who drBovc
nlray the natil-es. Lkrcl)l.csentation to the Bo\crnor mcrely elicitcd firbt the reply that he
MS ill ~ v i t hfever, then, that he woultl pay mc n isi it, kc., kc., so, after giving him
half-an-liour's gracc, I nmrclied to the 1)ank of tlic Indus, took tlic only boat, npl)arently,
that the Rasllmir troops Iia(1 I)rouglit up from Srinagar, and crosscd tho frontier to the
other side.
Tlicre the troops received mc with almost royal lionours. They could not 1)elicve
that I had 1-cntured on for1,idden ground w-ithont authority. I went on through l~urnt-
down villages, and along paths here and there disfigurccl by hanging skeletons of people
said to llave heen inswgcnts agrninstthe Maharaja's authority, but declared 1 ) the ~ natives
to be paceful peasantb hanged in order to support false reports of victories. I ml~ie(1mY
cork bed, light as a feather, myself, and, like my Munshi and Chuprassi, mas armed
with tmorevolvers, my pockets contained pots of Liebig's Extmct. -4t ~ h a k e r k h t ,
where I had crept into a small hut, protecting a mill-stone, and just large enough for us
three, one of the Maharaja's couriers, who were running the siege of Ghilghit, threw in
a letter addressed to, the Governor of Ghilghit, the contents of which were a request to
frustmtemy progress. I llad just seen a silly Munshi a t Chakcrkbt chronicle my ~roceedings:
that I llad fitst sat under a tree, then askcd for fuel, 'kc., kc. I crossed the bridge a t
,Jalk6t, \vhere the head of the chief formed a tite do pont, and ascended the top of the
Niluddr ridge, whose loose sand seems constantly to be rolling, and carry with i t stone boulders
to the destruction of the in~xutious. On the other side we saw the Ghilghit river and thc
Plain of MinBr. I took up my night quarters in a hollo\\r a t the river-side surronnded by rocks,
lvllicll quite ensconced our little camp, when I was awakened by shots. I crept out, and found
that my follo~vershad already repulsed an attack by a Nagyr chief, whom, wit11 a arty of
armed mcn, lve had met in the course of the day, and whose appearance, yellow inoustache and
&-like eyes, had reminded me of an acquaintance during the Russian War in 1855. H e
explained that he hnxl mistaken us for others, but I 1)elievc that thc ral)id firing, and the
nuinerous shots of our rc\-011-ers, had largelx contril)uted to his forming this view. I SUB-
sequently heard that his namc was Sakandar Khan, and that he was in tllc s e r ~ i c cof
ICashmir. Next morning I trod on a stone-trap (cxplained elsen-here), the effcct of which
is to loosen tho mountain-side, and to hurl one into the abyss l)elo\v, n stratagem often
successfully adopted by the Dards against the in]-ading Kash~virtroops. I was saved by
accidentally falling backwards. Securing two ponies which we found straying, I ant1 my
Munshi rode straight into the Ghilghit Fort, and found i t guarded by Swatis, our irreconcile-
able enemies, \\lioin 1 had repentcdly mct in chargc of the resting-places. We inspected
the place, which was filled with sick and disabled soldiers, and where the stench was abomin-
able. I t was al~outt\ro o'clock in the afternoon when the Colnmandant came up, rubbing his
eyes from an opium siesta indulged in in the midst of a siege, and asking angrily ~ v h o~ v ewere
and nrliat we wanted. Although dressed as n. Bokhariot Mulln, and armed with a numerously-
signed certificate of Muhammadan sanctity, I neglected the first and only opportunity which
I over had of possildy benefiting by a disguise, for I a t once stated that I was an European,
and that I ordered him immediately to clean out the place. IIe said that he ]lad received no
instructions regarding me (of which I knew the reason) ; but, in thc mean~rhile,he supposed
tllat he sllould protect mc. I succeeded in making l l i ~ nclean tile fort. That night he placed
Inc in a small mosque, or rather praying-room, within a hundred yards of the fort. ,Utl~ough
the country looked devastated and no onc appeared in sight, three Sepoys \\-ere s l ~ o tby some
t ~tencllof the bodics loosely sho\-cllcd into the soil in frol1t of my
illvisilllc cncmy, ~ l l i l s tllc
resitlcncc induced me to dccliuc with thanks any further protection, and to risk lnyself in ,"hat
'lad Ileen a villa~cin tllc opcn country. There my Chuprassi \vent about \ritll a (lrunl, pro-
cul'cd tllc fort, in\-iting what appearctl to I)e the dcscrt sir to come to a feast in the eTening.
meu cline, whom I entertained, and who danced (rli,[c illustration). Go\ ernor
'lso '-cry allo\bed mC to sec the young Raja of Nagyr and his attendant, and from
I put tllc bulk of the ~rordsin that most puzzling of langwges-thc I(hajun2.
'Ierc menlbe1-5 of barious Dard mccs, and, fearing that another attempt on my life
might I" succ~ssful.I m11idly moved back to Bunji, so as to give no fixed locality or time
2
for an assassination. I was accompanied by several Dards, n.lioln I tooli to tile hnjal,-
One of theln, otherwise a nice fellow, I stopl~edin the attempt of cutting off tile llend of his
mother. This good son merely ~vislledto prcvcnt her from dying of grief in consequence of
his departure.
At Guraie I was shot at by one of the Sipahis, ~\rliohad plotted my sonle
time beforc at Bangala, and 1 $%re him and his comrades a lesson \\rhich they never
forget, and finally 1 returned to Srinagn, 11%~-ing done ~ v h a tGoJ-ernment described as far 6'

esceeding ~vliatthey or the Asiatic Society could hare looked fols." On the road I rescued,
by a timely dash, a British subject. a teacher at Aniritsar, of the name of I-Inkiln poetor),
who was dragged off I)? a number of soldiers to Gllilgliit, l>ecnnse of his name, althongIl
lie was not a medical man, and had not cven a bottle containing leeches, nluch less,
perhaps fortunately. any medicine with him. As I liad seen many dead and dying
men (only 600 out of 12.000 coolies impressed by the T~Iaharaj~ of I<asllmir alllong his
Mussulman su1)jects are said to have survived the campaign of 1866), I t ~ ~ o u git~ lat
pity tliat tlie fine-looking suppliant, and a British snbjcct to boot, should 1)e conYerted
into a skeleton 1)cforc liis time. I got into solnc trouble on that man's account, but finally
his story pro\-ecl to be a perfectly true one. I also was involved in difficulties by c o n ~ i n c i ~ g
myself: n llilst a t dstor, of the existence of some Yasin female prisoners, as fair as any English
I\ olncn, who were to be distributed among the Maharaja's Sepops. They jvere the sur~rivors
of the h o i ~ i dmassacre of 2,000 women and children, told in Part 111..which nearly anni-
hilated one of the finest and most hospitable mces, far beyond the territory of Kashmir, and,
therefore, the victims of a war \\.aged in violation of our treaty with that feudatory. The
disclosure of tllesc atrocities l>y BIr. rap^\-ard. who visited Dardistan four years after
me. l)i-ol)al~lp caused his death, but this, too, is a matter which can find no place in this
preface.
When I returned to Srinapr I was receil-ed \\-it11great honour by the Mahara,ja, but
1n.asljatllked of my purpose to inform llim of the coniluct of his oilicials, and so after refusinga
large present in money, offered to me as a reiml~ursementfor the medicine which I had distributed
among lliRtroops, and some of which n as said to have saved the life of W'a~irZoraweru, thcn on
an exlEclition in Dm.eyl. I left Srinagar n it11 the body of Cowie, ~vliichtlie Resident insisted on
llurping tllere,nltliouallno Christian minister wasin the valley at thetimc. I had bcen requested
to be at h l i o r e on thc 20th Octohcr, and having only four clear days in ~vliiclito do it, I rode
or l\-nlkeclday and night, crrrrying Co~rie'shody myself, when I could not immetliately obtain
CoolieR,rnld finally arrived at IIis Honor the Lieutenant Governor's 11quse in the evening of
the appointed day, \~-llcnI n-as receivecl with great kindness, in spite of my dilapidated
nppcarancc and the presence of a small party in el-cning dress.
I tllen rccci\-ed three months' leave, in order to write out my Cornpal-ativcVocabulary
Cramniar of the a r c 1 Languaqes, \I llicli I verifier1 I)y the Dnrds whom I had 1)roughtaway
\vitll me, and \vl,o sul)~er~uently joined mc. l'art I.,~ v l ~ i chas
h since lwcn tested and found to be
1)y ntlhers. nas pul~lishedin 1867. n hilst the grammatical scheme of its Sanscritic sitlc
el:tboratcd in nn cxhanstive contril~utionto the Calcutta Review." hy Dr. E. Trumpp.
6'

[3ullsequently the Gorernment o1)tained for mc from tlie Maharaja a few of Ilia Chilasi and
Kafir p r i m n ~ ~~e h . o n Il kept in my compound. sendin,p for tllcrli wlienever my oficial and
o t l l ~work
r km\ c me tlie necessary leiswc. I t wm lsllecitledly morc plcneant to write tlo~vn~rh:tt
tlley wl~ilstsenterl at a tal)lc, wen under a p~~nkali, than to ~ t a n dor walk with onc hand
readS for the reroller ant1 the pencil in another, and thus conlmit words and sentences to-
,,,riting ; or, worse still, to sit h l f blinded Ily thc camp smoke and try to l ~ l l clown t sou?s.
\vhilst anticipating a sur13rise or tllc treacllcry of new or old friends. IIad 1, llonevcr, not
to ~ h i l ~ h iand
t , that, too, a t a time when all the D u d tribes Irere united apillfit ICashlllir.
I could ne\.er Ilave checked the information which 1 suhsequelltly received a t Lnllore and on
my tour along tllc frontier, as Inspector of Schools, in 1872.
Those ,,.llo know how dificult i t is to clicit granllunticnl forms from sam:.es, or e\ en
from the llalf-cduc~tc(lamong civilized or semi-civilized races, will be able to form a COncelI-
tion of tile almost insuperable difficulties in my uay. It \'as ee3sy enouqll to ~ o i nto t olIjccts ill
order to learn their names, and to find expressions for tlie silllplest l~odilywants that co11ld be
indicntcd by gcstures ; i t was morc difficult to discover the imperative form i n the colnmantls
giren by my followers, and to tracc an affir1nati~-eor tllc present or future indicnti~e in t l ~ c
replies ; i t required the closest attention to follow the same sound i n m y discussion that miglit
llave ensued, and i t was certainly puzzling to both fricnd and foe to find me Ivriting down
threats or terlns of abusc, instead of taking tlie natural notice of tliein ; but i t scemecl almost
inlpossible to follo~va language more inflectional than Greek, and i n which the ideas of
proximity or distnncc, of tlle gender of the speaker, of causality, habit and potentiality run
through the tenses. Often when almost surc of a form havc I discovered tlint the person
nddresscd did not understand my qucstion, or had lnndc use in reply of a n idiom or a n
evasion. IIowever, by aslcing the same question from scveral pcople, bj- lllakirlg tllcrn ask sac11
other, and by carefully noting their replies, I gradually reached that approximati\ e cel.taiuty
\\hic11 alone is attainable in so complicated a matter. IYlicn i t is considered that I finally u a s
able to put down songs, legends, and fables, and that the t e s t can explain itself by
means of tlie vocabulary and tlle grammatical forms in Part I. ; that the dialogues on every
subject whicll one could discuss with a Dard show idiomatic deviations in practice, and yet are
the only means by which a fntnre traveller could detect any mistaltes ; that thcse dialogues,
vocabularies. and songa extcnd not to one hut to four languages and four dialects, i t must 11c
admitted that I have rendered some service to linguistic science. Add to this that my material
estcnds to elevcn langnagcs, and that i t is only want of lcisure which prevents my
publisliing these treasures, or completing what I Iiavc already issued. Unfortunately, I
belicved at first that scholars llad merely to sec the rcsults in order to judge of tllcir value by
rompu'ion and inner evidence. Instcad of this, i t was asked l i o ~irt n:ls possiblc that one man
could 11ave collcctcd so much within so short a tirne, as if I could possibly be answerable for
the slowness of comprehension of othcrs, or their inability correctly to catch :I sound. IIowe\-cr,
scholars wllo have had oc~asionsubsequently to investignte my ~vork,like Dr. Belle~vand AIr.
Drew, can now confirm tllc conscientious accuracy of my renderings ; and the small vocabnlnry
of Hay!\'ard, wllo was allo~redto grope his olvn way, instead of being providcd w-ith my
material, corrolIorates them equally. I was also askcd ~ v h yI did not l~nl)lisllan a c c o t ~ of i my
tmvels, a~ if I had 11-orked to arnusc the gencral rcader, and not to instruct tlle scllolar. I t
also scenls to have bcen forgotten that I was engaged on an official mission, and that I might
think nljsclf bollnd to sup1)rcss a number of incidcnts ~ r h i c hinvolved otliers, and ~vllicllyct
1 cry life of a book of travels. IIolv far I can give an account of my adventllrcs
\\it11 finfcty to mysclf and yet without injury to the l)~lblicntion.I llave not yet determined.
I llal-e said eno~lgllto cxplain mlly I have not written an account which, if edaustive, miglit
l s myself, and which, if incomplete, n-onltl not satisfy mc or nly readers. After
be d n n ~ c r O 1to
1
dcl)utc(l for " rcslllts," and not for personal display, nnd tlicse results \rill remain
tllc al)o\-e ol!jcctions I\ ill long ]laye been forgotten.
 TYllat these results are I would briefly enumerate. First, we ]lave ascerhined the
existence of a number of languages-one of which Childsi, the object of my mission, is a mere
rude dialect-which were spoken at or before the time that Sanscrit bemme the perfect "
language. Their grammatiml frame^\-ork is now within the reach of scholars, whilst tile
dialogues and vocabularies are of practical use to future travellers.
Secondly, the legends and traditions of the Dards show a more 66 European " tone
and form, if I may use the term, than anything me find in India.
Thirdly, by the adoption of my term "Dardistan," for the countries between &bul,
Kashmir, and Badakhshan, me are led to compare a number of races, which offer certain
analogies, and ~vhichmay hnl-e liad a certain history in common since the time of Alexander
the Great's invasion of India.
Fourthly, onr Government now know accurately what they certainly did not know
before 1866, namely, the modern history of the countries bordering on Rashmir.
Fifthly, itineraries in all directions, througll the whole of the Neutral Zone, are
given, to which every possible local information is addcd. They may not always be strictly
geogmphi~tl,but they will always materially nssist the traveller in those unknown regions.
Tlle importance of maps induced nie to apply to the eminent geographer, Mr. E. G.
Ral-enstcin, for co-operation. I-Ie expresses himself as follows on the fiubject :-
'' The maps h w e been most carefully constructed with the aid of all the existing material,
amongst which the great Trigonometrical Survey, carried on under Colonel Walker, the Tmns-
Himalayan explorations, conducted hy Colonel Montgomerie, the researches and surveys of
Colonel H. C. Johnstone. Nr. G. J. IV. Hayward, Dr. 11. W.Bellew, Captain 11. G. Raverty,
deserve to be particularly mentioncd. Tlie itineraries collected by Dr. Leitner, as well as the
local information gathered by him in 1866 and embodied in his Dardistan, Parts 11. and III.,
(1867-73), have been embodied in these Maps, and have largely improved their value.
Chiltis, n-hich is a blank, or nearly so, on the official maps ~nblishedrn recently as 1873,
appears full of names ; and Kandiii, a district to the West of the Indus, now for the first time
makes i$ appearance on any map whatever. The information contained in a native map,
a copy of ~bhichaccompanies this volume, and nhich has been translated 1)y Dr. Leitner, hns
been likewise used largely."
Acertainanalogy between an historicallegend at Ghilgliit, and one referring to Takht-i-
bahi, also gives me the opportunity of republisliing a now forgotten account of my excavation
of sculpttu.es in 1870, nrhich seemed to mc to represent a link in history, and in the history
of art, to ~vhichonly the name of '6Gr~co-Buddhistic"could be applied ; a term which
I accordingly mas the first to use. I think that the photographs at the cnd of this volume
strikingly illustrate the truth, as regards the influence of Greck art on Buddhistic sculpt~~re,
o ~ ~ I also
of Plutarch's reference to Alexander the Great, ~ a ~ a u ~T ~~ XlU d~a av 'r E A k 7 u ~ ~TCAEUL.
append a Iteport, which was made to Parliament, on my labours and collection, as sonle
explanation of the nature and difficulties of my work.
I have no\v only to add that this edition is practically only an enlarged for111 of
the Parts I., II., and III., ~rhichhave already appearccl at Laliore under the head of "Results
of a Tour in Dardistan." There are only a hundred copies of this edition, which is intcnded
for the exclusive use of scholars, for wlloae sake the considerable expense of maps has not
been spared, a fact mliicli may make them indnlgent to the want of finish which charactcrises
this work throughout.
 EXTRACT FROJI PREFACE 'I'O PART I.

As several years have passed sincc the publication of Part I. of D,~r~listsn,

an extract
from its Preface may be uscf11L in explaining the nature or' the work on mhicl~I am e n ~ n g r ~ l .
" Tlle first volume " 'l'he races and I:~ngrlngesof Dardistnn," mas composed ~ ~ n t l considerable
er
difficulties. The Punjab Government cor~ld only afford me leave fnr the " Special ;\IissionMon
which I was deprlted, between tlie Gtli of A n p t ant1 tlie 20th of October 1806. [ Rashmir I
lmd visited in 1SG5 and again in 1306. Ladal:, kc., T l ~ n dalso already visited. 1 During t l ~ a t
period I had to make gencrnlly two, nnit sometimcs tllree, mnrclles a day, [frsm I > to 33 1nilcsJ
~llostlyon foot, over nlhur~tninoas country, a portion of lvhicn ?:as t l ~ e YCCIIC of frontier war-
fare. I found that t h e ferocity of the people of Darclistnn had been exaggerated, but rnovinq
on unknowr~soil, I had to t;~lrcevcry precaution. Three weeks also of thc s l ~ o r tleave rnIlicll I
lind mere devoted to searching after t h e remains of my fricnd l f r . 11. Comie, who, togcthcr
with two followers, had perisl~etlon a torlr tlrro11~11T,nd:~li&c ,m l ~ i c lI~ 11x11 terminztc(1 on tha
1st of July of tile same year. I mny, however, sny that wllntevcr n ~ ycontrib~ltion to philolo-
gical science may be wort11 I li/ernl/y ncver wnstetl n sinqle making 11o11rdarirlq my t o ~ ~ r Srlr.
.
rounded by enemies, often thirsty, hungry anct witl~outshelter, I encleavonred to acqlrir~ fro111
se~ni.snvaqeswhat have Ilitlicrto been [mitll the e ~ c e ~ ~ t iofn na few \vnrds] cntirzly ~ ~ n k n n \ r n
languages. The Dardur IIIVC no written chnracter. After ncqniring tlre most neczssiry wortlq
I used to put simple questions to my new xcqu~intances and ende.tvour to elicit thc Gram-
matical form4 mhicll 1 rsqlliretl in their replics. I nceci not dwell on the niiny tlisnppointmenh
wl~ichthis endeavour entailed. Orten wllcll allnost c e ~ t n i nof n p:rrtic~rlxrtense 8 c &c , T moult1
c(iscoverthat my inh~rmnntsIincl either mistaken the q ~ ~ e s t i obeen
n , unable to nnswcr it or 11n1lin
reply mrde use of an irlfot~z Two 811ins nccornpanicd me to tlle Pnn,j:rl, mllerc t l ~ c ystayed Tor
few rnontlls and to tliij circ~~mstnnces I owe the corrcetion of t h e Shin; portion of tho book.
(Since then nnotlicr G~lgiti, four Kaiirs ant1 two Clrildsis have entered my service). On tlr-
wholc, I am inclined to think that hy far tlrc! yrentcr portion of the booli i~ correct. TIIP
arrangement, I an1 alv.lrc, is not syitenlntic tl~roughol~t,
but I woul~lbcn my critic.; to rcmeln5cr
that, even such as it is, it is n grcnt i~nprovement011 the scattered J l c ~ n o1il:ely
~ to he matle by 3

t1.1veller i:l those rcgionq. Scarcely back Iron1 the tour I for~nllmyself in tllc millst of w o ~ k .
it i3 not to be \vonderetI .rt Ll~.rt1l1c
F1111yoccupicd by ollicinl, etlitorial and other literary ~111tics
1)resent work erl~ibitssome signs of R ............
11.1sty~ c r f o r n i a ~ ~...
cc
The spellin= ncloptctl i l l this booli i~ gcnernlly as in Germn:~,b ~ l in
t convrlrleusc of \vnlit
of s~lficiel~t or proper type l l ~ efollow in^ signa :-, ' or ' h:~veoftc11 bcen m:rtlc lo (10 ~crvice for
,
onc a~lother."' I may state that " tll" " 1~11" I;!," arc nlmnys to be rcn'l dincriticnllj-. [ ]
rllclosczi either tllc sentencc in wlricll the pnrtic~~lnr wort1 referretl to ir contninctl or is a dortbtir~l
word. Signs of interrog:ltion eitlicr rncalt that t!~e\vor(l is very (loubtf~~l
or t l ~ , ~tI12
t explnna-
tion will be found further on."
----_L-

+ Indeed tllerc sro not enorlg11 " ~ i ~ " s the C ~ l ~ o preaeeo

n at re to ncccn:uda ,111 the words and I ruost,, Lhcrcfure,
eonlpo~ethe publicab.on ul' ao nccurore cdilion l o a possible C~nureuf litrrary case i n Europe.
 1NTEOL)UCTION TO PART IIT.

T O any one interested in t h e remnants of a n ancient civilization, the absorption of tile

Dard races which is now going on is natrlrnlly a m e l i ~ ~ ~ cevent.
h ~ I y T h e legends and songs wlrich
I collected at Gilgit iri lSGG mill not live for Inany after most of its inhabitants have
been dispersed to more savage or more ortllodos " region r, or have completely come under
foreign rule. Tlie Jlul~ammadanAfigllnns encroacli on the inhabitants of the Hindu Ihsll,
till the Inst blue-eyed Kafir '' girl Ilas bein
6L
i n t o slitvery (perhal~sbyher own father as an
act of propitiation of his Muslim neigllboul-) or till the monotony of Islanl llas smothered the
national life which resisted tlie attacks of Timur.

The material which I have collected, altliouSh abundant, is not complete. I will,
however, no longer delay its publication in the Itope that morc and more accurate information
may yet reach me. I f i t does, I can always '& add " LL explain " or " coriect." I f I do not
hasten to publish :he information mhicli I still have, i t may share the fate of the 116s. which
exposure llas already rendered illegible.* Circumstances may also arise which will leave these
fragmeutary records as t h e ~ ~ i ones,
l y regarding races which are disappearing. The interests of
science require that I should pitblish what I Iiave, a t whatever cost t o a n Autlior's wish to offer
somethiog complete and in an attractive form.

Therefore, rather than allow t h e material of 1SG6 to perish, to which I have Lad
the opportunity of largely adding i n 1872, 1 an1 compelled t o publish i t ( with the addition of
copious notes) almost i n the form in mliich I Erst committed i t t o writing. 19y official work is
heavy and various, and I can obtain no leave from Government t o elaborate ~ I I Cresults of a
lnission on mliich i t sent m e in 1866. 1 am illdebted t o the learned wcrld for their recep-
tion of Parts I. and 11. of my Dardistan, some years ago, and am very grateful to those societies
and S:lvanr in England wlio ruenlorialized the Honle Government i n 1869 to' grant me leave to
finish my book, which under present circun~stnncc~,can only come out in fragments and at
uncertain periods.

Tlie unfortunate termination of Mr. Hayward's mission has also influenced my de-
cision to " poblish " as soon as possible. This gentleman, instead of being provided with Parts
1, and 11. of Dardistan, mas forced into tlie position of being, in 1870, an original explorer on
belialf of the Geographical Society, of what had, to a great extent, already been treated with
considerable minuteness by myself in 1S6G. He mas thus obliged to g o over t h e same ground,
as far as 11ecould, in the very brief Vocabularies whicli lie collected. H c was not a philologist, but
11e might have studied with advantage my Dirrdu '' Vocabularies and Dialogues" previous to ntart-
iug on liis expedition and then would have been enabled to have added something to our knowledge
of one o r tlie other of the Ditrd languages. I t is not likely that Dardistan will soon again be
-- --
Some of my note@,which wnold havc rccallcd observations, had I beon ablc to write them out in 1867, are now
mrnnin~l-rnto me. A IPW3 Ingo, &c., &c.. written dow~uin pencil, hare b e c r r ~ ~ubli~elnted
~e either by exposure during be tour
ur lapee of time, and i( I winh l o s*va the bolk of the mslerinl nhich I have collected. I muat be prepred to sscrifico any lilerar9
raoily w h ~ c h1 may hsic and merely put my " 1)nrdialsn " in!o a priuhstl lorm for lulurs elnboration, clther by myself Or lome
otllor aoquiter.
 but in any case, it is necessary that future explorers should possesa, as a starting point, all
that I~asbeencollected by their predecessors, however imperfect that information may be. I believe
however, that considering the difficulties of investigating the history kc. of semi-savage tribes, in-
fbrmation is afforded on all points of anv importance i n tlie folIowing pages. I have to add that
the Legends, Fables and a fern pages of t h e Chapter on thc " Xannera of the Darda " have dreedg
been published in the " hidialr AnliYunry."
 L I S T OF C O N T E N T S .
I.--DARDU LEGENDS ....................................................................... page 1 ito . i
A.-DEMOS s.Yat~h ....................................................................... ,
1 . .............................................
Tho Wedding of Demons
.
,I
1
1
Song of the mot her of the demon ...................................... 2
2 . The demon's present of Coal is turned into Gold .................... 3
Another song of the uother.demon .................................... 11 *
B.-FAIBIEB" BABAI."
.
1 The Sportsman and the cnstle of tlie Fairies ....................... 4
2. 1 hc Fairy and her Human Lover .................................... ,, 5

D.-HI~TOBICAL LEQENDOF THE OBIGIN OF QILBIT ...........................

The Cannibal Tyrant ............................................................
The incarnation of theFairy for the delivery of Qilgit ..................
marriage of the deliverer with theTyrant's Daughter .................
Destruction of the Tyrant and abolition of homnn sacrifices .........
National Commemoration of the event ...................................
A curious domestic incident and gong .................................
Song of definnce of tho rebel peasant levelling tho Tyrant's Castle .
Amusements during Cbe Nauroz ..................... ..................

E.-LE~ERDS RELATING TO ANIMALS...................................................

.
1 A Bear encourages n Woman to npin .................................
2. A Bear marries a girl .....................................................
3. .
Bears nro the ofspring of ar i~npecuniousdebtor ..................
4 . The Bear dodges the One-eyed Man .................................
5 . T l ~ eWedding festival of Bears .........................................
6. Tho Flying Porcupine ...................................................
7 . T h e fight between the Wolves nnd the Bearwl~odug their gmve .
11.-RIDDLES. PROVERBS AND FABLES ............................................... IS t o I R

..
................... .......................................................... ,, 1 5LC1 5
~.-,FAIILFS
The Woman nod tho Hen ....................................................... 17
The Spnrrow and the Dlountain ............................................. ,, 17
Tho Bat supporting the Firmanent ......................................... 11 1s
The Frog in n dilommn ........................................................ ,, 1H
T l ~ e F o x a n d t h c U n i v e r s o ................................................. l8
The F o r andtho P o m e g n n o t ~ ............................................... lr IS
 ..
III.-SONGS (text, trnnnalaliou nucl nolcs) ........................................................ pnga 1 0te2 5
1. Tho Gilgit Queen and the Moguls .......................... ... 19 ..
2 . Gilgit War SOU^ ........................................................... rr 19

3 . Lament for the absent Gilgit Warrior .............................. .

4 . Old Kational Shins Song ................................................
Tho deserted wife and the faitlllesa husband ........................
.
.
20
20
2'
5
6 . Tho Jilted Lover's Dream . (Astori Jli~lcct) ........................ .. 22
7. Modern Astori Soog ...................................................... .
. 23
........................................................... 2 4lo2 6
...
C u a n ~ zSoscs
~
S . Guraizi IIuuling Pcllg ...................................................... 25
. ......
9 Praise of tho Conqueror Sher Bhah Ali Shah. (in Guraizi)
10. CIIILASISONUS.( hfessage to a Sncetheart) ....................... . 26
27
II . Quarrel between brothers ........................... .. 27
. Transi toriness of the world ........................
I!?
A praycr of the Bashgeli Knfirs ..................................... ." 27
OJ

(a).-Amusemenls ..............................................................
(h).-Bevernges ................................................................
(c).-Dirth Ceremonies .........................................................
(d) .- BInrriage ..................................................................
Invitation to the Bride. (A Song) .................................
(e).-Funerals .. .................................
...........................
(f) -- Holgdsya ............................,. ...................................i
(,T).-The Religious Idrns of the Dnrds .....................................
(A).-Forms of Qovtru~neutauloug the Dards ...........................
(i).-Habitations ..............................................................
(iL-Divisions of tile Dnrd Races .................................. ......

V.-HISTORY OF THE WARS WITH KASRJILR .......................................

~..SLnlgglc.q of Cl~ilns .............................................
for the conq~~eal
11.-War with Qnuhar Alnnn for the possession of Q ~ l g l t ........................
11r.-War on Ynsin nnd the Bfassacrc of its iuhnbitnuts . [1860-631 ............
rv --XTnl . with Kngyr nncl Iiouza . [186$-G6] ......................................
v.-lV\l:~r wit11 D R P P ~[figl~intnn]
I 16GG ................................................
rr -1'1.l~arnl. ptatc! of illir I'nli ............................................................
A I I I ~ I.............................................................................
~1r.--1111lh I
~III.-Blutincc~a of 1857 i l l tho JIal~arajall'a Army ..................................
~\.-Perso~~.llOliycrrntio~lsd ~ r r i ~tho ~ g\lr:lr of IS66 .................................
 IT.-The ~~nlllesof the priucipnl chiefs of tho Chilnsis nud of the
(uide History of \Vnrs with Rashmir) ..............
Yngl~~stn~iis

Y1II.-HISTORICAL A P P E N D I X (wit11 uoles Ily tho Aull~or) ...........................

1 . Note on I<ylas nud its iol~;~bitnuts ........................ ...........
Captain On~mnoey'sIlcport on Chilns ................................
2 . Notes on Gilgit Gnullnr Amnn. k c . fic ...............................
3 . Mr . Hnyward's expedition nnd account ofthe Yaain Nnssncro ...
4. Qencrnl Cunninghnm'~reference to 6110 Dards ....................
. .
5 11r Vigno's refer.nccs to the Dnrds ...................... ..........
6 A
a
few nuecdotcs about Gal;'lar .
4 man ................................

....
Dr Leitner's forthcomillg publicatione X .I.,...........
......
......
............... ,. 107 to 108
Dr. LeilnerVspast publicnlions ...............................................................
108 to 109
 DARDU LEGENDS,
[Cornmilled lo wrilixq for the f i t lime ijt lSGG fion the diciclnlivn u/ Dord.. Tick race /iur

no wrillen chnracler of ils oicn.1

Demons are of a gigantic size, and have only one eye which is on the forehead. Tliey
~ oppose the cultivation of the soil by man. Tlley often
used to rule over the m o u n t a i ~ iarid
drugged people away into their recesses. Since the adoption of the Muhammadan religion, the
Demons have relinquished their possessions, and only occasionally trouble the believers.
They do not walk by day, but confine themselves to promenading a t night. A spot
is shown near Astor at a village called Bulent, where five large mounds are pointed out wliicll have
somewllat the sliepe of huge baskets. Their existence is explained as follows. A Zeminda:.
[cuitirator] a t Crukot, a village further on, on the Kaohmir road, had with great trouble sifted his
grain for storing, and!rad put it into baslcets and sacks. H e then went away. The Demons came-
five in number,-carrying huge leather sacks into which they put the grain. They then wcnt to
a place which is still pointed out and called "Gut: Gutum6 Yataheyn gau boki," or '.The place of
tlie demons' loads at the hollo\v "-Gu6 being tlie Shina name for the present village of Gruk6t.
There they brought up a liugc flat stone-which is stil! shomn-and made it into a kind of pan
( Itarn&I, for the preparation of bread. But the morning damned and obliged thein to disappear ;
they converted the sacks and their contents into earthcn mounds wliicll have tile of
baskets arid are still shown.
1.-THE WEDDIKC O F DEJIOXS.
((A Sliilinri [sportsman] was once hunting in tlie l~ills. H e liad taken prcvicions wit11
11im lor five days. 011tlie sisth day he found himself without any food. Excited and fatigued
by his fruitless expedition lie wandered into the deepest mountain recesses, careless whitlier
he went ar long as lie could find water to assuage Ilia tliirst, and a few mild berries to
allay his Iinnzer. Even that scarcll mas unsuccessful and, tired and hungry, he endeavourcd
to compose Iii~nselfto sleep. Even that comfort lvas deuied him, and ncarly maddened with
his situation he a g i n arose and looked around him. It was the first or second hour of niglit
and at a short dist;rnce he descried a large fire blazing a most cheerful welcome to t h e
Iiungry, and now cliilled, wanderer. I l e approached it quietly, hoping to meet some other
sportsman wlio ~niglitprovide lii~n witli fond. Coming near the fire lie saw a very large
~ u ( curious
l assembly of giants eating, drinkinq and singing. I n great terror he wanted
to make his way back, mlien one of the assembly who liad a squint in liis eye got up for
tile pmpose of fetcliirig water for tlie others. H e overtook him, and asked him
-- .~. . - - -- . - - . - -.-.- ..
"PAL~ ~
rnrann
" " 11nd " in KnnLrniri.
whether Le mas a " child of m.in."
Half dead with terror lie scarcely could answer
that he was, when the Demon invited him to join them a t the meeting whicll was described
to be a wedding party. The Shikari replied You are a Demon and will destroy me : on
which the spirit took a n oath by the slcn o?ld Me ~ ~ t o o nthat
, he certainly would not do so.
-
I I e then bid him under a bosh and went back with the water. E e had scarcely returned
when a plant was torn out uf the ground and a sinall aperture was made into whicll tile giants
managed to throw all their property, and, gradually making themselves thinner and thillner,
themselves vanished into the ground through it. Our sportsman was tlien taken by the hand
by the friendly demon, and, before lie knew how, he himself glided through the hole and found
himself i n a huge apartment, which mas splendidly illuminated. H e was placed in a corner,
he would not be observed. He received some food and gazed in mute astonishment on
the assembled spirits. ~t last, he saw the mother of the bride taking her daughter's hcad into
ller ]ap and weeping bitterly a t t h e prospect of her departure into another household.
Unable
to controlher grief, and in compliance with an old Shin custom she began thc singing of the
evening b y launclling into the following strains.

SONG O F THE MOTHER.

ORIGINAL.

A,iiryn B i r B i * nley palbse, sltlkb sanky,

(Thy) mother's Birani ! m y little darling ornaments will wear,
Inne Buldar B~ihlre angai t a p bey hani,
[Whilst] Here at Buldar Biltslie the heavens dark will become,
Ndgeri Phnll Tshn'lslre Kani m i d n i in,
T]le Nagari (of race) Phall Tshatsho of Khans the prince will come,
Tbyn Niririn vta'lose tslrk glim dagty,
Thy Mirkan father-from new corn will be distributed.
Sa'tli Yabeo ~ceydo! Shad& Mclik bojum Ihhnr.
Seven rivers' water be ! Shadu Malik a going will make,
Tey Nzrinnn n~alo Tshe gi dagc,
Thy, Mirkann, father, h'ow g l ~ e e mill distribute.
-
TRAXSLATION.

" 011 Birini, thy mother's own ; thou little darling wilt wear ornaments, whilst to
me, who will remain here a t Buldar Butshe, the heavens will appear dark. The prince of Lords
of P'hall Tshatshe race is coming from Nagyr and RIirkann, thy father, now distributes corn,
[ as an act of welcome.]

The hther's name was MirKhan.

Tho danghkr'a ,, ,, Rirani.
The bridegroom'9 name was SLaJu BIalili uf N ~ g j rof Pball Tshalohe rare and l h c place or the wrddinc wag
 Be (as fruitful and pleasant) as the water olseven rivers, for Shadu Malik [the prince]
is determined to start, and now thy father Mirkann is distributing ghee [as a compliment to
the departing guest.]

The Shikari began to enjoy tlie scene and mould have liked to have stayed, but his
squinting friend told him n o ~ vthat Ile could not be allowed to remain any longer. So he got up,
but before again vanishing througl~the above mentioned aperture into the human world h e took
a look at the Demons. To his astonishment he beheld on the shoulders of one a shawl,
~ h.id safely lcft at home. Another held his gun ; a third was eating out of his
~ v h i c l 11e
own dishes ; some had his many-coloured stockings on, and another disported himself i n
Pidjamas [drawere] which he only ventured to put on, on great occasions. H e also saw many ot
t h e things that had excited his admiration among lhe property of his neighbonrs in his native
being most familiarly used by the Demons. H e scarcely could be got to move away.
but his friendly guide took hold of him and brought him again to the lace where he had
first lnet him. On taking leave he gave liim three loaves of bread. As his village was far
off he consumed two of thz loaves on the road. On reacl~inghis home he found his father who
llad been getting rather anxious at his prolonged absence. To him he told all that had
happened and showed liim the remaining loaf of which the old man ate half. His mother,
a good housewife, took the remaining half and threw it into a large granary where, as i t was
the season of Shar6 (autumn) a sufficient store of flour had been placed for the use of the
family during the winter. Strange to say, that half loaf brought luck, for demons mean i t
sometimes kindly to tile cl~ildren of men and only hurt them when they consider themselves
offended. 'rho granary remained always full and the people of the village rejoiced the
family, for they.were liked and were good people. I t also should be told that as soon as
the Sbikari came home hc looked after his costly shawl, dishes, and clothes, but he found all
in its proper place and perfectly uninjured. On enquiring amongst his neighbours he also
found that they too had not lost anything. He was much astonished a t all this tillan
old woman who had a great reputation for wisdom told him that this was t h e custom of
demons and that they invariably borrowed the property of mankind for their weddings and as
invariably restored it. On occasions of rejoicings amongst them they felt kindly towards
mankind " Thus ends one of the prettiest tales that I hnvc ever heard.

2.-THE DEMON'S P R E S E N T O F COALS I S T U R N E D INTO GOLD-

Something similar to what has just bee11 related is said to have happened
at Doyur on the road from Gllilgit to Nagyr. A man of the name of P h a k o had a
son, named Lasliirr, who, one day, going out to fetch water was caught by a Yatsh
who torc u p a plant 1" rccds "?I phur6" and entered with the lad into the fissure which mas
thcrehy created. H e brought him to a large palace in which a number of goblins, male and female
were diverting themselves. H e there saw all the valusblej of the inhabitmtS hid vi\lage.
A wcdding was being celebrntod and the ruotllcr sang :
G ~ i n bag6
l ddy, Budul6y Khatitni.
Gilm bag6 ddy, huh& liuhi ! !
Gi bag6 clCy, Budul6y KKhat6nise.
Gi bag6 ddy, hull4 huh6 ! !
M6tz bag6 d6y, Buduley Khatitni.
Motz bag6 dEy, huh6 huh& ! !
11A I),, ,, &c., &c.
TI1AXSLATION.
Corn is being clistributed, daughtcr of Budul.
Corn is being distributed, hurrah ! huirah ! (Chorus.)
Chee is being distributed, kc. J c . (Chortts.)
N e a t is being distributed, kc. kc. ( CLol.tts,)
Wine is Leing distributed, &c. kc. kc. &c. ( C h o r t ~ . ~ . )

On his departure, the demon gave liim a sackful of coals and conducted him, t l ~ rtile
~ ~ ~ l ~
aperture made by tlle tearing u p of the reed, towards his village. The momellt the demon
had left, the boy emptied the sack ~f the coals and went home, when he told his father what
]lad happened. I n the emptied sack they found a small bit of coal which as soon as they
touched i t became a gold coin, very mucli to the regret of tlie boy's father \vho would have
likad his son to have brougllt home the whole sackful.
-
B.-" BSRAI " " PERIS " " FAIRIES. " I

-
They arc h,zndsome, in colitradistinction to the Yatsh or Dcmons, and stronger ;
they have a beautiful castle on tlre top of t h e Nanga Parbat or Dyarmul (so called from being
inaccessible). Tliis castle is made of crystal, and the peoplc fancy they can see it. They call

-
i t " Shell-batte-k6t " or Castle of Glass-stone."

1. T H E SPOIITS3IAN A N D T H E CASTLE O F THE FAIRIES.

Once a sportsman ventured up the Nang-a Parbat. To his surprize he founil

no difficulty, and renturing farther and farther he, at last, reached the top. Therc Ile
saw a beautiful castle made of glass and pusl~ing one of the doors lie enlererl it, and
found himself in a most magnificent apartment. Through it lre s a n an open space that
appeared to be t l ~ egarden uf the c ~ t l e ,but there was in it only one tree of exeessivo hcigllt
and which was entirely composed of pearls and corals. The delighted sportsman filled his
B& i n which he carried his corn and left the place hoping to enrich liirnself by the sale of
the pearle. As he was going out of the door he saw an innumerable crowd of serpents
fullowing him. In his agitation he shouldered the sack and attempted to run, when a prarl f ~ l l
out This a scrpent at once sn~allowedand disappeared. The sportsmau, glad to get rid of his
pursucrv a t any price, threw pearl after pearl to them and iri every case i t had the desired effect.
~t last, ollly one serpent remained, but for her [ a fairy in that shape ? ] he found no pearl and,
urged on by fear, he hastened to his village Tarsing, whicli is a t the very foot of tlie Nanga
Parbat. On entering liis house he found it in great agitation ; bread was being distributed to
tile poor as they do at funcrals, for liis family had giveu him up as lost. T h e serpent atill
followed and stopped at the door. I n despair, the man threw tlie corn-sack a t her, when lo !
a glided out, wllicl~mas eagerly smallo~vedby tlie serpent which immediately disappeared.
However, the man was not the same being as betore. H e was ill for days aud in about a
fortnight after the events narrated, died, for fairies never forgivc a man who has surprised
their secrets.
-
2. THE PL41RY W H O P U N l S R E D HER HUMAN LOVER.
--
I t is not believed in Astor that fairies ever marry human beings, but in Ghilghit
there is a legend to that effect. A famous sportsman, Kibii Lori, who never returned empty-
handed from any excursion, kept company with a fairy to whom lie was deeply attached.
Once in the hot wcather the fairy said to him not to g o out shooting, during " the seven days of
the summer," "Canicular~"whicli are called " Bardr," and are supposed t o be the hottest days
in Dardistan. " I am," said she, " obligcd to leave you for that period and, rniud, you do not
follow me." The sportsman promised obedience and the fairy vanished, saying that he would
die if he attempted to f o l l o ~her. Our love-intoxicated Nimrod, however, could not
endure her absence. On tilc fourth day lie shouldered his gun and went out with tlie hope of
meeting her. Crossing a range he came upon a plain where he saw an immense gathering o f
game of all sorts and his beloved fairy milching a " Kill " [markhor] and gatliering the milk into
a silver vcrsrl. The noisewhicli K i b i Lori made caused tlie animal t o start and to strike oilt with
its legs, wllich upset the silver vessel. The fairy looked up, and to her anger beheld the
disobedient lover. She went up t o him and, after reproaching him, struck him in the face.
But she liad scarcely done so wlicn despair mastered her heart, and shc cried out in the deepest
anguish, that " he now must die within four days " '' However," she said, '' do shoot one of these
animals, so that people may not say that you hc*ve rcturned empty-handed." The poor man
returned crest-fallen to hia home, laid dowu and died on tlie fourth day.

C.-DAYALL = WIZARDS A N D WITCHES.

The gift of second sight or rather tile intercourse with fairies is confined to a few families
in which it is I~ereditaqr. The Wizard is made to inhale the fumes of a fire
ml~icli is lit with the wood of the f ~ h i f i (Paqjabi=Padarn) a kind of firwood which gives
much smoke. Into tlie fire the milk of a white sheep or goat is poured. The wizard inhales
thc smoke till he apparently becomes insensible. H e is then taken on the lap of one of the
spectators who sillgs a song wliicll restores him to his senses. I n the meanwhile, a goat is
-- - _ _
* Elsonhere called " Ishi."
elaughtered and the moment tho fortune-teller jumps up, its bleeding neck is presented to
him which he sucks as long as a drop remains. T h e assembled musicians then strike up
a great noise and the wizard rushes about in the circle which is formed round him and
talks unintelligibly. Tlle fairy then appears at some dietanc: and sings, which, l:owever, only
the wizard hears. H e then communicates lier saying3 i n a song to one of the musicidns who
explains its meaning to the people. The wizard is called upon to foretell events and to give
advice i n cases of illness, &c. kc. The people believe that in ancicnt times these IIayaIls
invariably spoke correctly, but that now scarcely one saying i n a hundred tu:.ns out to be
true. Wizards do not now make a livelihood by their talent, which is considered its own
reward.

There are few Legends so exqnisite as the one wl~ich chroniolos the origin
or rather the rise of Qbilghit. T h e traditions regarding Alexander t h e Great, which Vigne
and others have imagined to exist among the people of D~rdistan, are unknown to, :kt
any rate, the ShintI race, excepting i n sn far as any Munshi accompanying the Blaharajah's
troops may, perhaps, accidentally have referred to in conversation with a Shin. Any
such information mould have been derived from the Sak~ndnrnama of Nizimi and
would, therefore, possess no original value. There exist no ruins, as far as I have
gone, t o point to an occupation of Dardistan b y the soldiers of Alexander. The following
legend, however, which not only lives in the memories of all tlie Shin people, whether they be
Chilasis, Astoris, Ghilgitis, or Brokhpi 1the latter as I discovered living actually side by
side with the Baltis in Little Tibet] but which also an annual festival commemorates, is not
devoid of interest from either an historical or a purely literary point of view.
-

D.-HISTORICAL L E G E N D OF THE O R I G I N O F G H I L G H I T .

''Once upon a time there lived a raae at Qhilgliit whose origin is nncertain. Whether
they sprnng from the soil or had immiqrated from a distant region is doubtful ; so much is
believed that they mere Gayupi,=spontaneous, aborigines, unknown. Over them ruled a
monarch who was a descendant of the evil spirits, the Yatsh, who terrorized over tlie world. His
name was Slliribadatt, and he resided at a castle in front of which was a courae fnr the perfor-
mance of t h e manly game of Polo [described elsewhere]. His tastes were capricious, and in
every onc of his actions his fiendish origin could be di~cerned. The natives bore Iiis rulc wit11
resignation, for what could they effect against a monarch at whose command even magic aids
were placed? However, the country mas rendered fertile, and round the capital bloomed attrac-
tive gardens.
ILTheheavens, or rather the virtuma Peris, a t last grew tired of his tyranny, for he had
cromed his iniquities by indulging in a propensity for cannibalism. This taste had been clevclop-
ed by an accident. One day his cook brought him soma mutton broth, the like of which he had
never tasted. After much inquiry as to the nature of the food on which the sheep had been
brought up, i t wae eventually traced t o an old woman, its first owner. She atatcd that lier child
and tlie sheep mere born on the same day, and losing the former, she had consoled herself by
suckling the latter. This was a revelation to the tyrant. H e had discovered the secret of the
palatability of the broth, and was determined to have a never-ending supply of it. So he ordered
that hip kitchen should be regularly provided with children of a tender age, whose flesh, when
converted into brotll, would remind him of the exquisite dish he had once so much relished. This
cruel order was carried out. The people of the country were dismayed a t such a state of things,
and sought slightly to improve it by sacrificing, in the first place, all orphans and childrenof
neighbouring tribes! The tyrant, however, was insatiable, and soon was his cruelty felt b y
many families at Ghilghit, who were compelled t o give up their children to slaughter.

Relief came at last. A t the top of the mountain KO, which i t takes a day to ascend, and
rnhich overlooks the village of Doyur, below Ghilghit, on the otlrer side of the river, appeared tbree
figures. T i e y looked like men, but n u c h more strong and Ilandsome. In their arms
they carried bows and arrows, and turning their eyes i n the direction of Doyur, they
innumerable flocks of sheep and cattle grazing on a prairie between that village
and the foot of the mountain. The stranger5 were fairies, and had come [perhaps from Nagyr?]
to this region with the view of ridding Ghilghit of t h e monster that ruled over it. However.
this intention mas confined to the two elder ones. The three strangers were brothers, and none of
them had been born at the same time. I t was their intention t o make Azru Shemsher, the youngest,
Rajali of Ghilgbit, and, in order to achieve their purpose, they hit upon the following plan. On the
already uoticed prairie, which is called Diding6, a sportive calf was gambolling towards and away
from its mother. It was the pride of its owner, and its brilliant red colo~ircould be seen from
a distance. 'Let us see who is tliebest marksman,' exclaimed t h e eldest, and, saying this, he shot
an arrow in the direction of the calf, but missed bis aim. The second brother also tried to hit it,
but also failed. A t last, Azru Shemslier, who took a deep interest in the aport, shot his arrow,
which pierced the poor animal from side t o side and killed it. The brothers, whilst descending,
congratulated Azru on his sportsmanship, and ou arriving at tlie spot where the calf was lying,
proceeded ta cut its throat and to take out from its body the titbits, lzalnely the kidneys, a n d the
liver.

'6 They then roasted these delicacies, and invited Azru to partake of them first. He

respectfully declined, on the ground of his y ~ u t h but

, they urged him to do so, ' i n order,' they
said, ' t o reward you for such a n excellent shot.' Scarcely had the meat touched the lips of Azru
than the brothers got up, and, vanislling into the air, called out, ' Brother! you have touched
impule food, which Peris never should eat, aud we have made use 3f your iguorance of this lam,
because we want to mzke you a human being * who shall rule over Ghilghit ; remain therefore at
Doyur.' Azru, in deep grief a t the separation, cr~ed, ' W h y re~naiha t Doyur, unless it be to
grind corn?' ' Theu,' said the brothers, 'go to Ghilghit.' 'Why,' was the reply, ' g o to
Ghilgbit, unless it be to work in the gardens?' 'No, no, ' was the last and consoling rejoinder;
'you will assuredly become the king of this country, and deliver it from its merciless oppressor.'
--
* eat in^ meat wan the proeesn of " incarnation."
No ruoro mas hcard of the departing fairies, and Azru remained by himself, endeavollring to
consolation from t h e great mission which had been bestowed on 11irn. A villager nlet Ililll,
and, struck by his appearance, offered liiln shelter in his honse. Next morni~lghe went on tile
roof of \>ishost's house, alld, calling out t o him to come up, pointed to the ICo mountain, on
whicl~, 110 said, he p1;linly discerned a wild goat. Tlie incredulous villager began to fear he
harboured a maniac, if no worse character; but Azru shot off his arrow, and, accompanied by tile
villnger (who had assemblecl some friends for protection, as lie was afraid his young guest migLt
be an associate of robbeis, aud lead him into a. trap), went i n the direction of the mountaiu.
There, t o be sure, a t tlie very spot that was pointed out, though Inany iniles distarlt, was lying
t h e wild goat, with Azru's arrow transfixing its body. Tlis astonished peasants at once hailed
him as their leader, but he exacted an onth of secrecy from tliem, for he liad come to deliver
t h e p from their tprant, and would keep his incoguito till such time as his plans for t l ~ edestruc-
tion of t h e monster would be matured.
" H e then took leave of tlie liospitable people of Doyur, and went to Ghilgllit. On
reaching tlie place, which is scarcely four miles distant from Doyur, he amused hirnsel[ by
about i n the gardens adjoining the royal residence. There he met cne of the female
of Shiribadatt's daughtcr (gall in Hill Punjabi, ShadrdY in Qllilglliti) fetcllir,g
water for t h c princess. This lady was remarkably Iiandsome, and of a s\veet disposition,
companion rushed back, and told tbc young lady to look from over the ramparts of the castle at
wonderfully handsome yolrng man whom she had just met. The princess placed
Ilersrlf in a place from which she colild observe any one approaching the fort. H e r Inaid tllcn
returned, and induced Azru to corne with her on the Polo ground, the " ~ h a v a r a ~ l ,i "n front of'tlle
the priucess was smitten with his beauty and a t once fell in love with him. She then sent
word to the yourlg prince to come and see her. When he was admitted into l ~ e rpresence, he for
a longtime denied being anyt,liing else than a common labourer. A t Inst, he confessed to being
a fairy's and the over,joyed princess offered hirn her hear1 and hand. I t may be mentioned
here that the tyrant Shlrlbadatt had a wonderful horse, which could cross a mile at every jump, and
w\licll its rider had accuetomed to jump both into and out of tlie fort, over its walls. So regular were
the leaps wllicli that farnous animal could take, that he invarinbly alighted at tlie distance of
;,mile from the fort and at the same place. On that very day on which the princltss had admitted
voullg Azru into tlie fort, R i n g ~ h i r i b a d a t twas out hunting, of which he was desperately fond,
alld to whicll he used sometimes to dcvote a meek or two at a time. W e must now retllrn to Azru,
whom me have left conversing with the princ2ss. Azru remained silent when the lady confessed

.
her love. Urged to declare his sentirneutu, Ile said that he mould not marry her unless shc bound
herself to him by the most stringent oath ; this she did, and they Became is the sight of God as
iJ they were toedded man and wife." H e then announccd that Iic llad come t o destroy her futher,
and asked her to kill him herself. This she refused; but as she llad sworn to aid him in every
~-

The story of the f e r n horse.

~ ~ ~ ~lllc love.mnking bolween Azru and ~ ~ Princess,
l o tho manner or their marriage and
other incidents corruected w i ~ hthc e~pulsionof the tyrant, deserve attcntlon.
way she coulrl, h e finally induced her to promise that she would ask her htlrer t d e r c Iris 80262
mas. lRefuse food,' said Azru, 'for three or four days, and your father, who is devotedly fond of
will ask for the reason of your strange conduct; then say, 'Fatlicr, you are often staying
amav from me for several days at a time, and I am getting distressed lest sometking should happen
to you; do reassure me by letting me know where your soul is, and let me feel certain that your
life is This tile princeas promised to do, and when her father returned refused food for
several days. The anxious Shiribadatt made inquiries, to ~vhichshe replied by making t h e
already requcsr. The tyrant was for a few moments tllrown into mute astonishment, and
finally ref1~sed compliafice with her preposterous demand. T h e love-smitten lady went o n
starving herself, till at last her father, fearful for his daughter's life, told her not to fret herself
about him, as his sou1 was [of snow ?] i n the snows, and that h e could only perish by fire. T h e
princess communicated this information to her lover. Azru went back to Doyur and the villages
around, and assembled his faithful peasants. Them he asked to take twigs of the fir-tree or tshi,
bind them together and light them-then to proceed in a body with the torches to the castle i n a
circle, keep close together, and snrround i t on every side. H e then went and d u g out a, very
deep I~olp,as deep as a well, in the place where Sl~iribadatt'shorse used to alight, and covered
i t with green boughs. The next day he rexived informalion that tlie torclies (tal& in Ghilghiti
and L61ne in Bstori) were ready. H e at once ordered the villagers gradually to dram near the
fort in the manner whicli he had already indicated.
Icing Shiribadatt was then sitting in his castle; near him his treacherous daughter,
wllo mas so soon to lose her parent. All a t once he exclaimed, ' d. feel very close ; g o
out, dearest, and see what has happened.' T!le girl went out, and saw torches approachingfrom a
distance ; but fancying it to be something connected with the plans of her husband, she went back,
and said i t was nothing. The torches came nearer and nearer, and the tyrant became exceedingly
restless. ' Air, air,' 110 cried, ' I feel very, very ill ;do see, daughter, what is the matter.' The
dutiful lady went, and returned wit11 the same answer as before- A t last, the torch-bearers had
fairly surrounded the fort, and Sliiribadatt, with a presentiment of impending danger, rushed
out of tlie room, saying ' t h a t he felt he was dying.' He then ran to the stables a n d mounted
his favourite charger, and with one blow of the whip made him jump over the wall of the castle.
Faithful to its habit, the noble animal alighted at t h e same place, but alas! only to find itself
engulplicd in a treacherous pit. Before the King had time to extricate l~irnself,the villagers had
run up with their torches. 'Throw them upon him,' cried Azru. With oiie accord all tlle blazing
wood mas thrown upon ~liiribadatt,mko miserably perished. 'Azrn mas then most enthusiasti.
cally prorlaimcd as king, celebrated his nuptials with the fair traitor, and, us sole lribttte, exacted
~ J L Coferity of orhe sheep, insteacl of that of a human child, annitally from every orhe of the
gantioes.* This custom has prevailed down to the present day, and the people of Shin, wherever

* Poqsibly this lcgend is one of t l ~ ccnuscs oCthc uoroundcd rcputntion olcnunibdism which was gircn by Koshmiris
n o ~ ntl1er.r
l Lo thr I)*rdu boforc 10G(i, nod ol which one Dardu trill,> accuscs st~other,~villlnllich, even fit shorlld reside in a
it mn l ~ n r cno intcrcoursc. I rcfcr clsemLcrc to thc custom 01' driukiuA u portion of thc blood "fan
n r i x l ~ l ~ t > i ~ rvnll~.y,
inc
cnculy, to wl~rcllmy ltro d l i r s con~csscd.
they be, celebrate tLeir delivery from the rule of a, monster, and the inauguration of a more
humane Government, in the month preceding the beginning of winter--a month wl&h they call
Dawaki6 or Dayki6-after the full moon is over and the new moon lias set in. The day of this
national celebration is called ' n6s tshilf,' the ' feast of firs: The day generally follows four or
five days after the meat provision for tlie winter has been laid in to dry. A few days of
precede the special festivity, wbich takes place a t night. Then all the men of the villages go
forth, having a torch in their hands, which, at the sound of music, they swing round their heads,
and throw in the direction of Ghilghit, if they are a t any distance from that place; tlle
people of Ghilghit throm i t indifferently about the plain in which that tomn, if tomn it may be
called, is situated. When the tliroming away of the brands is over, every man returns to his
house, where a curious custom is observed. H e finds the door locked. The wife then asks : ' Where
have you been all night? 1won't let you come in now.' Then her husband entreats her and says,
' 1 have brought you property, add children, and happiness, and anything you desire.' Then, after
some further parley, the door is opened, and the husband walks in. H e is, however, stopped by
a beam which goes across the room, whilst all the females of the family rush into an inner
apartment to the eldest lady of the place. The man then assumes sulkiness and refuses to advance,
when the repenting wife launches into the following song :-
ORIGINAL.
Alz'c iril6 sltbliGs qcd roj6 toly6.
I of tiiee glad am, oh Rajah's presented with tolnhs !
jfh titi shubi1L:s zcd asipa panu.
2, ?I
,, oh steed's rider.
yiabilL:s wo' tll71lu'k gi~t~.
, ,t ,, oh gun wearer. [Evidently 3, ~noderilinterpolation,)
fi2i ticte shabilis ZVO kangch' gi)l14.
, >,
,, oh sword wearer.
let!; shabili.s ~co ishapl;a l a m
r, z, .I
oh mantle wearer.
jj,i ftLl> sha6ilGs sRa nlld d i ghu))l
, 71
,, pleasure's price giving I will buy.
jl1i lclf; sAobilila, wo gu'/l?y tahl?lo.
I, J)
,, oh corn heap!
shabi/Gs dn' dc ginxsz.
rejoicing pleasure's price giving I will buy.
&I' ttlti. ~lrabilA~,rid gGy l;(o.
,. ,t ,, oh ghee
ball.
Shabilh sha gintim.
n~ul (1%

-
Rejoicing pleasure's price giving I will buy.
 TRAiiSLATION.

Thou hast made me glad ! thou favourite of the Raja11 !

Thou hast rejoiced me, oh bold horseman !
I am pleased with thee who so well usest gun and sword !
Thou hast delighted me, oh thou who art invested mith a mantle of honour !
Oh great happiness ! I will buy it all by giving pleasure's price.
Oh thou [nourishment to us] a heap of corn and a store of ghee !
Delighted will I buy i t all b y giving pleasure's price !

rt Then the husband relents and steps over the partition beam. They all sit down, dint
together, thug end the festivities of the 'NOS.' The little domestic scene is not observed a t
Gliilghit; but i t is thought to be an essential element in the celebration of the day by people
whose ancestors may have been retainers of the Ghilgliit Raja Azru shemsher, and b y whom
tlley may have been dismissed to their homes with costly presentg.
" Tlie song itself is, however, well-known a t Ghilghit.
When Azru had safely ascended the throne, h e ordered the tyrant's place to be
levelled to the ground. The milling peasants, manufacturing spades of iron, ' Killi,' fl0ck.d to
accomplish a grateful task, and sang whilst demolishing his castle:
ORIGINAL.

K&ro l&yio S h i r L y a - BadcEt hard

[I am] hard said Shiri and Badatt ! * why bard ?
Denrn Sin,gc:?/ Klrotd Kzir o
Dern Sing's Kl1ot6 [is] l~artl
fii tshundre hi& tky rdkc phala tlti.m
[With] tliis iron spade thy palace level 1 do
Tsia4k ! tzito Shatshb Malika Denm
Behold ! thou Shatsh6 Malika Dem Singli'~
Khotd kllrci i s l ~ ~ ~ m a r eKilliyi
RhoM hard; [with] this iron spade
ZXy raKe - ga phalatkr, fslcakd!
Thy palace very I level, beliold !
TRANSLATION.

" LMy nature iri of a hard metal,' said Sliiri and Badatt ' IVlly hard ? I ~],,-,t~, the
a,n of the peasant Dem Sin+, a m alone hardy; mith this iron s p d e I raze to the ground th
kingly house. Behold now, although thou artof race accursed, of Shatsho Malika, I, Den1 S i o g lYl ~ ~
son, an1 of a hard metal ; for with this iron spade I level thy veiy palace; look out ! look out ! I ".
* Elsewhere called " Shiribndstt" in one namo.
 During the Nauroz [evidently because it is not a national festival] and the Eed, none of
these national Shin songs are sung. Eggs are dyed i n different colours and peop1e:go about amusing
themselves by trying which eggs are hardest by striking t h c end of one against the end
of another. The posseasor of the hard egg wins the broken one. The women, however,
amuse themselves on those days by tying ropes to trees and s w i ~ ~ g i nthemsel\yes
g about on
them.
E.-LEGENDS R E L A T I N G . TO ARIAIALS.
1.-A BEAR PLAY6 WITH A CORPSE.
It is said that bears, as the winter is coming on, are in the habit of filling their dens
with grass and that they eat R plant, called L L ajali," wliicll has a narcotic effect upon
them and keeps them i n a state of torpor during the winter. After three montlis, when the spring
arrives, they awake and go about for food. One of these Sears once scented a corpse which he
disinterred. It happened to be that of a moman who had died a few days before. The bear,
who mas in good spirits, brought her to his den where he set her upright against a stone and
fashioning a spindle with his teeth and paws gave i t t o her into one hand and placed some
wool into t h e other. H e then went on growling "mil-mG-mb " to encourage the woman t o
spin. H e also brought her s?me nuts and other provisions to eat. Of course, his efforts
mere useless, and when she after a few days gave signs of decomposition h e ate her up in despair.
This is a story based on t h e playful habits of the bear.
2.-A BEhn MARRIES A GIHL.
Another curious story is related of a bear. Two women, a mother and her little daughter,
mere one night matching their field of Indian corn " makkay, " against the inroads of these
animals. T h e mother had to go t o her house to prepare the food and ordered her daughter to
light a fire outside. Whilst she mas doing this n, bear came and took her amay. H e carried
her into his den, and daily brought her to eat and to drink. H e rolled a big stone in front of
the den, whenever lie went amay on his tours, which the girl was not strong enough to remove.
W h e n she becamc old enoiigli to be able to do tllis he used daily to lick her feet, by which they
became swollen and eventually dwindled down to mere misshapen stumps. The girl, wlro
had become uf age, hncl to endure the caresses of her guardian by whom sllc eventually became
enceinte. Shc dieti in child-birth, and the poor bear after vain efforts to restore her to lilB
roamed disconsolately about the fields.
3.-ORIGIN O F BEARS.
It is said that bears wcre o r i g i ~ l a l ltlle
~ offgpring of a Inan who was driven iuto
madness by his inability to pay his debts, and who took to t h e hills in order to avoid his
creditols.*
4.-THE BEAR AKD THE ONE-EYED MIIN.
The following s t ~ r ywas related by a man of the name of Ghalib Sliah residing at n
village near AstJr, called Parishing. H e was one nigh1 looliing out whether any bear had cotme
into his " tromba" fic1d.t H e saw tliat a bear was there aud that !le with his Forepaws
- -.. -- - - ... --.-~- -
--.
--
4 c s sthc Gipsics in diechnrging such obligation9, when contrnctcd with n ~ncolbcrol'thc some race.
T I ~ ~ . ' s c r u p u l o u ~ uof
uged to be notorlolls.
t Tramrnlm ( o IIC nlnJe calal~lemust be grorlnil into flnnr, LIICII bnilrcl in water and plnccd in the "tsl~nm~il"[in Astori1
or " poplish " L(;hllyiri ! a receptnvlr ouder Lhc llenrll~ and lrns tn hc krpt in this place for onc night niter n h l c l ~i t is 61 for
use oftcr h c i n ~run.rc(l o r put on 3 ttiIvn [pnuj like n C j l ~ l ~ ~ jn n l ~t I~I I I cnkc
I of unleavened brcnd.]
" btlruo" or tshitti barao=sour bnr6o :m6ro barno=sacel bnrao ]
alternately took a pawful of " tromba," blew the chaff nway and ate hastily. The man was
one.eyed [sb6o=blind; my Ghilgiti used "lCyor," which 11e said was s Persian word, but
which is evidently Turkish ) and m n to his hut to get his gun. He came out and
pointed it at the bear. The animal who saw this ran round the blind side of the man's
face, snatched the gun out of his hand and threw i t away. The bear and the man
then wrestled for a time, but afterwards both gave up t h e struggle and retired. The
man, after he had recovered himself went to look for the gun, the stock of which he found
broken. The mntcli-string by which the stock liad becn tied to the barrel had gone on burning all
and had been the cause of the gun baing destroyed. T h e son of that man still lives a t
the village and tells this story, wl~ichthe people affect to believe.
5.-WEDDING FESTIVAL A M O N G BEARS.

A lIulla, OF the name of' La1 Moliammad, said that when he mas taken a prisoner into
Chil:ls,* he and his escort passed oue day through one of tlie dreariest portions of the mountains
of that illhospitable region. There they heard a noise, and quietly approaching to ascertaiu its
callse they s ~ wa company of bears tearing a p the grass and making bundles of i t which they
l l u g ~ e d . Otllcr bears agaiu \vrapped tlleir 11e;tdsin grass, and some stood on their hind-paws,
holding a stick in t l ~ c i rforepaws and d'rncin,o to the sound of the howl3 of the others. 'They
then rauged tliemselves iu rows, at each end of mhicll was a youllg bear ; on one side a male,
on the otller a fernale. Tlic5e were supposed to celebrate their marriage on the occasion
question. My infornlnnt swore to the story and my Gllilgiti corroborated the troth of the
first partion of tllc account, which he said described a practice believed to be common to
bears
6.-TIIE FLYING PORCISPINE.

There is a curious sl~perstition with regard to an animal called " Harginn," which
appears t o 11,: more like a, porcupine t l ~ anytl~ing
a ~ else. It is covered with bristles ; its back is of
:L rcd.Lru\v~iis\I a1111its belly of a yellowish colour. That animal is supposed to be very
tI~ngcro113,aucl to co~ltnitlpoiso11in its bristles. ~t the appro:~cliof a n y mnn or n ~ ~ i r n it a l is
silitl to g~rtheritself up for a tzrrific j u m p into t l ~ cair, froin wl~ichi t descencls unto the hcacl
of tire intended victim. It is snicl to be generally about half a yard long and a, spar1 broad.
Our friend La1 Mohammed, n saintly Alilit~n~nds, but n regular Munchl~ausen,afirmed to I I ; L P ~
once mct with a c:lrious incidcnt with rcgard to that animal. He was out shooting one day when
Ile snm a stag wllicl~ ~eelnetlintently to look i:i one direction, kIc fired off his gun, which
however did not divert the attention o f tho st:^:. 'it laat, 11e four~dout tvliilt it was that tlie stag
was loolring irt. I t turncd out to be a Iiuge "lInrginn," whicll had smalloncrl a, 1:uge AInrlrl~o~
with the cxccption of llis lrorns ! There was the port:npinc out of whose ~ n o t ~ tprotruded
ll t,ll,;
~-
- ~ ~ ---
' ,2lmost crcry l l ~ i r ~mon l I nlct 11qd. nt s o n ~( i l~l ~ ? or c t l ~ c r ,b ~ u nk i ~ l n o ~ ~ pncl lcJl drngKrd off citllcr to Cllllac.
(:llitml, D n i l o l i l ~ \ l ~ sor
n L l ~ ~ l ~ h n r uTltc
. sarrcilln~~uc. c t l prisourra. ns tllry nro bcio,a mr,r,.<l
r r . I.. ~ ~ x t ~ r r i s orcr
I ~ o ~ ~ c v\r.l!i(.ll
~,nt.~~nl.I~~ u r r r n1~1ontni114. rnllnol b u a r r r y clliu-;ir,- one :I:vI. lI~t,rcl;,rr,I I ~ , I I I Yo!' tLCIII CPICII)C.
I I I I i n r l i I ~I I I I : C . n ~ i lof tile Kashrnll.
TI..^ I l n r rSome
s lir,~w~,:Ics,
t l ~ ot c r o r ~ l y ol' thrso ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ n t n i nr.cI.,r r r t;h n t tllcp r ~ i c dtllr:r i . : ~ l ~ l i r c$13 $o., kc., ill order to elllirrn.torir.p l l l ~ ,
l[i o
gnll~vriufis.I:rcn i f (Ills I,? trvc, tllrit- ? A l l b~ n o ~ l , ) ~ ~111111, b t I I I C S P I I OrC(,lJiiltCd
~S ill tllC j i e P c c S ~ l\.llrnePCr lllry
hnd 1111 o p p o r t ~ ~ ~ ~n ~i llydl, l ~ co111yacLs o l ' b a r b a ~ ~ sl w l ~ n ct n u c uudcr 111;. obserrsllon, duriua llle nrr =itb tho tribes in 18C;li.
wcrc cnmmiltod I>y t l ~ cirradcrs.
head and horns of the Markhor ! ! My Qhilgiti, on the contrary, said that the Harginn was a
great snake ''like a big fish called Nang." Perhaps, Harginn means a monster or dragon, and
is applied to different animals in the two coul~triesof Ghilghit and Astor.
7.-A FIQHT BETWEEN WOLVES AXD A BEAR WHO WANTED TO DIG THEIR GRAVE.

A curious animal something like a wolf is also described. The species is called "KG."
These animals are like dogs ; their snouts are of a red colour, and are very long ; they hunt in
herds of ten or twenty and track gamewhich they bring down, one herd or one KG, as the case
may be, relieving the other a t certain stages. A Shikari once reported that he saw a large num-
ber of them asleep. They were all ranged in a single long line. A bear approached, and b~
the aid of a long branch measured the line. He then went to some distance and measuring the
ground dug it out to the extent of the line in length. H e then went back to measure the
breadth of the sleeping troop when his branch touched one of the animals which at once jumped
up and roused the others. They all then pursued him and brought him down. Some of them
keraesed him in front, whilst one of them went behind him and sucked his stomach clean out
a6 ano. This seems to be a favourite method of these animals in destroying game. They do not

attack men, but bring down horses, sheep and game.

 11. BUJONI = RIDDLES, PROVERBS AND FABLES.
A. RIDDLES.
THE NAVEL.
1. Tishk6reya usltkdrey haldl.
" The perpendicular mountain's sparrow's nest.
The body's sparrow's hole."
A STICK.
2. Mdy s~z.111 hEyn, silreo per6yn, b6s d4rre pat6 ; b i i a , *
my sister is at day [she] walks, at night door behind ; Ikstett !
" NOWlisten! My sister walks i n tile day-time and a t night stands behind the door ;"
As L C sas" Sazik " also means a stick, ordinarily called " Kunali" in Astori, the riddle means :
I have a stick which assists me in walking by day and which I put behind t h e door a t night."
3. The Ghilgitis say mky kike tr6 pay ; dashteaW=my brother has three feet ;
explain now." This means a man's two legs and a stick.
A RADISH.
4.Astori mil dido d i ~ n mda'lca-2& ;d6yn earpa-Zok, buja.
My grandfather's body [is] in Hades ; his beard [is in] this world, [now] explain !
''
This riddle is explained by radish" wllose body is in the earth and whose sprouts,
compared to a beard, are above t h e ground. Remarkable above all, however, is t h a t the
unknown future state, referred to i n thiq riddle, should be called, whether blessed or cursed,
"Dawalbk" [the place of Gods1 by these nominal Muhammadans. This world is called
" SarpalSk."=tbe world of serpents. " Sarpe " is also the name for man. " Lok " is " place,"
but the name by itsclf is not a t present understood by the Shins.
A HOOKA.

5. G. nth DADI shi~he'dji aqg(i,, Z~ipenu

A Hooka.
my father's mother on her head fire is burning,
The top of the Hooka is the Ldi7.!i's
or grandmother's head.
A SWORD.

6. llclcZng goti'jo rzii nikai

" Darkness from the house the female demon is coming out," v i z : " out o! the dark
slieath the beautiful, b s t destructive, steel issues." It is remarkable that the female Yatsh
should be called " RQi".
BED PEPPER.

7. ,5670 bakuro' shk Isha' 1 h,j biiia ! -

I n the redsheep's pen white young ones many are attend! -
This refers to the Redpepper husk in which there are many white seeds.
- -
'Word~ inriting attention, sooh a@" lilten, " *I explain," Bc. &r.. are generally pat at the end of riddlea.
 B. PROVERBS.
DOTAGE.

To an old man people say.

8. T i djarro nro'lo sWliJun9
thou and old brains delivered, " YOU are old and have got rid of your senses."

Old women are very much dreaded and nre accused of creating r n i ~ ~ l i i ewIlerever
f
they go.
DUTIES TO THE AGED.

9. (Glr.*) Djuwanie Keraeru digasus, djarvelo betsliul~rus " When young 1 gave
I n youth's time I gave, in old ilge I demand away7 that I am 'la
you should support me."
A BURNT CHILD, kc., kc.

10. Ek danrm oyn'ru d&lJo Jzcgzi~ri shnny lW6 !

Once in fire you have been burnt, a second time take care !
EVIL COMMUNICATIONS, kc., &c.

1 1 . Zk khatsh la'lshek bilo bbdo dolzule slbe. One rotten sheep spoils
the whole flock.
One bad sheep if there be, to tlie~vlloleflock is an insult.

12. Ek khatsho ~nanlijobudote slia = owe bad man is to all an insult.

ADVICE TO KEEP GOOD COMPANY.

13 A. J l islhto manaijo-Batski bt!yLo, lo nlislrlo si/sAk

KalsRo nlarrujo-kabhi bPyto, lo kalsAo ait,~ltc
When you [ who are bad? ] are sitting near a good mau you learn good t h i ~ ~ g s .
I$ I) I* ,, ,, bad ,, ,,
I, ,, bad ,,
~ t intelligible, if literally translated.
~ l i i sproverb is n ~ very
DIXMl CON CHI TU PRITICtII, kc, Bc.

14. 3iiu mcile r(i : nrry ~ h g k t i l or6 s r(Lt~t: lu t o Wana = " Tell me
~ r ~ ntule
~ ( J N ,

11 niy fricnrl is such and sucll a onc, I mill tell you who ~ O Z Lare."

15. SWdhori. kr*;rrrr gL: sWi/tg I /he' - kotin I.~hiai try t~llilri le'yanci.
Into the city lie went llorus to pince ( acluir2 ), but ears Iio c u t thuv he did.
.' H e went to i~cquirshorns and got his ears c u t off."

IiOW TO THEAT A\Y EXlS8IY.

I)i 8:,putsh X&ii=" givc tlic daugl~trr a11d cat tlrc son," is a (Ibilgit proverb with
tu 11ow oue ought to treat nu cnclljy. T l ~ crcconimcnd~tion giver1 is : " marry your
regdl.tl
daugliter to yolir foe and t l ~ e nkill Ilim," [ Ily wl~icliyou gct a ~nnlc'slicnd which i.4 l11orc
- ~..--. .- ---- - -
Tbc abbreviati~na" G." and " A , " stand rcspectise!g [or " in tho C;Lil;hiti Jinlcct '' nod " in (he A s t ~ r idialect."
 C. F A B L E S .

The toonzan and /LC Le~i.

1 , Eyk tshJckeyn kokdi d o~iili; sl,se s6xi t h i l \ honk ) (Ic'li ; seish+se +olt6iie
rana& l j o ; lvlC dir ~ L I J h ; si. ~lcenuZany 1iM ; 1016i d$r
( food, grain ) eggs two giving does ; t l ~ i s one rid got ; tllc hen's rtomacll

l l u c l l to p i n the little lost becoincs

TRANSLATION.

A woman had s hen ; it used to lay one golden egg ; the woman tliought that if she
gave mucIl food it would lay two eggs ; but she iost even the one, for the hen died, its stomncll
burstil)g. M O ~ A LPeople
. often lose the little they have by aspiring to more.

17. TIIL SPARRO\V AND THE MOUNTAIN.

A sparrow who tried to kick the mountain l~imselftoppled over."

The sparrow with the mountain Iiiclteil 1 went ~~4f,

18. TIIE BAT SGPPORTING THE PIRATAJIENT.

The bat is in the habit of sleeping on its back-

It is beIieved to be very prolld.
It is supposed to say as it lies down and stretclles its legs towards heaven, " This I do
so that when the heavens fall down I may be able to support them."
Tilt& ro'fe siifo-lo pey h~iiilc nnga'i - war; lheictl ; angn'i
A bat a t night sleeping its legs upwards heaven-ward does ; the Leavells
~ccili - to p6y-gi aanarenh Il~ern.
nheu falling with my fect uphold I will.
--
" Not very rnsny yoera npo tho Albanian robbers in attucking shcpl~crds used to consider tLomse1vcs ricbriol~sif
Llwy bod robbed more shccp tbon they Lad lost men.
 10. "NEVERW A L K B E H I N D A HORSE OR BEFORE A K I N G "as you will get kickedin either case.
asllpe palani ni. 66; rajd ?~~utsJlani nt? 101.
horse behind ]lot walk ; raja in front not walk.
-
20. UNIOX IS STRENGTH.
'' A kettle can not balance itself on one stone ; on three, however, it does."
Ey plilsR ! k.k gulur-ya' d6R nB qure'yeia ; t r k * gu'tzirey 6 dei qurrys
Oh son ! one stone on a kettle c o t stops; three stones on a kettle stop.
T h e Ghilghitis instead of ya "="upon " say " dja."
'I

" Gutur " is, I believe, used for a stone [ ordinarily " b i t t j only in the above proverb.
21. THE FROG IN A DILEMMA.
'' I f I speak, tlle water will rush against my mouth, and if I keep silent I will die
bursting with rage."
This was said by a f ~ o gwho was in the water and angry a t sometlling that occurred.
Ifhe croaked, Ire would be drowned by the water r u ~ l i i n gdown his throat, and if he did not croak
I~emouldburst with suppressed rage. This saying is often referrad t o by women when they are
angry with their husbands, who may, perhaps, beat them, if they say anything. A frog is called
('manok."
To's flr2n1-lo dze -jya t wky boje' ; n; illem lo py rnz(os
Voice I do-if mouth in water will cbme ; not do, then bursting I w i l l die.
-
23. T H E FOX AND TIIE UNIVERSE.
W h e n a man threatens a lot of people with impossible menaces, the reply often
is " Don't act like the fox " LGyn who mas carried away by tlie water. A fox one day fell
into a river : as he was swept past the sbore he cried out, " The water is carrying off the
universe." Tlie people on the banks of t h e river said, " We can only see a fox whom the
river is drifting down."

23. THE FOX AND THE POMEGRANATE.

Ldyn dull ri. soplrn tslrrimm t : r
ne' utshatle o Ant~ti.

The fox t h e pomegranate c o t reached on account sour, spitting, sour it is.

"The fox wanted to eat polnegranates : as he c o ~ ~ not
l d reach them, he went to a distance
biting Xis l $ ~ s [ as " tshlmm " was explained b y a n Astori althongh Ghil,ni?is call it
tshap1~6,] spat on the ground, saying, they are too sour." I venture to consider the con-
duct of this fox more cunning than the one of " sour grapes " memory. H i s bitinq his lip"
and, in consequence, spitting on the ground, would make his disappointed face really look as
i f l ~ ehad tasted something sour.
- - --
" Trd "="three " 1s pronounced like " Ishi. "
t Ae = ( G h ~ l j i l ~mouth
) ; aru = IU the mouth ; hzrju = ngsinst the mouth.

Aze = ( Aatori ) ,, Qzeru = in the mouth ; azeju = ,I I,

 111, SONGS,
THE GILGIT QUEEN AND THE MOGULS.

1.-GiZgiti Song.
Once upon a time a Mogul army came down and surrounded the fort of Gil-
i t ~t that time Gilgit was governed by a woman, Mirzdy J u r k i * by name. She was the
of a Eajall supposed to have been of Balti descent. The Lady seiillg herself surrounded
by enemies sang :
1.
Mirzhy Junrari ! -
- Oh [daughter of ] bIirza, Juwari !
Shakerdy piiil ; darG = [ Thou art a ] sugar cup ; in t h e
D u n y i sang tarBye = world [ thy ] light has shone
11.
Abi Khiinn t djalo = Abi Kliiin [my san] was born
Lamlyi tey ! Iatshar taro = [I thy mother] am thy sacrifice ; the morning star
Nikiito = has risen
The meaning of this: according to my Gilgiti informant, is: JuwAri laments that "I, t h e
daughter of a brave King, a m only a woman, a CUP of pleasures, exposed to dangers from any one
who wishes to sip from it. To my misfortune, m y prominent position has brougl~tme enemies.
Oh, my dear son, for whom I would sacrifice myself, I have sacri6ced you ! Instead of preserv-
ing the Government for you, the morning-star which shines on its destruction has now risen
011 you."

SONG OF DEFIANCE.
?.-GiZyili IFar Song.
I n ancient times there mas a mar between the Rajahs of Hunza and Nagpr. l l u k o and
Bhko were their respective Wazeers. RIulto was killed and Bike sang :

Ala, marcliiney, BBko-se: mh shes tlley I

MGko-se : mi shos they !
Bhko-ga din sa-jjhy
Milko mayiro they
EqZish.
Hurrah ! warriors, Rako [sags] : I mill do well
Muko [also says] I will do well
And Bako turned out to be the lion
[Whilst] P u k o was [its preyl, a [mere] MarkbBr [the wild snuke.eatingWgoat 1
---
* [ Her [other war s Mirra and she wan, tlierefore, collcd Mirzty.]
t l i b i n is pronounced KLanu for the sake of the metre.
 LAMENT FOR THE ABSENT WARRIOR BY HIS MOTHER.
3.-,4notlrer. Gilgifi ? f i r So~zg.
BiyaslrtZy~~ acing Kaslt.Crzc
A Paradise [is the lot of whoever is struck byl the bullet of Kashiru ?
Gdu, n[//i, * dje Safiihe Khann
He has gone, my child, mother of SahiLe Khann [to t h e mars].
Szwegga kare' wey jill bey ?
And the sun when coming mill it shining become ?
(When mill his rcturn cause t h e sun again to shine for me ! ?)
~fulsfiritslr~~l
sfion9 pulLye
Of Mutsl~utshultthe ravine he has conquered
IZh~oklobijky, lumnyi
I'el my soul is in fear, oh my beloved child, [literally : 011 my sacrificcJ
Ardrinz DoI6ja yz,jEy
T o snatch [conquer] Doloja: is [yet necessary=has yet to be done.J
TRAKSLATION.

The bullet of Kashiru sends many to Paradise.

Gc H e lias gone to t h e wars, o h my
cllild and of Sahib K h a n ! Will the sun ever shine for me by his returning ? ~t is
true that he 113s taken by assault the ravine of Nutshutsllul, but yet, oh beloved child, my
soulis in fear for his Fate, as t h e danger has not passed, since the village Doloja yet remains t o be
conquered."

4.-THE SHIN SHAMMI S H A H .

-
OM Nalionnl Shina Sony.
Shorn,,~iShah SfiaiiingGy mmijo.
Shammi Shah Shaiting, from his courtyard.
DjLlk td6ye diloe rl61z.
The green fields' birdv promenade they givc.

fly; izirei/e ishayole kdy fiye'y.

They (near) twitter birds who fears ?*
T6rtd i t o n slii~rcldLe dlh
From trea to tree a mhistle they givc.
Allda'ley pilsBqyn n~ifojo.
Alldit's grandson's from the courtyard.
D j o llr t.shoyc clu'loe d6n.
r h e green fields birds promdnade give.
Tcrm of lamilinrity ncrrl in rnlling R dnugbtrr I'idc " lnrnilinr sppeustionn " Part 11.
t > l n l ~ h ~ l t ~ inh um l nnrrow pner lending from Ciakulsh to Yaessn
:Uulo.js ia s ~ i l l n g rnhrad u l M ~ ~ t s l ~ u l a h ~ ~ l .
 Nye' tzirhye fshoyote kdy bijey.
They twitter birds who fears ? *
3bnzi tom ;, shiuddke den.
From tree to tree ; : a whistling they give.
Shammi SliA Shaithing was one of the founders of the Shin rule. H i s mire, altbougl~

she sees her husband surrounded by women anxious to gain his good graces, rests secure in tile
knowledge of his affections belonging to her and of her being tho mother of his chilldren She,
therefore, ridicules the pretensions of her rivals, who, she fancies, will, at the utmost, only have a
temporary success. I n the above still preserved song she says, with a serene confidence, not
shared by Indiaa wives.
TRANSLATION.

" I n the very courtyard of Shammi Sha Shaiting.

" The little birds of the tield flutter gaily about.
" Hear how they twitter; yet, who mould fear little birds,
'' That fly from tree to tree giving [instead of
lasting love] a gay whistle?
'' In the very courtyards of Alldat's grandson these birds flutter gaily about, yet
who would fear them?
" Hear how they twitter, &c. Cc. &c.
--
6.-A WOMAN'S SO NO.

[THE DESERTED WIFE AND THE FAITHLESS HUSBAND.]

THEWIPE,
Xey kukriri Patan 9 0t a~ b$to d j a l&a ?
MY kulruri Fathin going he sat what am I to do ?
Pipi bnfzisse gardo d b; mt;so tsW&h.
Aunt ! from the family he absence has given ; I cocoon.
G (t crikkint qati bring blileo d b;
And coloured silk spinning animal bind do=could.
dlid dude'lo lshiit bild !
MY milk-sweet late has become !
THE HUSB:iND.

Ant Azari reyt

Thnt Azari, lis] a Deodar cedar 133
Rojdy, na sdgnmo 2 a& Aznreo ro'k bilbs.
Kingly, is it not so [my] love ! That Azari illness I have.
-
- --
[To ferr i@conatrued witb the Dative.
t More " tho pine called the Pice8 mebbiana,
probably " I ~ Y is
 An; Warireya shuji gas-mall, wa sommo I
This W~zlr's child princess, not [so] love ?
Belli dq$o 9; bem ; ani pdr tshisheyn
Then from my waist (girdle) taking I'll sit ; this beyond the mountains.
Szivi tour trhikheyn djondji* tzde b ijo'te.
Sun this side's mountain birch tree (?) to you both.
Somm tshinh ; an?& she6 qoa'reyn ki& - ga
Alike I love ; This white hawk black and
Ts1bilcX.i
nty beg(? beih ; bulli pashco
fragrant bag mine being sit; Then on my turban
9i beyina
wearing 1 will sit.
[ " Tsl~ikki"is a black fragrant matter said to be gathered under the wing-pits of the
hawk ; 'I dj6nji" is, to me, an unlcnown tree, but I conjecture it t o be tire birch tree. G~~
is a princess and " ma1 " is added for euphony.]

TRANSLATION OF " A WOMAN'S SONG."

The deserted wife sings :-My Pathan ! oh kukiiri, far away from me has he
a home ; but, aunt, what am 1 to do, since h e has left his own ! The ailk that I have been
weaving during l ~ i sabsence wonld be sufficient to bind all the animals of the field. 011, how
my darling is delaying his return 1

T1tefaithless Husdand sings :-[My new love] Azari is like a royal Deodar ; is it not so,
my love ? for Azari I am sick with desire. She is a Wazcer's princess ; is it not so, my love?
L e t me put you in my waist. T h e run on yonder mountain, and the tree on this nigh
mountain, ye both I love dearly, 1 will recline when this whde hawk and her black fragrant
tresses become mine ; encircling with them my head I will recline Lin happiness.]
--
6.-THE JILTED LOVER'S DREAM. ~ I TEE DIALECT.]
N ASTORI

(Oh) Littlc delicate [ maid ] girl ] woman.

Barlyo 6670, na [ nn ? is i t ? is i t not s o ? nu seems generally to be
The husband old is, [is he not ? ] mere exclamation.]
JTapdok thy~/oyC ge'.
With a bear done it going, [ y o u have '' been and gone and done it."]

a Part 11. paEr 16 given the follow in^ for " Birch." " Birch P=''jSnji ( tho white bark of which ia used for
paper) in goshmlr where it is called the book-tree " B u r u ~hull" lit : Burus=the book ; Ldll=plant, trm."
t [ " Mulaji " for woman is not very respcctCd ; womon are ponerally addressed aa " kaki " siater, or " dLi "
dm~ller.]
 I n the sleep of night
shakcjo
The sleep from the arm.
lUg nish harayl gk.
My sleep awake lrasgone.
Mashiq pld t016st0
Turning round again opening hastily I SakV.
M+ la/c/;ytshiislo
p[ribnnn ham.
My darling waistbandvariegated "as.
Dotshino hntnjo cliiza gillr.
Night hand-from mirror taking,
Tsl~akioje wazze.
Looking she came.
Nz' kabbo hata-jd surntn' giuL
This left hand-from antimony takiug,
Palkoje zoazze.

Applying she came.

Tlie above describes the dream of a lover wliose s ~ e e t l l e a r thas marriecl one older
than herself; he says :

TRANSLATION.

That dear delicate little woman has a frightful old husband.

" Thou hast married a bear ! I n the dead of night, resting on my arm,
My sleep became like making. Hastily I turned and with a quick glance saw
'I That my darling's waistband shone with many colours,
" That she advanced towards me holding in her right a mirror into which she looked,
f' That she calue near me applying with her left the antimony to her eyes."

7.-Modern Astori Song.

This Song was composed by Raja Balladur IChan, now a t Astor, who fell in love with
the d a r ~ ~ h t eofr the Rajah of Hunza to wliom he mas affianced. When the war between
Kashmir and Runza broke out, the Astoris and Hunzas were in different camps; Rajah
Bahadur Khan, son of Raja Shakul Khan, of the Sliiali persuasion,* thus laments lris
misfortunes :
LolnRtiko snhiiin ,+(;,t

Early in morning's time

nimai tAL &?on' them
[ usual I prayers done supplication I make
-- - - --
a The people of Astor nremostly Sunnin, and the Oilgitis mostly Shiahs ; the CLilLsis aro all Sunnis.
 Qallll ilIr'l6, Rahima
Accept, oh merciful [ God ]
G~r;bt!y dutoa
of t h e poor the prayer.
Dirn mahi-yeen
[ her I teeth [ a r e ] of fish bone = like ivory,
dim p1o.u-yeen
her] body [like a] reed *
tshantliye tslriki hone
[ h e r hair musk is.
me artncin t6ie kane ... Chorus falls in with
My longing t o you is ... " hai, hai, arrnba bulblild'
Bdh~il shok2r ... " oh, oh, t h e longing
[ Oh ] nightingale sweet ! ...
-- [for the] nightingale ! " f

TRANSLATION.

After having discharged my usual religious duties in the early morning, T offrr
3 prayer which, oh thou merciful God, accept from t h y llumble worshipper. Then, t],inkinS r
of his beloved 1
H e r teeth are as white as ivory, her body as graceful as a seed, her ]lair
is like musk. l I y whole longin: is towards you, oh sweet nightingale.
(;hortcs. Alas, how absorbing tllis longing for tlle nightingale.

8. QURAIZI SONGS.
T l ~ i sdistrict used to be under Ahmad Shah of Skardo, and hag since its conauest bg
Gllulab Sinqli come permanently under the R;?j.ih ot Kashmir. I t s possession used to be tllp
apple of discord between the N:lwnbs of Astor and the Rajahs of Pk:lrdo. I t appears never to
have had a real Government of its o m . Tlle fertility of its valleys always invited invasion. Yet
the people arc of ShiuJ origin and appear much more manly than the other subjects o l
Kashmir. Tlleir loyalty to that power is not much t o be relied upon, but i t is probable that
wit11 the great ir~tcr~nixture
mllich has taken place between them and the Kashmiri Mussulmnns
for many years past, they will become equally demora1ized The oId territory of Guraiz used in
former days to extend up to Kuyam or Bandipur on the WuIar Lake. The women
are reputed to bc very chaste, and Colonel Gardiner told me that the handsomest women ill
K s h r n i r c;rme from that district. T o me, however, they appeared to be tolerably plain, althougl~
rather inuocent-looliing. wli~ch may render them attractive, espec~ally after one has
seen the handsome, but sensual-looking, women of Kaulimir. l'lie people of Guraiz are
certainly very dlrty, but they are not so plain as tlle Chilhsis. A t Guralz three ldnguages arc:
spoken : liashmiri, Guraizi (a corruptior~of the Shinb dialect), and Panjabi-the latter on

A rccd which grows in the Qhilghit country of white or red colour.

t I t is rntber unusual to 6nd the nigllingelo representing the beloved. She is grnerally "the rose " and the lorer
" ib nightingde."
account of its occupa~ion by the Maharajah's o5cials. I found some difficulty in getting r
number of them together from the different villages which compose the district of Guraiz, the
Arcadia, ol Kashmir, but I gave them food and money, and after I got them into a
humour they sang :
GURAIZI HUN'L'IKG SONG.
GUBAlZI. ENGLISH.

Plre lslrakd, gazicri meydrr. -

Beyond, loolr ! a fine stag. - Look beyond ! what a fine stag !

chorus. P6re Ishakc; @k maardlce dey.

= Chorus.-Look beyond ! how gracefully h e
Beyond look how he struts ! struts.

,, $1 Ihn;~zlri bay Ldro. = Look beyond ! he bears twelve loads

shawl wool 12 loads. of wool.

Chorus. $9 , dj6k nnlaarake dey = Chorus.-Look beyond ! how gracefully h e

how he does strut ! stluts.
,, dsni skillZulu.
-
- Look beyond ! his very teeth are of
,
rhis] teeth are of crystal, crystal.
lglass.]
Chorus. ,, djok maardke dey = Chorus.-Look beyond ! how gracefully he
struts.

This is apparently a hunting song, but seems also t o be applied to singing the
praises of a favourite.
There is another song, which was evidently given with great gusto, i n praise of Sheir
Shah Ali Fhah, Rajah of Skardo." That Rajah, who is said to have temporarily conquered
Chitrhl, which the Chilasis call Tshatshhl,t made a road of stepe u p the d t s h o mountain
which overloolis Bunji, the most distant point reached before 1866 by travellers or the Great
Trigonornetricnl Survey. From the Atsho mountain Vigne returned, " the suspicious
Rajah of Gilqit sudderily giving orders for burning the bridge over the Indus." It is,
however, more probable that his Astori companions fabricated the story in order to
prevent him from entering an unrriendly territory in which Mr. Vigne's life might have
been in danger, for had he reached B h j i he might have known that the Indus never
was spanned by a bridge at that or any neighbouring point. The miserable Kashmiri
coolies and boatmen who were forced to go up-county with the troops in IS66 were, some
of thern, employed, in rowing ~ e o p l eacross, and that is how I got over t h e lndus a t Banji ;
however to return from this digression to the Gurabi bong :
--- -- -.
Poasibly Ali Slier Kbsn, nlso cnllcd Ali Shali] tho kther of Ahmcd Slinh, the success~ulnnd popular Rnjn of Skardo
in tho Sikll dngs-or else thc great Ali Sher Khan, tlio rounder o l the rncc or cnsb or thc B!nkpou liujahs of Sknrdo. He
built a great stonc aqueduct from Lho Satpur strcnm nhich also Lnnkcd up a quantity of uscful soil ngninst inundntions.
t Mllrad a n $ . I believe, tho first Skerdo Rojnh ~ l l oeonqoerc,i Gilgit. N o ~ p r H, i ~ n s anod Chitrnl. IIe built n
briduo near tho Cliitrnl fort. Traces JI. invasion from Little Tibut e r ~ s tru Unrdistw. A ILYIYLK~ of hktoried eotrrta,
occwring st dillbrcnt period#, seem to LC mued up in tLis song.
 ( 26 )
PRAISE OF THE CONQUEROR SHEIR SHAH ALI SHAH.
Guraizi. English.
9. Sheir Shah Ali Shah = Sheir Shah Ali Shah.
nT6mega djong = I wind myself round his name.*
KB k6lo shing phut6 = H e conquering the crooked Lowlands.
Djnr siintsho tarCga - Made them quite straight.
IGine Makpond = The great Ellan, t h e Makpon.
Kiino nom mega djong = 1 wind myself round the IChan's name.
K6 Tshamiigar bash phut6 = He conquered briJging over [the Gilgit river]
below Tshamilgar.
F a r t shntsho tariga = And made all quite straight.
I believe there was much more of this historical song, but unfortunately the paper on
which the rest was written down by me as i t was delivered, has been lost together with other
papers.
" T s h a m i i p r , " to which reference is made in the song, is a village on t h e other side
of the Ghilgit river on t h e Nagyr side. It is right opposite to where I stayed for two nighte
under a huge stone which projects from the base of the NiludC range 011 the Ghilgit side.

There were formerly seven forts a t T s l ~ a m u g i r A convention had been made between
the Rajah of Ghilgit and the Rajah of Skardo, by which Tshamugar was divided by the two
accordi~igto the natural division wliich stream tbat comes down from the BatkBr mountain
made in that territory. T h e people of Tsharnupr, impatient of tlie Sitardo rule, became all
of them subjects to t h e Ghilgit l h j a h , on whicli Shere Shah Ali Shah. the ruler of Skardo,
collected an army, and crossing the Makpon-i-s!~n,nnron: at the foot of tlie HaramQsli mountain,
came upon Tsliamn=nr and diverted the water wliich rau througll that district into another
direction. This mas thc rcason of the once fertile Tshnmugar becoming deserted ; the forts
were raized to t h e ground. Tliere are evidently traces of a river having formerly run through
Tshamugar. T h c people say that the Skardo Raja stopped the flow of the water by throwing
quicksilver into it. This is probably a legend arising from the reputation which Ahmad Shah,
the most recent Sknrdo ruler whom the Guraizis can remember, had of dabbling in medikine
and sorcery .§

CHILI\ SI SONGS.
[The Cl~ilasishave a clirious way of snapping their fingers, with which prictice they
accompany thcir songg, tlie thumb running up and down the fingers as on a musical instrument.]

Tho vrncralion lor the namo ir, of course. nlso partly clue to the [act thnt i t means " tbo lion of Ali"
Muhnmmed'a aon.iu-law, to nhosu memory tho Sttiah Mussulrnms nro ro derot,cdly attached. The Littlo Tibetans Uo
almosb all Yh~nhs.

:Tbo drfile of 1110 1Ialrpon.i.Shog-Row nbcro tho Iodns river mnkes s sodden tnrn sonthwrrd and belo*
which 3 recclres ~ b cCi~Iglt~ i r e r .
5 TIMShiah Bnjaha of S k u d o bclicrcd thcrnselrem to be under Lho special protection of bli
 10.-CHILASI.
T'u lihn Gitshere b6dje sbmmo dimm bami?m
MBy shahinni pashal6to demb salam dhute
l l i s ; Aje g6je b6mto mCy dhddi aje nush
Harginn Zde d6y mo bej6rnos
Samat Khhney s6ni m6 bish15mm tutak
Mhugk deyto ; m6 dabtar &m
11.
A. Tshekbn th6nn ; tikki wCy nusb, oh Berader
Adbn ; th6n ; mad6y nush ; ey Berader
B. Hamirey tshfiki, pGki this, pallitos
Ni r6tey 16 ne bgy, oh Berader !
-
The last word in each sentence, as is usual with all shin songs, is repeated a t the be-
ginning of the next line. I may also remark that I have aacentoatcd the word8 a8 pronounced
i n the songs and not as pot down i n my Vocabulary.

TRANS11ATION.
dlessage to a Sweetheart hy a friend.
You are going up to Gitshe, 011 my dearest friend,
Gire my compliment and salute when you see my hawk.
Speak t o her. I must now go into my house ; my mother is no more
And I fear the stin!: of that dragon,* my step-mother-
Oh noble daugllter of Salnat Ilhen ; I will play the flute
And give its price and keep it in my bosom.

The second song describes a quarrel between two brothers who are resting after a march
on some hill far sway from any water or food wherewith to refresh themselves.
" Youctger hvolher.
Am I to eat now, what am I to say, there is, oh my brother, neither bread nor water.
Am I to fetch some I: water 1, what am I to say, there is no masak, [ a water-skin ]
oh my brother !
EZdcr 6rofhrr.
The lying nonsense of IIamir ( the younger brother ) wounds me deeply ( tears off the
skin of my h e x t ;
There will bc no day to this long night, oh my brother! "
12.-THE TRANSITORINESS OF THIS WORLD.
Kci.kz, nlosZ tl,iX 9,hr!z

Urothcr I I what am to say ?

--- -- -
-
Tho " llarg~un" n fnbulous animal mentioned elsewhere.
 I i y ddaisuga nd bZy
My choice it is not
Tibdm ares2 ddro
In the whole of the present time

To me shame is not
DajR'ln e'le jilto
The next world near has come
J&o uddsdne han.
People despairing will be
2nd Per8e.
Watin dbro zhr
In my country famous

You famous Lave become

Ash bajdni dkgi b h r i musa$ri
To-day t o get you prepared on a great journey
Zari mojb lai laylddi=ije
Openly me much pains
Djdll m g hawallk
My soul is in your keepiog
Sin qatl'dn phrilre
The river ie flowing, t h e luge flower
Sud2 chogarong
Of silver ~ o l o u r . ~

A PRAYER OF THE BASHQELI KAFIRS.

[ In the Kakdsha dialect ]

T h e ideas and many of the words in this prayer were evidently acquired by my two
Ksfire on their may through Kashmir.
Khuda, tandrusti d€
prushkari rozi tle

dewalat man.

tshik intara
tshik tu Gidd k i y asaa.
Sat as mCn ti
Stru s u n mastrnk m6tshe dC
--- . - - ~ --
The beautiful Bongs of " M y little darling ornaments will wear." "Corn is being distributed." I' I will give
pluaure's price." " My metal is bard" " Come out, oh daughter of the hnwk." d l b found on psgea 2, 4, 10, 11 and
97, of W pamphlet respectirely and need not therefore be quobd in thu plw.
 IT. PANNERS AND CUSTOMS.

lllle ChauRhan
- Bazi or Hockey-on-horseback, so popular everywhere north of KasLrnir,
aud wllicll is called Polo by tlie Baltis and J,adalris, who both play it to perfection and in n
lnanller I slllLll describe elsewhere, is also well known to the Bhilghiti and Astori subdivi-
sions the Shina people. On great general holydays as well as on any special occasion of
r.joicing, the people a e e i on tliose grounds which are mostly near the larger villages arid
PlrStle game with great excitement and at the risk of casualties. The first day I mas
Astor, I had the greatest diEculty in restoriug to his senses a youtll of the name of Rustem 91i
wlln, like a famous player ofthe same name at Mardo, was passionately fond of the game, and had
been tllrow~ifrom his horse. T h e placs of meeting near Astor is called the Eedgah. T h e
same is called TOPEin Astor, and the grounds for playing it are called SHAJARAN. A t Ghilgit
the game is called B U I ~ L A , the place S H ~ W A RTlie
and : ~ ~latter
. names a r e evidently of
Tibetan origin.

The people are also very fond of target practic-, sliooting with bows, which they
llse dexterously but ill which they do not excel the people of Nagyr and B U ~ Z H ,
Game is stalked during the winter. A t Astor any game shot on the three principal
llills -'l;phRan6, a high liill opposite the fort, DemideIdCn and Tshdlokot-belong to the Nawab of
Astor-the sportsman receiving only the head, legs and a haunch-or to his r e p r e e e n t a t j ~now
~ , the
Tahsildar Munslli Rozi Khan. At Ghilgit everybody claims what he may have shot, but
it is custo~aaryfcr the Newab to receive some share of it. Rfen are especially appointed to
watch and track game, aud when they discover their ~vhereaboutsnotice is sent ko the
from wliicli parties issue, accompanied by ruusicians, nod surround the game. Early in the
~nornit~g,wllen tlie " LSlie" dawns, the musicians begin to play and a great noise is made whil:h
frightens the gnlne into the several directions where tlie sportsmen are placed.

Tile g u l l s a w n~atcblocks and are called in Gl~ilgiti " ltlrrildk" and in dstc;r
*'tum;ik". A t Gliilgit they manufacture the gulls themselves or receive tlie~n tionl
J;adakllshall. The I ~ n l l have
~ only a slight coating of lead, the inside generally bein:.
;r little stone. The people of H:ium and Nagyr invariably place their guns on little \roodell
~ C S S ~vliich are permnriently fixed to the gun and are called " Dugazi." The gulls are
1n11ch liglrter than those manuE~ctured elsewhere, mr~cli sllorter arid carry nlucll smaller
bullets tha11 the lnatclilock of tlie Maharaj,z\i's troops. 'They carry very mucli farther thau
any native Incliail gun and are fire? wit!) almost unerring accuracy. For "small silot " little
stones of any shape-the longest aud oval one+ being prcfe1.red-are used. TIlere is olle kind of
stone especially \vliicl~ie ~ n u c huscd for illat purpose ; it is called " Ba16s11 Batt," wllicll i.:
found i n Hanzn, N;\gyr, Skardo, and near the 'LD~iilideldell~i"
hill already noticed, a t a
village called PareshingLi near Astor. It is a very soft stone and large cooliing utensils
are cut out from it, whence the name, " I3albsIi " Kettle, " Batt " stone, " Bal6sh Baht." The
stone is cut out with a chisel and hammer ; tlie former is called " G 6 t t " in Astori and '1 Gukli
in Ghilghiti ;" the hammer " to&" and lLtotsh6ng " and in Ghilgiti " samdenn." Tlie gunpowder
i~ manufactured by the people themselves."

The people also play a t backgammon, [called in Ast6ri " Patshiis," and '' TAKK" in
Gliilgiti,] with dice [called in Ast6ri and also in Ghilgiti l'dall."]

Fighting with iron wristbands is confined to Chilasi women who bring them over their
fists ~vliiclithey nre said to use with effect.

The people are also fond of wrestling, of butting each other whilst hopping &c.,"

T o play the Jew's harp is considered meritorious as King David played it. All
other nlusic good Mussulmat~sare bid to avoid.

The '' Sitara " [ the Eastern Guitar ] is said to be much played in Yassen, the people
of which country as well as the people of Hanza and Nagyr escel in dancing, singing and play-
ing. After them come t h e ffhilgitis, then the Astoris, Cliilasis B c , &c. T l ~ epeople of
h'agar are a comparatively mild race. They carry on goldwaslling which is constantly inter-
rtlpted by k i d ~ ~ a p p i nparties
g from the opposite Hunza. T h e language of Nagar and Yassen
is the Non-Aryan Khojunti and no affinity between that language and any other has yet
heen traced. The Nagyris are mostly Shiahs. They are diort and stout and fairer than the
people of Hunza [ the Kun,jutis ] who are described as " tall skeletons " and who are desperate
The Nagyris understand T ~ b e t a n ,Persian and Hindustani. Eadakhsban merchants
are the ones can travel with perfect safety through Yassen, Chitral and Hunza.

Fall into two maill Divisions: "slow" or " Birti Harip "=Slon- Instrument" and Quic,k
L' I)anni Harip,"=Quick Instrument. T h e Yassen, Nagpr a11d H r ~ n a apeople dance quickcst ;
the11 come ille Gllilgitis; t11cll tlie AstGriv ; the11the Baltis, and slowest of all :Ire t l ~ eJr:~dakis.

IVlien all join in the dance, cheer or ~ i n gwit11 gesticulations, the d:incc- or recitative
ii called " thapnatt " in Ghilgiti, and " Bnr1.6 " in Astciri.
___-.-. . . .. . .
. .. . . _ - - .- _ -_
-_
&a Powder '' is called " Jebati in AstJri and in Ghilghiti " Uilcn," and is, in both dlnlccts. also l l ~ eword used
"

I.lr m r d ~ c ~ n powder.
al I t is mode 01' Sulpbur, Snltpetre and cod. Sulpllur = dnntzil. Saltpetre = Sl16r iu Aatorl.
xod Sl~orhin GLilgiti. Cool = Kriri. The generol proportion of llle composition is, as my inrorluanl p t ~ tit, sl'ter d~ridlog
t ! l e rrhole into sis and a half parts to gire 5 of Snltpctre, 1 of coal, and !, of Sulphnr. Sonlc pat less cool in, bul it I*
yrncrnlly lieliered that more than the n h v e proportion of Sulphur mould make the ponder loo exylosi~e.
t A l e remarksmade
~ under t l ~ i shead and that of muele have been taken from Pnrt 11, pages 32 and 21, iu order
t , render the accounts more intelligible.
 When tliere is a solo dance it is cnllcd " nktt " in Ghilgiti, and *' nott " in Ast6ri.

LC cheeringpp is cC Halan~ush" in Gbilgiti, and Halamash " in Ast6ri.

clapping
of hands is called tza, I' Cries of I'fi, l'li dex ; tza t h e 4 I l i h Hi6 dca ; Halamush
t\ica ; sllabash" accompany the performances.
TIlere are kinds of Dances. Tile PRASULKI
KATE, is danced by ten
or twelve pAcpIe ranping themselres behind the bride as soon as she reaches the bridegroom's
Ilouse. This custom is observed a t Astor, xu this dance men swing about sticks or whatever
tiler may happen to hold in their hands.
The U U ~ H.\T.P
6 is a dance performed on tlic Nao Ilolyday, i u wlrich both men
and women engage-the women forming a ring round the central group of dancers, whicll
is composed by men. This dance is called TAPPNATEat Ghilghit. I n Dareyl there is a
dance in which the dancers wield swords and engage in a mimic fight. This dance Gbilghitis and
Astoris call the Dalaelri not, hut what it is called by the Dureylis themselves I do not
knom.
The mantle dance is called " GOJANAT." I n this popular dance the dancer throws
11%cloth over his extended arm.
w h e n I sent a man round with a drum inviting all the Dards that were
to be found at Gilgit to a festival, a large number of men appeared, much to
the surprize of the invading Dog]-as, who thought that they had all rlin to tlie hills. A few
slleep were roasted for their benefit ; bread and fruit were also given them, and when I
thought they mere getting into n good liumour, I proposed that they should
sing. Jlusicians had been procured with great difficulty, and after some demur, the Gilgitis sang
and danced. At first, only one a t a time danced, taking his sleeves well over his arm so as to let it
fall over, and then moving it u p and down according to tlrc cadence of the music. The movements
were, at first, slow, one hand hanging down, the other being extended with a commanding gesture.
TIle left foot appeared to be principally engaged in moving or rather jerking the body forward.
~ 1 1 of " pas seuls" wore danced; sometiilles a rude imitation of tlie Indian N i t s h ; the
bg-standera clapping their lixnds a ~ crying
~ d out Sli~liiill";one man, a sort of Master of Ceremo-
IL

nies, used to run in and out amongst them, hrandighing a stick, wit11 which, in srite of his very
~ i o l e n gestures,
t he only lightly touched thebystnnders, andexciting them to cheering by repeated
calls, which the rest then took up, o f " H i i ~ ,Hii~." The most extraordinary dance, however, was
when about twelve men arose to dance, of whom six went on one side and six on the other. Botll
sides then, moving forward,,jel.ked out tlieir arms so as to look as if they had all crossed swords,
then receded and let their arms drop. This was r war dance, and I a a r told thilt proper]y it
ought to have been danced with swords, whicl~,Irowever, out of' suspicion of tlle Dogras, did not
seem to bc forthcoming. rl'hey then formed a circle, again separated, the movements becoming
ruore arid more violent till almost ell the bystanders joined in the dance, sllouting ];lie fiends
Jlldliterally kicking Up 2 frightful amount of dust, which, after 1 had become choked
the custom is to put a number of Ghi (clarified butter) cakes before the IIulla, [after the earth
has beon put on the deceased] who, after reading prayers over them, distributes them to the com-
llany who are starlding round with their caps on. In Ghilgit, three days afrer the burial, bread
is genemlly Pstributed to the triends and acquaintances of tlie deceased.] To return to the
wine presses, i t is to be noticed that no one ever interferes with the store of another.
I passed several of them on my road from Tshakerkiit onward, but they appeared to have
been destroyed. This brings me to another custom which all the Dards seem to have of
burying provisions of every kind in cellars that are scooped out i n the mountains or near their
houses, and of which they d o u e have any knowledge. The Maharajaus troops when invading
Ghilgit often suffered severely from want of food when, unknown to them, large stores of grain of'
every kind, butter, glii, &c., mere buried close to them. The Ghilgitis and other so.called rebzls,
generally, were well off, knowing where to go for food. Even in subject Astor it is t h e custom
to lay up provisions in this manner. On the day of birth of any one in that country i t is t h e
custom to bury a stock of provisions which are opened on the day of betrothal of the young
man and distributed. The ghi, which by that time turns frightfully sour and [to our taste]
unpalatable and the colour of which is red, is esteemed a grcat delicacy and is said t o
bring much luck.
The chalk used for cementing the stones is called " San bjtt." Grapes are called
61 Djatsh," and are said, together with wine, to have been tlie principal food of Ghazanfar.
tile Rajah of Hunza, of wliom i t is reported that when h e heard of the a r r i ~ a lof t h e first
European in Astor (probably Vigne) he fled to a fort called Gojal and shut himself up in it
with his floclrs, family and retainers. H e had bcen told that the European was a great
sorcerer, who carried a a army with him in his trunks and who had serpents at his command
that stretched the~nselvesover any river in his way to efford him a passage. I found this
reputation of Europeansorcery of great use, and the wild mountaineers looked with respect
and awe on a little box which I carried with me, and which contained some piclures of
clowns and soldiers belonging to a small Magic lantern. The Ghilgitis consider the use of wine
as unlawtul; probably it is not very long sincc they have bccome so religious and drink i t with
remorse. My Ghilgitis told me that the I~Iuyulli-a sect living in tiunza, Gojal, Yassen and
Puny&-consideretl the use of wine :with prayers to be rather meritorious than otherwise.
A Drunkard is called " M6to."

As soon as the child is born the father or tlie IIulln repeat the '' bang" in his car " Allah
Akbar" (\vhicll an Astori, of thc name of Mirza Khan, said was ncver again repeated in one's
life! 1. Three days after the rcading of thc "Bt~ng"or " NamJz" in Ghilgit and seven days after
that ccren~onyill Astor, a large company assembles in which the father or grandfather of tile nem-
-
born give3 lii~na name or tlic Mulla fixes on n name by putting his hand on some word in the
Koran, which may serve tlie purpose or by getting zo~ncbodyelse to fix his hand a t random on
a passage or word in the Koran. Men and women aslemble a t that meeting. TIlere appears to
be no ~ u r d a hwhatsoever i n Dardu land, and t l ~ ewomen are remarkably chaste. The
little imitation of Pardah amongst the Rani9 of Gliilgit v a s a mere fashioll imported from
elsewhere. Till the child receives n name t l ~ ewoman is declared impure for the szven days
u s the ceremony. I n Ghilgit 27 days are allowed to elapse till the woman is
~ ~ r e v i o to
declared pure. T l ~ e uthe bed and clothes arc waslied and t ! ~ e mornan is restored to t l ~ e
colnpany of her husband and the visit of her friends. Men and women eat together
everywhere in Dardu land. In Astor, ram milk alone cannot be drunk together with a
woman unless thereby it is intended that she should be a sister by faith and come within
t l ~ eprohibited degrees of relationship. When men drink of the same raw milk they thereby
smear each other eternal friendship. I n Ghilgit this custom does riot exist, but it will at
once be perceived that mucll of what has been noted above belongs to Mussulman custon~
generally. When o son is born great rejoicings take place, and in Ghilgit a musket id
fired off by the father whilst the " Bang" is being read.
(d.E.:-MARRIAGE.
I n Ghilgit it appears to be a more simp!e ceremony than in Cl~ilasand Astor.
The filther of the boy goes to the father of the girl and presents him with a knife about
1; fcet long, 4 yards of cloth and a pumpkin filled with wine. If the father accepts the
present the betrothal is arranged. It is generally the fashion that after t h e betrotllal,
which is named : ' I Sh/!ir gala* fuige, balli ply?, = 4 yards of clot11 and a knife he
lras given, the pumpkin h e has drunk ," the marriage takes place. A betrothal is
inviolable, and is oilly dissolved by death as far as t h e woman is concerned. Tlie
young man is a t ltberty to d i s s o l ~ e the contract. W h e n tlie marriage day arrives
t h c men and women who are acquainted with the parties range themselves in rows a t
the house of the bride, the bridegroom with her a t his left sitting together a t tho end of
t h c row. T h e nlolla then reads t h e prayers, tlie ceremony is completed and the
playing, dancing nud drinking begin. It is considered tlie proper thing for the bride-
groom's father, if he belongs to the true Shin race, to pay 12 tolaa of gold of the value [at
Ghilgitj of 15 Rupees Nanakshalii (10 annas each) to the bride's father, who, however, generally,
returns it with the bride, in kind-dresses, or~laments,&c., &c. The 12 tolas are not always, or
even generally, taken in gold, but oftener i n kind-clothcs, provisions and ornarcents. At
Aetor the ceremony seems to be a little more complicated. Thcre the arrangements are
managed by third parties ; all agent being appointed on either side. The father of the
''
young man sends n present of o needle and three real (red) 6' milngs" oalled lbjum " In
Chilhsi, which, if accepted, establishes the betrothal of the parties. Then t h e father of tile
bride demands pro fornaa' 12 tolas [whic!l in Astor and Chilils are worth 24 Rripees of the
~ a l u cof ten:annas each.]
A11 real " Shin " people must pay this dowry for their wives in money, provisions
or in the clothes which the bride's father may require. The marriage takcs plaoe when the
 girl reache3 puberty, or perhaps rather the age when she is considered fit to be married.
I t ]nay be meutioned here in gcneral terms that those features in the ceremony which remind
one of Indian custolns are undoubtedly of Indian origin introduced into the country since t h e
occupation of Astor by the Maharajah's troops. Ghilgit which is further off is less subject to
such influences, and whatever i t may have of civilization is indigenous or more so than is the
case at Astor, tlie roughness of whose manners is truly Chilisi, whilst its apparent refinement in
some things is a foreign importation. \Vhcn the marriage ceremony commences the yocng man, ac-
companied by twelve of llis friends and by musicians, sits in front of the girl's house. The mother
of the girl brings out bread and ghi-cakes on plates, which she places before the bridegroom, round
whom she goes three times, caressing him and finally kissing his hand. Tlie bridegroom then
sends her back with a present of a few rupccs or tolas in the emptied plates. Then, after some
time, as the eveiling draws on, the agent of the father of the boy sends to say that it is time
that tlie ceremony sliould commence. The mother of the bridc then stands in the door-
way of her l~ouvewit11 a few other platefuls of cakes and bread, and tlie young man accom-
panied by his bridesman [" Shun?rr" in Astori and " Shamaderr " in Ghilgiti,l enters the
Ilouse. At his approacll tlie girl, who also has her particular friend, t h e " Shaneroy "
i n Astori, and " Shamaderoy " in Ghilgiti, rises. T h e boy is seatccl at her right, but both i n
Astor and in Ghilgit it is considered indecent for tho boy to turn round and look at her.
Then a particular friend, the '' Dharm-bhaiU* of the girl's brother asks her if she consents t o t h e
marriage. I n receiving or imagining an affirmative he turns round to the Mulla, who affer asking
three ti~nes whether he, she and t h e bridegroom as nell as all present are satisfied, reads the
prayers and completes the ceremonial. Then some rice, boiled in milk, is brought in, of
which tlie boy and the girl take a spoonful. They do not retire the first night but grace the
company with their presence. T h e people assembled then amuse themselves by hearing the
musicians, eating, kc., &c.
I t appears to be the custom that a person lcaves an entertainment whenever he likes,
which is generally tlie case after he has eaten enough.
It must, however, not be imagined that the sexes are secluded from each other in Dardis-
tan. Young pcople have continual opportuniti~sof meeting each other in the fields a t their work
or at festive gatherings. Love declarations often take place on these occasions, but if any evil inten.
ti011is perceived the seducer o f a girl is punished by this savage, but virtuous, race with death. Tho
-- _ .- ____ -.- .- -
* Tho " brotller in the lnith " with w l ~ o m raw milk ham been drunk, Vide poge 36.
Betrothal. = bnlli = pnrnpliin in Ghilgili, SoEI-Astori.
Bridegroom, = hilel60, Gh. hll8leo. Ast6ri.
Bride. - I111nl.
Bride~room'sMEN, = gnrlini, GI]. l1ila16, A9t6ri.
Mnrringo +J!L = gnrr. GII. Khsh. Ast6ri.
D o wry, - " dnb," Gh. nnd Astbri
the gram, ghi and sheep that may accompany the LrtrotLol-present is called by the Asffiris " snkliro.")
Hnsband, = bnrho, GII. bn76y0, Ast6ri.
Wife, = Greyn. Gh. greyn, . Ast6ri.
wed din^ dinner ' I gar6y tiki " iu Gbilgiti. " Kajjdyn bni kyas," in Astori (P) r '. tikki " is bread, " bni "
chippati, kyas = food.] is n
Dards know and speak of the existence of " pure love," " p i k Gshiqi." Their love songs show
sufficiently that they are capable of a deeper, than mere sexual, feeling. N o objection to lawful
love terminating i n matrimony is ever made unless the girl or the boy is of a lower caste. In
Ghilgit. however, the girl may be of a lower caste than tlie bridegroom. I n Astor i t appears that
a young man, whose parents-to whom h e must mention his desire for marrying any particular
person-ref~se to intercede, often attains his point b y threatening to live in the family of the
bride and become a n adopted son. A " Shin " of true race a t Astor may live in concubinage
with a girl of l m e r caste, but the relatives of the girl if they discover the intrigue revenge tile
insult by murdering the paramour, who, however, cloes not lose caste b y the alliance.
T h e bridegroom dances a s well as his twelve ccmpanions. The girl ought not to be
older than 15 years ; b u t a t 12 girls are generally engaged.*
-
T h e Balti custom ofhaving merely a cluin~to ( l o t o y on t h e part of the woman-the pro-
secution of which claim SO often depends on her satisfaction with her husband or t h e rapacity o t
Iier relatives-is in spite of the intercourse of the Baltis with the Skin people never observed by
the l a t h ; not
-
even by t h e Shin colonists of little Tibet who are called " BrokhpB,"
When the bridegroom has to go for his bride to a distant village he is furnished wit]!
a bow. On arriving a t his native place h c crosses the breast of his bride with an arrow and
then shoots it off. H e generally slioots three arrows off in the direction of liis home.
A t h t 6 r t h e custom is sometimes t o fire guns as a sign of rejoicing. This is no: dona
at Ghilgit.
W h e n t h e bridegroom fetches his bride on the second day to liis own home, the girl
is crying w i t h t h e women of her household and the young man catches hold of her dress i ~ t
front ( a t Ghilgit by t h e hand ) and leads her t o the door. If tlie girl cannot get ovc:r
embracing her people and crying with them quickly, the twelve men who have come aloug
with the bridegroom ( who in Ast6ri are called " liilalCe=bridegroom~ aud gar6ni in G;l~ilgit,i)
sing tlle following song :-

I N V I T A T I O N T O THE BRIDE.
NiRG.stali puciray kustijti ( aslali" is arkled to t8e f e r ~ Imp).
.
Conie out hawk's daoghter.
~rikasfali Le katanili; ( '' Jalanz"le," in GLilgiti ).
Come out wlly delayest thou !
n'iiasfali n~c;/cyn gulrj'o.
Come out (from) thy father's tent,.
iViLasfa/i ke Larnnfli?.
Come out wby delayest thou.

Do not weep waterfall's fairy.

+ The Turks say " n girl of 15 yearsol age shouli be either married or buried."
 Nk r o teyn rhtg boje.
Do not weep thy colour will go.
fie' r o jaro siidati.
Do not weep brethren's beloved.
Xk TO liy rdng boje.
Do not weep tlry colour will go.
NL 1.0 lnalgn shidati.
Do not weep father's beloved.
A'& 1.0 26~ r 6 n ~ 60je.
Do not weep thy colour will go.
TRANSLATION. -
Come out, oh daughter of the hawk.
Come out, why dost thou delay?
Come forth from thy father's tent,
Come out ancl do not delay.
Weep not ! oh fairy of the waterfall
Weep not ! thy d o u r will fade ;
Weep not ! thou art the beloved of us all wlio are thy brethren,
Weep not ! thy colour will fade.
Oh Weep not ! thou beloved of fathers, [ or " thy father's darling."j
For if thou weepest, thy face will grow pale.

Then the young man catches hold of her dress, or in Gliilghit of her arm, puts
her on horsebaclc, and rides off with her, heedless of her tears and of those of her companions.

Funerals nre conducted in a very simple manner. T h e custom of eating grapes a t

funerals I have already touched upon in my allusion to Dureyl in t h e chapter on "Wine."
Bread is commonly distributed together with Ghi, & c , three days after the funeral, to
people in general, a custom which is called " Nashi " by the Asthris, and " Kliatm " by the
Uhilgl~itis.When a person is dead, the nlullah, assisted generally by a near friend of the deceased,
waslles the body which is then p l ~ c e din a shroud. [Yomen assemble, weep and relate the virtues
of the dece~scd. The body is conveyed to the grave the very day of the decease. I n Astor thcrr
is somethinq in the shape of a bier for conveying thc dead. At Ghilghit two poles, across
wlricb little bits of wood are placed side-ways and then f~stened, serve for the s n u ~ c
purpose. The persons who carry the body think i t a meritorious act. T l ~ ewomen accompany
tlic body for some fifty yards and then return to the house to weep. The body is then placed into
tllc eertli which has been dug tip to admit of its interment. Sometimes the grave is well-cemented
and :r Lind of slllall vault is made over i t witti pieces of wood closely jammed together.
A PZr or saint receives a hewn stone standing as a sign-post from t l ~ etolub. I have seen no
inscriptior~sanywhere. The tomb of onc of their famous saints a t Ohilghit has none. I have
lleard people there say tllat hc was killed at that plwe in order ;o provide the country bt~ittl
a shrine. M y Ghilghiti who, likc all his countrymen, was very patriotic, denied it, but I heard
i t a t Ghilghit from several persons, among whom was one of the descendailts of the saint. As tile
Saint was a Kashmiri, the veracity of his descendant may be doubted. T O return to the funeral.
T h e body is conveyed to the cemetery, which is generally a t some distance from the village,
accompanied b y friend$. When they reach the spot t h e Mullah reads the prayers standing as in
the " Djenaz6"-any genutlexion, * rulru' and prostration are, of course, inadmissible. After the
body has been interred the Mullah recites the Fatiha, [opening prayer of the Koran] all people
standing u p and holding out their liands as if they were reading a book. T h e Mullah prays that
the deceased may be preserved from t h e fire of hell as he was a good man, &c. Then after a short
benediction the people separatc. F o r three days a t Ghilghit and seven days a t Astor the near
relatives of t h e deceased do not eat meat. After t h a t period the grave is again visited by the
deceased's friends, who, on reaching the grave, eat some ghi and bread, offer up
prayers, and, on returning, slaughter a sheep, whose kidney is roasted and divided in small
bits amongst those present. Bread is distributed amongst those present and a little feast
is indulged in, in memory of the deceased. I doubt, however, whether the Ghilghitis are very
exact in their religious exercises. T h e mention of death was always received with shouts
of laughter by them, and one of them told me that a dead person deserved only to be kicked. H e
possibly only joked nnd there can be little doubt that the Ghilghit peopleare not very communica-
tive about their better feelings. I t would be ridiculous, however, to deny them t h e possession
of natural feelings, although I certainly believe that they are not over-burdened with them. I n
Astor the influence of Kashmir has made the people attend a little more t o the ceremonies
of t h e Mussulman religion.

I n Chilis rigour is observed in the maintenance of religious practices, but

elsewhere there exi3ts the greatest laxity. I n fact, so rude are tho people t h a t they have no
written character of their own, and till very recently tlie art of writing (Persian) was con-
fined to, perhaps, the Rajahs of these countries or rather t o their Munsllis, whenever they
had any. Some of them may be able to read the Koran. Even this 1 doubt, as of hundreds of
people I saw only ouc who could read a t Ghilghit, and he mas a Kashmiri who had travelled
far and wide and had a t last settled in that country.

The great holyday of thc Shin people Lappencd in 1867, during the month succeeding
the Ramazan, but seems to be generally on the sixth of February. I t is called t h e " Shino nao,"
" the ncw day of the Shin people." Thc Ghilghitis call tlie day " shino bnzirno," t h e spring of
tlie Shin people." [The year, i t will be rcmembercd, is tlivided into bazolio=spring; wale=
summcr ; shero=autumn ; yono=winter. J The snow is now beconling a little sottcr and out-of-
door lire is more possible. Thc festivities are Lcpt up for twolve days. Visits take plnce and men
and wifc arc invited out to Jiuncr during that period. Formcrly, when thc Shins had a Raja or
Kawab of their o\vn, i t uscd to be the custom for women to dancc during those twelve days.
NOH the advent of the Scpoys and t h e ridiculous pseudo-morality of the Kashmir rule have in-
troiuced a kind of Parda and the chaste Shin women do not like t o expose themselves to
t h e strangers. Then there is the Nauroz, which is celebrated for three, and sometimes
for sir, days.
There are five great holy-days in the year :
The I'd of Ramazdn.
The Shin6-N&o.
The Naur6z.
Rurbani Eed.
...
DbmnikQ, Ghilghiti, ...
On the last-named holy-day the game of Polo is played, good clothes are put on, and
men and women amuse themselves in public meetings.
-
Tlie Shin people are very patriotic. Since the Maharajah's rule many of their
old customs have died out, and tlie separation of the sexes is becoming greater. Their great
national festival I have already described under the head of " Historical Legend of Gliilghit!'
--- -- - - .
- . -- - --
f Is celebrated 1n Autumn when the fru~tand corn havc become npe.
 (9.)-THE R E L I G I O U S I D E A S OF THE DARDS.

I f the Dards-the races living between the Hindu-Kush and Kaghan-have

preserved many Arian customs and traditions, i t is partly because they have lived in
almost perfect seclusion from other lfuhammadans. I n Chilas, where the Sunni form
of that faith prevails, there is little to relieve t h e austerity of t h a t creed. T h e rest of
the Muhammadan Dards are Shiahs, and that belief is more elastic and seems t o be more
suited t o a quick-witted race, than the orthodox form of Islam. Sunniism, however, is
advancing i n Dardistan and will, no doubt, sweep away many of the existing traditions.
T h e progress, too, of the present invasion by Kashmir, which, although governed by
Hindus, is chiefly Sunni, will familiarize the Ilards with the notions of orthodox Mullam-
madans and mill tend to substitute a monotonous worship for a multiform superstition. 1hare
already noticed that, i n spite of the exclusiveness of Hinduism, attempts are made by the
Maharaja of Kashmir to gather into t h e fold those races and creeds which, merely because they
are not Muhammadan, are induced by him to consider themselves Hindu. F o r instance, the Siah
Posh Kafirs, whom I venture also to consider Dards, have an ancient form of nature worship
which is being encroached upon by Hindu myths, not because they are altogether congenial
b u t because they constitute the religion of the enemies of Muhammadans, their own bitter foes
who kidnap the pretty Kafir girls and t o kill mliom establishes a claim among Kafirs to
consideration. I n the same way there is a revival of Hinduism in the Buddhist countries
of Ladak and Zanskar, which belong to Kashmir, and ideas of caste are welcomed where
a few years ago they were unknown. AS no one can beaome R Hindu, but any one may
become a Muhammadan, Hinduism is a t a natnral disadvantage i n its contact with an
advancing creed and, therefore, there is t h e more reason why zealous Hindus sllould seek
t o strengthen themselves by the amalgamation with other idolatrous creeds. T o r e h r n to
tlle Rlusulman Dards, it mill be easy to perceive b y a reference to my e t h n ~ ~ r a p l l i c n l
~ o c a b u l a r y what notions are Muhammadan and what traces there remain of a more ancient
belief. T h e " world of Gods" is not the mere 3&I which their professed religion teaches,
nor i8 t h e " serpent world " a Muhammadan term for our present existence. Of course, their
hIault-is may read " religious lessons" and talk to them of Paradise and Hell, but i t is from
3 more ancient source that they derive a kindly sympathy wit11 the evil spirits '' I'atsh,"

,-ledit them with good actions, describe tlieir worship of the sun and moon, and fill the
interior of mountains with them palaces and songs. Again, i t is not Islam that tells them of the
regeneration of their country by fairiea-tlnt places these lovely beings on the top ot' the
Himalayas and makes them visit, and ally themselves to, mankind. The fairies too are
not all good, as t h e Y a t s l ~are not all bad. They destroy the man who seelcs to surprise their
s ~ c r e t s ,nltliou~11,perhaps, they condone the offence by making him live for ever after in
fairy land. Indeed, the more me look into the national life of the Dards tlie less do we
find it tinctured by Muhqmmadan distute of compromise. Outwardly their customs may
 conform to that ceremonial, but when tliey make death nn opportunity for jokes and amuselucnt
we cannot refuse attention to the circumstance by merely explaining it away on tlie ground
that they are savages. I have noticed the prevalence of caste among them, how proud they
are of their Shin descent, how little (with the exception of the more devout Uliilasia) they draw
upon Scripture for their persoiial names, how they lionour women and how tiler like t h e dog,
an animal deemed unclean by otlier Muhammadans. Tlie Dnrds llnd no hesitation in eating with
me, but I shoulti not be surprised to hear that they did not do so when Mr. Hayward visited
tllem, for the Hinduized Mussulman servant3 that one takes on tours might have avi~ileci
tliemselves of their supposed supeiior knowledge of the faith t o inform the natives tlint
tliey mere making an improper concession to an infidel. A good many Dards, however, have
the impression that the English are Mussulmans-a belief that would nut deter them from
killing or robbing a European traveller in some districts, if Le had anything "worth taking."
Gouhar-Amin [called "(36rm6.n" by the people] of Pasin used t o say t h a l as tlie Koran, tlie
,--
word 7f God, was sold, there could be no objection to sell nn expounder of the word of God, a
Mullall, wlio unfortunately fell into his I~ands. I did not meet any real Shin who was s
Mullah,* but I have no doubt that, especially in Hunza, they are using the services of Mul1al:s
in order to give a religious sanction to their predatory excursions. I have said that the Dards
were generally Shiahs-perliaps I ought not to include tlie Sliiah tlnnzas among Dards as they
speak a non-Aryan language unlike any otlier tllrt I know+-and as a ruld the Shiahs are
preyed upon by Sunniu. Shiali children are kidnapped by Sunnis as an act both religious and
Shiahs have to go througli the market9 of Bukl~aradenying their religion, for mliicl~
deception, by the may, they have the sanction of their own priests.: Can we, therefore, wonder
thnt the Shiah Hunzas make tlie best of both worlds by preferring to kidnap Sunnis to their own
co-religionists ? A very curious fact is the attachment of Shialis to their distant priesthood.
W e know how the Indian Shiahs look to Persia; how all expect the advent of tlieir Messiah,
the Imam Mohdi ; Ilom the appointment of Razis (civil functionaries) is made through t h e
Mujtehid [a kind of high priest1 nnd is ratified by the ruling power, rntller than emanate direct
from t l ~ esecular nuthoritics, RS is the case mitli Sulinis. T h e well-known Sayad residing at
Bombay, Aghai Khan, has ndherents even in Dardistan, and any command that may reaclr
them from liim [generally a dcrliand for money 1 is obeyed implicitly. Indeed, throughout
India aud Central Asia tlrere are men, some of wliom lead a n apparently obscure life, wllose
importance for good or evil sllould not be under-rated by the Authorities.
What we know about tlie religion of the Siali-Posh Kaffirs [ whom I include in t h e
term '' Dards" ] is very little. My inlormants were two Kafir lads, who lived for some weeks
I Itavo nlrcnlly rolntcd thnt n foreign Mullah hnd found his way l o Ghilgl~it,nnd thnt the peoplc: desirous
tllnt no holy a man ~ h o l i l d not lrnro them nnd solicitous nhoul tho reputation thnt Lhr~rcountry l ~ n dno shrine. killed
him in order to havo soruo plnco fur pilgrimnpe. Similnr stories are, howerer, also told nhout shrines In Affghonistnn.
\I Snrlni sprnk* of slirinrs in N n g r. ChiIris nad Ynsin and snys lhnt iu Sunni Chil6r thora aro many M u l ~ s h ,
bof6nRina to 111 tho castes-two of Lie most eminsnt being Kramins of S h t i i l , about I) milea from S u l o . About
rnstcs ordc 47.
t I refer to the Khnjunh, n l n n ~ u s g oa180 spoken in Nagyr and Yasin, whose inhabitants are Dards.
: In the interior or Knbul Haznrn, on the othcr hnnd, I haro been told that Pslhao Sunni Merchantu hare
to pretcnd l o be Shinhe, in order to escape being murdered.
in my comp~uncland whose religious notions had, no doubt, been affected on their way down
throiigll liashmir. T h a t they , o ~once a year to the top of a mountain a s a religious exerci~e
and p u t a stone on t o a cairn ; that tlie number of Mullammadan heads hung up in front of
their doore indicates their position in the tribe ; that they are said to sit o n benches rather
tiIan squat on the ground like other Asiiitics; that they are repoited to like all those who
wear a curl in front; that they are lair and have blue eyes; t h a t they drink a portion of tlre
blood of a killed enemy--this and the few words wliich have been callected of their
language is very riearly all we have hitherto known about them. W h a t I have been
able to ascertain regarding them, mill be mentioned elsewhere..

-
(h.)-FORMS OF GOVERNMENT AMONG THE 1)AKI)S.

(:hilas, wliich sends a tribute every year to Kashmir for the sake of largcr return-
presents rather than as a sign of subjection, i~ said to be governed b y a council of elders, in
w l ~ i c heven woluen are admitted.t W h e u I visited Qhilghit, in 1866, i t was practically without
a ruler, the invading troops of ICashmir barely holding their own within a few yards of
tile Ghilgliit Fort-a remnrkable construction whicl~, according to the report of news.
p a p s , was blown up by accident last year, and of which t h e only record is the
tlrawing publislied in the Illuslraled London h e w s of tlie 12th February 1870.: There
is now v Thanadar of Ghilghit, whose rule is probably not very different from that
of his rapncious collexgues in Kashmir. T h e Gllilghitis are kept quied by the
presence of t h e Iiashmir army, and by the fact that their chiefs are prisoners a t Srinagar,
where other representatives of occe reigning hounes are also undcr ~urveillacce. bfansur Ali
Khan, t h e supposed rightful Raja of Ghilgbit is there; he is the so11 of Asgllar Ali Khan, son of
R a j : ~Khan, son of Gurtam Khan-but legitimate descent has little weight in countries that are
constantly disturbed by violence, except in Hunza, where the supreme riglit to robis hereditary.$
T h e Ghilghitis, mllo are a little more settled than their neighbours to the West, North and
Sooth, end who possc~sthe most refined Dardu dialect ~ n traditions,
d were constantly
to marautl~ngparties, and the Intc ruler of Y'lsin, Gouhar-Amin, who had co~queredGhilgli~t,
made i t s pract~ceto sell them into slavery on the pretext that they mere Shialls and infidels.
Yassin nrns lately rule1 by blir Wall, t h e supposed murderer of Mr. Hayrnald, and is a
tiependency of Chitral, a country ~vhicllis ruled by Aman-ul-mull<. T h e Uunza people are under
( ~ I I U Z ~ T IKhnn, tlte son of Gl~az:rofar,ll aud seem t o delight in plundering their I(irglliz
- - -. . . -
Rinee writing the ~ b o r em third Kafir I'rom Untbr llns enlrred my rorvice and I hare derived some drtnilrd
~niormation from l ~ i m nnd olhera rcgard~ng 1110 languages and customs of Lhis myaterious mce, wllie]l bo
bodiod in my ncxl ~ o l u m o .
t, I hars hrnrd Ll~is donied by a man from Sazin, but stnto it on the authority of two Chilisis who r c r e
rormerly 111 my service.
:M y Bazini snys thnt only a portion of the Port was b!own up.
9 rlidc Chapter *' &lodorn History of Dardistan " for dotails of the contending dynnrtiep of tlrat region.
I! Malor 310nt~omerio remark8 " t h e coins hnve tho wnrld Gujanfnr on them, tho namo, I suppose, of soma
rmblemnt~r anrmal. I wns however unable to find out its mrnning."
Tlle word i n P~di, Ghszonrar ! which w m n s in A,-abir : lion, hero! and m
i the name of tlls farmor rnlrr of
Hunra nbnne name l a un ~ b p ~ r ~ i r t g .
JAMSHEII, THE SIAH POSH KAFIR,
BROUGHT TQ EN0LhND BY PROPESEOR LEITNER. PR.D.
neigl~bours, although all travellers through that inhospitable region, with the exception of
Badakhshan merchants, are impartially attacked by these robbers, whose depredations have
caused the nearest pass from Central Asia to India to be almost entirely deserted. A t Ghilgl~it
I saw the youug Raja of Nagyr, with a servant, also a Nagyri. H e was a most amiable and
intelligent lad, whose articulation was very much more refined tlian that of his companion,
who prefixed a guttural to every Khajuni word beginning with a vowel. T h e boy was
kept a prisoner in the Ghilghit Fort as a hostage to Icashmir for his father's good behaviour,
and i t was with some dificulty that he was allowed to see me and answer certain linguistic
questions which 1 put t o him. If h e has not been sent back to his country, i t mould be a
good opportunity for our Qovernment to get him to the Panjab i n the cold weather
wit11 the view of our obtaining more detailed information than w e now possess regord~ngtho
l(bajun4, that extraordinary language t o which 1 have several times alluded.
The name of Ra; BhL, Rnja, applied to Muhammadans, may sound singular to
ihose acc~stomedto connect them with Hindu rulers, but i t is t h e ancient name for " King" a t
ahilghit (for wliich "Nawab" seeme a modern substitute in that country)- whilst Shah g a t o r *
in Chitrrrl, Tham in Hunza and Nagyr, Mitdrr and Bakht6 in Yavsen and Trakhn6 in Ghilgllit offer
food for epeculation. The Hunza people say that the King's race is Mogholote ( or Mogul) ;
they call tlie King Satowad and atfirm that he ie Aishea ( t h i ~probably means that he is
descended from Aisha, the wife of Muhammad ). Under the king or chief, for the time being,
the most daring or intriguing hold ofice and a new element of disturbance hns now been
introduced into Dardistan bp the I(as1imir faction a t every court [ o r rather robber's nest]
which seeks to advance the interests or ulterior plans of conquest of the Maharaja, our
feudatory. Whilst the name of Wazir is now common for a "minister," me find tlle names
of the subordinate offices of 'hangpi, Yarfh, Zeyt6, aopii, &c., kc., which point t o t l ~ e
reminiscel~ces of Tibetan Government and a reference to tlie " Official Designations " i n m y
Pert XI. will direct speculation on other matters connected with the subject.
I need scarcely add that under a Government, like that of Chitral, mliicl~used to derive
a large portion of its revenue from kidnapping, the position of the nficial slave-dcaler (Dimrin-
bigi)t WIN a high one. Shortly before I vieited Gl~ilghit,il, man ueed to sell f o ~a good Lunting
dog (of which animal tile Darda are v e v fond1 two men for n pony and tliree meti for a large
piece of ~1att15(a kind of woollen stuff). Women and wealc men received the preference, it beillg
difficult for them to escape once thry have reached their destination. Practically, all tlrr IriIl-
rnen are republicms. The name for servant is identical nit11 tliat or " comp;rnion ; " i t is {,nly
tllc prisoner of another tribe wlio is a " slave." Tlie progress of Kaslimi: will certainly
Imre the elTecb of stopping, at arry rate nominally, the tradc in male slaves, Lot it will reduce
Tbis waa the name o f tho grnndfnther o l Aman-ul.Nulk tho present ruler of Chitrnl. C l ~ n n i r ~ c l ~ nanru m
that the t i t l e o l " Kathor" hum born lieldfor 20:M years. I rnay inciilentnlly mcotion t l ~ a tnatives or Inrlin w l ~ olied rinitud
(:lt1rr61 d ~ dnot knnw i t by on othrr namo thnn " Kosllnhnr" the nnmo ol tlln pri~rcipnl town, a h i l r t Cl~itrnl ass
r n ! l ~ , l .' n Kafir r i l l a ~ esurroonged by mouutuinr" by Neyk hluharnmed s Loghmhoi Ntmlsha (or llalfl Mussulrnou.
+ T l ~ i l dcaiqoati,.,n 1% r ~ n l l g rllnl of the Mioirter or Fionnrro
all s~i\?jectsto the same dead level of slavery and extinguisli that spirit of freedom, and
i t lnitny of the traditiolls, that have prcserved t h e Dard races from t h e degeneracy whicll
has becn the fate of the Arians who reached Kashmir aud India. T h e indigenous Government
is one whose occasional tyranny is often relieved by rebellion. I think the 1)ard Legenda
and Songs sliow that t h e Dards are a superior people to the Dogras, wlio wish to take
their couutry in defiance of treaty obligations, a n d I, for one, mould almost prefer the conti-
nuance of present anarchy whicli may end i n a national solution or in a direct alliance mitli
the British, to t h e kpin'er policy of Kashmir which, without shedding blood,* haa drained the
~.esourcesof t h a t Paradise on earth and killed the intellectual and moral life of its people.
T h e administration of justice a n d t h e collection of t h e taxes in Dardistan are carried on,
th. former with some sllow of respect for religious injunctions, the latter with sole regard to
whatever the tax-gatherer can immediately lay his hand upon.

Most of the villages, whose names I have given elsewllere, are situate on the main line
o f roads which, a s everywhere i n Himalayan countries, generally coincides with the course
of rivers. T h e villages are sometimes scattered, but as a rule, tlie houses are closclp packed
together. Stones are lieaped u p and closely cemented, and the upper story, wliich ohen is
only space shielded by a cloth or b y grass-bundles on a few poles, is generally reached by u
atair-case from t h e outside.+ Most villages are protected by one o r more wooden forta,
wliicll-with tlie exception of the Cfhilghit fort--are rude blockhouses, garnished with rows of
beams, behind which i t is easy to fight a s long ae the place is not set on fire.Most villages
also contain an open space, generally near a fountnin, where the villagers meet in tile evening
young people make love t o each other.! Sometimes the house^ contain a subterranean
apartment which is used as a cellar or stable-at other times, thc stable forms tile lower part
of tile house and the family live on the roof under a kind of grrrss-tent. I n Lad&,
a little earth heaped up before tlie door and impressed with a large wooden seal, was
sufficient, some years ago, t o protect r house i n the absence of its owner. I n Dardistan
bolts, & c , &c., show the prevailing insecurity. I have seen l~ouses w l ~ i c h ]]ad. a
courtyard, ronnd wliich t h e rooms mere built, but generally all btiildings in Dardistan
are of tile meanest description-tlie mosque of Ghilgliit, in which I slept one night whilst tile
sepoys were burying two or thrce ynrds away from me, h o n e who were killed by the 80-called rebels,
being almost ns miserable a construction as the rest. Tlie inner part of the house is generally
divided from tlie outer by a beam which goes right across. My voc:rbnlary will show all the
rmplementr,& c , &c., they une in building, kc. &c. Water-mills and ~vintl-millsare to be found.
- -- - --- ---
l r not t o tho massncrea I D Dsrd~atan,of which detaila will
a 1 r,.rer only to the prcscnt rule or Kashmir ~ t ~ and
be g ~ v c n further O U
t f i d ~my comperlson b ~ l w e @Dardu
n bulldlngq, k c kc., and certain eacnvrt~onr "hiell I mado at Tnkhti.Dahl In
Yusufaa~ I U I b i U .
:RralucLi~~nand a d ~ ~ l l c r ya.0 p~lnishcd w i ~ hdeath in C b i l h and the n c i ~ h b o u r i n u independent Diatricls.
s . quilc so steru at G h i l ~ h i t ,wlii s t In Yaaio end Nngyr grrat laxity i s anid to prevail.
Morjlttj IS, y c r u ~ l ~ no&
 Cradles were an unknown commodity till lately. I have already referred to
the wine and treasury-cellars excavated in t h e mountains, and which provided them with food
during the war in 1866, the invading Kashmir troops around them mere starving.
~ ~( t bwere~ unknown till lately ) are sheltered constructions under waterfalls ; in
fact, they are mere sheltered douche-baths. There is no pavement except so far as stones
placed in order to where there are no roads. T h e rooms have a fire-plxe, which a t
Astor, ( *here i t is used for the reception of live coals) is in tlie middle of the room. The
conservancy arrmgements are on the slope of t h e hi119 close t o t h e villages, in front of which
are fields of 1nd.m corn, &c. &c.
(j.).-DIVISIONS O F THE D A R D RACES.
The name of Dardistan ( a bybrid between the " Darada " and a Persian termina-
tion ) seenls now to be accepted. I include in it all the countries lying between
the Eindukush and Raghan ( lat. 37" N. and long. 73" E.to lat. 35" N. long. 74-30E). I n
a restricted sense the Dards are the race inhabiting t h e mountainous country of Shiniki, detail-
ed further on, but I include under that designation not the only the Cbilasis, Astoris, Gllilghitis,
Dureylis, &c., but also the people of Hunze, Nagyr, Chitral and Kaffiristan.* As is tlie case with
uncivilized races generally, the Dards have no name in common, but call each Dard tribe t h a t
inhabits a different valley by a different name. Tbis will be seen in subjoined Extract from my
Ethnographical Vocab~~lnry.The name " D a d ' itself was not claimed by any of th9 race t h a t
I met. I f asked whether they wliere " D a r h " they said " certainly," thinking I misproio~lnc-
ed tlie word "dide" of the Hill Panjabi which means 'I wild " " independent," and is a name
given them by foreigners as well as L' yaghi," kc., k c , 1the country is i~idifferently known as
Yaghistan, Kohistnn and, since my visit in 1866 as Dardistan, a name which I s e e Mr. Hayward
has adopted]. I hope the name of Diwd will be retained, for, besides being the designation
of, at leaet, one tribe, it connects the country with a range known in Hindu mythology
and history. However, I must leave this and other disputed points for the present, a n d
contine myself now to quoting n page of Part 11. for the service of those whom the phllolo-
gical portion of that work deterred from looking at the descriptive part.
S H I N are all the people of CliilPs, Astar, Dureyl or DarPlI, Gar, Ghilghit t or Gilil.
"

All these tribes do uot acknowledge the " Guraizis," a people inhabiting the Gnraiz vnlley
between Cllills and Kashmir, as Shin,although the Guraizis themselves think so. T h e Guralzi
dialect, h o ~ e v e r is
, undoubtedly Shini, much mixed with Kashmiri.
The Shins% call themselves "Shin, 8LinA IBk, Shiniki," and are very prond
n ~ ~ e l l a t i o and
n , in addition to tlie ~ b o v enamed races include in i t the people of Tory, ~ h ~ b ~
[districts of, or rather near, Chilis]; Tanylre [Tangfr] belanging to Dsrk]l ;also the people
-
Sazinl

---- ---
- -
a Rince writing the above I have discovered that the peo lo of Eandii-an unsuspected race and country lyinK
betncen Swat and the lndus-are Dards and speak a Dialeot o f Shin&, of which syocimens aro =iven further on.
t The word ought to be transliterated " Oilgit" & and pronounced as it would be in Germsn, but lhio might
expare it ta boing pronouncdd as " Jiljit" by soma English readers, so I h a ~ oleh it generally as " Ghilghit."
1 In r restricted sonso " Shln" is the name of the highest caste of the S b h race.
of Rlloli-Palus wlrose origin is Shin, but who are mixed with Affgbane. Some du not consider
tlie people of Rl~oli-Palus as SIIP~.* They speak both ShinB and P u k l ~ t u[pronounced by tile
Shin people "Post6."] Tlre Baltis, or little Tibetans, call the Shin a n d also the h'agyr people
" Urokhpi," or, as a term of respect, " Brokhpb bibo."t Offshoots of the " Shiu " people live
iu Little 'I'ibet and even t l e district of Dray, near Llie Zojilh pass on t h e LadPk road towards
l<asl~mir,was once Shin and was called b y them Humbss. 1 w;is the first trnvellcr, wllo
cliscovered that there were Shin colouies i n Little Tibet, viz: t h e villages of Sl~ingbtsh;S;ispur;
Brashlrialdo ; Bas116; Danhl djlinele ; TBtslrin; Dorat (i1111abitedby pure Shins) ZungOt, 'l'ortze,
( iu tlie direction of ltongdu) and Durb, one day's march from Skardo.4

'J'llc Cliilisis call themselves Bold$

,, )I ,, tlieir fellow-countrymen of Takk=" KnnC" or Takke-Kant?.

,, I) ,, [the flalsl~uke'.are now an extinct race, a t all events in D x r d i ~ t a nproper.]

,, 9, ,, Ladkki=Bofi. P1 of Btt.

vt ,l ,, l)ogras=Sil.X.i, [Siklrs] now '' VBgdy."

I 9 ) B A ffghans=Pnl(;~~i.
. PI ,, Nagyri~=A-odjr~rri.
1 I, 1, Runzns= H11nz1'je.

hTo~~.-Tlre I<irglliz are described by C h i l ~ s i sas haring flat faces and s~nnllnoses ant1
are supposed to be very white and beautiful, t o be Nolnadsand t o feed on milk, Luttor and mutton.
T h e Clrilasis call the pcoplc between Hunza and
PamCr on the Tarkancl road.
- -- -
' My Saalui pnvslhat t h y arc rrlblly Shins. YasLkuns, D6mr and Krarnins. but prrtend to I)r Afl:l~nns. Ii'dc List
o f Cnctrs puge 17. Eholi-Palus nre t w o Districts. Ii1161i and Palus. wltose inl~ol)itnots nro ~ c n r r a l l y GRIILIIIS with
varlr o l l ~ e r . S h c p l ~ r r d sfrom hllcse placra often bring tbcir Bochs for male l o Gllilghit. I nlet R few.
t T l ~ i rnnnlc is also nnd prapcrly s i r e n by the Unltis to their Dard ft.llorr-couutrymvn. Indcrd 1110 Lilt10
Tlllctans loot more like Dnrds than Ladlikis.
: PIorp ntrr dnmra.' F o r six prnrs I bcliered rnywlf " t h e diseorerrr" o l tlris fact. I>ut I f i ~ dt1t8t1 a!
rrcnrda Knrtnkrhun in Litl!c Tibvt, I h a r e bccn nrarly nnticipsted by Mrs. Hcrvey, who calls Ihc inliabilnnts " 1)~lrdy.
" 1)Lruds" or " Dardoos)."
O, My Saeini calla ILe people of hi3 o m place=Bigs' ; tllose of T6rr=.Un)lski and thoso of Ilarl)enn=J~~rr
 There are also other Gqj6ls under a Raja of GojAl on the Badakhshan road.
T h e Cliilbsis call t h e Siah p6sh Rifirs = Basligali ( Bashgal is t h e name of t h e
country inhabited by this people \vho enjoy t h e very worst reputation for cruelty.) They are
snpposed to kill every traveller tliat comes within their rencli and to cut his nose or ear off as a
ti.ophy. *
Tbe Cliil;~siswere originally four tribes; viz.
tile Bagotd of Duner.
t h e ICanC of l'nlrli,
the 13otE of the Chiliis fort,
the hlatshulii: of the hlatshuk6 fwt.
'1 he Bot6 and tlie hIatshuke fought. The latter were defeated and are eaid 'to have
fled into Astor and Little Tibet territory.
A Foreigner is called " 6sho."
Fellow-country men are called '' nlaleki."
Tlic stature of the Dards is generallg slender and miry and well suited t o the life of a
mountaineer. Tbey are now gradually adopting Indian clothes, and whilst thia will displaoe
their own ratlier picturesque dress and strong, though rough, indigenous manufacture, it lnay
also render them less manly. They are fairer than t h e people of the p b i n s (the women of
Tassin being particularly beautiful and almost re~ninding one of European women), but o n the
frontier they are ratlier mixed-the Chilasiv with the Kaghanis and Astoris-the Astoris and
Ghilgllitis with tlie Tibetans, and the Guraizis with t h e Tibetans on t l ~ e one hand and the
Icashmiris on the other. T h e consequence is that their sharp and comparatively clear com-
plexiou (where it is not under a crust of dirt ) approaclles, in some district^, a Tatar or Moghal
appearance. Again, the Nagyris are sliorter tlian tlie people of Hunza t o whom I have
already referred. J u s t before I reaclied tile Ghilghit fort, I met rr Nagyri, whose yellow m o w -
taclle and general appearance almost made me believe that I had come across a Russian i n
disguise. I have little hesit:ttion in stating tllat the pure Shin looks more like an European
than any higli-caste Brahmin of India. hleasurements were taken by Dr. Neil of t h e
Laliars Medical College, but have, iinfortunately, been lost, of t h e two Shins who accom-
panied me to the Panjab, where they stayed in my house for a few months, together with
otlier representatives of the various races wliorn I had brought down with me. The prevalence
of caste among the ShPus also deserves attention. W e have not t h e Muhammadan Sayad,
Slleykli, Moghal, and Pathnn ( whicli, no doubt, will be substituted in future for the existing
caste designations ), nor t h c Icashmiri Mullammadan equivalents of what are generally mere
nirmes for occupations. 'I'he following List of Dard Castes may be quoted appropriately
from Part I1 :-
T l ~ etwo liafirs in my errvice in 1P6G. one of whom a n 8 a Bash eli, seemed inoffonsire young men. Tkg
admitled drinking n parhion of Llle blood o f a killcd enemy or eat in^ a {it of his heart, but 1 fmcy thia praetlcs
])rnw~ds morp from brnvado tllon a;prl.ile: I n " Darics' Trode r,eport" I End the followina Note to Appcndix XXX.
I ~ E CCCCLSII. " TIIC ruler of C ~trkl 1s I ? tllc habiL of enslaving all persons from the tribes of Kplith, Dmngini and
Hnsl~:bali, idolaters l ~ r i o g in the Chitrhl terntory."
 "CASTES.
Raja (highest on account of position.)
Wazir (of SHINrace, and also t h e official caste.)
SHIN t h e highest caste ; the S h i n i people of pure origin, whether they be Astoris,
Qkilghitis, Chilasie, &c. &c. &c * They say that i t i s the same as t h e " Mogllals" of India.
Probably this name only suggested itself to them when coming in contact with Ll~ssulmana
from Kashmir o r the Panjab. Tile folloaing castes a r e named in their order of rank:
Ybshimn = n caste formed by the intermixture between the S11in and a
low [aboriginal?] race. A ShZn may marry a PBshkunn woman [celled Yashkani;"l but no
Ynshkunn can marry a Shin6y = Shin woman.
= caste of carpenters.
= weavers. T h e GLilgl~itiscall this caste : " By&~#hoi"
= ironmonger.
= potter
D6m t = musician
( the loweet castes.)
Kramin = tanner ?
N. B.-TheBro6hpd are a mixed race of Dardu-Tibetans, am iudeed are the Astoris
[ the latter of whom, however, consider themselves very pure Shins]; the Gurdi'as are
probably Dardu-Kashmiris; but I presume that the above division of caste is known, if
not upheld, by every section of tlke Sllin6 people. T h e castes most prevalent i n Guraiz are
evidently Kashmiri a0 :
Bhat. L6n. DBr. Wfiy. RLter. T116kr. BagQ."

Both my Ghilghiti foIIower, Ghulam Muhammad, s o d the Astori retainer, M i r m Khan, claimed to be pure Shin,.
t My Sazlni says that the DBms nre bclow the Eramills am1 t h a t thero are only .I originnl c~*t,cs: 611in,
Yashkunn. Kramin [or " Kaminu"] nod Darn, who, to quote his words, occupy the follo~vi~lg relative rnnka : TIIO
Shln in the right hand, the Yashkunn tho loft; the Krnmin tho r i ~ h tfoot, the D t m the lert h o t . " " The other
rnates are mere names Ibr occupations." " A Shin or Y a s l ~ k n n n rnn trade, eultiratc lend or be n shrpbrrd
without loss of diqnity-Kramins a r e weavers. carpenters, &c. k c . , but not mnsicians-as for Ienthrr, it is not prepared
In the country. Kraminr wlro c u l t ~ v a t eland consider them~elveseqmrnl to S11in3. D5mr can fi>IIow U I I , ~,-mploymcnt, but, ~f
a Dom bccomes n Mullnl~. 110 is re-pccted. Mcmbcrd of the severul costos who mi3beharc nro cnlled Min. Pn*l~gun.
Marnin and M t m reopectively. " A mnn or ~ o o dcasto will egpoure side3 and fight to the loqt even oan~nst his nwn
brother." R e r e n p is u duty, as among Agghans, but is not transmitted from cenrration t o generation, if tho first
murderer is killed. A man who has killed another, by mistake, in u fiallt or otherwise, arcks a Tn111k Ibrgivenerr
b bringing a rope, sllroud and a bulfalo bo the relntives of tho deceased. The upper cnatcs r-tn, if there are no
d r a m i n s in their villngcr, do ironmonger's nod curpenter's work, w ~ t l ~ o udisgrace;
t but muut wait I.or Kromior or
Uoms for weaver's KO&. T h e women spin.
 ( 49 1

HISTORY OF THE WARS WITH KASHMIR.

[ CorrllniJled
lo Puritingjrom the statenzen/s of a Sazini, lcLo look p a r t in many of the
cngagetnent,~.]
I,-STRUGGLES FOR T H E UONQC'EST OF CHILAS.
" About twenty-three years ago tliere was a very strong fort at C~lilAs. T W Oyears before
the outbreak of tlie wars, a man named Lassu came [on tlie part of Kaslimfr ?] to tlie frontier
of Cliikis. This man's ancestors had been i n the service of the Dogras and for ninety
years had possessed property and tlie Sirdarsliip a t Gord (?) (probably Gura'iz) in t h e family.
I t is not knownmliy or whather he mds dismiasccl tll: Kashmit service, but he came with his
family in 1827 to Chilii~and became thc canse of all tlie subsequent disturbances. This man
had been renowned tor bravery in llis youtl~,but when he came mas old and feeble, thouglr
full of intrigue. I n the valley of Marungit is a place called Neyi'ctt, where he
established liilnself with about twenty families of' Rashmiris and others, who Iiad followed him
from Guraiz. His two brothers were also with him. Where he fixed his residence there is-at
scme distance below-a village of tlie name of GGsher, inhabited by tlie people of Takk, The
valley is called Rarlingi'c a t its exit I n these two years he cultivated his fields and the
friendship of the Cliili'csis. P u r c h a ~ i n g also cattle and horses lie became a great chief, t o
whom the Chiliisis used to pay visits of ceremony. H e also used constnntly to visit
them, and when he liad acquired a decisive influence, he assembled xll the Lumberdars of
Chilis and said, " W h a t a pity that Astor being so near, whose inhabitants are all Shiahs, you
should not attack tliem acc~rdingt o the Slie1.a' 1 religiolis Law]." The ignorant CliilBsis then
be?~il to go on plundering excursions in the direction of Astor, which were often
successful. When tlie Governor of Astor became unable to resist these attacks, he requested
the assistance of the Maharaja of I<aslimPr, who refused i t to him, but himself advanced
direct on Cliilbs with an army. (In this war I was present for about a month). One
day a battle began in the early ~norning and lasted till the evening. The Maharaja's
drove us right into the CliilJs Fort. W e sent off men a t once in all directions
for help. For two days tliere was no other engagement. On thc 3rd day came allies of the
valley of Glue, from DarEl, JalkBt, Takk and Torr, Harbbnn, SliatiQ1,Sazln, Hudlir, K61i,
and 200 Tangtris (we were in all about 20,000 men, women and cliildren, i n that great
fort). They poured in all day, aud by evening the struggle was renewed in which, as I
naw myself, women took part. As the Siklis mere pressing on to the \valls, t h e women
t k e w bedsteads and planks on t'neir lieads ; stones a i d kitchen utensils mere also used. The
result was not decisive. A stream mas flowing into the fort in wllich we had four
reservoirs kept filled in case of need. HCmur, a brave man, whose son Sadur is now a
Chicf, a Yashkunn, sat tliere giving a pumpkin full of water (about halt a pint) to R man
during the day and a pint at night, r s it was more quiet then. There was a row of men
stationed handing the gourd i n and out and taking care that nobody got more tllnn
his share. Often we went without food for two days. T h e Chilisi women cooked
and cast bullets-the other women chiefly fought. The besiegers diverted the stream from the
fort into the valley. W e then drank t h e water of the reservoirs. This lasted for a month.
W e only lost i n killed about three or four a day, as we fought behind cover. The enemy lost
from 8 0 to 120 a day as they were in the open plain. When their provisions failed and supplies
did not reach them, they retired with the loss of a third of their army, their treasury and goode.
(306 women were appointed for the purpose of working and casting bullets all da,y.)
I n the day time me used to exchange shots-at night we would attack their camp, when they
were tired or asleep. The walls were loopholed for the guns, and altogether the management
of the affair was very good. W e looted 1 0 0 mule-loads of powder ; as much of lead, 40 tents-
1 0 0 beds (charpoys), 2 boxes filled with money (chilkisl-50 sound muskets and 150 injured
muskets,-120 brass kettles-50 brass jugs- 200 sheets and 400 brass gharras (pitchers)-100
shawls, good and bad)-200 Chaplis (sandals-)20cbairs-5 loads of sticks-",O lances-200
bayonets-a heap of 1 0 0 swords-20 daggers-20 iron hammers, 130 tent pegs of iron and 800
of wood- 2 big guns-3 field guns, and miscellancous property too numerous and various
to detail. Two days after the flight of the Dogras the people assembled and began to
divide t h e spoil. W e began by giving 1 0 Chilkis to each man, but i t did not last for
all ; so, whoever got no money. took a gun, lance, tent, kc. The big guns were put into the fort'
I was shot in the leg in that siege. W e used to bury our dead in their clothes within NO or
three days of their death. The Siklis also used to burn, and tlie besieging Muslims in their
service to bury, tlle dead for some time. When, however, the casualties iucreased, the
besiegers gave u p attending t o the dead. I t was in the midst of summer ; so the stench was
very and disease also spread in the Sikh camp. Sevell days after the
enemy, the tribes who had come to llelp left for their ONn placer. The followin6. is tlle
list of the Sirdars killed in t h e siegeu-
Deyfiri Khan, a Shin, one-eyed, Sirdar of Chilis.
Hasllm Shah, a Shin, of Chiliis.
Nasr Ali Khan, a Yashkunn, of Chillrs.
&lik Faul:id, a Yashkunn, of Hnrbenn.

T h e following Sirdars survived :-

,
Rahmat Ulla, Shir Chilhsi.
Akbari, Sbin, Lamberdar of Takk.
Murad Shah, Yashkunn of nrr.
Adam Shah, Yashkunn of Tbrr.
BahMur (BeghdGr) Shin of Harbinn.
Naik Numa, a Kamln, Harbann.
Faizulla Khan, Shlo, Harbann.
 Mard Shah, Kamln of Shatiil.
Shah Jellin, Do. Shatiil.
Malek Nazr-ud-din, Slii'n of Sazin.
Hajem Klian, do. do.
Lala Khan, Yashlikunn of Dareyl.
Jeldir, 9, It

lzzat, ShPn of Phhgotsh (Dareyl).

Rahmi, ,, of SamagiCl in Dareyl.
Matshar Khan (a great Sirdir) Slrin, Samagial.
LosPn, ShPn of Barzin.
Mirza Khan, ShPn, Barzin.
Shall NerdBn, Shin of Hudhr.
Icazilbik Yashkunn of Bider.

After a year had passe2, the Cllilasis and the Yaghisthnis assembled a t ChilAs with
the intentivn of ~ l u n d e r i n gAstbr, whose Governors then was Ja5r Khan and Wazir Gurbhnd,
sub-jects of KashrnPr and of the Shiah faith, and therefore fit objects for the attack of orthodox
Mussalmans (Sunnis). W e mere in all about 108,000 Yaghistanis ( the ideas of number are
very vague in those countries-though not so vague as in Lughrnini where thtre is not a separate
name for a number above 400,and the foreign appellation of hazar=1,000 is the equivalent for
400. Vide Lughrnini and Kandii Vocabularies in which numeration is by twenties). The
Astoris were only 6100, but me went in large numbers as we counted on having to meet
the Dogras of Kaelimir,

The following is the List of the confederate Paghistanis :

Froln Koli 1,000
,, Palus 4,000
,, J a l k l t 3,000
,, Sazin 500
,, SLatial 500
,, Harban 1,000
,, Takk 1,000
,, Ollilas 3,000
,, Torr 1,000
,, Tangir 4,000
,, Dareyl 10,000
,, GOrdjan 6,000 (probably Gar.)
,, Qfne 100
,, Uilder 100
 From Gormini 2,000 (probably auxiliaries from Gauhar-Amin, ruler of Ynsin,
popularly called G6rmin.)
,, Gilgit 5,000
,, Sai 5,000
(This only brings the allied Dard forces u p to 48,2001, possibly twice as many as tIlel.e
really mere. Since then the Dards have been more than decimated and the destruction of Gilgit
with all its traditions, &c., &c. is one of the saddest results of the KashmPr frontier war. TIlere
are, however, Gilgit emigrants to be found i n SaaPn and other places). We marched on to tile
mountains of Astor and Gauhnr-AmLn with 2,000 men stopped a t JalkGt (j as in French) in tile ~ i i
territory 6 koss Par. H e told u s t h a t when the Dagras came u p to assist Astor, lie would at once
advance with more troops to that place. W h e n we came near Astor, the Governor jvas
iufsrned of our approach. Most of the Astoris fled, many leaving their property behind.
The 6,000 fighting men remained; they had, however, sent most of their property away. TIle
people of tile Astor village, Daslikin, had not heard of our arrival ; so me surprized it about mid-
ni7ht, killed 2 men and mounded 9-100 were c a p t ~ r e d(men and women). W e toolc 80 cows,
500 goats, clothes to tlle value of COO Rupees, 40 hatchet,^, 100 swords, nnd l o 0 muskets. Out of
the house of the WazP1. Gorbund me got 5 kettles. There are many Pashkunns a t Astor, three-
fourths being of tliat race and the remainder being h i ~ l fShlns and the other half Kamins. Our
arrival a t Astor mag announced by a man whom with his companion we surprized at the
bridge of Sugarlibt. A man of Shatihllrilled tlie con~panionby throwing a stone a t him ; tlie other
effected his escape and enabled the Astoris to get away with their property. Tlie reason wliy
we killed so few was became me wanted to make the people our slaves, either to keep or sell ;
being Rafirs their lives are forfeited to the Nussulmans, but i t is harder on them to be slaves
than die and tllerefore we prefer to enslave them. Besides it is more profitable. I n the morn-
ing, a rulnour of the approach of the IIaI~arajah's troops reached us. W e were greatly
surprized at this and retired on t o Hasliu Gher (probably the Atsho p2r, a very Iligll
mountain wllicll overlooks Uunji, on the Kashmir side of the Indus) by tlie Burde-
rikat roaJ-a very difficult one-on t h e way to Chilis, which we reaahed ollly the 6th
day after our retreat. W e then divided tlie spoil. Some sold their slaves in ChilBs. Most
took them to tlleir homey. Wc did not lose any one in killed or wounded on this excursion.
Jabar Iillan ot Astor tlien \vent to the Maharaja es a suppliarlt-saying he and his peol)le were
~ l ~ i l d r nnJ
i : ~ ~sul,jects of ICashmic and implored help against the marauders, who, lie urged,
should tiic~ust.lvesbe attackcd and punished. Tlic bIahal.;?ja advised liirn to be quiet for year,
as he woul,l ; bl.i~lga large army. Tliis was satisfactory lor Jabar Khan, who was illtent on
revetl:q.; 1) t.:!,.t, l ' b months later, when he and his minister with 60 men again
:it '~.iu.l=ar, in order to urge the fulfilment of tlie promise, 60,000 men (I!)
tllelnselvt~?, were sent
to CI i16- I tvns t,llen a t bIin5r in the a i l g i t territory, but my father and brother w(;nt ifit0
the a:r~, .1t i : I.!.nm them that I have heard the following ~articulars. When the Gencra1
(,rh,,. r , : , l l ~ : I ir~:-;,.t) reaclled the Eashmir river [the Kishnganga (?)I he divided the Army into
 ( 53

two parts-one to go by n a y of Guraiz, the other by thc Darau valley which goes straight to Chilas
and actually reached T a l k [From Takk therc are 2 vnlleys-the one of Babuserr ; the other OF
Marun$]. The reason of the division of the forces mas that the Kashmir troops f e u e d to trust
their whole body into mountainous country where they might all be cut up. T W Odays before
the enelny came, me mere at Slhil, below Takk, 1,000 strong. T h e Yaghistanis mere collecting
at Chilas, but most merc still on t h e roads or starting from their homes. T h e news of t h e
approach of the Maharajah's troops had also frightened'amay most of the tribes. Indeed there
were only 500 besides the force a t SZhil. Tllc following came : 100 from Snz^ln,200 from
HarbBn, 40 from Chitral, 60 Irom Darcyl, 40 from Jalkdt, 100 from Tangir, 200 from T6rr,
40 from RudGr, 200 from Takk, 1 0 0 from Bhder. 800 had collected i n GBr but never came up.
but were a t TalpEnn on the other side of the Indus, 4 k6s from Chilas. T h e following Chiefs
came :-
Nazar Khan, Icasim and Masta Xhan of Sazin: T h e 2 fornler mere Shins, the
other a YasLkunn.
Ravin, a Yaslikunn of Shatial.
Der Jihan, Kamin, ,,
Alangir ,, ofHarban.
Tapa Khan ,, 11

Jeldar Mama and Sheithing of Dareyl, Shins,

Amet?, Yashkunn, JalkOt,
lceremo, Shin
IChairulla, Yashkunn
Marat Shah l l a m a
I}
Tan gir

Great ~ i r d a r sof Ton; Shins.

Adam Shah
Shahmard Kalta 2nd his brother of H u d i r , Shins.
Akbari and AzBd, ICamins, of Takk.
Rizilbik of Bider, Pasllkilnn.
Sadar Khan, Pashkdnn, GSr.
Wazir ,, 8 1,

Ramnnni I1 IJ

Rahlnrtt ulla Khan ,,

Nasir Ali
Hnsbam Shah 1..
,, Chilaa.

Whcn thc S i k l ~troops came to tllc bridge of SPliil, it was 6 A , ar. (before damn).
. WP.
..-
were in ambusll aud rurhod ~ y o nthem sword in hand. There ~ a great s fighting till the eren-
ing-such as llad never been before i n Taghistan. When night broke in, we were beaten and
fled back into the mountains. Tllen two Rirdrm, Ameti X h m and Sor End6z Khan of Jalkbt,
rushed in alone on the army of the infidels and nftcr killing some w a e cut down. Amet2s
body fell into t h e water below t h e bridge and came up again after one month a t Jalkot on the
river aide, where Jalk6t is. A boatman el t h e name OF Mehr Gul, came to the place but did
not recognize the body. H e told t h e villagers, who n e n t out with Mira Khan, the uncle of
had gone t o ware a s he was very old.
AmetFg wife too went to the bank,
N o body recognized the corpse, when t h e wife knew him from his pijl\mas. H~ mas buried
and a shrine was built over his body, which is known by the name. of the "shrine of the
Arneti had said-when about to charge the Sikhs that "if he should be killed his body still
get t o 3alk6t and b e buried there." Many Sirdars testify to this. During the nigllt, the enemy
sleeping from fatigue, Mulla Shemsh&, and Mulla Khandid and the Pir Padishah MfB,a
great gayad, rallied the Yaghistanis and told them of the advantage of assaulting the infidels at
night, which mas amounted as a twofold righteousness in this and the next world. When the
Yaghis heald this Fatwa (authoritative manifesto) their courage increased and tlley attacked the
enemy's camp in a body. Our men went on slashing a t their head3 and other limbs. It nas
winter and t h e blood clotted our hands and froze them t o t h e sword hilts. Rustam and Afra-
eiab's wars would b e forgotten as trifles, if I could describe the terrors of that night. The slaugh-
ter lasted all night. As t h e day approached and showed the smallness of our numbers we were
again defeated and fled from Sihil to Chilris which is a t the distance of 6 kds or about 9 miles. We
were followed by the enemy. Whenever they came up to a suitable place, the fight mas renewed
and hundreds were killed. At Ddsur, Matshuko-Jal and in the valley of ChilL, there being an
open space, a stand was made, especially a t the last place, which we reached at noon and kept
our ground fighting till far into t h e night (10 o'clock), W e were again defeated and fled into
t h e fort, which was surrounded by the Maharajah's army. Tlle following days and nights were
occupied i n constant fighting. The enemy again cat off tlie stream. Tllen the Yagllis again
appointed Helnur t o undertake the distribution of water from the reservoirs and ~ n a d cthe women
cook and cast bullets for them, as during the first siege. This siege, I~owever,was greatly protracted
-the water became scarce and whilst formerly a man would get three gourdsful (two during the
night and one in the day) now only one gourdful mas distributed during the whole twentyfour hours.
This lasted for three months. A t n i ~ l inssanlts
t wpremade and shots were eschaoged during the
day througll the loopholes. W h e n the enemy approached nnder the w n l l ~ stones,
, kc., J c . were
thrown on him. W e did all we could, but were still beaten-the reason God alone knows. Oh
G o d ? when the water became scarce, the enemy also put poison into the reservoirs ; so some died
tiom tllirst and inany fisom poison. When the enemy saw this, 11e h:~drecourse to nnothcr ruse.
They tied stems of trees together with ropes and using them a.q ladder^, tried to mol~llton
the fort, firing all the day. We had not seen this before and in 0111 surprizd lost m0l.e m e n then
was neceRs try in defending ourselves. Neither water nor an escape mas destmed for
us ; 90 the remainder consulted about evacuating the place and getting into the hills. At mid-
night tnro-thirJs of the man, taking the women and children with tllem, l e f ~the Fort alld began to
1\J The yoices of t h e children roused the blood-thirsty enemy, who, like a wolf, "arne after
lambe, Some the Slkhe entered the Fort and killed those they found ; when
exIlausted with murdering, they took about G50 men, women and cliiidren, as prisoners for the
Sikh General and 120 were destined for tile revenge of Jabar Khan and talien away wlth their
ppeltg. TIlr fort was a t once set on firs and burnt down. Such property as they could take
heydid take. As for tile fugitives, i t mas a runlling slaughter till sunrise, when we reached
Iiitsl16ri. Here me rallied and renewed the fight. Kitsh6ri is 2 IiOs below Cliilzs and is a village
on the Indas. Onr men fought, hungry and tired though they were, till noon and were consider-
ably thinned in numbers. It seemed now ~lselessto us to continue tlie fight, for we said that we
shoald all be a t last overpowered and cut do\\-n to man. W e must therefore flee. We, there-
fore, retraced our march i n thc d i r e c t i o ~of~ tlie mountains and werc not followed up, as the enemy
did not, perliaps, tl~inlrit worth while, our numbers being so reduced. T h e pursuers returned to
the Cliilas fort When they qot there tlicy asreed to return to ICashmZr. As tliey reached the
place where the two roads branch off, [one for Astor, the other for Ravhrnirl the Sikh General
gave leave to Jabar Iihan, who tool; his prisoners with iiim. All were in great joy. The fol-
lowing is the list of the Sirdhrs who escaped the slaughter :-

Alengir
Habba Khan of Harbenn.
l l i r JIatta
Rah~ni of Darbl.
Aladdin of Shetial and Ahmeti and s i r Andaz of Jnlkat were killed ; also Azur, and Alah.
mnn of Sazin. hlard Shah Baba of Torr got away. Axad of Takk was killed. Nasr A]i,
~ d Ai~wariof Chilas were all killed. They were all Yashltsnns. Serr-
~~~h~ sil&, ~ a n \ ; and
kushu of Tangir w;rs killed. M...... of Somer, a Shin, my cousin, mas killed by a bullet going
tllrougll liis moutli. 500 were killed and 803 taken prisoners-200 escaped. Among tile
prisoners was Sirdar Iiahmat Ulla Rlian, who was sent to Jammu. When lie was captured, a
Sikl, went into the fort after llis daughter, ~ 1 1 0threw IierselP offt h e walls in order to escape
disgrace and was d.,.;hed to piecc~on a stone. There is no doubt that we were t l ~ cfirst t o be in
f;rult, as we sttaclted Astor without provocation and a t the instigation of Lass11 seven tinles before
>Ia\~arajawent to war wit11 us. I never joined these plundering cscursions but w y cousin,
M went every time and a150 S .....,, mv brothcr, who is still alive. Once they
brought back a man and G women to Minh-the whole ril~isix having secured 60 prisoners,
900 goats, kc. Thinking it WRS " I1~1a1"Or lawfully acquired property, they divided it with great
:lee and they ate t l ~ cgoat9 also as '' lialal," as they had taken them from Shialis.
There is a suspicion that Lnssu was an ageut o f I<:lslimir send to f o ~ e n tthis discord
and bring about the subjection of Chilaq. I n former times we used to assist Astor, being our
neiglibour. There is also no direrencc in our language. T h a t of I<hapul (Khapol6r) is different.
y a man " shiahek
11 is Tibetxn ; t l ~ call " and for " go tliere " say " gaz ynt " and " bakhmuln,
gihrit " (there is n mistake liere) and for " bury" say '' simduk and for " does Ile go or not
" ' I
" ~ i d mitt."
d Son " they call" bhiman." [Some of the words are ICash~nIr*i)I remember these
words, liaring once lrnown tho language, as a \voman of Khapul, called Miriam, had fallen to
t h e lot of my brothcr in the division of the booty. A ~ ~ e i g h b o of
u r mine also lind a slave of the
sanle place called ILolitsh, who used t o come t o see us. I mas very young tiler1 and could con.
verse with both. A year after, my brother, i n consequence of his greed for money, took her to
&mi, a village of Tnngir and sold her to Batret Shall; Sirdar, the son of Babar Sliah, for 9 tolas
of !gold (each toleh of the value of 9 Rupees 6 annas or 13 Hcpees of Anglo-Indian coinage, alto-
getller about 101 Rupees). This was a good price as she was very good looking but she should
not have been sold. .
-
When the Eashmir troops attaclred Ohilas, Lassu joined us secretly and llim-
self old and feeble told us what to do-but his two brothers and two nephews openly fougllt on our
side i n the battle of the valley of Chilas. Indeed at Sihil, Lassu fought himself and used to send
t h e Sirdars forward with his instructiong. I n short, as far as he mas able, lie tried to injure the
Fikhs. W h e n t h e Sikhs had cut the water oft the fort, lie had arranged about putting only one
Inan in charge of it and fixed t h e rate at which i t should be distributed. H e was ever ready
\vitli advice. H e used to allow t h e Sikhs to beat u p supplies in villages and then would cut them
up while encumbered with them. This is how wd managed to be fed (the p:undered supplies
reaching us by a ~nountainroad) for three rnontlis. X rclntive of Lassu was in the Silcl~Camp
and told tlic General about Lassfi's doings. T h e atterition of the besiegers was then directed to-
wards capturing him, but in vain, and i n both mars h e escaped being taken prisoner or receiving
a wound. H i s younger brother was shot i n the palm of the hand. I n short, after the conquest
of Chilas, Lassu again resided with his brothers a t NeyAtt and kept up his visits to Chilns.
When t h e ~ i r d a r sarranged to offer their submission to the Maharaja a t Jammu, they sent for
Lassu :lnd asked him t o help them to recover their friends and relittives who hncl been taken
prisoners to Kashmir. Lassu refused.on the ground that he had left the Maharajah's service
and 11nd been his bitter enemy ever since and tliat tl~creforehis life was not safe if he ventured into
his presence. Finally, Lnssu was prcvailed upon to go. T h e following Sirdars went to Jammn
to ask for forgiveness :-
Hashm Shah 1
Sattari
Baland K h a n
Daris K h a n j
1 of Cliilas with 36 Butis (poor people).

E~~~cdad
Daru Khan S h h s of Bbder.
Nir
 Tatari, Ramin
Also of Takk.
Baghdhr, Shin
Wlien the Maharaja saw the suppliants, and also noticed Lassu, i t was as if an arrow
had pierced him. H e w;as greatly i n d i p a n t , Iiavinc Iieard everything from his General about
Lassu often defeating his troops and being thc oriqin of the wars and of the numerous plans by
nliich his soldiers had been destroyed by thousands-for instance a t the ambush a t Sihil. Finally
alter a long t ~ l k the
, Maharaja made the forgiveness of the Chilasis conditional on the execution
of Lassu. Tile Chilasis said " By all means, if this man and his ancestors have not been your
servants. You expelled him and we received him. I n gratitude for this he may have given
US sometimes advice, but he has never raised his liande against you. Had lie not given US
even advice we should have killed him. I t was his duty to do so. Let His Highness there-
fore pardon him." The hfaliaraja refused and ordered his General to strike off his head there
and then, put the blood into a plate and give it to him to drink [this was probably meant meta-
phorically, as a Hindu would not drink blood, especially not tliat of a Muhammadan. How-
ever, the Chiliisi Chiefs appear to have understood the threat literally]. The Sirdilrs all inter-
posed as they could not witness his death. They offered to pay taxes, if he were spared. [This
was probably the object of this comedy]. Then the Maharaja fixed an annual tribute of Rs. 2
per house, in lieu of the blood of Lassu. The Chiefs thought i t too much for their poor people,
SO at last one Rupee per house mas settled. H e then dismissed them, but wanted them again
to appear ncxt year with the tribute, viz. Balang Khan, DeryA Khan, Matshar and Lassu.
" When this is done, he added, I will send L u a u witli a Kl~ilatto Guraiz and re-instate him as
Governor and you shall also receive presents." This was accepted and the Cliiefa returned
with all the peoplo (men, women and cliildren) wlio had been taken prisonsrs. H e also sent a
letter to Jabar Khan of Astor to restore t h e J?O prisoners whom he had taken to the Chilas
Chiefs. This was done and nearly all returned. excepting the few that had died in course of
nature. Thus was Chilas again re-peopled and is inhabited to the present day.
TIle following villages in Ghilas becnnle subject to Kashmir : Chilas, then 300 l~ouses,now
only 200, 100 having died in consequence of disease brouglit on by the bad water of that place,
Bider, 120 hnuses. Takk, 1 3 1 housca. The rest did not submit, nor will they ever do so, as they
have I~eardabout tlre tyranny and oppression practised in IFashmir. W e Yagliistanis llave tllus
become even greater enemies than hctbre, but are helpless. T O revcrt to my story. After a year
the following Sirdars went with the tribute to S r i n ~ g a r viz.
, : DerrL Khan, Balang Khan, Sntari.
Ilal~mat-ulla,Matshar and Lsssu. T h e Maharaja gave each a present of' 120 Rupees and r ~ a d e
them stay a month a t Jamrnr~. Lassu was sent with much honor to Guraiz and re-instated. On
the expiration of the month the Sirdara camc to Srinagar and requested leave to go as the bar-
vest-time 11ad corue near. Tlie Maharajtr received thcm kindly and requested that in futtlre two
Chilasis should come with the tribute and remain f ~ ar year as servants (really hostages) wIlen
they would be allowed to return and two others be appointed in their stead. The hostages mere to
receive some psy from the Maharaja. Tlle Sirdars then returned each to his own village. This
arrangement is still in force. ( For a morc chronological account of the conquest of Uhil;is
vide Historical Appcnciix KO. I . )

11.-WAR WITH GOUIIilR AMAN FOR TI-IE POSSESSION OF GILGIT.

A year later, the same Silili Glenera1 mas despatched with 3,000 horse and foot
t o Astor and fixed a tribute of one-third of t h e produce on all. H e also establishetl a
Thanna a t Shgar, a village close to Astor. A t the Thanna h e laid in ammunition, kc.
N e s t year he went down with his troops along the river of Astor to the Indus and establislled a
Tlianna a t Bilnji, wLich is on this side of the Indus and opposite to Sai. Duru was at that
time Governor of Bunji on behalf of Gouliar Aman, the ruler of Yasin and Gilgit. H e also
crossed the Tndus nt Soi and arranged for a Thanna at JalliOt, but tlie Sai country wag
srlbject to Gouhar Aman who was residing a t Gilgit. Wllen he heard of tlie encroachmen& of
Pasbluir he sent off nlen to h r e y l and Tangir, asking these tribes to come down on tlie Sikhs
by the mountain paths near Bunji, \vllilst h e W O L I take
~ ~ the road along the Irldus and attack Sai.

H e stated that as he and they Rere Sunnis, a jihhd [religious war] on the Sikhs became their
common duty. 5,000 young men from I):~reyl and Tangtr a t once collected and came donn to
Bunji in 1 0 days. Gouhar A l u m with 3,000 Gilgiti horse and 2,000 coolies, fell on SBi at
2 o'clock in t h e afternoon of the d : ~ yon which the mountaineers reached in the morning. The
following Yaghistaui Chiefs came :

FROM
DARYYL
: Kalashmir, Lala IClian Izzetti, Rira I<han

Mullammad IChan, Shait,hiug, Jaldlir

F ~ o n rTANGIR
: Khairulls, hiansdr, Rnstami, NayRn.

T h e only son of Gouhar Aman who came mas I I r ~ l kAman-Gouhar Aman himself
being dehined a t MinGr by illness. The following also came : Prom N6mrl200 men, from ~ h ~ ~ ~
2,000 (!!I from ~;rkwal100,and fro111llin3r 200. Theae men carried loads of pro\visions and ammu.
nition. They reached the Niludir ranrre on that day, one kos from the Sai District Thence prepara.
tions were made for a n attack-tlro Sikhs having 9,000 men--the battle began at ChakarkGt which
is three kas from the Indus. There is a tield there under cultivation where the fight b e p n . I t wag
summer, Tile Sikhs had got illto tho Cl~akarkSt Fort wlricli was surrounded by the Qilgitis.
bIulk Aman dashed into it mith liis horsemen. The Chakirrkoti rillagors facilitated their entry
and opened the gates for him. The fight lasted all day and night within and without the Fort.
The Sikhs were defeated ; most were killed fighting and some jumped off the walls and were
daslled to pixes. 100 only escaped crossing the river LIndus] back to Bunji. Gouhar Aman only
lost 60 lloreemen and 40 Dareylis and l'angfris, also Sirdar hiuliammad Khan. a Shin of Darbl.
BItillr hnlan did not cross over to Br~njiand dismissed the mountaineers, telling them, however,
to be in readiness for renewed Ggliting. H e then returned to Qilgit. A curious circ~rmstance
occurred with two Sikhs who mere taken away as prisone1.s by the Darcylis. I n taking them
over the J i m u rocks,* which on account of their tliffioulty, we call " 6kho " (Atsho ?).
one fell into the Indus and was never again secn, whilst the other slipped down and rove
again to the surface-an event never known to occur with any one who Falls into tlie Indus
a t that where i t is very rapid. IIe, Iiowever, made his way over to Bunji and just as he
mas reaciling it, a stone fell on his head aud Ile mas dl-owned.

A year had scarcely elapsed after the bnttlc of ChakarkBt, when, in t h e spring, about
20,000 Krshmir troops with the for~ncrGcncral camc to Astor. H e sent a letter of defiance t o
Gauhar Aman, challenging him to do his worst, to assemble the mountaineers and to meet him on
an open plain. Gauhar Aman at ouce told the mountaineers that they should quietly get into
Jalkot (Sai District) by way of the valley of RBmberi, over the mountain Hudurga, to the village
Kirinjot, and get out by the mountains of Puhilt. This was done. Gauhar Aman agtin fell ill a t
Min0r. His son just got there in time t o meet tllc Sikhs (10,000 in number) near the Niludar,
tho mountain ridge which is between Gilgit and Sai. It was night and so both armies
encamped; in the molsning the fight began. 7,000 Dareylis and Tangkis llad come under
Jeldar, and Lala Khan of Gaya in Dareyl and Tzzeti, PBtslia Khan of Phogntsh of Dareyl-also
Matshar Khan of ~amagiil-Bitori, Kalashmir of another Samagial, Kusuti of Manekybl,
Arzennu of Dareyl-Rdstiami, Kirni of Tirngir, Muhammad Mir, Adab Shall of Gali,
Khairulla of JagBt-Karim, Moya Shah, MawSshi, Matti of the Deyimur village-Merdumi
of Liirak-Akbaro of Sheikho-[-2,000 come from TangZr, 5,000 From Dareyl). Gouhar
Aman's son had 3,000 infantry and 6,000 horsemen. The Sikhs were on the roads below
the mountains, whilst the Yaghistanis were firing from the tops. The Sikhs neces-
sarily wasted their shot in such an encounter, whilst the mountaineers had i t all their
omn way. This lasted the whole day. All (10,000!!) mere destroyed-only one sepoy
escaped to Bunji to tell the news to the other half of t h e army. The General was not pre-
sent in this as in the CbakarkBt battles, hut stayed at Bunji. The Yaghis only lost 2 men,
one from Ph6gutsl1 and the other from Samagial, viz : Shahbaz, also called '' Osmin," and Uzet
Shah. T l ~ emountaineers then accompanied the victorious army back to 39in8r and Gilgit~
where they consulted regarding the future safety from the Sikhs. Gauliar Aman thougl~tthat
the Oilpit Fort could not utand a siege and that i t should therefore be strengthened and the malls
made higher. This view mas slldred by the mountaineers who looked upon Gilgit as their centre ;
80 they irll set to work to improve the fort and raised it twenty yards in height and gave six yards
of depth to the malls. Bullocks were constantly treading down the stones as the w d l s were being
raised. l'he Zamindrrrs also helped. The Mountaineers assisted and were fed during the month
that it took to strengthen t h e place. Then all left, when Gaulinr Aman fell very ill.
H e scnt Molk Aman, with 5,000 horseme11 against Yasin to fight llabtar and A'smat Shah,
-
[* The ntoncs aro so l o o s ~ l cmbcdd~'l
j in snndy moil. tllnt trandina on or catchine hold of one. rmften b r i n ~ edown an
nvnlnncho of stonra. Wl11v1tho path is nnrrow and s rircr flow3 bnenth, it is. ,qonerslly, impoesible to escape. Stones
are orten placed ~n s11ch n a n y nu to cause avalanches l o come on the invader who steps on them.]
s a l s of Suleymn~l Sliah, descendants of PBtslia (?), Sliins. They came there on the fourth
day and surrounded the place. Malltar would not figlit and surrendered on tile tent],
day, mying that they all came from one stock and were subjects to Gauhar Aman.
A'smat Shall fled to swat. Mahtar paid his respects with 1000 young men and lvas
apparently received in a friendly manner by Mulk Aman, who said he wanted to talk
to him ~ r i v a t e l ~ . Tliere is a hirll for t h e princes 100 yzrds frorn the fort, and to this
h e led Malitar and after a converrlation of two h o ~ ~ rstruck s off his head. Then he
came out and killed 20 of Mahtar's relatives and friends. Tlie rest he put illto the fort,
as they mere merely Zami~idars. H e then asked Gauliar Aman to come to Yasin witll
his whole family. On t h e good news reaching him he assembled the Gilgitis and told
them that, as his illness was sure to carry him off, h e wanted t o be buried in his own
country where also his ancestor3 reposed. I n reality, lie wanted to marry the widow of
Blahtar. When he came near Yasin, some one told him t11nt his son liad married tlie
widow. This rendered l ~ i l nfurious and made him think of killing his son. I n this
state of' mind he reached Yasin, where he said nothing but ascertained that the widow liad
been married eight days aga. H e then tlirew Rlulk Aman into a prison which was at the top
of the higliest tower of the Yasin fort and ordered that Ile should not receive sufficient food.
T h e woman was also rlaced under surveillance. He left Ghulam as Wazir of Gilgit.
Qauhar Aman relnained ill for a year, being unable t o move and one side being shrivelled
up. W h e n he frlt his death nigh, he released Mulk Aman and made tlle wonlan over
to him. A few days after he died and Mulk Aman 11ad accomplished the funeral rites, he
ascended the throne. W h e n I s a Beghdhr [Isa Ualliidur 1 and the fugitive A'smat Shah heard this
i n Swat, they rejoiced as they did not think that Xlulk Aman was a hero like his father. Isa
Bahadur of Sher Kila' had also fled to Swat having l~eardof the defeat of t l ~ cSikhs and being
afraid of being dispossessed by Gauhar Aman--an idca whicl~ was confirmed by Akbar
Aman, t h e brother on the father's side of Gaullar Aman-(Isa Bdhadur and Akbar were
cousins, sons of twc~ sisters) ( Is3 Bahadur and Qaalrar Am6n were tarburs ;y,;, namely
brothers' children). There is a road from Swat to Yasin which is much used and is near.
M,llk Aman, wishing to conquer other countries, enqltired who had caused Isa Bal~adur's
flight and offered a reward for the inrorn~atiori. Haylitalla, a servant of Gaullar Amkn,
told him a month alter about his uncle being the cnuse, as tlicy were related on the
rnomeu's side (the stronger tie ; b 4 o g related on the father's side is not a strong bond wher-
ever polggamy is common). T l ~ i convinced
s Mulk Alnan, for having taken the throne from his
uncle to whom i t by right belonged, he always felt suspicious of him. However, lie kept his
oIvn counsel, wlien one day Ile invited Akbar Amnn to go out a hooting with him. TIIPY
went :lbout one kGs from the Yns'in fort, where a fine colnes in view. Mulk Aman advised
all rchiners to get down from their horses as 110 wanted to rest a little and then start
thc gnme which would come in sight in that placc. This they did not do, so he jrlrnped from his
Ilorse, pretending that he saw game in diEerent directions and ran after it. Then
Alcbar Aman also got down from his horse. H e had scarcely moved about for
a, few yards, rnhen a ball, fircd by hlullc Aman, struck l l i u dead. blullc Aman then
returned to govern i n pcacc of mind. This news Iso Baliadur had also heard i n Swat. What
wielling to revenge Akbar and tllil~ltingof the confusion wliicli \ V O U ~be~ sure to f o l l o ~the
discord of the brothers of Mulk Aman (hlir IVi~li,Pahlivan Qc.) IIC and Asnilir got ready and
came back-but I don't know whether he came via: Knndii [a l~itlierto unexplored District,
referred to elsemhcre] or by what road. Anyhow he appeared a t Sni with the 20 followers
whom he had taken wit11 him from Sher Icila' on his flight. There lie found Sultan, the ex-
Wazir of Pohordu Shah, a descendant of the Queen Johari (Jowhi-tide 1st Song page 10)
wlio io ancient times was the ruler of Sai and whose descendants had flcd from Gauhar
Aman into the hills. IVlien G;buhar man died, all these fugitives catne back and so
Sultan turned up a t Sai. Wllcn Isa and Asmat met hi111they contracted an alliance by
oat11 and went together to J a ~ n r n u by may of Astor i n order to offer their services to tlie
Maharajah. Indeed, they offered their allegiance, if he would help them witli troops. The Uaha-
rajah m:de them swear ou the KO~;LII, because he said, " your religious bigotry may
induce you to turn on me and inducc you to be again friencis wit11 Miilk Aman. Besides, you
all belong to one family and I alone shall bc the 1os.r." Then they all agrecil a ~ l dhc rnade them
swear on the Koran, after getting them to ivasl~themselves first ; '' that they mould never ally
themselves or be subject to ally one but the Maharaja an11consult nobody's interests but his."
Tlle three swore lnost solernnly and assured H. H. that he need not be under any anxiety
in future regarding his arnly and their own niovcments. They then asked leave in order to
avail tl~elnselves of the dissensions of the brothcrs and prevent their becoming friends again.
Then H. 11. sent 6000 infantry and 4 guns (mule-batteries) with Isn, Sultan and Asmat-Rs. 200
cash were given to Isa and a dress of honor ; Rs. 100 and a gun to Sultan and Rs. 120 and
D horse to Asmat shah. The Maharaja rcoommended thcm always to keep the garrisons
a t Astor and Bunji, which were each 5000 strong, a t llxlf their strengtli and to take the
rest in ordcr to prevent surprizes and the loss of places which were difficult to acquire
and to rcduce to taxation. H e thus allowed them t o take 11,000 troops with them in
all-viz. 6000 men whom he ssnt direct and 5000 from the garriions of Astor and Bnnji. Thus
they started with the Gcneral and the Jitan Sahib (Adjutant ?) for Astor. There they remained a
month to see whether the roads al~enrl wero safe. They sent a ICashm^lri, called Abdulla,
illto Pagllistan, via Sai, M i n h , Gilzit, Yasin, Dareyl, Tanair, Rnnzx. Nn,avr. &c. to
enquire. what the tribes werc doin: and going to do. He went to Gilgit and instead of fulfllinS
])is mission hinlself, IIC sent N o r h , :r Zemiudar and a subject of Mnlk Aman, who, of conrse,
went to Yasin and told Xulk Arnan all lie l ~ a dlieard from Abclulla and that Isa and his allies were
a(lvancing. On his return he told Abdulla that he had seen the tribes, that they 11rd no
idea that anything was impending and that Ixa might advance with safety a t once. Abdulla
returned to Astor, nrhilst Riull: Amnn sum~nonedthc DsrSl and T.1nglr tribes, saying that llnless
they fought now they wonld lose their country. H e also scnt a messenger to Gtlazmlfar, I h j a of
Ilunzz :lnd one t o S!iah Mur;id, Waeir of Nagyr (?) tellin;. tllem Lo forget their enmity with
liilu iu the advirncs of n conlrnon foe t o their cormtry aud religion (although the people of
Hunza aud N q y r are SIliahs, necessity made Mulk Aman. a Sunni, call tlre~ll Musslll-
maus) aud askin;: them to meet him with their y o u ~ l gmen st Gilgit. Gh:lzanfar pro~nisedto
corllc ou the niuth day and xskcd him to go ahead. Mullc Aman, I~owzver,~vklited nine
days and when llobody came, he advanced with the I'riendly hill tribes of DarCl an:l Tangir
t o Gilgit. Isa Balladnr and his allies, altogether 9,500 met,, started from Astur, 2,500 soldiers
joined t l ~ e ~a tn Bunji and they all advanced t o iv~tllinthe distance of one k6s f i o n tile Gilgit
Fort, which they surrounded. Wdzir Zoraveru colnrnanded in this war on the part of the Siklis-
therz were also Sirdar Nuhammad IClian of Swat, tlie Sirdar Jitxni ( h d j ~ ~ t a rand
~ t )others whose
names I forget. On beh~lt'oftlietribes there w ~ r :e I) from D ~ R E Y IL:r16
. : Iilian, Jeldir Btlra IC11:tn
of Gay6-wit11 1,000 2:rnindars ;-Izzeti and Muhammad 1Chx11of Phugot3li with 700 Zemin-
Jars-Jlutsl~ar Khan and 3Iahm;ln from Ki~rini(lower) Satnegial with 1,000 men-Mirzx Kllan
aucl Kal;rshmir from Upp2r Samegial and 1,000 ~nen-KasQti from ICarini !vIanikyal with 1,000
men-Hamza IChsn ant1 Arze~inufrom Uppsr &I:tniky;~land 900 men-Bitori of Yatsl~oand
40 meu-sury6 from Jutyal and 6 0 men-'ruby6 and Syi~dArnir of Dudishal and 30 mell-
altogetl:er 5946 from Dareyl. ('2) from ' ~ ' A N G I R : Mardu~ni(is still alive), Talipu of Lurak and
40 men-Jdoza Shah and Uacvesl~i(still olive) of Diyamar and 400 men-lLlrairulla and Ilarlsur
(still alive) ~ ~ l k and
b t 140 Zemindvrs-AdaL Shah and Mulsur (still alive), of Gali and (iO men,
- N & ~and
~ Euataln Khan of ICami (still alive) and 1-00r n e ~ i - ~ ~ u l t :of
~ nK o r g n l ~(still alive) and
60 men-hkbaru of Slleikho and 40 men-;ltogetller 1,153 men ant1 Chiefs. With I\.Zulk Aman
there came from Y a s ~ x: his brother Mir V~tliKlian, the TV:izirs R.~limata t ~ dNasir-Hayatalla,
Habib-Padisha Jfia, Balhi, Syad Klla11 (of Slvilt) wit11 103 Patlizns-3Itul1;rn1m~td Hussnili,
a great Cllief of Yasin and 10,000 men, horse and foot, from Yasin and friendly
countries.
A t the dictation of Pal~liwan,son OF the sister of Arnan-111-M11lk,ruler of Chitral or
little KasligllBr, a messenger of the name B.rlli-was sent to Uhitril, s:tying that Hunxa
and Nagyr had broken their pronlise and that, now that tl~eirlather mas dcnd, all his encmirs
llad assembled to destroy them, 11,(I00 infidelrr, described as ;b*rl c ; ~
5f,5 ,S+,iK, 0, llseless

unhelievprs and perfidionp D(>gms,harl nlrc.stly s~~rroundedGilqit with tlie help of fnitliless Isa,
tile f ~ ~ i t i Asmat
ve and the traitor Snltxn. " When we shall be dead. what is the use of you,
;L rclacive, strikino Fonr forell~adwit11 a stone (as n siqn of qrief)" ? Balli takirlq forcetl nlarches

rcnchcd bman-111-Mullt spee3ily, wlio, at once sent l,aklitar lihan, his n ~ p h e wson
, of Adam ICl~or
!whom 11e had caused to be killed) with 5,000 men of sorta to Gilgit and wrote to pronliqe further
tlelp, if Ralli were sent again. Indeed it loas said that Amen-111-Jlulk might come himself. SO
there advanced to the rescue of GilSit the uuited forces of Mulk Aman and the allxiliaries from
 Cl~itrhl. Mulk Aman t l ~ e ntold the Darcylia and Tanghis to lay in ambush b e l ~ i ~Barmas
~d aud
Rasin in the valley, :rs the Sikh troops mere there. H e himself a t G o'clock in the everling went
to atta!:li these places. About 1,000 Sikhs were there, not suspecting any dtbnger, in their tents.
'I'he attack IV;IS sudden and 120 were a t once despatched to the lomest regions [of hell] ; 100
Siklls were captured. 1 ' 1 1 ~ 1 1he called out to the young l~orsementlrat having done so rnuch they
sliould attack the besiegers and that the infk~r~trywould follow them. H e himself rode ahead,
thereby inspiring his troops with courage. The enemy was attacked, but was now ready for
them. A fierce struggle began and the Sikhs were forced on to the fortress mitlr the loss of
twenty youths and a loss of three Dareylis on our side, who had rashly followed the Sikhs into
the fort. Then Mrilk Arnan halted i n front of ths fort and attacked it in the early ~norningand
called out. cL If you want to fight, well and good-if uot, I will let you depart for Astor,"
Isa Bahadur replied : " We ivill certainly not d o so till we uproot the foundations
of your I~ouses." Saying this, he fired his musliet and killed Hayatulla (who lrad beer1 the
cause of his uncle's deatl~). T i ~ c n volleys were crcllanged. SO the figlit lasted for a month,
during the day-Mulk Aman retiriug t o a short disti~nceat night-the Siklrs, I I ~ pickillg ~ ~ ~ ~
off stragglers at night also. On the 27th day after the siege, the l t . ~ j aof I-Ionan reached witlL
12,000 soldiers, but did not join t l ~ cGglit. 6,003 soldier;, in ;tddition to the 8,030 aIreatly sent,
also carne t i u ~ l lChitr!t.l who, at once, assisted iu thc sizg?. There was plc!lty of mlleat \vhicll
llad beer1 cut and lieaped up by tlle Gilgit Zmiodars who l ~ a dfljd a t ths npproacll of t}le
Sikhs. The soldiers of Amm-ul-hldk would take tlie slleaves, crush them with stones and
boil then1 i n water. Food was taken a t n ~ g l t . Three days later, mhen the besiegers still held out,
tile Chitrhl forces thougl~tof returning, On the last day, Alakhgat, a servirnt of A s ~ n a tShah,
rerlowned all over Yagllistau a; an incompdrable hero, caluc out oC the h r t wit11 sword a u d
buclrler nud called out. '' I s there any oue I V ~ ~will
O fight [~iiejtile mountaiu eating lion ?" Then
Balli, tlle servant of blulk-Aman, replied : " Come out and fight with me in the open space,
for brave ulen do not boast." So hc, suntclling a srvord and shield, met him. After boasts and
iusults on both sides, they closed; but Malchsat's sword could only find Billlips sllielcl to strike,
wllilst L(al~i,in protecting ~~ilnselfalw:~ys founll an exposed part oF h l a l t l ~ ~ ito
t t Irit. A t last,
Balli struc!c a blow \\.liicl~uot olily cut t l l r o ~ ~ gJIakhsat's
ll shield, but fi~llingon his riglit shoulder
cnusecl t l ~ cswordto p;rss out 311 his left sidc, thus dividil~gthe body into two pieces. On seeing
tllis,bl11lk Atnan considercd that a, sufficient victory had been gained and passed on t o Ynsin, accoln-
pnuicd Ily t l ~ eAllies. Of the prisoners he had captured a t Barmas, in order to wreak his revenge,
11:lvi11gbeen dis:lppointed in t:tking the Gilgit fort, he nelectud twenty four of the o f h e r s and ordered
tl~enlto bc executed at Kuff;~rl,~rkot,
Sour k8s from Gilgit uear tile Indus. This was accordingly done
Ly s o u c lnen in Lakhtnr Khan, the Chitrlil General's, army. When their souls had rt.:tcll::tl the
nr~gelsof Uell, 91ulk Amnn ordered tlie rest a!so to be liill~ad,for, 111: -;ritl, t!~cseinli~it,lshave made
martyrs of Inally of oar friends : ~ n dco~lntrymeu. IAl!tI1r:t.r i i ! L~ ~ I iill~'~.poseil 0 1 1 t l ~ e~ I . O U I I ~

tllat they were llelplcu3,lloiv tllat tllcir officers werc de 111, ;rniL 111 1,11.:L , . i . ~ i ~1.0u cirrry thcln off
himself, as a, satisCactiou for t h e l o ~ s e sof his army. " I w a ~ ~ he
t , said, t o briug t11et.n to my
country and sell them for red gold t o t h e T;'qjiks. Thus 1 sllall obtain colill,ensation ror
the blood of the martyrs t h a t liar been shed and they mill be by being Sold
from place to place b y the Tkjiks." Tlien AIulk Am:m conferred tlic desired present
On Laklltar KIlan, but kept one (the only officer who was spared) mllo was
" Commandin l3rl1Uor" and presented him to J r l d i r K l ~ a nof G,ly6 (Daregl:, as Inany
martyrs ( s o called because they were Sluhnmmadans, who had been killed in tlie mar with tile in--
fidel" D'Jgras] had fallen from that District. When the troops hdd gone back for anotller lros (from
Kuffiir ICot) t o a plitce called S s p - n , very deep valley-Jaldlr ICllan told the " to
come near him, as h e was in his charge. H e caugl~tholcl of his hand and led liiln along. He
then noticed a talismall round the Sikh's neck and wanted to snatch it away, forgetting that Ile
mas exposing himself to an attack by tlie movement. The " Commandan " saw a s a o r d hanging
on Jaldhr's shoulder, so h e let Jaldhr takc Iiis talisman and drawing the sword struck off ilis [lead.
W h e n tlie Dareylis sow t h e deatli of tlieir chief, they ruslied upon the murderer ant1 secured
him. Separating in groups to cons~llt as to t h c best means of putting liim to death, the
people of Gayb (Jaldhr's villaze) advised his arms and legs being tied to four horse:: and
his body being torn to pieces by the horses being set off at a gallop. This proposal was not
favorably receivedby Khoshil Khan, tlie brother of Jaldir. The people of Samegial suggested
illat llis tongue should be torn out by red-hot pince~s, then to flay him alive, cover his
b o ~ xftcrwards
y with salt pepper and finally to burn liim and make him over t o t h e
rlller of Jahannam LHelll. Tllis suggestion being fi~voured by I~hoslialICl~an,i t was ordered
to be out. ~ l ~ t h, e, ~ Commandan Bahadur " died. Tlie Dareylis then rllslled on
llis ashes half-burnt flesh and taking a handful, secured i t in their clothes a s a
of tile' event. I have mentioned this affair at length, because ~ a l d & rwas n
very celebrated man for his llospitality, eloquence, good manners and adnlinistrative capacity.
Pich and poor obeyed him, for he was wise and 11;s cleatli was a great advantage to the Silihs.

BIulk ~ m b nset out for Yasin, a3 I have said, and di~missed the Yhgl~istaniu.
Laklitar Khan also asked for his leave tllrougli Paliliwan, Alalk Aman's brother and offered
to let tlle army remain if h e llilnself WAS allowed to go. l'liis wag permitteJ and the army
remained wit]l Palllimnn, his mother's brother. (a sister of Adamlrhor of Cllitrjl wag Ganbar-
AmanPs wife and Gaullar Aman's sister mas Adamkllcr's wifc). T h e following is the list of the
clliefs killed before Gilgit : [The Sikhs lost 231 killed, mounded and priuoncru.]

TVazirs Noseir and Hayatulla of Yasin.

Jald6r Khan of Gay< (Dareyl).
Talil)u of Tangir.
Bha Khan of Geya.
Ilirxa Khan of RunPni SamngiAI.
Sirdar ditto ditto.
P;rdsh;~liMia of Ynsin.
 ( (3; 1
Dar.eyl lost 203 Zernindars : 2'anyir 101 rneii ; Gokukh [or f f a l k i l 8 h ] 50 ; 75Rer, 40 ;
SBerdt 52; Slrukoyo't 30; Grlrcphlir 44. Mulk Am:iri lost 1GO of his retainers ; (altogether 376 of
his subjects.) 'l'he Cliitrilis lout 410, altogether 1090 were killed on our side. [For a more
~ ~ r o ~ l o ~ acoourlt l ~tile conquest of Gilgit vide " Historical Appendix NO. 2"].
o g i c ~ of

111.-WAR ON YASIN A N D TRE MASSACRE OF ITS INHABITANTS. [I8601

TVlien Laklitar Klian informed tlie ruler of Chitril of all that had occurred, ~ r n a n - u I -
Mulk sent a messenger to the ruler of Yasin witb tlie advice to fortify Gakhtsh, lest that too
sllould be lost by liim and he should be blamed for not advising him in time. He also thought that
the Sikhs would not advance before they had strengthened their hold on Qilgit. Therefore he
asked for his army to be sent back ; next year he promised to send a larger force, as then an
attack from the Sikhs might be possible. Mulk Alnan delayed the messenger for ten days, but
sent Sirdar Mustalrn, son of General Hagat-ulla of Yasin, with the Cliitr6.1 army t o bman-ul-
Mulk. They were 5,880 horse; 7720 foot and 12 mules with ammunition. Mulk Amkn
tben remained a t Yasin, feeling quite safe and established a Tlianna of five men a t Glakutsh, one
day's march from Yasin, in order to scour the country and enquire from travellers and Zemirldars
about t,he movc~nentsof the 6ikhs. H e advised them to treat informants well and let him know
in time, lest Aman.ul-Mullr's warning sliould come true. The outpost kept a good look-out,
eutertaiued travellers and daily sent ill news of the state of affairs. Five months after-
wards Wazir Zoraweru of Kashmir sent Wazir Mukhtit with twenty young men to ankutslr to
surprizc the Thanna a t night, and establish themselves :LS an outpost and ir~tercept all
travellers from or to Yasin. H e also sent after tliem Sabilr, a Knshmiri, with ten Hindu
Sipallis and Attai, ICashmiri, with ten Muhamlilndan Sipallis, and ordered Attai to establisll
himself at 100 yards above Cfakfitsli and ~ a b u ra t the same distance below Gakutsh and
intercept the roads. Tliree days arterwards, Z:)r;~weru,Isa B.rliadllr, Qliulam H:,ydar, Mizra
Wazir, Baghdur Shah, Zohrab I<liau, Asmat Shah silt1 h i i ' Ali, the Commandant, with 9,000
infantry and 3,000 cav:ilry, advanced on Gakutsh. We must now leave them on the road
m d see what tlie surprize party is doing. Thej- r m e there shortly after mid-niglit, surd
rounded the Thanna aud captured the five men. Jl.tklitar tben eatablislled himself as Than-
nndar and Attai and Sabur took up their appoilited posts and captured all travellers of wllat-
ever age and sex, sending t l ~ e ~inn to tlie T h m n a ; in all, three women, four children, two
foreign youths and one P a s i ~ i iwere captured. 'CVlien the army came to Gakutsh, Zoraweru left
tllc Thanna as it was, and advanced tlie same day ~vitlior~t stopping, so as to preveut all notice
of his march reaching Yasin before he himself arriv?tl, marchin: &!I niqht, and a t about 4
o'clock came to ChamGgar, a village, about twenty ninc khs f c m Ynsin. Accidentally, Muhammad
Hussain, a Sayad, had gone out hunti~igthat day. His Iiorse rearingmithout zuy appareot carrse
be looked round and saw clouds of dust at CIiarnliS:rl.. He, at once, suspected what was
taking place, galloped back to Tasin and called out bcfore Blnlk Aman's Ilonse : Wliy
are you sitting a t your ease? the enemy is on you-now do anyt:~ing if you can." y u l k
Aman a t once got his horses saddled and fled with his family over the mountains in the
direction of Chitril. When the army came near Ynsin, Tsa Balladur, who knew tlle country,
ordered i t to be divided into three corps, one of which marched strainht on Yasin-tlie second
to go to tlie rigbt of Yasin by the village of Marta1 and the third to go to the left of tile
place, so that the inhabitants sllould not be able t o escape. When the Sikhs entered Yasin
with Asmat K h a n preceding them (who got all his friends and relatives out of the way) act
of oppression occurred which I have heard related hy the people of Kholi and which Lave
never been surpassed by any nation of infidels. I n traditions much is told, but all is nothing
compared with the followine atrocities which surpass the doings of demons, jills
and wilches. W e , say the Kholi informants, with our own sinful eyes saw these ferocities
practised by 1\Iussulmans on &!ussulmans. That blood thirsty Kafir, Isa, Bahadul; ordered
the houses to be entered and all t h e inhabitants, without regard to sex or age, to be killed.
W e svear that Isa Bahadur descended from his horse and distinctly ordered the soldiers to snatcll
t h e babes from their mothers' arms and kill tliem, SO that his heart might be set a t ease. H e
then put one knee on the ground, putting his hands onhisknees and waiting for the babes. AS
they were brougbt to him, he put one of their small legs under his foot and tore the other off

wirll his band. E r e n t h e Sikh soldiery could not bear looking on this spectacle. However, this
accursed infidel, (infidel, although he was a Sunni) kept on tearing them to pieces. The slaughter
lasted five days and nights. T h e blood of the victimsflowed i l l streams through the roads : there
is not a, word of exaggeration in all this. After these dreadful five days were over, Zoraweru
sent for Asmnt Shah and enquired after his relatives, whom he had put in safety. They
mere brought forward and Yasin committed to their oharge, but what mas left of Yasin !?* T ~ ~ S
2,000 men, women, and children above ten year* of age and a countless number of infants and
babes became martyrs a t tlie hands of the bloody Sikhs-3,000 persons (chiefly women) a
very tern children as also a few old Inen were kept as prisonors and brought in three days
to Gilgit, Zoraweru being elated with excessive joy which he manifested in ways
en route. W h e n he came to Gilgit, Isn Bahadur and Asmat Shah, selecting 1,000 of the more
beautiful women, t o ~ kthem to Jammu with 3,000 soldiers. They were so delighted that they
took double marches in order to be early with their good nems. A t a public assembly at
Jsmrnu, these scoundrels narrated, with much boasting and eloquence, their own achievements
and tllose of the ~ i k h and
s spoke with t h e loud tone in which victories ale reported.

When they had finished, t h e Maharaja asked them whether their hearts were pleased
with all these doings. Isa Bahadl~rsaid that all his heart's desire liad not been accomplished,
though he certainly had experienced a slight satisfaction in t h e fate of the people of Yasin,
who liad been his enemies in the times of Gauhar Aman. "God be praised, he said.
Hero my informant, himself a Funni Muasulmnn and alanyr c n l l i n ~ hia Shin11 co.religioniall Kafirs. ma#
raring with ~ntl~enation
a ~ a i n s t1110 orll~odnxSennia. Ira and Anmat and the Sunni soldicre of Kashmir, Tor rnurdcring
the Shiaha of Ysaio. Ha a ~ ~ c r ~ btho e datrocitien of bbo Sikhs cnlirrly to tho orders 01 tho er.kgilircs.
tliat 1 have lived to revenge myself on them." The Jlaharajah enquired what else there
remained to afford him complete satisfaction. " Perhaps," he said, " I mkiy be able to
meet your views." Isa Bahadur replied. " Alas, Mulk Aman with all his family has
escaped unhurt to Cliitril l I should have lilced to have treated him as the Commandan
Sahib who killed Jaldar mas treated, and to have taken his mife for myself and t o have
killed his children, as I did the infants of Yasin and, moreover, to burn them. Then
alone will my heart be a t ease. However, in consequence of Your Highness's good
fortnne, much has been done. If your shadow only continues to protect me, I may, some
day, be able to have my heart's desire on Mulk Aman." The Maharaja then bestowed on
him a splendid and complete dress of honor, a horse and Rs. 500. H e also gave Rs. 100, a
dress and a horse to Asmat Shah. H e finally placed the 3,000 eoldiers whom he had brought
under his command and m;rde him Governor of Sher Kila (where he is still). Isa Bahadur,
after the usual deprecatory forms of politeness used a t oriental Courts, euggested
that, in the midst of Yaghistan, he would not be able to hold his own even with 30,000
soltliers, unless the Maharajah placed Palilivan, t h e son of t h e sister of Aman-ul-mulk at
the head of the Government of Pasin even without troops, as h e had all the prestige
of Aman-ul-mulk on his side. At last, the Lord of srinagar said that he agreed to it,
ifIsa Bahadur could manage to get Pahlivan appointed to Yasin, a matter which, naturally,
was out of his o m control. Isa Bahadur then asked for troops, not against ChitrCI, whose
interests would now be conciliated, but against the Dareylis and t h e other hill tribes.
So the Maharjah gave him tlie troops, warning him at the same time to be on his guard
against Pahlivan tampering wit11 his troops and so causing a revolt against t h e
Maharajah's authority.
His Highness then ordered Asmat Shah to go to Yasin in order t o keep a watch on the
movements of Pahlivan and to inform Wazir Lorawer11 of all that mas going on. Aernat Shah fear-
ed that his life would not be safe at Yasin and wished for some other employment. The Maharajah
then said llis salary should be Its. 40 per mensem* and he should go with Isa Baliadur, as Thana-
dar of Gakitsh. Isa Bahadnr, however, thought tliat i t could not be done and that it would be
better to send him to Basin. This was agreed t o and tlie two gdt ready to depart. Tlie Maharaja
advised him to take the 2,000 prisoners left at Gilgit back with him to Sher Kila, so tliat the place
might be well populated, a plan that would not only give him more income from the produce of fields
but provide him wit11 assistance against an enemy. Leave," he added, ''your first wife a t Gilgit,
I'

(as a hostage, no doubt, for Isa's fidelity to the IIaliarajahl and take your second mife and her
children with you to ShSr." So they returned to Gilgit, Asmat Shah setting up with his family
at Basin, where he is still and receives his pay. Isa Bahadur also settled at Slibr in the manner
suggested by the Maharaja. He ther: sent L)aulat Shh, a Zemindar of Gulmutti, eight kos from
Slier, to Aman-ul-Mulk of Chitril asking him to appoint Pahlivan as Governor of Pasin, who
- --.- --
' 1 met Lchna Singh, s relative of the Mallaroja, in l8G6 in command of the Eai forces, ~ h hnd
o only RE. 10 per
monscm, a l t b uullmited liberty, however, to make as much bosides out of the people, a9 he could.
would be quite sate tliere. Dxulnt Shu was sent because lie knew tile roads alld had often gone to
Chitril. He reached the place in seven days. Aman.ul-Mulk replied that he could not send
Pahlivan, unless Isa Strhadur also agreed to M L RVALIand Witzir Ralimat. H e gave Daulat
8 h u a parting present of a gun, sword and horse, Daulat Ehh told Isa Bahadur of the result
of his mission. Isa a t once set off for a i l g i t to consult with Zoraweru. H e represented
t o him that unless Aman-ul-Mulk was allowed t o have his way, Ile liimself could not
hold his own nt Sher Kila. Zoraweru, upon this, gave him full permission to act
he liked, taking the responsibility on his own slioulders in the event of the i\lal~ara,ja
asking any questions, as the only menus of securing some pence. Isa theti agaill
despatclled Daulat Shu in all haste, who reached Chitrhl in five days, with the message that
Aman-ul-hfulkshould do him the f<rvourof sending the three men he had suggested. Aman-ul-
Mulk entertained Daulat Shu for twenty days, during wllich time lie assembled 2,000 young men
and sent them to Yasin with Pirhlivan, Mir Vali and Hahmat. H e made those three take a n
oath on the Koran that they would never intrigue against each other, " for, if yon do, you will
fall an easy prey t o Isa Bahadur." W h e n they reached Yasin, they sent on Daulat Shu to Isa
Bahadur. The first thing they did was to get the fugitive Yasinis back to their country which
they ruled as i n former days. Isa Bahadur was glad a t tliis and gave eight tolahs of gold to the
messenger.*
1V.-WAR WITH NAGYR AND HUNZA. [1864]
I t is now nine years since these wars have takcn place or ttvo years after t h e con-
clusion of the war with Yasin. The Maharaja wrote to Zoraweru that after all what he
wanted t o conquer were the countries of Nagyr and Hunza, as tliere mas no protit to be gained
from Glilgit and Yaghistin, whence hitherto, he said, " we have only reaped stony districts
and loss of men," [in reality, Gilgit arid Yasin are fertile, whilst Hunza is '' stony"].
Zoraweru at once set out for Nbmal, which is twelve kBj from Gilgit i n the direction of'
Nagyr a n d sent Mehdin Khan of Bunair and Sultan Wazir of the Janheri descendants and
Saif Ali, Commandant, with 8,000 infantry. Zoraweru liimself remained a t Nbmal in order to
facilitate communicationfi and bring u p help, if necessary. Tlie army advanced next day
to ChaprBt, GuyBtsh and Hini, of which the latter is in Nagyr and the former in Hunza and
encamped between these places on a pllrir~t(?I Guyetsh and Chaprat are on the frontier of
Hunza. Its inhabitants speak the same language as the people of H I I O Z ~EIini
. was on
the other side of tbc army and is on the frontier of Nagyr. The Chief of ChnprBt is Shall

T h o Kholi people from whom the Snzini hcnrd tho account of tho massacre were 100 Mercl~antra110 11ad come to
G i l g t . as ir t l ~ o i r cllstom. to sell goats & c . nnd 11n~ll l ~ r r a b , . c ~ nrrelted and taken nlong to Ynsin I)y I s a Dnbedllr.
in order l o prl-rrnt their rbewr of t l ~ eirnp~urlin?aktack. Thero n o r ? nlro r i g h t men from Iljnjiil nnd Bva from
P a l a n . T h e Ib'towlng were the Clllefs with tho Mer,>hunts:K b l ~ n r Kali. . Desqn. Amr. 1)jh-Shins of MshrEin in Koli ( f o ~ l r m i l r ~
from Iidi) h h l t JII.III Abnn. R l l ~ l d ~ l Elln". m ?ierrll(n, G11Idie1 ( R t m i n s ) : Haj.tt~, 1.01n. S h ~ l g h l uHdkko. Binat. Poz. ~ l l l i a l l i r
( Y a s l t k u r ~ n;~Auhr~lirl.
~ Gulll, S u b h i n Yllah, Rilhl, >1.1nIt96m11.YndG'n. Nnjb-u~lnof K61i ; Bolhr Khan, nnd BulnSI1ili.two I'nton,
b ~ r , l a r s- i Y 6 1 . Ynrclar of Djajii', B Jllin wit11 *oron Zrmindrlra. I, ndllr my ~ n f o r o ~ a n have t, nluo henrd i t from Mulk Amnn
~ 1 1 3 ,a*. I I ' I L p r ~ ~ ~hilt n twho norrows dcrply for tho occllrrencc. ( T h e ntrocilics relatctl nrr fully confirmed hy Mr.
H a " = ~ ~ r ,Il account, quoted elsewhere, and by what I saw and heard myself in 1860. M r . H n y r n r d fixes 1863ns the dato of the
marsacr,,)
+ 'r:;q-rr is a plnt:e called N i l a r n i r t s h ~ r o e n mountain ridgo-literally a mountain thnt ha. fallon off a slill Iliaher
one C . I , . ,ht i s three k83 nbov.ancl Gupetsh two k b b h w this plnae. H l u i is on t h e ohher sido of h e rivor two and
half kos I;ou J i l o m u t ~ h . Cbaprbt hsa 150 houses ; Guyktsh 30 and Hioi 80 housea.
Murad Wazir, whilst Sirdar Mama1 Beg is a t Hini and Phagoi, the Lumbardar, a t Guyktsh,
son is Sllukar Beg, a brave young man. The chief command of the invading troops was
given to Sultan, who had previously sent a man, Uruz Ali, to t h e Ilunzn, Raja, to announce his
arrival. He told him to lie in ambush a t Nilamutsh in order to destroy the troops under the other
gaSllrnir officers. I will dralv off, h e said, half the army in the direction of the Valley." Uruz
b l i was by origin a HunzR,man who had settled at Gilqit. The Raja of Hunza acted on the advice
thns sent. W3en Waztr Sultan came to Nilamlltsh, he started with some youths towards
Chaprotha Now Nilamutsh is a place so surrounded hy inaccescible and high mountains t h a t
escape from an enemy who occupies them is impossible and even a great army is helpless. NO
one prevented or questioned the movements of Sultan, who advanced about one k8s ant of
Nilarnutsh-Mahdin and Saif Ali now entered the lace when they were at once assailed with
stones and bullets on every side by invisible enemies and lost 400 young men i n killed between
forenoon and evening. Two Nagyris only were mounded, one being shot through t h e
mouth who is still alive and the other receiving a bullet i n his thigh from which he
subsequently died a t Nagyr. When t h e surprized Generals consulted a t night on the events
of the day, they inferred from the absence of Sultan artd t I ~ efact that h e had got safely
through Nilamutsh, as well as from the unexpected presence of t h e enemy, that treachery
had been at work. T h e reason of this conduct was that Sultan, although the bravest
to fight on behalf of the Maharajah, had not been rewarded with land as Isa and Azmat
had been, but had remained under the direct orders of Zoraweru. who had put him forward
in the mar in order to get him killed and who had poisoned the Maharajah's mind against
him. " However, the Generals added, at present we must think of getting out of this place ;
otherwise not a man will, remain alive to tall the news at Nomal." They then decided, on
the suggestion of Saif Ali, t o send two Dareylis, Fir& and Klimeti, into tlie Hunza linee, as
they might have influence with them, being also Yaghistanis, in order to secure t h e safe return of
the A m y . The task mas reluctantly accepted by the Darejlis w h ~ s presence
e i n the Sikh Army
naturally compronliscd them. However, they went and swore on behalf of the Sikhs that if they
werc allowed to depart no future invasion sliould ever take place. Naudin, the Wazir of
Nagyr and Ghazailfar of Hunza refused, on which the Dareylis requested that they might be
shot and their bodies thrown in tlie valley, as a proof that they liad done their best and
failed in their mission. " W e are Mussulmans and you should forgive us and as a natllraI

consequence those whom we represent." The men now prepared for death, Nnudjn
illterposed and got their request sanctioned, on tlic understanding that, the Siklls at
once retllrn to ailgit or else would attack mitliiil an hour. Tile Kasllmir Arnry, had
been re-.joined by Sultan in the meanwhile, mere only too gl;~dto get away on tllese terms
returned to Nomal. Sultan gave out that he had gone ahead ill order to the road in
advance. However, Zoraweru was informed of the treachery, a t once, put Sultan in
chains and sellt hiln to Jamillu with a detailcd letter under strict charge of Baghdhr
Shall and Ghulam l-laidnr and ten soldiers.
 Zornweru then took t h e army back to Gilgit. When the MaIlarajsll r e d the
letter, from which it appeared that no one except Sultan's conJidaltl, U ~ Ali,
z the
Gilgitis said, was always going backwards and forwards to Hunza. could have gone to inform
the Hunza people of an attack, which must have bee11 successful, liad they not been fore-
warned, lie condemned Sultau to inlprisonment fbr life. I think ttlat i t was a goteup
affair, for Zoraweru liad often and i n vain tried to take Hunza-Nagyr. AS a proof of this
I may mention that Rilli Shah of Euuza had come to Gilgit a few days before tlie expedition
to buy merchandise. The Waztr sent for him, gave him morley and took him into his
conlidence. seven days after h e asked Hilli Shah to assist him in an attack on Nilamutsh
which he mas contemplating a month hence. Hilli said that he and his brother Mirza Khan,
a n artillery man famous for his bravery and influence, would guide the Sikh Army througll
Nilrtmutsh into Hunza. So they swore to abide by this plan and the Wazir dismissed liim
with s present of Bs. 40 and a Lungi. He also promised great rewards in the event of thc
success of t h e expedition. Hilli Sllnh told Mirza Khan, who was deliglited. Urhz reached Hunza
after Hilli Shah and told t h e Raja of it, who sent for Rilli Sliah and enquired from him
whether h e had hearcl anything a t Gilgit about the movements of the Sikhs or of a11 attack
o n Hunza. Hilli Shah said that h e had not been t o Gilgit and had heard nothing.
However, the Raja noticed the Lungi which Hilli more and which Uraz said had been given
b y Zoraweru. W h e n he set out to surprize the Sikhs he sent for the brothers : Xlirza
Klian came at once, but Hilli S11a11 hid himselt a t GlakkarkGt, five kos above Hunza.
W h e n Ghazanfar returriecl from tlip mar, Ile sent for Hilli Sllali. The messenger found him
returning from a hunting expedition and brought him to Ghaznnfar who asked him, wby he had
n o t gone to t h e mar against the infidels; " has the Lungi on your head bribed you T" and added
" i t is improper that you should live." H e was accordingly cut into pieces (literally) before the
eyes of Mirza Khan, his brother (wlio is still alive aud braver than Hilli Shah and also a better
artilleqmnn) ; as for Uruz Ali, lie was put in prison for a fortnight by the order of tlie Maharajah,
as soon as h e came to Gilgit, although Zoraweru wanted him to share the fate of Sultan. At
that time Kalashmir of Dareyl visited Gilgit and was well entertained by Zorasveru for twenty
days, when he presented him with a shawl and Ks. 100 and gave cheap shawls to tlie Sirdars
who came with Kalashmir. Zoramern then asked them, as lie had conquered the whole of
Yaghistan, t o collect tribr~tefor the Maharajah. This was agreed to, but when Kalashmir
returner[ to his country he did nothing. I n the war that will ensue I was present all through.
m'AR WITH DAREYL [YAGHISTAN] 18G6.

When Zoraweru saw that the Hill, or Yaghistan, tribes kept quiet 11cthought it a good
opportunity for attacking Dnreyl, mhlcL, he fancied, would fall easily. H e appointed
spies to bring to him any Dareylis that might happen to visit Gilgit. Aziz, a Lsrnberdir

of Manikial, came with 100 goats to Gilgit and when he had soltl them, visited Zorawern,
who received him kindly and entertained him for two days. When he left, tllc Kashmir Gcneral
 ( 71 )
asked Y~ to remind I(jlashmir tlirt he had not sent the tribute of Dareyl and Tansir, r h i c l l h a d
been promised two years ago and gave him an ultimatum of one moot11 in which to come himself or
send tile tribute, Zoraweru would pay IZalasllmir a visit with his army. l ~ a l a s h m i r
replied that the Rashmiris had better come and take the tares and that there was no occasion for
llis fellorv-countrymen to takc tlie least notice of the threat. When twenty daya of tlie month
had passed, two other messengers, one a Kashmiri, Kurban, residing a t Kiner in Chilas ; the
other, Rahm Nur of Sameginl-both traders, happening to be a t at Gilgit, were sent to announce
Zoraweru's immediate attack and to ask tlle Hillmen to prepare themselves, because, as Zoraweru
said, "it is ~ n cu<tom
y to give Iny enemy notice three times." R.~lailimirreplied he did not care
and next day requested the tribes to assemble a t Samegiiil-viz : the people of 'r6rr, Harbenn,
Shatiil, Saz?li, Sbrner-and of Tangi, Luroli, Dayarnrir, Sheiklio, Jalkot, Galli, Kammi, and
Eorgali. R e even sent to the KandiG ~ e o p l for
e help, who, however, replied that their l~arvestmas
just getting ready and that Dareyl was too far off. H e also sent t c Jagloth, Chilas, Hudur,
'rakk, Buder, and Qor. T h e Chilasis flatly refused on t h e ground of being subjects of Kashmir
and being helpless. .Talkot also did not send, as the notice had reached them too late a n d
the war mas immediately impending. T h e rest all assembled at SarneKial on t h e 10th day and
were 7,000 in number ; there were also 7,000 men from Dareyl itself. Tlie Sikhs also started from
Gilgit, on hearing which Ilalashnlir appointed four scouts a(; each of t h e f o l l o ~ i n g posts:
in the Rargd valley-at Karciri-J6ji-at Ruro-Dader, fifteen kos off-at GitshBr, at the same
distance-at B a r i p , sixteen lies distance-and at NaranCiga, fifteen kos.
From Samegial the tribes marched over tlio Dulnmu-dummu mountain to t h e
valley of Bariga where they halted. Next morning at about 9 o'clock, after only a few had
taken food, the heavens seemed to become dark. Looking rouud we saw a Dareyli waving
his dress at the Karori-Joji post, which mas a sign of the approach of the enemy. W e all
got ready and an hour aftern-ards the enenly came up, wha Lad taken 11,000 men
from Gilgit. -4 Sirdar of Samcgial, Kuweti, who had fled about fonr years ago to Gilgit
from his village in consequence of the enmity of another fcllom-villager, DodRr, now
showed the wily to t h e Silill~. Wlierl the forces reached Yatshotsh below Llu~nnu-dummu
on tlie Gilgit side, he asked Zor~weruto confide the guidance of the troops to Iiiin, as h e
alone knew tlie paths. Zorawerrl assenting, Ruweti divided the forces into threebodies;
one under General H a r Ch:tnd in the direction of the valley of Dutial, the second uuder
Sirdar Shahzada Ile despatched to the Yatshotsh valley-whilst tlie third mas krmarded with
Zoraweru to the Bar@ valley-he himself going with the first column. W e did not know
these trick3 and thought we had only to d e d with the troops advancing on Bariga %nd
rushed an them at once. The fight lasted till four in tlie afternoon. Accidentnlly, a Dareyli
looking in the direction of Jadiri-Jht, saw from that " graqsy plain " such a cloud of dust
arise that the sky mas darkened and out of which troops emcrqed. I'he Manikialis, wl~osevillage
is five kos from that plain, fled a t once to defend their homes, as they thought the enemy
threatened Manikial. This was followed by the flight of tlie Samegialis by tlle Daregl
valley-an hour afterwards the people of Phugotsli, then the people of GayB, also fled in
tlre same direction. Now tlie fight ceased and night broke in. We remained a t Bariga.
The fugitives on reaching their villages, fled onwards with their families, some to Saziu,
otllers to Tangir, others again,to Shatial. Yet we only lost five in killed and three in wounded-
t h e losses of t h e Sikhs i t is impossible to estimate. I alone counted twenty from where 1 stood.
T h e Sikhs during the rnglit surrounded us and cut off our retreat. A t daj-break, the fight was
renewed and lasted till noon, when we discovered a mountain path for flight which we
took and came t o Samegial. The second day we lost nine men and the Sikhs thirty. The
Silrhs remained for ten days a t JadRti-Jtit and then advanced on Samegial oio the District
of Manikial, of which they burnt two villages, Shin6 K o t and Yashlcun6 Kot, and killed tile old
women and children who had not been able to get away ; lour boys were found ill also killed.
Reaching Samegial, they found that me had fled on t o Gay& In that District the Sikhs also burnt
two deserted villages, Dud6 Kot and Biri6 K o t ; they found, however, twelve fugitive women and
children en route and killed them. T h e Sikhs stayed a t Samegial, where 200 of us had
remained concealed a t about a mile from t h e place. A fight took place with a loss of four on
our side and twelve on t h e part of the Siklis. W e were not followed u p to Gay&. T h e Sikhs
returne2 t o Manikial where they remained ten days and indulged in eating the g r a p s which
had become over-ripe andare very abundant in that District. Many died from disease engendered
by this over-indulgence, b u t the Sikh Sirdars spread a report that the tribes had scattered
poison on t h e gmpes. Winter also set in, and snow fell, so the ~ i k h s returned to Qilgit
B~~ snom-storms set in, which blinded some and froze others. The Silchs lost in dead
about 120 men. The fugitive villagers now returned to their homes and ~ e b u i lthe
t burnt down
s i x months later, KalashmEr of DudokBt (SamegiG1) and Duran of PhugBtsh
and ' ~ u r i 6of Karinokot (MQnikial) and Burshi1 Sirdar of BilioliBt, [llanikial) and Sirdar of
GayA and N u r BIuhammed of ShurOt started for Gilgit and offered allegiance to Zoraweru.
He replied ; "Oh! Kalashmir, tliou hsst given me much trouble and inflicted much injury. Now
1 wanta pcr annum from every two houses t h r o u ~ h o u tDarcyl" He then dismissed then1
with ~ h i l ~ t now~ the tribute is regularly paid from those villages that I have named
as being represented on that occasion by their Sirdars.

It is necessary to say a few words about the treatment of tilose who had assisted
Kashmir. After Doulat Shh liad arrangcd matters with ChitrBI, Zol.aweru
Doulot ShiC.
app3inted liim over the yield of the gold washirig of BakrBt, Sakw:ir,
Jutial, Deyilr, MinBr, Nornal and Gilgit. The mode of taxation on gold washings is aj
follows: the men work two months in spring and two months in autumn and have to pay
Rs. 3, or 2 gold Ropees=about I, Cliilki Rupees, for each season per head. Taxes are also
raised on the produce, viz., a third of the whole. Doulat Shti received 10 Chilkis per menscm for
that service. H e {vent one autumn for tlie first time and brougl~tback the taxes collected, which
lvere sent t o the M a h a r i a h tl~rougl?Baghdur Sh~th. S i r weelts latcr, some gold mashers came
t o Gilgit to pay their respects to Z~rawcro, \vho asked them whether tliey had had a bad
senson as the taxev paid ha!l been small. Tlie goltlwashera s i d that it had been a3 good as
usual; so Zorawerrl, on referring to the accor~ots of the preceding year, fouud a difference of 5
tolas (about 60 ltupees). Doulnt S l ~ uwas at once thrown i n t ~chains and sent to Jammu in
cllarge of Glrulalll Haidar ant1 Mirz.1. Tlie 39a!iari1jali sent l l i ~ nto the same place i n which
Sultan is confined ancl wl~ercboth are now. I n neither case w:ls there n;l iuvestigation.
TVllen Isa n;~lladurheard of the inlpri~oument of men who litd rendered S I I C ~ I services as
Sultan and Dorllat Shri he came to Gilgit, where he found Gliul;lm IIaid;~rand hIirza and
took them to Jammu. l'llcy tllerc interccrlcl for t l ~ sprison>rs with the M a l i ~ r a ~ j aand
h
rc~resented tnat brave and fi~itllful msn slio~iltl not be puni;l~c~lwit11 pe1.p-tu.il imprison-
ment, one of whom had conquered a country for His Highness, w l ~ i c lthe ~ other had
Iiept for ICaslimir by his admirable arrnugc:nerlt ~ v i t l i C l ~ i t r i l . The Mal~al.aj;~ll
told them
to go about their own buainesj. When tliey 11eard this, t l ~ e y leTt, but, in their corres-
pondeuce during four years, they consta~ltlyurged the release of tlle prisoners on His Eliglineas.
Two years ago they again presel~ted thenlselves a t Jannnu and represented t l ~ : ~tile
t years
that Sultan and 1)oulat Shu had alrenrly passeJ ill prison were a, sufficient punislimer~t.
Tliey c o n j ~ ~ r eI-Iis
d l3ighness by his idol, but 111s hl,rliar?ja!l threatened to send tlie~n t o keep
company with the prisoners if they did not a t on:e desist from their importunities.
When Isa Bal~atlur heard suclt words, he lcft the same night and galloped on
without stopping, till I1e hat1 got to Slier Gila. He still considers that he l ~ n s been very
discourteously treated by Knolirnir aild his correspondence ~ i t l i the Maliarajali has
ceased. I have llcard him I:i,ncnt over the p u t . Ghnlnm H;lidnr and 3Iirzs kept on for
a wl~ole rnontli importiming His Highness, who resolvecl on imprisoning them, when
they fortunately asked and obtained leave to go horn? to Cfilgit. The three Chiefs have
not visited Jammn since the affair which I have related.

A year and a half ago Mir Vali (who drugs himself with cliaras=apreparation of Iicmp) got
offended wit11 P;~l~livan,(probably on account of a difference of opinion in re Hajmarcl) ; w ~ n to t
Icandi.'l (roitd described elsewhere) and to AIaniki61 [not tlie village so often referred t o in t l ~ e
nccollrlt of tlie Wars] on the borders of Swat. Thence he went to Tall, Ranlta, Berahnlar
and the11 to Bc'ikky, the Alrl~fin of Swat, wlro aslied him why he had come. llir
Vali said t l ~ a t Yahiivan had annoyed 1li.11 and as the Akhun was a great Saint he
had cou1e to hini, hnving 110 other friends. Tlie Akliuu entertained him for eigllt months,
after ~rliich, OIL a Friday (when service takes place a t noon instead of 2 1.. ar ) he
told him to go back to Ynsin, " for your heart's clesirc has been accomplished." N i r Vali
a t once started off on horseback, talting the bank of the Iudus. On the third day he reached Gllor-
band; thence he went to Damtirey, BilkAi, Ranulia and JajiAI; there lie crossed t h e river to K(i;
thence t o Palus, Gagriy X I w a r e (or i n Gilgiti, Gabriga), ~ h o ~ o b i n(a
d place for pasture)
J i ~ d j t l i .Tekkeg6, Purbjli ( a place for pasture) L a t h , Sazin, Dnreyl, vir : Gayh, Samegial (where
he stayed a week in order to consult Mulk Aman, who was there) Manekial, the 1lntri.t
valley (pasture place for Ciujers), and f i n ~ l l yto Yasin. There he was well received by Palilivan
who could not understand wliy h e liad left and now the brotlrers love each other more than before.
T h e rulz is in t h e 1idnd.l of blic Vali who keeps u p fricndly relations with the Dogras
and would strengthen tllcse rel,rtions still further were it not for fear of Aman-ul-mulk,
,v~lo is a great enemy of tlie If rllarajah and who Iias ordered him to have as little to do ~ i t h
thelu or Is., Bahadur as possible. [ Vide note ou nest page!

W h e n Mulk Aman rcmemlered his country, Yasin, he fell home-sick in Cllitrjl and
begged Aman-ul-mulk to let him go and, if Aman-ul-mulk mould assist Iiim, he would figlit
t h e Sikhs or else die as a martyr. Aman-ul-mulk said that Mulk Aman could only do tlle latter,
as he had no army left. " I advise you, Ile added, to go to Dareyl and ask the Malidrajah's for-
giveness, who may give you some appointment. Serve him, h e said, as Isa Bahadur has done
aud you may be restored to the throne of your ancestors." Amdn-ul-mulk said this in
order to get rid of t h e importunities of Mulk-Aman, who left for Samegiul. Baglldur Shah
and Kumeti, t h e Maharajah's agents, happened to be thero and actually offered to intercede
with the Maharajah o n his behalf and to get him an appointment. Mulk Arnan mas delighted.
The agents spoke in his favour t o the Maharajah who cheerfully ordered hiin to present
himself. They came to Samegial and brought Nulk Aman to Jarnmu. His Highness
bestowed a dress of honor, n horse and R3. 200 or1 him and a monthly salary of Its. 100
for himself, Rs. 30 for his son and Rs. 50 for the rest of liir f.imily and requested liirn
to live a t Gilgit outside t h e fort. " liemain tlicre for 7 years; afterwards I will give
you Yasio." This Mulk Aman did and built a lrouse about 100 yards from the fort. He
did not, however, for two years send for hie family from S a m e ~ i a lwhere he lied left them
whcn he started for Jamrnn. Wllen they came he coiitinued serving ITashrnir for four years
more. Ija Bahadur, however, happened to tell Zorn\veru last gear ( for Isa mas the arch-enemy
of U u l k Alnan and fe;ircd his getting back to Yasin) that Mulk Aman intended to escape
with his fbmily to Chitriil, after mllich, as h e had plotted with the Gilgitis, there would be
a pUerJ which would end in his sharing the Government of Yasin with
Pahlivan. When Zoraweru hcnrd this he consulted with Isa Bahadur, who advised him
t o s k s i z z hlulk Aman and send him and l ~ i sfamily to Jammu a t once, so as not to givc him
time to ro1L.e the country. This pleased the Governor and a suitable llol~rmas Icft to
IaaBsdiscretion for surrounding the house and bringing Mulk Arnan and his family
before Zoraweru. Isa Bah:\Jur a t once went and selected 400 young men wl~omhe ordcred
 to be in readiness a t four in the afternoon. Accidsntally, a friend of Mulk Aman overheard
t,lle conversation between Zorameru and I s a Baliadur and a t once informed him of what was con-
templated and of the arrangements made by Isa. The friend advised him to flee at once
into tlie mountains. Mulk Aman, greatly astonished, went to his house and ordered his family
to get ready to start. J u s t as his women mere corning out of the house, he saw Isa Babadur
with his soldiers all rouud it. Nulk Aman drew his sword, ran a-muck anlong the troops
and after killing a few soldiers managed to escape alone into the mountains in the direction of
Dareyl.* However swiftly pursued he could not be found; the Sikhs returned from the
mountain and took tho iamily prisoners. Mulk Aman, descending on the other side of
tlie mountain, came to Sarnegial. Isa Balladur then presented the women and chilclren as
Iiostages to Zoraweru who forwarded them to Jammu, where they still remain. Shortly
afterwards tlie Maharajah heard that Diulk Alnan y a s perfectly innocent of any conspiracy
and llad been got out of the may by the calumny of Isa Bahadur, t h e enemy of t h e
llouse of Giiuliar Aman from wl~ich h e had suffered. The Maharajah mas very sorry
at what had taken place and ordered Bluliammad Khan of Swat to bring the brave and
unfortunate man back from Samegial under liberal promises of rewards and appointments.
'lhe Swati started and told Mulk Aman that Ile was responsible that no treachery
was intended. All was in vain; he iusulted Muhammad lchan and raved about t h e
loss of honor &c., wllich he had suffdred a t the hands of t h e Maharajah. " If he makes
me his greatest Sirdar he can not wipe out the stain of having taken away m y wife."
Mullammad Khan returned to Jammu from his fruitless expedition and told the Maharajah,
who was very sorry. Twenty eight days after Mullammad Khan's visit, Mulk Aman, considering
liimself unsafe, wcnt to Harbenn, wllicll is still Yaghistan \independent, \vild]. Zoraweru then
advised the Mallarajali to send for him, as he had got among the Yagliis and might incite them to
an attack on Gilgit. '' Above all, make him satisfied." When tlic Maharajah read Zoraweru's
letter, he again sent the Smati to Harbenn and told him to swear on the Koran, on liis own be-
half and t!lat of His Highness, that it was all Isa's fault and t l ~ a tlie would give Mulk AmAn his
revenge for the wrong suffered and allow him double his former salary. l'liis bluhammad K h a n
did and saw Mulk Aman a t Harbenn to wllom he brought a sllaml as a present from himself. H e
told him, in private, after " saliminq " to him at a public meeting, all that Ile was charged to say
and took an oath in attestation of the sincerity of his promises, Mulk Aman replied that h c nould
not fall a victim to treachery and that if he said another word or came again he ~vouldcertainly
kill him. So Muhammad K11an left and agoin had to report liis failure. " Only an army can bring
-.--- ..

I t llaa also bee11 alleged that in order to c~etrid of two doubtful f r ~ c n d sor the Mahnrojoli, namely Mir Vnli and
Jfulk-Amall, sud to makc room for the moro ;rusted Pehlinan, Aman ul-Mulk. the ruler of Ltitrbl and suppoaed
ilist~gntorof tho murder or Hayward through tho agency ot' hlir Vali o l l'asin, wrote to the Muhnrujah to i m p ~ ~ c n t e
N u l k Aman in the business. Immediately on l ~ i sflight, h ~ wife
s and son were tclnporar~ly imyr~sonedin tho Fort of G i l ~ ~ t .
l'chl~wau and Hnhrnat interoedod Ibr sorucof the scrvnuts, who were set Creo aud soot on to Chitril. M i r Vali found his
way lo Chitril, whose ruler hud ono of hlr. Hnywnrd's guns, though tho bulk of his property is aakd to have been recovered.
lhere he was seru by Mujor Muutgo~urry's kIuv~ldar.who rc1)orted that Mir Vali wns lame from a kick by a h o r ~ e . 'I'hls
Ilowevar, does not seem to llave prevcntucd h ~ r n from resumlug tho rule of Yasin in conjuuction w ~ t hPehliwan or, if
recent ucrouuta are to bo trusted, Crom turning hisnomiunl suzerain. Aman-ul-Mulk, out of C'h1tr61. Mulk Aman also
fi ured Ibr a short t ~ m eon the scene of the war with Arnun-ul-Mulk aud by the latest report, seems to bore fled to
Barkand.
llim, !~esaid, baclc from Harbenn." The ILIaharajali is hoping now that lie will get tired of man-
dering about and come back of his own accord. During the last eight months Ile 1x1ssent nobody
for him. Mull; Aman is very badly off and is now at Rilnon (Dareyl) and I am quite sure that
tlie Yaghistanis will never assist him. H i s brothers will not help him. His wife (MahtarJs
widow) is now a t Jammu and reports have spread about her conduct."

I n connesion with the Sazini's account, which in all particulars relating to the
tribes is very trustworthy, may be read tlie following stntelnents of s... S... of KGner, on the
borders of Katiristan, now n Christian. H e relates that lie was once a Sepoy in the h J a l ~ a r n j a l ~ ' ~
Army and started on one of t h e Gilgit expeditions [I860 ?] with 300 Affghans and 9,000 Uogras,
R.c, under the command of Samund Khan, Ata hluhammad, Dadnrn Singh, Man Singh and
Dula Singh. H e believes that IVazir Pannu was with t h e forces. A t any rate, the
attack on Gilgit mas mere child's play. The Kashmir troops bombarded it for two or three days,
but the Dnrds had no cannon with which t o reply. W a h h i b , the Wazir, looked out of one
of the fort loopholes and was shot and so mas a Bhishti. Wahliib's body was stripped and hullg
t o a tree. S... S... adds. "We were well entertained by the people who treated us to curds and
we found grapes and wallnuts in abundance a t Slier Kila'. The women of the country
cooked our food, but our soldiers repayed the hospitalit~v which they received by plondering
and ill-treating t h e inhabitants. I remained behind, but when nry company came back
they told me t!lat the Sikhs wanted to dig out the I~ody of Gauhar Aman, but mere
prevented from doing so by their own Muhamm'~dan comrades. We found caverns in the
lnountains mhicll were filled with food tbr the use of the enemy. It is the custom of this people
to heap up food in caverns to which the owners only know the way. After entrusting Sher Eila'
(a fort a i big as that of Gilgit and constructed of wooden beams and stonc) to the adninistration
of native partisans, we went to Gao-Kutsh, where we found pleuty of sport. Gauhar Aman used
to sell captured Sepoys for hunting dogs." ( This story is repealed from 30 many trustwortlly
quarters that i t seems to dcserve credence. I heard it from many at Cfllgit iu 1866.
The Iiiduappiug propensities of Gauhar Aman were great and one of my own retainers, a
petty Chief, had been dragged off for +ale, wlien h e escaped by sliding down a mountain
side. Yet the people of Gilgit preferred his ro!e to that of 1i:tshmir aud revolted in his
favcur, when oppressed by Santu Singh in 1852 ). '. We had two Il~ndustnnirebels of 1557
mith ua and there werc also several with the petty Rajahs." [ T h i ~important statement
can be somewhat confirmed by me. What I understood to be the fourth Light I<aslimir Cavalry
was said to be almost cnlirely composed of rebels of 1857. I found many of the atalions
s soldiers of that race at Gilgit. One of thc nlnliara-
in charge of Swatis and ~ ~ u m b c rof
jnh's Sepoys, who came to sce me, adlnitted that lie was formerly at H~clerabadandt l ~ e n
had joined tlie rebels].
I call also confirnr the statements of the Bazini with regard to the atrocities committe~l
in tlre W a r mith Dare! I. I n order to be able to rcport victorics, men, said to be innocent o f
complicity in the war, were l~angedand women were dragged into captivity in order to fill the
zananns of the Kashmir Sepoys. I saw the body of a tall, and porverfully built Uareyli, mhicl-I
]lad evidently beerr I~ackedabout a good dsal, suspended on a tree by the tray-side. I t was said
to be the body of a man ivl~o was quietly returning to Sai, mhiclr liad long been in t h e
occrlpation of the Maharajah. A little further on near Jaglbtll [wlrich i;
also i l lona-occullied territory 1 there is a bridge on one of the pole5 of which I sn\v tlie
skeleton head of a Li~rnberdar of the place, said to be ~ e r f e c t l yinnocent of all p ~ r t i c i ~ n t i o n
in the war with ICasl~mir. The roofs of the liouses i n Gilgit had been blown off, and most
of the in!labitants liad fled into the moantains (vide " dance at Gilgit" page 3 I). On the
otlier hand, dreadfill stories were related of t l ~ eretaliation of the Dard tribes. Sepoys
Ilad been sold by Iiundreds into Badalihshan, Cc. ; others had beell used as fireworks
and blomn to atoms for the smuserneut of t h e Kunjhtis. Personally, I found the Dards
pleasant enough and consider them to be superior in many respects to either Dogras or
Pathans, bnt it is by 110 means improbable that they have been guilty of many of the atrocities
which are laid to their cl~arqe. A t the same time, i t must be re~nelnberedtli:~tthe wanton cruel-
ties of the bIassacre of Pasin (oide page 66) and the fact that their country was invadt.d
by a stranger and an " infidel "-in defiance of treaty obligations-is some palliation for
their conduct. The I<aslllnir troops, and more particularly the coolies sent with tlleln, were also
grossly neglected as regards food, clotl~ingand shelter by their own authorities. It mas said
that out of 12,000 Kashrniriu, impressed for tlre purpose of carrying loads, only 600 survived
in the expedition of 1866. The roads were strewn mith the skeletons of l~orces,&c. I saw
men in the most emaciated condition and reaciy to eat " unlawful" food. 'I'l~ree RIuisalmans
i o ~ ~ I lnet below tlrc '; Adlo " summit, were reirdy to lalce a tin cor1t;iin-
ill ;l dying c o ~ ~ d i t wllom
ing pork and cor~ldscarccly be restrained till "Ia~vful"food was brougl~tto t h c ~ nby my servar~ts.
Men wcre forced to go with tlie troops. One Hakim Ali Sl~alr,a teacher a t A~nritsar,was compelled
to serve as a pl~ysicinn,x post to w l ~ i cliehad
l~ no other claim, except tlint his name 11appenedto be
" TTaki~n." I rescued Iiim. A virulent fever was destroying tlre troops at Gilgit, who, even after t h e

siege of t l ~ cfort 11.~11

beer1 raised, were li;lble to be shot down by prowlers from tllc tribcs \vitlrin a
few yilxls ol the fort. I ordered the fort, ~ t c .to be cleaned and, altlrough myself in danger
of lile frolo my l i h l ~ n ~fricnds,
ir if not from the tribes, I insisted on my orders being obeyed,
tlre :l*sn~~rptio~r of all autlio~.itativetone bzing often a traveller's only cl~anceof safety among
Asiatics. I distl.ibnted inedici~~e
among the troops and was after\vards told in Dlirbar by the
Ma11avaj:ih t11;it some meclicinc wliich I had sent to Wazir Zorawerrl, who was t l ~ e non l ~ i s
Dilreyl expedition, had saved his lik.
% - -
r This llcnk oorrrlooks Il~itijinnrl tho w l ~ o l ccourse OF tho Indua. (wit11 a s i ~ l l ot r Lllu Gilgit v ~ l l l r ~ ,from
) its sudden
soutlrrrnnl bcud HI . 1 1it0 n;,gain
tllC A I ~ l r y o ~ ~ . i - S l r ~ ~ ~ ~till g , bcuds ncrtrrnrd bcyorrd C!ti!:ls.l
QI. GENEALOGY OF THE GILGIT, YASIN, CHITRAL,
NAGYR, HUIZA AND OTHER DYNASTIES SINCE 1800.

I.-GILGIT ... ... ... ... Gurtam Khan, (18001, hereditary ruler of Gilgit,

II
I
killed i n 1810 by Suleyman Shall of Yasio.

I
Raja Khan (?, died 1814.
I
Muhammad K h a n reigns till 1526 and A b b ~ sAli,'killed in

I is killed by Suleyman Shah. 1815.

Aghar Ali killed oh his flight to Nagyr.

I
Mansur a l i Khan,
( the rightful Raja of Gilgit, probably still a prisoner i n Srinagar.)

162;.-Azad Shah, Raja of Gakutsh, appointed rulcr of Gilgit by Suleyman Shah whom he
kills in 1829.

Tahir S h a t of Nagyr conquers Gilgit in 1834 and kills Azsd.

I
I
Sakandar Khan, killed
I
Kerim Kban, (Raja of GBr),
I
Suleyman Khan.
by Bauliar Arnan of (calls in Kashmir troops under Nathe Sliali
Tasin, in 1844. in 1844) was killcd in 1548.
I
I

I
Xluhammad Khan died in 1659 Suleyman Khan.
I
Sultan Muhammad.
i
Rustam Kllnn.
wlicn ou R visit to Srinagar.
I
Gllulam Hnyder.

11.-YASIN DYNASTY. It is said that both the Yasin and the Chitral dynasties are
descended from a conimon ancestor L'Katl~Gr". The Qilgitis call the YasPnis " PoryalB" and
the Cllitralis " Kator6".
Khuh~clrkt(?) died IS00 (?) from w h o u the prcgent dynasty derive the name of
" Khnshnaktia."
 Shah and Jfaltk Amnn Sllalr,
H e liad two sons, S~~leyjnati The tormer died about 1823
left, four sons and a daughter wliorn he married to Ghazanfar, the Rajah of Hunza. Tlie
names of the sons are Azmat Shall, the eldest, Alirnad Shah, Rahirn K h a n and Zarmast IClian.
Malik Ajrzntr Shah mas the father of seven or, as some say, of ten sons, the most famoue
of whom "as G*uH.sn A n r a ~ ,surnamed " Adam farosli" (the man-seller) t h e third son. The
names of tile sons are : Iiliuda Aman, Duda Aman, Gauhar Aman, KhalPl Aman, Alibar Aman
( who was killed by his nepliem Malili Amin, eldest son of his brother Gauhar-Aman); JSA
BAHADUR (son of blalik Aman Shall by a concubine), Gulsher, Mahter Sakhi, Balladur Khan
(who mas murdered) and N i r Aman [?I of Mistuch (?).

GauAar Btr~un left seven sons: ~ I A LAMAN

I K ( also called Mir Kammu ? now in
Tangfr ?) Bahadur Ambn, murdered by Lochan Singli) Mrn VALI, l l i r Gh:izi, PAHLWAN,
Iihan
UaurBn and Sliajayat Khan.
-
111.-CHITRAL OR " SHAH K A T H O R I A " DYNASTY.

SIIAHRATHOR tlie son of Slali Afzal (who died about 1600) mas a soldier of fortune wllo
dispossessed the former ruler, whose grandson, Vigne saw in the service of Ahmad Shah, tlie
independent ruler of Little Tibet in 1835. cunningham considers that t h e name of KathGr
is a title that has been borne by the rulers of Chitral for 2,000 yeare.

Shah Kaflror had a brother, Sarbaland ICIian, whose descendants do not concern us,
and four sons and a daughter married to Gauhar Aman of Yasin. The names of tlie sons mere :
SJah ( ~ 1 1 0died in 1638), Tajamrnul Shall mlio mas killed in 1865 by his nephew Adan1

JZIior-or man eater-(so called from his murderous disposition ; his real name was Mulitarim
Shall), Gliazab Shah (who died a natural derth) and Afrasiab (who was killed). The murdered
Tajammul Shah left two sons namely Malik Shah (mlio revenged hi3 father's death by killing
Adanr KhGr), and sayad Ali Shah.
Shah Afzal left AMAN.UL-DIULK, his eldest son, the present ruler of Chit& ; Adam
KhBr, (who usurped t h e rule for a time) ; Kohklin Beg, ruler of Drus; a daughter whom he
married to Ralirnat-ulla-Khan, chief of Dir ; Muhammad Ali Beg; Yadgar Beg; Bahadur K h a n ;
and another daughter whom Gauhar-Aman married as well as Shah Afzal's sister and had Pahli-
man by her.
Aman-ul-Slulk married a daughter of the late Ghezan Kban, chief of Dir, by whom
lie liad Sardar (his eldest son), Amau-ul-Mulk's other sons are Murad and others whose names
I have not ascertained. One of his daughters ia married to Jehandar Shah, the former ruler of
Uadakhsliiin and the other to the son of the present Chief MTr llalimud Shah.
-
IV.-The names of the principal chiefs of the Chilasis and of the Yaghistanis (the
indepcndeut Hill tribes of Dare], Hodilr, Tangir, &c liave already been given. J u s t as in Chilas
and Kandi6, the administration is in the hands of 1 Board of Elders. Tlie lT;l1larajah
K n s l ~ n ~only
i r obtains tribute from threz villages in Cliilns, v i t . tlle village of Chiliis, Takk and
Bundar.

V . - N a o r ~ , ~[is tributary to Alil~ladShah

of Little Tibet about the beginning
of this century, but soon throws
off t!?is allegiance to ~ h m a dShah
uuder AliC Khan. ] (?) ... ... ., A I a n 1800 (?)
I
Raji~haili id Jafirr, (the present of Raja of Nngyr).
I
Son (a Iiostage for his fatlier's adhesion to Icashmir,
whom I saltr st Gilgit in 186G.) The names of Iris
maternal uncles, are Shnh Iskaudar and Raja
Keri~nK h a n (1) the elder brother.
---
V1.-HUNZA ... ... ... ... .,, ... GI1aza1ifa1; died 1865.
I
Gllazan IClian, present ruler.

I
r
Reieb Shah.
7
Mirza I<nlhn.
I I _- - . -
fp
"

Alimnd Shah. I
NIZAI-UD-DIN Yusbf Ali Said-uilr I(6m.
- (surnamed M tn SIIAH). Khan.
I
Shah. Shah Ibra- MAII>IUD SHAH,
him IChan. (present ruler I 1 I ]
of Badakhshnn Shaji.ul JEIIANDAR
under Kabul) stayed a Mull-. 811~s.
long time wit11 his rnaternsl
S U I C ~ I ISl~nl~znda
the Shall.
former rnler,
~~Q
Earan.
Abdulla IChan ;
I
uncle, tlie ruler of Kunduz, independent of (by a co~icubinc).
whence 11ehas often Eabnl ; (now n f'agi-
been ~niscalled" a Sayad tive ; infests the
from ICunduz". Kolab road).

Yusuf Ali Khan Ilnd seven sons : Mirza ICalAn, surnani~tl Mir Jan ; Hnzrat J:in ; Tqmail
Kban ; Akbar K h a n ; Umr K l ~ a n Sultan
, shah ; Abdnrrahim Khan (by a concubine).

~ ~ a d - u l lKllan
a had two sons : Baba Khan a ~ Mallmud
~ d IChnn (by a concubinc),

yIII.-DIR ,,, ... ,., .., ... ... Ghaznn IChan, (a very powerful ruler. Cllitl'al
said to have been tributary to 11ial).
is
1
~alirn:t-ulla Khsn and o t l ~ e reight sona, (dispersed
clr killed in s~rugglcsfor the Chielship).

The connection of Little Tibet wit11 the Dard countries had ceased before 1900.
~ ~.- _ _ _ _.._ _ .__... .

Onlv an mnob t~nsbeen mentioned ol 111s Genenlogie~of the rulen of Nalyr, Hunze, and Dir, as belooga Lo this
porliou of the llitlory 01 Dsrdim~an,
VII. ROUGH CHRONOLOGICAL SKETCH OF THE HISTORY
OF DARDISTAN SINGE 1800,
1S00.-Gurtanl Khan, hereditary ruler of the now dispossessed Gilgit Dynasty rules 10 years
in pence ; is killed in an engagement with Sllleyman Khan, Kllushnaktia, great
uncle of the famous Gauhar Amkn (or Gorman) of Yasin.

181 1.-Muhammad Khan, the son of Gurtam Khan, defeats Suleyman Khan, rules Gilgit for
1 5 years in peace and perfect independence wllilst-

lBll..-(Sirdar Muhammad Azim Khan, Barakzai, is ruler of Kashmir).

1819.-Ranjit Singh annexes Kashrnir.
1826.-Suleyman Khan of Yasin again attacks Gilgit and kills Muhammad Iilian and his
brother, Abbas Ali. Mnhammad Khan's son, Asghar Ali, is also killed on 1:is
flight to Nagyr.
1817.-Su1egm:~n Shah appoints Azad I<han (?), petty Raja of Gakutsh, over Gilgit as far as
Builji ; Azad Khan ingratiates him;elf with tlie people and rebels against Suley-
man Shah whom he kills (?) in 1829.
1SPO.-Suleyman Shah, Head of tlie Khushwaktia family of Yasin, dies.
1S:33.-Gauhar Aman turns liis nncle, A z ~ n a tShah, out of Yasin.

1534.-Azad Khan is attacked by Tahir SlrSdl of Nagyr and killed. Tahir Shall, a Shiah,
treats his sul~jectswell. Dies 1839. Vigne visits Astor in 1835, bnt Taliir Shall
mill not allow liim to cross over to Gilgit. At that time the Sikhs had not
conquered any n a r d country. Ahmad Sllah was indepecdent rnler of Little Tibet
(Baltistnn) and uutler him was Jabar Iclian, chief of Astor, (whose descendants,'
likc those of Allmad Sllah bimselfand of the Ladak rulers are now petty pension-
ers under ICxsl~n~irsiirveillsnce). (The Little Tibet dynasty had once, under S l d i
BiIurad, about IGGO, conqllered IIanzn, Nagyr, Gilgit and Cliitral, where that ruler
built a bridge ncar the fort.) Zorawar Singli conquers Little Tibet in 18.4.0, but
no interferenccin Dard affairs takes plncc till l S I l when the Siki~s are called
in as ten~porary nllics by tlie Gilgit ruler against Gauhar Aman of Yasin.
lb40.-Sakandsr lclian, son of 'l'alrir Shah snccceds to the throne of Gilgit and rules tlic
country-with liis brotlicrs, Kerim Khan and Suleyinnn Khan.

lY41.-Garllrar Amau of Yasiu conqucrs Gilgit. Its ruler, Sikarldar I<han, asks Sllrikli
Gllularn RIal~i-nd-din,Governor of I<nsl~miron bellalf of t l l p Sikhs, for llelp
- -- - -
* Abbns KLon p) nun nt Yrinngur and BnLndur Khan (:)
 ( 82
1SS2.-1,000 Kaelimir troops sent under Nathe Shnh, a Panjabi,
1s~0.-Sikandar K h a n is murdered a t BakrSt a t the instigation of Gauhar Aman.

1S-44.-(;1aullar-Aman of Yasin re-conquers the whole country, selling many of its inllabi.
tants into slavery.
N a t l ~ eShah, joined by Icerim Khan, younger brother of Siltandar Khan and 4003 re-
inforcements, takes Numal Port, but Iris subordinate Mnthra Das is met a t Sher
Kila. (20 miles from Gilgit) by Gauhar Aman and defeated.
18.ij.-I<arim Khan succeetls his brotller as ruler ( called '' Raja,' althoug.11a Muhammadan)
of Gilgit and pays a small sum for the retention of some Kash~nir troops in tlle
Gilgit F o r t under Nathe Shah. The Rajas of Hunza, Nagyr and Yasin [Qauliar
Aman sending his brother ICl~alilAman to Slivikh Iman-lid-din] now seelr to be
on good terms with Kashmir, cspeciirlly as its representatives, the tyrannical
Nathe Shah and his equally unpopular successor, Atar Singh, are relnoved by its
Muhammadan Governor.
1846.-&rim Khan, Haje of Gor, another son of Tahir Shah, call:; in Nethe Shall and defeats
A succession of officers of Ghulab Sing4
a a u h a r Aman a t Basin, close to Gilgit.
then administer the country i n connexion with tlle liaja of Gi!git (Wazir Sing],,
Ranjit Rai, Bakhsllu, Ali Eakhsh and Ahulad Ali Sh~11,brother or cousiu of
Natlie Shah).
K A S H ~AI NI R
D ITS DEPENDLSCIES EAST\VAnD OF THE IXDUS
" are made over by the British

t o the Hindu Ghuli~bSingh. Gilgit, which lies to the mest~uardof the Indus, is
thus excluded from the dominions of tlrat blaharajali. Gilgit mas also, strictly
speakiog, not a dependency of lcashmir.
16-i7.-The Maharajah restores Nathe Shall, whilst confirming liis cousin Nazar Ali Shah as
Military Commandant of Gilgit. Rajah K e r i a Khan sends his brother Suleymnn
K h a n on a friendly mission to Srinagar, where he dies. Vans Agnew arrives at
CIlolat on the Gilgit frontier towards Nagyr and makes frieuds with the people,
\~7l~o
at first tllought tli:~the came ncco~npaniedby troops.

1848.--Isa Dnl~adur,t h e half brother of Gaul~arAnian by a co~lcubineof Milik Aman Shah,

is expelled from Sher Kila, n Fort belonging to Payal, n dependency of Yasin.
and finds refuge with the XI:rliar:\jah, who refuses to give him up. Gauhar Aman
accordi~~gly sends troops under his brother Akbar h4~nnnand captures the Bargu
and Shukay6t Forts in Gilgit territory. The Rajdl~sof H U I I L,tud ~ Nagyr co~n-
bine wit11 GauLar Amnu anc! assisted by t h e G i l g ~ t people, with whom Kerim
](hall unpopular becousc of his friendship for Kaslimir, clefcnt and kill Natho
Shnlr and Icerim Khan. a ~ u h a Aman
r captures the Gilgit and Chaprot Forts,
The ICasLmir troops re-invade the country and a t thc beginning of
 1849.-Wrest all the forts in Gilgit territory from Qauhar Aman, and make over the rule of
that country to Raja lluliamrnad TClian, son of lierim Khan, assisted by the
IZaslimir representative, Aman Ali Sliah as Thanad=, soon removed for oppression.

1950.-The raids of the Chilasis on Astor is made the occasion for i~ivaclingthe country of
Chilbs, wliicll, not being e dependeucy of Icashrnir, is not included in the
treaty of 1846. Tile &IaharajaIi gives out that he is acting under orders of
t h e Britisli Government. Great consternation among petty chiefs about bluzaf-
farabad, regarding ulterior plans cf the Nallarajah. The Sikhs send a large army,
which is defeated before the Port of Cliilas.
IS51.-Bakhshi Hari Singh and Dewan Hari Chand are sent with 10,000 men against
Chilas and succeed in destroyiug tlie lort and ~catteringthe hostile liill tribes
which assisted the Cliilasis.

185?.-The &laharajah's head officers, Santu Singh and Ramdhan, are murdered by the people
of Gilgit whom they oppressed. The people again assist Gauhar Amnu, who
defeats and kills Bhup Sing11 and Bnknaddin (for details vide Appendix) alld drives,
the I(as11mir troops across the Indus to Astor.
1853.--The Maharajah now confincs himself to the frontier, assigned to him by nature as well
as t h e treaty, at Bunji, on the e a ~ tof the Indns, but sends agents to sow discord
in the family of Gaullar Aman. I n addition to Isa Bahaclur, lie gained over two
other brothers, Rhalil Anlan and ~ l i b a rAman, but hiled with 3Iahtar Sakhi,
although a s exile. Iie also attracted to liis side, Azmat Shab, Gauhar Aman's
uncle.

l ~ A . - T h e Maliarajah instigated Shall A f z d of Cl~itralto attack Gaulrar Amail snd accord-

ingly in

1835.-Adamkhor, son of Shair Afzal of Chitral, drove Gaullar Aman from the possessiou
of Mistucll and Tasin and restricted him to l'ayal and Gilgit.
1S56.-The Mahariijah sends a force across the 1ndl;s uoder \Vazir Zorameru and Atnr Sing11
assisted by Raja Zirhid Jafar of Nagyr,' and GauLar Aman thus attacked in front
and flank, retreats from Gilgit and dispossesses Acla~nkhorfrom Yasiu and DIistuch.
1S57.-Gxubar Amau again conquers Cilgit and drives out Isa Baliadiu., officiating Thana-
dar of that place. Gauhar Aruon and the llaharajall intrigue agnir~steach other iu
Chitral, Nagyr, Hunza, &c.

1858.-Shah Afzal of tlie Shah Rnthor branch, ruler of Chitml, dies.

* I believe thnt Rnjn Znllid Jnrnr's wife rrns n sister of Rajns Xerim Khan nnd Soknndnr Khan of Cilgit
(also of Nngyr descent). l-ide pngr 78 slid Hcnding V. on page 80.
This connerion might nceount for Jofar helping the Dogras, who hnll re-instaled Gerim Khnn in Gilgit.
 Iiitrigues in Gilgit agrninst Gaubar Amnn, by Mullammad Khan, son of Raja KaGm
ILhan, assisted by Kashmir. Pullammad Khan is conciliated by marrying the
daughter of Gaollar Aman. The Sui District of Gilgit beyond tile Niludar r a n r
is still held by t h e Sikhs.
lSj9.-BJir Sliall of Badakhshan and Raja, Ghazanfar of Hunza assist Gauhar Aman in
attacking Napyr, which is uuder the friendly Rajah Zahid Jafar find in trying to
turn out tlie Sikhs from Sai and even Bunji. Azmat Shah, uncle of Ganhar
Amau, is expelled from Chitral where Ile liad sought refuge.

Aman-ul-Mnlli, Icing of Cliitril, dispossesses liis younger brother, Adam Rhor,

who had usurped the throne, from tlle rule of Chitral and joins Gauhar A m m
ngninst l<ashruir.
lSGO.-Tllc llaharajah instigates Adamkbor and Azlnat Shah, who were in the country of Dir
with Ghazan ICban, a friendly chief to Kashmir, to fight Gauhar Aman -Adamkhor
was t o have Yasin, Azmat Shah mas to take Mistuch and Sher Kila (Payall was
t o be given to Xsa Bahadur, the Maharajali to have Gilgit. Intrigues of the
Maharajah with the Chiefs of Dir, B~dakllshan,Rostak &a.
Gauliar Aman dies, mhicli is the signal for a n attack by the Maharajah co-operating
with t3e sons of Raja K e n m Khan of Gilgit. Gilgit falls easily to Lochan Singl~,
who ~nurdersBaliadur Kllan, brother of Gauhar Aman, wlio was sent with ptesents
from IvIalik Aman, also called Mulk Aman, son of Gaubar Aman. The Sikhs, under
Colonels Uevi Singli and Hushiara and Hadha Kishen, march t o Pasin expelling
Mulk Aman from that country (which is made over to Azmat Shah) as also from
Mistuch. I s a Babadur is re-instated as ruler of Payal, but Mulk Aman returns and
drii-es him and Azrnnt Shall out. T h e ICashmir troops fail in their counter-
attacks on Yasin, bot capture some prisoners, including Mulk Aman's wife.
lSG1.-hlnlik Anlnn murders his uncle. Alrbnr Aman, a partizan of Kashmir.
]:Jclnl;llshan, Chitr.tl and 1)ir aslc the Maharajilll to assist them agai~tsttlie drcaded in-
l Azim lilian. Aman-ul-Nulk tries to get
vasion of tlie Iiabul A~uirs,Afzal K l ~ a tand
U P a religious war (Jellad) among all the M~~harntnadi\n Chiefs. Elunza and Nagyr
malie frieuds. Botll Adam I i l ~ o rand Amnn-ul-Nnllr, who linve again become
send conciliatory messages to tlie RI:lllnrjah, who frnstrates tlreir
dc.sigus, as they are secretly conspiring tigainst I~iln.
Even N u l k Aman makcs ovcrturee, but unsuccessfully.
~ ~ f ; ~ , - . ~ : l s \troop*
l m i r taka tile Burt of 12osli;m. A combination is nlnde against 11~11;
Amnn, n.llose Grllsller and brother Rlir Gltnzi go over to the Mallarajall.

l?G3.-;\Iulk Aman advancing on Gilgit is dcfeated in a very bloody battlc at the T;ls~nFort
of Sllamir,h l e s ~ ~ c of
r e \<omen aud children by tlie Kashmtr troops at Yiisin.
 ldG4.-JIir Villi and his Vazir Rahmnt become 1)artiznns of the Mal~ar;qjah,

ISG.5.-Gl~azrmf:~r, tlie Raja of H l ~ n z a and tatl~er-in-lamof Mllllc S m a n , dies, which caurcs

Mirza Bahadur of ~ l rival~ e N i q y r to combine for au attack on Hunza with I < a s l ~ -
Adam g h o r murders his ~ ~ n c l eTajalnrnl~l
, Shah, wl~oseSVII,Mnlik 811:1!1
murders

lS(i(i,- Adam Kilor (some say at tile instiSatiou of his elder brotl~er,Arnan-ul-JIull~). ilalih'
Shah seelts refuge wit11 the Mirhsr?jah who will 110t give llim u p to Alnarl-ul-
&fullr. Aman-111-Rlnlk tlien sprung the mine Ile had long and !vl~en
the long contempli~ted campaign ncainst H u n z : ~ took place in 18GG, all the
Mussulman Clliefs w l ~ ohad bee11 adherents of tlie Mallaraj:~h,i n c l u d i ~ ~AIir
g Vali,
fell away. The ICnsi~mirtroolw wl~icllhad ~dvallcedon Kulnmal werc I)et~.ayed,
and defeated by tlie tlr~nzxpeople (now ruled by Ghazan Khan, son of Gl~azarifar).
All the hill tribes combine a ~ ~ a i n sKashmir
t and rednce the nogras to tlie bare
possession of Gilgit. wl~ich however l~eltl nut sr~ccc<sf~~lly
ngair~stInore tl1;111
20,000 of the allied Dartls, 11c:ided by A~nan-nl-MIIII:, Ghazan R l r n ~and
~ ?Ilil.
Vali. Very Iarqe re-infi,rccmenls wele sent bq l i a s l ~ m i r , "nt m l ~ o;e . ~ p p r o a ~tllc
l~
besiegers retreated, leaving. however, skirmislie~sall over tile e c u ~ ~ t l . y .
Wazir Zoramel-11 followc 1 up the advantaqe gained by i n v a d i r ~Dareyl.
~ I\rIlilst tile
d , Leitner, made Ilis may to tile Gilgit Fort ;lll(l
place w;ls yct p;rrtially i ~ ~ v r s t r Dr.
frustrated two attempts mi~de:l:ninst l~ilnby tlie e ~ n p l o ~ dofa the I\IallarnjaIl, ~ v l ~ ~
ostensibly were friends.

1Sli7.-Jehandar Shall of Bad;iltl~sl~anis expellid fro111 Ilia country by the Governor of

R;llkh and seelrs refuge i11 RaLol, where lie is restored n year alterw;lrds
to his ancestral throne by the influence of Abdurrah~nanKhan, so11 of t h e Amir
Afznl Khnn ;u~rlby his popclarity. IIis rival, AIahmud Shah, 1e:~ves witl~oot
n struggle. l l i r Vali, joining Mulb Aman, made an unsoccess.I'ul attack on Isa
Bnhadnr ant1 A z ~ u a t Sl~:rh, who beat tllenl off Ivitll tlie help of' Knshmir
troops from Gilgit. Tlre conseqnance was gel~crnl disappoint~nentamong thc
Ml~l~arnnladan Cl~iefsnnd the Hill tribe of Ilnrcyl (wliicl~I~adbee11 subdued i l l tile
mean time) and all opened friendly relntiol~swit11 I i a d ~ n ~ icspeciall:-.
r,

lSf@.--Mit Vali rl~lesYjsi11 wit,lh Palllwa~lt h111lk Aman Hees to Cl~itrnl.

lY(i!).-lI~~ll<A ~ n a talirs
~l sc~rvice wit11 l<asllmir and is npp8)inted on n salary, but nnrle~
surveillance, a t Gilgit.
.- - -.
- - --
~ - - - - ~ -- ~ . - -- ~-
-.
* J r ~ r n h i 4ingl1
r K P I I ~by Sl~,cal.
wit11 1:i.OOC Bnltie r y via .In,~lnth11nqlr1.Sirrlnr
(Iritllr* 'l'il)rtnn*) .?.nOfl l i n l ~ tI n f n ~ ~ t rninc
\ l i t l ~ m l ~ <Khan.
l Tllr ~ c ~ ~ r of r n lnll tile '' lii1110r"Rrgiment* T P : L ~R n u l l s l ~ i R n d I ~ nl(1q11n. Colonel Hosl~iarew e n t by ~ I I , .
N ~ l ~ l lI.CI:I~I
il 10 Nngyr nnd nrtrr rleslrnyinq R.OllO l~rorlof ~l~ecl, s l ~ dlnrlnv rilln.rrs r c t l ~ r n r d .
\Vnair Z u r r ~ v r , uw r n t to I)nr?l with Culoncl Ilcvi Sing11 nnll 10.00:) nlcn (?). Bijn Sinfill m u at Gor (?) nnll H u s t a n i
A l i Wac in ~ . u r r ~ m ~ofn d(he Arlillcry.
1 l l i r V ~ l ni n r l P a l ~ l i m nnra
~ ~ brothnro hv dilTn.rvt rnoth~rs. 1111lk Amsn nrtd X n r n O I I X f~h l i r Qllnzi ?) are b r n ~ l , * r j
IJY 1118 ealne ~ n o ~ h e r - s o our ul lliy lnen r n p a . l ' a l ~ l i w ~ li ln~ A~nnn-ul.hl~~Ik's
~ i d l e t ' a 81 U, (ridepnge 67.)
 ( 86 1
:S70.-I\lr. Hayward visits Yasin in March ; is well received by t h e Chief, Mir Vali, bnt
returns, as lie fiuds t h e passes on to the Pamir closed by snow-visits the country
asecond time in July, after exposing the conduct and breach of treaty of the
Kashmir authorities, and is murdexd, apparently without any object, ah Darkot
in Yasiri, one stage on to Waliban, by some men i n tlie service of his former
friend, nlir Vali, who, liowever, soon flies t h e country in tile direction of
Radaklishan, then seeks refuge with the Akhund of Smat and finally returns to
Yasin, where h e is reported t o have been well received by Pahlman. (Videpdge
74). Whilst in Chitral, h e was seen by Major Montgomery's Harildar and was
on good terms with Amac-ul-MulR, who is supposed, chiefly on the autliority of
a doubtful seal, to be the instigator of a murder which mas not, apparently, to his
interests and which did not enrich him o r blir Vali with any booty, excepting a
gun and afclv other trifles. Much of the property of Mr. Hayward was recovered
by the Kashmir autl~oritiesand a monulnent was erectcd by them to hir memory
a t Gilgit, where there is already a shrine whicli is referred to on pages 37 and 41.

15; 1.-Jtlinndar Shah, son of hlir Shah, who had again been turned o a t of the rule of
Badakhshan in October 1869 by Mir Mallmud Shah with the help of the Affghan
troops of Amir Shere Ali, finds an asylum in CIiitral with Aman-ul-Mulk, (whose
di~ugliterliad been married to his son) after liaving for some time shared the
fortunes of his friend, the fugitive Abdurralirnan K h a n of Kabul. (ChitrBl pays
an annual tribute t o the Clliel of n a d a k h s h ~ n in slaves, mlrich it raises either
by kidnapping travellers or independent Kafirs or by ensIaving some oP its own
Shiali and Ka6r subjects-the ruIer being of t h e Sunni persuasion).

1\7.!.-Lnte accounts are confused, but the influence of Amir Sher Ali seems to be pressing
through Badakhshan on Chitrnl and through Bajaur on Smat on the one hand and
on the Kafir races on the other. T h e Maharajah of Icashmir on the one side and
t h e Amir of linbul on the otlwr seem to endeavour to approach their frontiers a t
the expense of the intervening Dard and other tribes. Jehandar Shah infests the
liolab road and would be I~ailed by the people of Uadakhslian as a deliverer
from the oppressive rule of Maluaud Shah, as soon as the Kabul troops were to
\vithdraw.
 HISTORICAL APPENDIX.
I have endeavoured to collect all I could find written by others regarding the Modern
History of Dardistan in the following Appendix. Tlie information is, necesaarily, scanty, i n -
iIccurate and contradictory, but in our present state of incomplete kno~vledgeof Dardistal~,
every " scrap'' is of value. Besides, illformation from all sources should b e combined and I
believe that had Mr. Hayward been furnished with my publications on Dardistan and thus
been enabled to acquire something of the languages and History of that country before
starting on his expedition, he mould not have made certain mistakes, and, perhaps, would not
have lost his life.
--
I.-NOTE ON K Y L A S AND ITS INHABITANTS.

Tllie interesting but rambling account, which is re-publig1ied from tlre Lanore Chrorricle, (September
1 ~ ~ nppenrs
6 ) to 11nve been largely compiled fro111 Kashmir sources. The name " Kylse" is a deliberate
mistalio for " Chilas."
bout 1835 or 1834, when Sllahzadn Slier Sillg11, reputed eon of Runjeet Singh, was Governor
Casllmeer, Ile sent n large body of troops and s~lb,jectedGilgit with nll its depel~denciesto tlle Sikh rule.*
No fixed revenue ma8 demanded, but from that time, a yearly nuzzur or prerent of gold-dust, a few falcons
alld some goat@,were brought down by the Gilgittre Chief3 and presented t o the Governor and the s i k l l
Court at Cashmeel*. A few of thesons of t l ~ o r e Chiefs were retained as l~ostngesnnd eecurity for the fulfilment
of tlleir agreement. 111 the time of Sheik Goolam Niaood men, father of Goolorn Mamood Deen, b t l l after.
s CasLmeer, on the part of the
rnnrds & v e r ~ ~ o r of L 1htll.e O~lverl~rnent,
tlie Oilzittees disnvowed ~ u b l l l i s ~ o n
demurred to paying tlie usual yearly nuzzllr a t Canhmeer. Tl~ereupoun considerable Sikh Force sent,
wllicIl finally roercarl nnd aobjpcted the Gilgiteee, bringin$ them under mrneml~ntstricter rule than before.
Wllpn Cnehmeer wit11 all its dependencien wns by treaty ceded by the British Government to tlie late Maha-
rnjnll Goolab f j i o ~ lof ~ Ju~nrnoo, Gilgit, with lehurdhuo, Lehdok, Uuzzruffi.ahad, U u r t ~ a h , Aehoorah or
A , , ~ O&
~ ,C , & c . ~were incorporated with C a s h m c r as its tllen conlponent parls, &cat 'l'l~e yearly nuzzur or pre-
sents llave ever eince been punctnrlly R I I ~ millinglp remitted to Crrsl~merror Jummoo, tvl~ilea cIlnllge of
llostngea (which was not formerly the case) is IIOW freely allowed, citlier ye11r1yor at the will R I I pleaeure
~ of
tlie Oilgittee Cliiefs tbemaelves. B u t it must be here r~r~derstoodthat when tlre Sikhs originally occupied
tile country, the tlirn ruler of Gilglt, n.tn1e Goureh~nlu, with nll his ndl~ereutsand family neitller tire:,
or even up ro the present tinle have submitted t v the foreign mRy8 and power imposed on tlleir c o n n t r ~ , :
ne wirll Ilia followersllnvillg retreated nlld held their court, curtailed ae it m:~yIiave been, but still under
tile bellnet of indepeudence nt the Fort of Ynseen, and sometilnes nt Mooz1ooge$ (the latter sometimes called
Ilyper Cliitrarl or Bnln Bolnn:\l~or Upper Cl~itcnal),a f c a yearn eince the former Fort of Tnaeen mas taken
fro111Gourrehmen's f : ~ ~ n ior
l r successors, (he Ilill~self being deceased) who merz ol~ligedto retrent further nest-
ward t.o AZooztllooge about 25 coss distaut, near the h e ; ~ d waters of ilre Cllilrnnl River or Upper CLitrnal,
and Rloozthor~geVnllios of Derbund the Biroogl~ilPass nud divided Iron1 tile Y ~ ~ s - rValley
; I I I ~ n by a low mrlgs
-- -- -
. -.p-p----.--
. -
* 'r11111 18 8 ~nialnke
t 1,ucorreot far 8 . Oi'git i s c n ~ ~ c r r n r d .
$ 111s Sill113 were onll~dlo by the Ollgit ruler agarnot Gaul~nrAlnnn of Yaai11 in 1 8 j 1 .
5 hllatucb.
of Hill% in ~ l l i c l stands
l a amall fort ellled Sap1111dIiillnh, usually now oce~lpieclns an onrpost by tile preael,t
ruler3 or Cllicfs o r Xlolzll1ooge, tile saccensors of G o u r - r e l ~ m n ~0~1.1the oLIler IlantI, lvllell ~ ~ 1 ~ ~~~l~~
~ ~ , , j ~
~ i ~ l goccupipd
h Gilzit ill 1847 o r '45 or a little after, n Gilgitee Cllief of rc3pectnble appe:,l.nnce
seemillgly cousiJer;lblc illflllence~by llame Inall Billlntla~or,presented himself nt Cnsllmeer Rlld J ~ Alld ~
d a a c r i b i l ~hi~narlf
~ as t h e 3011 of (3~u:-r*llmall prorered his sub~ninsinl~
and ~ ~ l l r g i in
a ~perfioll
~r~ nuln,,er
of follo\~er*; of course Ile well recrivell, and soon b y his good service8 atrd contlllct tnketl into eacll
fnvour tllnt will1 his o\rl1 ~ o l l ~ w ensaisted
rs by t h e M a l ~ n r n j n l ~tronps
'~ ~ ~ n d rVizier
r Jewan Sing],, i\leeall or
I l n j l ) ~ ~ obtn, t ncting solely or for t h e mo8t part ullder the orders of Vizier Znrveroo ~PIIO, under tile M:lll~l;ljall,
i s 111.-actual Goverlior of not 01lly Gilgit, b u t also c ~ fLelldok, K l ~ u a s ~ i m a rk, c . H e ma8 tile cllief mcRlls
I:ttrly of nddillg Yi~seell lo t h e Mal~ar.lj;rli's tlolnil~iol~s;and now Inall I J n l ~ ~witll d ~ tile
~ title of ~ ~ jill~ l ~ ,
c o n j u n c t i o ~ ~ r i t lBleenli
~ J e n n n S i n g l ~ ,;lnd ~ ~ s + i s l hy
e d a brigade of regular i~rfnntryfrom the Mallitrnj 111'~
Prol~ps, wllose he:~d quarte1.s is uqually a t Bodlnzie, car1.y on tlie government of the conntry, kc. Tile
~ d of Megzier,* eorne 50 case distant from Gil,oit in a N. E. c i i r e c ~ i o ~on~ , t h e accrsaion of
p r i ~ ~ c i p a l i nt y ~ chief
tile MnIl;~rnjal~'c power in Gil:il, or R little aftrr, pnid their obeis lllce a1111 submissior~, Bllt tlie I~~~~~~~~~
l e e N. or N. N. IV. or hlegzier have llever as pet (ormnlly ncknowludged s ~ t b l l ~ i s s i to
o r l i l ~ a l ~ z t ~ t lChiefs o ~ ~tile
coort of C n s b ~ ~ ~oere rJumlnoo. B u r i ~ ~tlre g time here mentioned a l ~ t lmben Goolab S i ~ l g O
l ~ C C U Lhe
~ ; Gilpit
~ ~
corlntry, R a j ~ I 1Gn;tjen or G m j i n , PIiir ( p r o t ~ o ~ u ~ cP11er)t
ed w n the chief of H o u l ~ z n or
l ~ tlrc llhaozntl~ee,sl~ouldbe
(Kunjuti) principality, a n d tlil-ough drrad of the Mnharnjali of C a s l ~ ~ n c easr ~vellan finding rnucl~better and more
rstellsive gt.oonds for pnstnrage, cultivation, R I I ~tillage north of the Mnoztl~auk$ranges irr tile Jll;nsllnll alld
R a q s c > o rV;~llsysof !vllicl~ t h e K11~1nz11111ees
tl)ok p o s 9 e ~ ~ i o lals b-fores:lill, : I I ~ thitl~ert l ~ e yl ~ a v ere11loved tile
rllost 01 their property and familien, jritllin the few past yenrfi. n11t lately tllrough t111: nrenlls and by tile advice
of tlleir 11ei~l1bonrs
of Megzirr, the preqent I<llnllzoothee Chief, Itits sent one of Ilia 8011son a rriendly m i r ~ i o n
to t!lr: > l a l l a r . ~ j . Jof~ C ; ~ l l r ~ n esince
e r t h e o c c ~ l ~ n t i oof
n Jliinsllilll and K~isscour I)y the ICl~anzutheea. Flll(]inK
tl~emselvesto h i ~ v rfree scope toward* the nortl~wnrd of the Karn-Kooru111 rnngw, they hnve become the cllirf
lnnrnlltlers (as mere t.he Pnmir I i l ~ i r g l ~ i z&c.,
, befqre) nnd plr~utlerera of the Yarlriu~dand Lalldnk carnvnnn,
wllich tiley uru lily slop and s a y l a y F o r the last 49 or 50 year*, there 11i18been a cloae, anrl friendly a l l i ~ l ~ c e
kept up by helllent inter.rnarria,oes I,erween t h e Gilgit farll~lyof Gour-rel~mnn,nntl the ~ l o u n z a l lor Kllnlt-
zutllee FJnlily of 0rlju11 Flrel,$ an<l again betmren both of ll~oseand the Clrirfs of Siri Khull, TI~nnhKurglran
a n d Tllsgarmoo, wlliclr ndjoin the J l ~ i n ~ l r i ~and
J I ~ ~ ~ I W C OStates
I I ~ on the north. T h e Siri bull or Thnsh
liI1urgIll~lor 'L'Ira_~nr~noo
~ t a t eor principality l ~ a sits n n r t l ~ e r ~ boundary
r a ~ l j q ~ i ~ ~the
i n gK o l r k l ~ nant1
~ ~ Khasll-
gIlnr territqry a t Kizilynzt, l l n ~ ~ k u e&c.,
l , k c . , nnd i t is now eaid tllat those t l ~ r e r Cl~iefr;~inslri~rr
have proffered
tlleir tlllited Rlleyi:~llce
to the prejent C j u r t of K o h k l l : ~ ~t ~h r, o u g l ~ the means of some ~ n r l e j n ~ ~Kllojnlls
ee ml1o
lilte llRve b2eu ill power in1 t l ~ eSiri IChnII S t a t e a* Prime h l i ~ ~ i s t eor
r s [lead advisers lo the Cl~ieftliere.

I ~ l t e r n a lf e ~ l d sand fnn,i!y dissensi,~t~n

amongot the different branches of the r o l i r ~ gratnil? of Bulthce-
stan or Jlittle Tllil~et,ill a n d .tl)nut the lifelime of ~ l l l n r e dShah, stpled l i ~ ofn I3ultl1eestn11
~ nnd Littlu Tl~ibet,
aa Rlao amongit the O a l p l ~ ti~niilies
:~ o r I3h:lddist H..~jahsof q a d ~ t k , pnved t l ~ ew:~y for inroads nud foreign
illterferenCe, wl~iclr,c o m ~ n e n c i n ~ n l , n uIS32
t or lS33, nfrer a seri-8 of trouble8 finolly resulted ill A n i a ~ i cpolicy,
ill t!le complete p l l b j ~ ~ ; , ~ t ,of
i o ~thole
~ two Stntea, with all their d e p e n d e ~ ~ c i eill
s or about 1940 or I d i l l
n r~4F ~ ~ care
rhe llistory a n d P l r ~ i ~ ~ I of I I already eo well known as to r e q ~ ~ i no
r e conl~nenlhere.
- - -. .- _ -.-

Thirmuat be a mirpri~~l for X a g ~ r .

f r A-
,
? hluzl, k.
5 Qhr.2 tofor.
 ~~t whnt mny bc t e r m r ~ l the Algiers of the E ; ~ s t , the robber faslnesa nnd strongl~oldof Cbplnss
fproperly and r0rmerly Khylaes) on the left bank of the I I I ~ Ua P
l ~,dabout 3 stnges down t h e river from
Doovigin (Bunji ,?) may deserven few p a s s i ~ ~remarka.
g Cllylnss a9 a t yrerent exieting is n stone fortress con-
sider;~l~ly
strong, said to be built on l l ~ eold mnssive fout~dntionnof the fnrnous anciet~tK l ~ ~ l n s the
s ; legellde of
the c o u ~ ~ t speak
ry of this as being once the western b ~ u n d n r ynnd onlpost of t h e Great Kllylasaien Dot~~iuions,*
wliich is said to l ~ n v eite liigll a n d godlike centre it1 Ihe G r e a t Dheo M~crror Dheo Maha Khylssa P u r b u t l ~ ,
rangea n o r t l ~ of .lIawn J h d e i or the Maunsir aurer lakes; both t h e I u d u s and Brahmnh-
or great IEhyl~~sa
poother, or pootllrah (Anglice Berampollter) nre w i d to Irave llleir rile here, nnd running in coutrnry tfirectione
rnst and west inclose within their vnst pnrentlleoes the once renowned dominione of I n d r a Vestha, of which
t l ~ cicy and god-like spires of Kllylass formed the tlllrthern barrier and bou~ldery, the B n y of Bentgal a n d
Indian Ocen~t wnslling its vast eoutllern I~ase. TI13 C l l y l ~ s ufortrese nit11 ite hnrdy gnrrison and band of
sturdy warrior8 114s from linle imlnemorial been tile tiread of t h e oou*~trieearound, and in former times, when tile
strollghl~ldis snid to have been able to pour forth a body of 10,030 able-bodied men, their depredntions
entended frollr the g.ltea of Gllorze, Cnb001 and Glluznee 011 the oue side to the walls of Casl~meer,Vantipoor
nlld Anent T r n l l g 011 the otller. Crossing the rivers by means of derriea, pronouuced dherries, buffnlo mus.
Ruclrs filled rnith air, nnd surrnhs, g . n t skin^ i n f l ~ t e d ,their sudderi app-nral~ce : I I I ~t1e~~err1t.e
attacks a n d raide
alld exploite ill the lomar Cl~etclt Hnznrn Valley, and evcn a t Attock and Peel~awur,are c l ~ ; ~ n t eind their
ballads and me nori:llizetl ill tlloil. legend+. But witllont entering any further here into the particulars of pnst
Iti~toric4ltimes R I I ~(actl, let it eufice t ) say tllnt since the time of Aklar nnd S h a h Jellan, their power alld
influence 11au g~,:ldunllydmiodled :tray, so tllat at ~ I I ! p r z s m t time they c:~nnotnumber Inore tIlan a b o u t 2,500,
or a t most 3,000 able-bodied men, the entire inl~abitantsor p o p u l a t i o ~being
~ at a liber.11 ratilllate between six
or seven thounand souls.

n govern jr of C;lsl~mereon the pnrt of R u ~ ~ j e Sing11

W h e n Sheik Golam M i a . o ~ ~ d - d e ewas et and t h e
Seikll Government, the Chylns*ees becitlnc very troublesome 011 the borders of Cnulrlnere, i111d in one instance
even came don11 rind plundered and r a v n g d the cooutry ns f<lras Clleloorn, and even co~nrnittednome de-
yrCclntione clos: d o r c upon Sooprtr and B ~r.trno,In, carrying off a number 11f t l ~ ainl~nbitants-melt, momell
:IIIII children-\vl~om ne uwnl they solil in the Ralldit F r o ~ ~ t i U
e ra z ~ x r sor Slave-mlrketr of C l ~ i t r o r ~M
l. ooztl~ooj~,
Deer, B;~jnre,or Kool~eer,or didposed of tlle~namongst the i~~dependnrrt
tribee and IEIlnne c~f Ynjistan, Suahl,
nonere, Panch IEorn, &:., place3 nll ivd3b of the Illdug. c o n t l ~ ~ con
t the part of 1l1e Cllylasseee impelled
the G o v e r ~ ~ nnot
r c,nly to seek redress f r ~ rthe pelt, bot security ngaiunt a o c l ~inronde in future; whether,
I~o~vever,
fr.,m n c l i s i t ~ ~ l i ~ ~ atot i entnngle
o~l Irimidlf ill n b ~ ~ r t l ~ e n s o narid
l e difficult cnlnpnign nnd operntions 0th

a Inl-gocnle ngni~lntthe Fdrt of Chylnss, a str ~ ~ ~ ~ Ile

l ~ was t l nanre wllich C I I I I I ~ not be renclled by his troopn
o l well
witltout. fir$[ p.tssing t l ~ r o ~ n~ gwild
l ~ tmct of desolate, unpopulated, n ~ l dfor troop*, nlmoet impassable, c o o n t r y , t
a * to the renl nature nnd power of hia ndverenry, the Sheik conirnittecl tile
or whether Le r ~ inisi~~lor~nerl
s
f:~tal tnistnke of s z 1 1 d i 1 1ollly
~ one Seikli U.~ttnllonof I n f . i ~ ~ t r gt11~1ugl1
, etrengthrned u p t o n thounnnd

.Bibis
,
a ~ o l l e t sand nboltr GOO
butly of a b u ~ t t
Irrzgr~lilr*A R n flying Urig.rrle, t o dom.tntl ~ n t i ~ t ' a c t innd
1,liJO Inrn ruarcl~edto Chardoo, where, after co~~eidernble
o ~ ~ coeroe t h e Cl~ylareees.
delay and difficulty, tlley RerJ
rendy to proceed OII their lurtl~errolctr, with nb.~ut30 or 40 days' proviaions in hxnd for the w l ~ o l eflvrct..
Disaster aivaitetl tl~elnon all sides. From the time they left Chardoo under t a o ohle Seikh Leaders, by
- - --
hlny be Ibe Bhootrrn a n d
Norlliern Himeluyab Hengea or the prdseot day, from Eust tu Weat, or from Asnsm i n the Esst
l o Lhe I~l(lurIn t h e West.-ED. L. C.

t From Ct~nrdooon llln rirhl bonk nf ll~eI(ichel~gung.11to Clly'nsa lo the slnall Chplnn ou'post mod fort 01 Tekka,
aboltl a dry'n ~nntcha l ll~einrill f u r l ul'Cl~+lnsr,
I I O cigns of I~nl~i~utio~r
lnre vlsible.
llntne Uussunt S i ~ ~ gand
h Sujal~ti Singh, they were annoyed day and night by repeated n11d persever.
ing assa~lltn and attaclce by different parties of Chylnsseecl, who, from favorable poaitione on impaaenble
crag3 on either side of the rand, opetied s n c i a tire uf mntcliloclrs as frequently to obstruct the whole force
ill tl~eirline of march. for linura nt n tiwe. Nightly !]ley were harn~sedby bold nod desperate attacks,
sword ill I~nnd.by different b t t ~ d snnd parties of Cliylascrtes. well accustomed to such hand to hand drspeiate
conflic~s, especinlly nnder tlie sl~adesof ~ ~ i g l W~I tI ~, I I , ns the Seikhs tliemselves ack~~omledged.
tlie hardy
Cbylassees seemed to he quite in their element.
T o add to the miafortunes of the force aince it left Chardoo until it reached the nmnll Cl~ylan,
ontpoat nud Fort of Tekka, these mas one i~~cessalitd ~ w n p o u rof auttlmt1 rnina; they were without any t e ~ ~ t s
or bod~lycoveriug, but tlreir Cumlies n ~ i d put too^. The Iutrdshipa made the Coolies deeert the force in
numbers.
A h e r lenving Chnrdoo. the force reached tlre Fort of Tekka with the loss of l ~ a l tlleir
l Coolirs, and
wllat wns worae, half their p r o v i @ i ~ ~ i n~ ,ale0
d leavil~g behind them some 200 or more of tl~eirown Illen d e ~ d
011 the rond, killed in tlrr different skirrnislles with the enemy. They I I O ~ found tl~emselves opposed by the
gerrisou of Tekka, some 7 or 800 in number. The only existing rond then led through t l ~ ebody of the fort.
A rumour reached the Cl~ylasseeethat two other large botliee of S e i k l ~Troops were approacl~it~g
by the Boonjeo
a n d Aslionrnli or Astor roads, and that the force now confronting tlteln was but the vanguard of e large Seikli
army o n its direct route from Cashmere. This induced L l ~ e ~ton 11111 back on tlieir main fort of Cl~ylass, after
bold and rpirited resistance of two or t h e e days, covering this movement by a de~peratenight nttack. The
runlour whicl~enuqed them to retirr, was but n well got up ruse of the Seikhs. Homevrr, the Seikhs followed
them, n ~ i dsoon nppenred before the walls of Cl~ylbes. There, after an i t ~ e f f + c t ~attnck
ul continued for aevernl
days, assisted by 30 or 40 Zurnbooral~eor Camel guns, carryin: fr-rn 3 to 6 ounce balls, nnd at lnst botli n~nmuni-
tion and provisio~iof the besiegers tlireatening to fail, they were obliged to p:ttch up a kind of c o ~ n p r o m i ~011
e
they might be ennbled t o return u11m9lested to Cashmere ; tlie Chplnaseea on their part promining future
good c o ~ ~ d oand
c t a yearly small present of gold-dunt to be sent by Illem to Cnnhmere. Thie piece of patch.
work wna with great dificully effected, for, in fact, tlie whole of the Cllylaanees were ~ ~ n w i l l i ntng enter into ally
compromise wliatever. with the exception of one old man by name Musson, nnd lincle to the then Chief of
Chylsss. Regnrding this personage a few words may be mid, perhaps, by way of digrepsion, in ill~~stration of
the chnracter nf borli the Cbylnsaeee and Seikhs in tliose times. During tlie nttack on the fort, tlie Chylnesees
mere acculto~nedto make repeated niqht sallies on their wearied.out and half-alumberinK enemies outside. In
olle of these this old math blussoo, the leader, was wountlad nnd tnken prisoner. Hi* bold and joculnr rnanltcr
SO won the hearts of the Seikhs, tlrat they not only epared liie life, but kept him u~~fetlercd
and (rented him i l l
every wey according to his rank and position. H e slon ingrntiated Iiimself so fur in tlieir esteem as to be
sl~rnewhntc~fa pet in the Srikh lines. Every kind of ncl~emewas put down to Ilia c l t a r ~ ennd lie freely and
boldly acknowledged hiinself r s being the p r o m ~ ~ t and
e r tunin-spring of all the opposilion to !he Seikl~power.
e dellap hie fingers and defy I t i n n p p o ~ ~ e t ~ t eHowever,
7Vheti t n a l ~ t r dwitli treachery he ~ ~ s to . one day Ite was
taken to the front wbere the firing neemed briskeat, nnd tl~cre sl~omn to his friends and reliltions inside.
Swords were drawn over him and cncked piatols presented at I~im herd.
B e was ordered to ndrise then1 to that effect, instead of wl~ichold bIu~s900vocifernted away nt the
top of hir voice, but in a half jocular way of hie own. " So~tmand brothera, fight amlly-never aubmit. 'rake
.leadg ninl, &c. &c." Tliat very night be gnined posaeeeiun of a sword by stealth, with wliich he cut dowu
the s l u m b e r i ~ ~eontry
g aod eecnped into the fort; and then notwithstanding this last feet, be, in n few days,
 afterwards boldly cnmo alone illto the Seikl~ lines to parley nncl settle the preli~ninarieeof the Treaty, In
virtllr of it the Seikli force returned to Cnsbm~re,but not as they expected. for they mere cn~~tinunllybares-
sell by their snpposed new I'rirnd.1 and allies, insomuch that they reached Caslrrnere with eve11 l e ~ ~s I I R I I 2-3rdr
of tlre number they left with. As for the 'I'renty, all its stipnlations were totally repudiated on the Troops
returning to Caehmere.

'I'l~eC l ~ ~ l a s s Clriers
ee refrrred the Governor of Cashmere to the old Cbief hIussoo, whore ~ i g n a t n r e
or seal was alonenttaclled to the treaty, and he on heingapplied to, returned a courteou~ly insolent reply to tllo
erect Ihnt " i f bile 0111 blind [Caffirnk Lnhore mean in^ of course R1111jaet Singh who hnd lost nu eye when
p o u ~ ~ requirrd
g) im~nunityfor the Cnallmere borders, let him ply for it ; and yoo, my brotber, if yo11 require
gold dust, collie and take it." Tl~ttsmattela remained till tllc late hlal~arajah Goolab Si11gl1was introduced
iulo Odsl~merrby Sir Heury Lnareuce in pernon, and on the part ot the Britisli Government, and mas installed
ns " M a h a r ~ ~ j aofh Jummoo and Cashmere." Tlre story goee !hat Sir Henry, clasirous of seeing the Border8
t~bwardethe W. and N. \V.,visited the Dlluriawah or Valley of tlle Kiehun-gungall River, and eome of I ~ i s
followers or private serva~ltson their return seem to have been not very politely treated by eome rude Cbylne-
sees, ml~oa t the time mere sent roamiug in quest of loot. O n their c o ~ ~ d u cbeing
t complniued of, and i t
coming to the enre of Sir Henry, he suggested to tbe Maharajah, that theee rude villagers (as he understood
P'lrem to be) sl~ouldbe t a u g l ~ tbetter manners in Inlure. 'l'be Maharajah understood and eppreciated the hint;
for in '54 or '55 the Cllylae~eeebecoming more the11 usually troublesome, he took a11 opportuoity to coerce
them. A I I army of 4 to 5,000 men was despntched, mbich, ae filidiug i t necessary aftcrmarde, be llnd t o
increase to some 10 or 15,000 men of all arm# (of course excepting cavalry) under the command of three
leaders, Demnn Hurree Cllund, Vizier Zoroverao (son of V ~ z i e rEt.ckl~utll, killed a t the taking of Cash~~lere)
and Itreall Ittooa. Numerous ecl~emee were had recourae t11, t, reduce the fortrese on tliia occasion, md
after a two mo~~tli'e
close siege fillding their otlirr efforts of no avail, the beaiegeru determined to take the
place by storm. I n pursuance of this resolve all preparalious being made, and the vi~rious p lrtiee and divi-
siooe told off for each point of attnck, t11e whole army quie~lyassembled about two llours before daylight.
The ladders were noon fixed, and up the Dogrn Troops clnlnbered with a l ~ ~ c r i t and
y mill, at 6 or 7 different
point8 III the fort, but only to be met ill every direction by a gnlling and murderoils fire from within. How-
ever they returned to the nssarllt ag.rio and again, till in fact the whole army, supp~rrtsand all, now nnited ahd
~naeeeduuder the wnlle, made a general a ~ ~simultaoeoua
d effort to gaiu t l ~ ecrest of tlie parapet. Just nt the
mt~mentwhen their efforte were seemingly about to be crowned with success, the Chylnssees burled down
upou them immeuw besma, po~tderoua logs of w ~ ~ o dand , eve11 rocks and large boulder0 in eucll
quantities as to c r u s l ~all before U~em. Hundreds of lives were lost in a few minutes, nnd heap8 of dead,
mangled nod aou~aded,lay scattered arauud the walle. T l ~ eladders were all smasl~eda ~ broken,
~ d and nrter four
ar five hours epent in ineffeclual nttempts to get possession of the fort, tlie lroops were recalled to their
!inc;. The I~nffledbesiegers now tnrned nll their attention to deprive llie garrison of water. Tbey also took
coil.:.ol a:: t o wllat mnld be doae by mining so as to blow up sowe of the bantions of the fort, and
aino ta t a p and d ~ d i ?off tlle water of tlle only reservoir witlrin the fort. F o r these purposee-lSt, t h e courne
o f a amall stream of mater mliiolc Rowed into the fort, was diverted, nrllich left the inner reservoir ns the
0111~ supply fur llle besieged, but this was eufficiently ample lor tlie m r ~ ~oft s a garrison for even three or four
m o u t h more. T o deprive them of this now becnme tlle 8ole aim of the besiegers, n ~ l dat the instigation of an
At!jutant of the Seppern and Minere, by name Shcre K l ~ a n , operations mere commenced for thnt purpoee,
assisted by the native iron millers of Krewand Sing near Paampoor and Islamahad io the Cpshmere Valley.
Not many daye bnd elapsed ahell a sudden rush of a large body of water from inside the fort, carrying wit11 it
millers, tools, alid implernenls, nnnonnced the s~icccssoi the operation. I t flmved nlmost for a W I I O IdRy,
~ \r\lich
was nscertnirred. I t wne lroped tlint tlie garria011 ma3 without mnter. S ~ i l ltlre garrison bravely fougllt
for
live or six days, u ~ ~ tnti l lnet they aupplicnled the besiegers for n small quantity of ml~ter,as they said, for their

wounded and dying cooirades. This request wns grarlted, and ~ h i r l yor forty gl~urrnshnnded over, on promise
tlrnt they mould consider about surrerlderillg. 'I'hey fouglrt OII as usu.tl, but on the tliird day nfter tlley rrceivrd
the scanty s~lpplyo l mnter, they mere tiescried evncu;~tillgthe fort in four successive bodies. Tile first nl. tilnt
i s sdvauce Iravin,~in its charge all tile uon-combntnuts, old men, women and children, milh tlle woullded; tile
second, third aud fourth, acted as suppllrts to the first, nlid to e n c l ~other at renpective diatnuces. Thus wi~lrtheir
coiours 0yiug nud drums bentillg, did the gnlialrt Cltylnss garrisolr evi~cuntetlreir fort, drive11 from it solely by
want of water. O n t l ~ efirst impulse o t the uloment the Mnltnrajah's troops mnde a demonstrntion 10 f o l l o ~

alld ellgage them, but they met tbeir match. I t tons oonaidrre~lmlwe discreet to n l l o ~suolt determined and
deeperlrtc men to go in pence. S o the troops mere recnlled. 011 the next day the Clrylnssee Clriefs cnllle and
proffered their submission nnd nlleginnce to tlte Mnhnrnjnl~ of Cilslrmere nnd Jolnmoo, wllo, after receiving
hostages frolrl them (mlliclr 3rr now yenrly clianpetl nt tlre plensure of the Chiefs) tlre SeiLk troops Ipturnpd
to Cashmere. I t wna stipulntetl hy the Cnsllmere Government tllnt tlre fort elinuld not be repaired as n defel,siVe
work. With the fresl~Iiostages of ench ).ear the nnnual nltzzllr of golll-tlust, &c. is now pnnctllally brought
by tlre Chiefs themselves to Cnnhmere or to Jrtmrnno, if d e a i r ~ d in
, S e p t ~ m b e ror October. I n return, each of
tallem wit,lr tlreir fnllowetn recvive nfter n few dnys' stng nt tile JiInh~r;~jah'eCourt a l~andeome KhiHut of
Pushmeenah shamle, scnrfs, turbnns, olrogr\lia, &c. kc. accordi~lg to the rnnk of encli. As a proof of the prrrent
fealty of the C'hylassee3, i t IIIRY ba remarked thnt OII the occnsion of the lnte nffnir of tlie rebel Rajal~, Shere
Abmerl, the Cbylnssee Chiefs uf their own nccord came to Cashmere aud ~dTeredthe services of one or two
tlioueand 01 their brethren rlid cl;ln to the Mohari~ji~b.I n the t tlre ol Slieik Golam hlnood Deen, G o v e r ~ ~ o r
of Casllmere, about 1830 or 1835, tlie entire Chyl~rsneepopulntiotl mas estimated at nbout I) to 10,000 SIIUIP,
of wliich nbout 4,01)0 or 4,500 were lit to carry nrtlls. Wllelt Goolnb Singii look the place, the estimntio~r
won p a t down a t 7 t o 8,000 souls, of wlrom nbout 3,000 to 3,500 were then bearing arms. A t the l v ~ e s t
computi~tioant lenat 2,200 nrmed loen left the fort, mllile L2 or 1,300 were in nl.ms outside, stoppit~gt'le
supplies from Cvslrmere, bc. A t the present dnte they nre supponed to be reduced about 1,000 it1 ~lreirl~urnber
since t h ; ~ tperiod. T h e Chylaasees possess small patcliee of laud ntid collivated plots round the fort, in some
pnrta lo tlie di~tnlrceof 10, 12, nnd 15 coss ; but in no insts~ice(lid they exceed llrcrt or claim nny further laud
till tvithin tile few past years. 'rlley are n o ~ vmuch Inore settled down to agricultural pursuils t l ~ a nlorme~ly
\vllelr tlley p i n e d tlleir subsistonce clliefly by plul~derand mamuding. I n tlre hot aeasnn they wed to live
~nosrlyout o n their fnrlna, hamlets or pleilsure villns, and congregnte wilb nil tbeir fntrlilits in wi~rler a t the
fort or nenr it. No snow fnlls nt Cllylnss, and the c l i m ~ t eia considered mild n n l salubrio~~n,but mow frills
within n rdtiios of 10 or 12 Cog9 ell r o d . Tlle roads to a l ~ dfrom Cltylnss in every direction are col~siderell
dillicult and bad. Tlre cl~iefseat of tlra Dllardbon ia the present Dllur, nn i n d e ~ ~ n d e lslate
l t P r principalily,
Nortlr of Puncll Korn ill tile Western Phzltfzie cqunlry, nlltl Soutll East of Chitral. The cuu~ltryi~~linbited

by tlre aliciellt Dllardo is supposed to Irc~ve etretclied from the present Aslloor.~lt or Aator to l3nj1111
; North
of Pelhamur ; nod tile Dhaogirra from the prrselit G o o r ~ s hnr Gnoreirh or Gooreize, nnd Tllilnil lo Dlinn g~llfu,
gnte in IIIR lower Pntmnrnl~colrlltry. Cllyl~~ss
nod DIlnl~nllfort rind to Dl~,~llnii I~as long been fnrnoua for if9
Fenrlg ricll prodllce of gall snlnd, regnn.i-zer, and so nre nll tlie Qilgit Rivcra, the Noolrra nlld ~ l r ~ ~ n ~ l h a n . "
 The follo~vingextract from a letter from Captain Ommaney, D e p l ~ t y Commissioner
Hazira, appeared in tll Piijljab Governmelzl Gazelle of 27th February 18G8, " f o r gcneral in-
formation" and may be quoted here, in connexion with t l i e preceding account3 of Chilii~. It

Dardistan :-
*
8.
* +
is followed by a page of words, which, however, are all to be found in P a r t I a n d I1 of my

" There is no correspondence i n t l ~ i s Office,

* *
about 111eC11il:rs country m d the inrormation, I here
*

record regardil~git, in mengre and open t o correction. T h e trndition in t h a t #bear 100 yearn ~ J R O
tile, resi,lrntn
of Clrilns mere conquered and converted t o the hf;~llomeda~rFaitlr b y tlle ancestor of t h e present K a l r g l ~ a t ~
Synds, Noor Slrnh, (Ghazie Baba), who, 011 his ~ v a yto t h a t conntry, conquered and took posses:ion of tbe upper
portion of the Kalrghnn glen, ns i t is IIOW held by Iris descendants, m l ~ r ~tlie
t rrligion of tlre Chilnsees was a t
the time of their conversion is not stated, they rivere termed ir~fidele,I~robablyt h e y mere Hintloc~s; from tlre date
of tlreir conversioll u p to about 25 years ago, the Kaltgtnn Syads received religiorts dues (Slr~,krann) it1 tile
shape of certain quanlities of gold dust from the Chilnsees, but when 25 years ago, the Syatl* accompanied tlte
first Sikh Force in its unsucccasful attack or1 Chilas, these does have n o t been givon, ths>ug\ln p to t h e preeent
(late if a Syad goeu and asks lor it Ile gets something ns a free gift (Khairet.) A SNkh Force ;\ppe:lrs twice to
Ilavc entered Chilns, tlre first lime as notp~la l ~ c ~ vite lrad to retire, on the necood it mils srrccesslul and a small
atrlrunl tribute is pnid to the Cashmere Government, consistit~g of three 'l'olnl~s of gold dust n ~ l d100 gonto,
this tribute, Irorever, is only pilid by villagrs of C l i i l a ~ ,Thlrk and Boontlar, ant1 tlreir I~nmletsmhiclr do !lot
comprise all tlre territory of Cl~ilas,t l l ~ r ein 110 Police post of any ltiud in the country and I am toltl only one
writer of news lives in Cl~ilnsto keep his Government n a q ~ l a i n t e ~with
l what goes on there and ill t h e neigll-
b o ~ r r i ~trncts.
~g T h e people are i~loffdnsivennd Irave never since the advent of the British rnle conrniitted ally
offences witlrin our border. C11il;ls proper may be y:iid to I)e b o n ~ r d r don the north hy t h e I n d r ~ sriver, on t l ~ e
eoutli by the we(erslied of the ridge over Lor~loorur Lnlie, Llre distance is I I C R ~ I Y three days' jol~rneyfrom t h e
river to t l ~ i sridge, t l ~ o u g hLieutenal~tRobinson's mnp m:~kes i t out only five miles, a manifest 1oist:rke nn tlie
east by the mntersl~edof the same ridge ns al~ove Looloosur Lake culminatitrg in tlre lofty peak of ; \ I U I I ~ ~
Parbot, the Aslor boundary t~rarclleswith Cl~ilashere, on tlre west to a point beyond the villageof Suzeeta where
t l ~ eIndus takes a turn to tlre sorrth-west. Tlre coantry nu seen from tlie British boundary consists of v;~st
mou~rtailrEpurs whiclr a s far as tlre eye c;rn reach are bare of trees, tlrouah covered wit11 grasJ ;tff,lrding good
pastornge, btrt must be under suom lor a considernLle portion ot tlre year, no villages can be seen. T h e inlrabi-
tnnts of Clrilns are called generally by t h e e nnmerr, Chilaqeee, Blloottry~,Dt~rds, tlrey are nppareotly divided
into four classes each I~iglrert l ~ n lt ~l ~ eother an follows :-
I.-" S l l e e ~"~called also I ' Kdnn " by Pntl~nns.
2.-" Yeahkun."
3.-" Iiumeel~."
4 .-ti Doom."

T b e Slrecos seen1 to be the proprietary cl~lssanrl s u p e ~ i n rin every regpect; they claim a n Arab origin
froni nn ancentor <' Bh,rottsl' whose fntlrer Iillurrnt " cqme from C n s l ~ ~ n e i1nt1
r e tool: possensio~~
of Clrilns.*
TIle Teslilirlll appenr to Ilnve aided the Sheens : I I I ~l~oltllands, birt cantlot alicrrate them by mortgage or saie
without consent of tire SQeols. Tile li'c'rrreen prtrvida t11e Artiilan*, the D onr as elsewhere perfurm all t h e lower
7

From the dssieiou iuto 1 vl.to,eg 1 ahould t h t l f i ~at !10~8ibloLhat this Eret cln38 WIU ori:inmlly of the Ilrahluin. or lih,lrree r u t s .
services, such nu m~sicial18.&c. ; crime appears to be rale, there is no such class a s prostitute, nod for~licetioll,if
u n ~ n n r r i c dparties of either sex are t h e offerlders, is punished mil11 slripes. Adultery is punished mitl, death by
etoni~l: ; i n citae of a murder, the rrlali,rn of decensed can kill the murderer, in defnult of a reln(ion of tleceaaed,
t h e assembly o l the tribe confiscate the mordrrer's l a l ~ dnntl property. W u m e ~nppear
~ to I~avegrenter liberty
nlldpower tllau alnongst the M n l ~ o m e d atribea
~ ~ within o u r border nnrl more in nccordance mitll Mnllomedan
l i l ;~ for instance, a midom CAII marry wllom she ch-oqer tl~onglishe is expected to make n suitable match f r o ~ n
one of her own clan, a dnughter receives a s11nl.e i n lilnd as well as otller property.
qoite distinct from Pushtoo, Prrsinn, Eindee, or nny langunge t h a t I 11ave Ileard,
T h e I a n g ~ ~ n see1119
ge
it ie not understllod by even t h e Syads, the neighbours of the Chilasees, though they may be able to distinguish
n few W O ~ I I Rl'llese
, people nppear to be the same who inhabit Durrril and Tingeer opposite to Chllas proper
Trnns lndus, a n d west of Qilgit. W h n t may be termetl the regulnr Jirgnli of Chilns did not come into mc, they
represented by petitior~t h a t they Jnred not without permislion accol-rted by their own ruler, they, I~owever.
sent their relations; tl1i.9 mas quite nufficie~~tas 1 never s l l r n m o ~ ~ ebdu t o111y illtimated a wish to see tbem.
I regret that owing t o siclrness in the stnlion I c o l ~ l not
~ l d e h i n t h e men who did come to get more i~~formation
from them, a beginnin;, however, 1111s been madr, nnd tllis con be added to and tnodified as furtller o p p o r t u n i ~ i ~ s
offer."

Tlie " Chronologicnl account of the conquest o f Gilgit" is included in that of nardistan
011 page 81. The following account, quoted f r o m the Lahore Chro~zicIe of February ant1
March lSG6, coi~tainssome interesting anecdotes :-
" 111 t h e mouth of July, on a I ~ o ant1
t sullry d:ly after n rnnrcl~of I 5 milen we entered t l ~ eEndgar of
Astor, and mere glad to throw ot~rselveson the grasl nud ecek the sllnde of t h e tlpricot trees. W e were Ilot
long thus allowed to enjoy our qlliet, fur a meaonge came that if conve~lientthe Thnnadar n o ~ ~ pl da y hia re-
spects. N o w m u c l ~ns v e mould have prelerred repose and meditntion, we conld not think ol refusing n rrqriest
and impnrtal~ce: RO Ilnviljg ndjl~sredour attire and trimmed our
wllich to the Asiatic is of great co~isitlerntio~~
mind8 fur the interview me were give our conaent.
t11

It i n now nearly f ve yenra since that interview foolc place: if reoollectio~~performs her functions, and
memory serIres trlle Iter we place tint day in t h e forclnost rnuk of those days al1ic11 Inny be considered ns
i t l e llappiest of our lives. on nll sides by ~ r e a chiefs
mere nentrd on n chair, sl~rro~lntletl t and brillinnt soldierr,
g 11tmost ntrrtch of im~ginntion. tIcre, on our right,, mns sented the
we looked 11po11a scene far s l ~ r p ~ w i nthe
TIlnnn~lnr; o n our left \vaa 111e f:~vorite so11 of G11zu11g F u r , king of Htlnza : furtl~erdow~j,or1 either side,
were tile ambassadors from Nugur nnd Chitrnl-helow wrre Reen the drputirs from Chilnq ~ n t T)oonjie-lompr l
down, sIli11i11gin goltl nl~tlsilverj stood out the t r ~ i t l i rAhlllell K l ~ n n now
, chirf of Gil,eit.* 111the b a c l ~ ~ r o l ~ ~ ~ d ,
adding lustre t o 11le scene 111nrc11ecltile forcee of His Ilighnees the rtlnbnrnjrlh 01 Knsllrnir. Su1.11 wan the
B p e c t ~ c l imperfectly
e told, but perliops I ~ grenlest
C that Astor Lnd ever seen ; in the d i s t n ~ ~ cnntl
e Car away
e x l c n t l i ~ ~ogn either side crowcled v i l l n _ n ~old
~ ~ and g o u ~ ~ gto, lnok upon the great (:l~icfs ~ 1 1 Io~ a dso 1o11g
-
follrht rvitlr vnlor olld success agaillrt Golab and R u m b l ~ i r Singh. After llnving s1111kenhantls wit11 one a11tl
and n s k ~ d~ \ l t S l i ~ lRl l~ O I It h~ e mnnners, cnetorns, lamp, &c. kc. of ench country, Ire asked pilrninaio~~
to
see nome of t h e celebrrte~ldogs lor w b i c t l l ~ eGnrn-ma11 or Adam.leroa11 (Inte King of Ynsin nntl Gllgil)
-
used
-
-
--
-

9 There reemu to be n miatshe in tl1i8 name.

 ~ r p r ~ f l u e e J . I n nize, strength, a ~ ~ferocity
to ercl13ngo men ; immedi:~lelyf o ~ mere d they resembled mucll t h e
Panlpoor houl~d,and if they mere capable of perror~ni~lgthe great feats wllicli mere reported of tl~em,viz.,
ru1111inggallle from tlie top9 of m o u n t a i ~ ~to
s where men mere e t a ~ i o ~ l e below,
d me mere not surprined 111;tt11
rnan whose mind dwelt merely on figllting and I ~ u ~ r t i nshould
g have t l ~ o u ~al mall
~ t but n poor exclln~lgefor a
dog.
Beforc proceeding furiher, we trust to be excused for d r n m i ~ ~nt,tention
g to the grent Gora-mnn-or,
more properly etyleil Adam-frr~s11or man-seller. 'Pl~is man llad e r i d e n ~ l ygrent qualities na a general
: ~ n dco~nrnander; he wna Iield in co~~siderablt!awe by a u r r o u u d i ~ K
~ ~i n g ~ , ant1 ill more t l ~ a uone battle Ilia
spirit and daring coor.~gahad t o r ~ ~ e111e
d tide of victory a g : ~ i n s ttror~ps who Lad c o ~ ~ ~ u e rSikhu,
e d a n d who
helped tile Euglish a t Drlhie. One fine and grent nrmy under Poop Singh* had perished iu his defiles, nnll
lnnlly o?here t l ~ o u g hthey had actu:llly tnken G ~ l g i t Kere nfterw:~rtls s ~ ~ r p r i s e ddefeated
, r o d slain. Hindo~ls
Ile forced to brcome BIal~omednns, and h l a l ~ o ~ ~ ~ he
e d either
n ~ ~ s slew or sold.
A t l r n f i l l ~;liter a lo11g r e i g ~ ~n ,l o a t l ~ a , ~ ~iliue;lse
ne ended a life whicl~,if it hnd not been f i ~ rI l ~ e ot
his s~~ljjecte,
had c e r t a i ~ ~ proved
ly the theory t h a t capacity and resolution are fit o p p o n e ~ ~ tagainst
a superiority
in numbers nrld tolerably good disciplille.
Perl~opsof I ~ i smallg atrt~cities the death of P o l p Singh mas the worst. Poop Sing11 wit11 a pickell
army had sworn not only to conquer the Gorn-ma!), b u t to raise n tax on the very fruit trees that surrounded
I ~ i spnlnce. P3or man ! Ile had yet t o learn trill1 ml~om Ile was fighting. E : ~ r l yone rnornil~g his sepoys were
aronsrd by s t o l ~ e sr o l l i ~ ~OgI I the Hill sides. Ero they coultl nqsernble ill battle nlray, volley nfter volley was
poured into t h e m ; nnd though they glllnntly 11elJ out for t l ~ r z e sl~ccessive clays, resistance mns in vnin.
Hemmed in on all sides lliry could neither a t l v n ~ ~ cnor
e retire- lriven to deuperation, t h e ground covered wit11
llenll nnrl dying, Poop Sing11 ~lnconditio~~ally
surren lered. 011being tnken before the Gora-mall, lie e a r n e s ~ l y
entrented for his life, nnd actunlly cl.lsped the fret of I ~ i mwhom Ile I I R ~vosecl to conqusr. Alas ! his entrealia s
nnd u ~ ~ p p ~ i c n tmere
i ~ ~ nins vai~l-1 man who looked l ~ p o ol1i3 ow11 subjects :I) lit e x c t ~ a ~ ~ : e Il l r dilg3, mas n o t
likely to be mover1 by the tears and prayers of a 11111do1. 'I'he 8to.y s.1y9, that 11" ~ i g nof hi3 fi~ceindicated
tlleaorkil~gsof hi* mind-not n word pnsled hir mouth, but : I I ~ iudicrtion of his halid and execution
took place sin111ltnneously.-Poop S i ~ ~ g hhead
' s rolled at his feet."

" After having freely cn~lverseil on and abollt different sul~jectsme mere nurprisrtl to hear that
Iffillomednl~sof Gilgit, Ilunzn, n~ltl Y;~sin,fnr frorn ~ t t e ~ ~ ( I iton gone great lam ~ v ! ~ i c hthe founder llle
aect strictly inculoated, viz, the prol~ibitionof int ~sic:~tin!:liq~~ors-were ill t h e hnhit of incli~lgil~g
ill a kirltl uf
wille from the jnice of the grape called I&. O n some being produced, i t mns f o n ~ ~useless-llfiving
~l
turned acid fronl exposure and 11e:lt. i v e :ire tl~erzforelorry not to I J :~lble
~ to give nuy account o f t h e samr.
Curiosity prompted us to e n q ~ ~ i rillto
e the f ~ c of
t the 1411nx.r people 11eing I~elter t l r ~ ~ ~ at eh da n the
fienrrality t t f the Asiatics present. The re~nnrl; drew g r ~ l t r n l n t l e ~ ~ t i ot on t h e costu~nsor the killeln son, WIIO
rv;ls npleodidly got up, being tlressccl in a gorgeous brocaded clvpP1~11worked wit11 gold n n ~ lsilver. 1Vitl1 n smile
on Ilia face the interpreter told us it wns nll loot, it llaving hccn s t o l o ~from
~ the kafilns (cnrnvn~ls) that t r d e
between the large citiee east n ~ ~11ort11
d IIE HIIIIZ:~.S u b s r q l ~ e o ~inforinntion
t gave us t o i ~ ~ ~ d e r e t nlhnt
l~d
Guzung F u r WRS R Robin I-Iootl, wl~osevery onlne was drendetl, and wl~oclepeople mcre ns m11c11I'eared IIR
sm:~ll-pox or R I I Y other epidemic. R u ~ n o r ~anid
r tllnt the Hunzn men aftell having robbed n caravan often took
the etolen articles hnclc for sale to the very pl:lcea from where the carnvnns had startetl, RIIJt h a t t h e y nerz
nllowed t o pass ulllnolested for (ear of incurring the w r n t l ~of the whole 111r.d.
--
* Bhup Slogh.
 O n expressing ~ u r ~ r i st el ~ n t Gilgit, ml~ichlutd s o long been a bone of contention betmeell Ynsseio
a u d Knehmir, should have eventually tallen to R u ~ ~ b h Sing-we
ir were i ~ ~ f o r m eoi
t l the rollowing facts, viz :-

Tlmt the legitmnte heir having, ~ l ~ young,

e o incnrretl the displeasure of l l ~ eGorarnsn, had been
di~inherited,in collsequenco of ~ v l ~ i chle~ had becn removed from court n ~ ~lladd pnssetl his early runuhood in
strict confinen~ent, so rigorous tllnt it might llnve been termed irnprisol~ment. However, Ile I~ndevidently
11is l r i e ~ ~ ad ts court, w l ~ o matcl~ed wit11 eagerness the decay of the old Itillg. N o sooner hnd the brenth passell
from his body, than, u p s e t t i ~ ~Ilia
g l i ~ s t decree, w h i c l ~ mus that his kil~gdom ( Y R S ~ Iand
I Gilgit,) should be
p o r t i o ~ ~ eout
d between his tivo illegitimate cl~ildren,they procl;\imed the legitimate heir sovereign. H i s brothen,
~eeill:: t l ~ a t h e d o m i ~ l n party
~ ~ t were ror hereditary r i g l ~ t s ,quietly nnd mil11 eeenlil~ggoodwill tendered their
nubll1in~i011,a t t h e s n m e lime, wit11 the s ~ ~ b l l e tthnt
y only t h e Asintic can assume, tiley fi~rmeda plan tile
PllrpOrt of w11icl1 wi~s t o ~ ~ ~ n r dthe
e r young monnrcl~. B e , thou;h ynt~llz,woul:l seem not t o have been
backward i n t h e nrts and wiles or Asialic Innnners, for 11e Ilrd already llis secret informers about his brotllel's
person, who b r i l t ~ g l ~him
t i~~tim:rtion
ol t h e plot, nnd advise11 Ili~nto nct immetliately. A c c o r d i ~ ~ g l ywill1
, n fen
nbtached follo~vers,11t the dand of night, h e entered his brotl~er's palace, a n d , wit11 11is own I~nnd, slew him.
T h e younger brother hearing a voice, a n d suspecting t h a t s r ~ m e t l ~ i nIrad
g gone wrong, sent a sevvrnt to see
w h a t h a d I ~ n ~ ~ e u e Td h. e servnllt eoorl r e t ~ ~ r ~ ~nnd
e d urged
, Ilia mnsler t o fly, under the g u i d a ~ ~ cofe A l ~ m e d
I , seeing thht Ile col~ldgnin more for himself by s e c u r i ~ ~t gl ~ enssistance of I t u ~ ~ b h iSing,
K ~ I ~ I\rho r determined
t o take relugc I I ~ Rcourt R I I lcnd
~ a n army against his country, l ' l ~ eplan sl~cceededbut too weH. Gilgit
fell-Tasin became trilutory, and Allmet1 K I I ~ Isvas
I made cl1it.f of Gilgil. Gilgit hnving fnllen, i t indoced
t h e s u r r o n ~ ~ d pi ~r i~~g~ c etos tendrr t l ~ e i rallegiance, in confleqllcnce of rvl~icl~l{unbl~ir Sing's influence can now
penetrate illto t h e I ~ c a r of
t \Yeutev~~Asia. T h e young king, hIul:~ltnrn:r~~,
is still cllief of 'I'asiu, and llns made
nlany nttemptr t o r c g r n i ~his
~ forrnrr possessio~~s,
b u t these attempts, for \vent of v i g o ~ ~i r ~execotion, have
all tailed. W e ditl hear tllnt the Cl~ilassiesninny yenra back I I : I ~ offired, ou c o ~ ~ t l i t i of
, ) ~his attacking liunbhir
S i n g , to sllom him to become their king, b u t t h t ~ tfor t l ~ enon-assistance of the Hunza men the plot failed.
H o w it \vns thnt G u z u n g F u r , generally s o rand of mar, sl~ouldhave refuged 11is aseistn~~cr,lvns lor IIIRIIY

!-enre n very i ~ ~ t r i c iproblem.

~te A t Inst we solved it : in ;UI evil hour wlleu Gilgit had fallen, 11e hnd bee11
indncetl to give hosteges for his future good bel~nvioor.
llT\Tl~ile
talking nbout Hunza, me think we ~ n i g l ~R Rt well say t h a t it is an exceedingly r i c l ~counlry
(tllat in, for n moon'ninous district) ml~erewar arld pill:~geare not cnrried on t h r o u g l ~ioeulliciencg of ~ r o d u c eto
e l ~ p p o r tt l ~ epopulirtion, but merely as an exciting p a s t i ~ n et o n ~ ~ a t u r i ~ fine
l l y and w;~rlikerace of men r l ~ o for ,
,Ile w n l ~ t sometlling better to do, occnsionally take Inen and cnmvnlls 10 o t l ~ e r laces thnn 111ose lur which

~ ~ I lQ~ nFdoriginnlly started.

~~~~i~~~ tile 1365, wllilat on its road from Ynrliund to L e l ~ ,tlre finest and richest knfiln nhicll
],:id ever bee11 k ~ ~ o r vtnln lenve Ynrkuud n n s bndily marched off to Hunza."

" Mang yenrs nzo d l ~ r i n gthe enrly part of t h e adminislratio~lof Golab 9ingl1, a c e r t a i ~soldier,
~ Mnlik
(Kumndnn) r.lisel] himself enelllie3 I,y t l ~ efearless lnnnller ill I V I I ~ C ~Ile
I vin~licntcclllle right of Ilia troop3
to hleir r n o l l ~ h lp~l y ; his r n n ~ ~ spirit
iy a ~ d~u td~ r ; n i ~ ~berrl.in;
e < l nave ~ r e l lknoivn nnd cn~lced n p p r t - b ~ ~ ~ s i ot on s
In: held regaldilkgllis loynlty; measures secret a11c1 surz mcre taken to npprehen~l I ~ i m ,but the love of l ~ i s
(ICPn!.s I,-J8 pr30f ~ g , i ~ tile
~ s it n t r i p e s of c n l ~ r nud
t I ~ I I ~ ~ I IofC Rfncti,)n
~ ; wit11 their nssidtnnce 11e Iled and nfter
a toilJome j ~ ~ u r nrencl19d
e tL: bouudnl-ies of C l ~ i l s snu(l tbcre seiz:il, nud for many yenrs governed t l ~ a t~ i l d
and illtractable couutry.
 The Goramnn had not up to that time cxtended lli3 dominionn towards Gilgit. The death of the
R;lj:\lls of Gilgit hod let loose the bonds of passion ahicll had for many years trammelled his court, his Vizeer
insisted on mrrrying the R a l ~ n ;i the Ranni objected and called to ber aid the Goraman t o coerce tlie refractory
Vizeer; the Goraman sought the asaista~~ceof M;llik, king of Chilas, thinking that Gilgit mould fall sooner
by being attacked si~l~ultaneously
from both aides. The assistance mas cheerfully given, a certain day was
renged llpon for tlie combined attack, but n3 fate mould have it, the epirit of Malik could ill brook t h e idea of
v i g i ~ ~nssirtnnce
g to his powerful ally; four dr~ysbefore the appoinled time he arrived will) his army before
tile walls trf Gilgit, l ~ n dnfter a long and bloody battle gained the victory I T h e fort had fallen, the Gilgitie
\rere ru~lllingawrty, mlren a stone from the loose wall struck Iris horse, causing it to fnll ; immediately a panio
seized his troops, the Gilgities took heart, and what before man defeat now proved victory ; in vain afalili
called on his broken ~ r m y; in vain 1,e allowed llimself to his troops; all was too lnte, the few followers t h a t
remained r~round him could do little beyond covering l i i ~retreat; wounded and disheartened. Ile turned to fly,
weakened and exhausted, be fell an easy prey.

T h e Vizeer of Gilgit determined to put him t o death, b u t could not reva ail upon his men t o carry
ov~this wiel~es;at last after offering lavish rewards the .\Ialikle personal attendanto offered to do the deed from
~vlaichothers shrank ......thns ended the lagt king of Cllilos ......Two dnys later the Gornmnn arrived and heard
the sad news; irn~nzdiatelgha gave the order to attack; before the Gilgities were well aware of his presence he
had entered the fort aud conquered the country.

After eetlling possession, which was thnt Gilgit should be incorporated with Bassein, and the R a n n ~
become his wife, he turned his attention to the death ol his former friend and ally, offering large rewards as a n
inducement to find out the Inen who had rid him of so dangerous a neighbour; nlsny who bad not partici-
pated ill his denth were indllced to come furward and erprese pleasure for Laving by so slight a service secured
the peraonal attentions and good-will of the conqueror ; irr this may mauy mere g.tthered together, all looking for
promises and pr ~tectionmllicl~mere lavishly given. At Inst the policy of the king sliomed itself. W h e n Ire
tllougllt he had secured all those mllo were likely to have ~ n ~ ~ r d ethe
r r dWalik Ile gave the order for their execu-
lion, saying, thathis promises rvould be better folfilled in'.he land to wl~icllhe was sending them, and that such
reprobates mere more fit to be the corup.~nionsof darker regions than the poor company allotted to them o n this
ear~ll. Tlieir execution over, Iic next wit11 great pomp and splendour buried nfreell in a barren and open plain
the body of the Malik ; no sooner wae the I~odycovered with earth and the festivitiesover than a spring of pure
water guslledout of the earth directly under the feet of theburied mnu!'

AIR. HAYWARD'S E X P E D I T I O N A N D ACCOUXI' OF THE Y A S l N MASSACRE.

-
CAMP YASIN, 7 ~ I fARCH ISTO.
An I veutnre to hope the Indian public regard with 8omewllat of interest the success of British
enterprize, n ~ l d the reaolts of geograljllical explorations and scientific research i n Central Asi.1, I toke the
o p p o r t o n i ~of~ sending to 111dian brief resunsd of the progress of the Pamir expedition up to date ; and what is
of lnr (renter itnyortulce, n llistory of the events which llnre occurad iu the countries trans Iodu. daring tile
past twelve ).eilra. My preeent commuuicntion having special rererence to the nggressiona of the M ~ ~ h a r n j ~ ~ h
of ICashrnir in the Qilgit valley, I proceed to 1ry before you a relation of the occurrences nit11 mhicll I Lare
becarne acquqilltetl. T h e countries of Cl~itraland Yasin have been f ~ o mtime immemorinl ullder the rule of
t h e allcestors of the p r e ~ e l Cllief,
~t Rajah Amall-i-Moolk, while the present Yaein Chief is d c s c e ~ ~ dfrom
~d n
branch the same family. 'L'lle~claim descent fronl Alexander of Mncedon, throllgll t I ~ eRing@nf ~ f l ~ ~
I t is certain t l ~ P~OpB S ~ S SR pedkree of high antiquity, nnd can boast an uninterrupted succession.* T l ~ eeldest
son of the Chitral ruler takes the name of Shah Kmtore, which title mas assumed by the grandfatl~erof 111e
present Chief, Aman-i-Woolk. T h e Chiefs of Yaqin l ~ n v e intermarried oo f r e q ~ ~ e ~wit>l~
~ t l ythe family of tile
Shah ICatore, uutil apart from a common desceut they Lave become the same in their feelings nnd prejudices.
E v e n Swat can hardly be considered to be more inrccesqible to Europeans on account of the bigotry autl
fanaticism of its inllnbitants, than the countries of Chitral and Yasin.But there is this diRrrence. While
t h e population of Swat owns uo rlle~ianeeto any ruler and ackno\vledzes solely the spiritual autl~orityof tl~l:
Akhoond, tlre inhabitants of Cl~itrnland Yasin are os much subject to their respective rulers as ally serf ill
Russia, or fellah in Egypt or Turkey. The ablest aud moet euergetic of t h e later Yasiu Cl~ielsmonld appear
t o have been Rajah Goor Rahnmaut Khan, v b o ruled over the territories of Yasir~a ~ Gilgit
~ d from about the
year 1535 t o 1853, a period ever eventl'ul in lndiaa history. Duriug the reign ol this Chirf, Goolab Singl~,
t h e M a l ~ a r ; ~ j aofl ~ Kashtl~ir, comrne~~ced
active hostilities agaiust Gilgit, after having conquered Ladi,kl~and
Baltistrn. Wl~ile, Ilowever, Goor R a h ~ n a nwas alive, the Dogrns could never obtain any footing ill the
country across the Indug. Dying in 1853, dissensions as t o the snccession arose amonget his sona ; a ~ tlle
~ d
present Mnl~arajnhof Kashmir, who hnd succeeded Goolab Singh, mas enabled to talce ntlvantnge of t l ~ e
disturbed state of the connlry to i n t r i ~ u ewith members of the Rnme family.
A Inrge fnrce of DOZPRS R I I ~ ~ c ~ I ~
crossed the Indus at Boollji, and succeeded in estnblislling themselves in the fort of Gilpit, wI1icI1 posilion
tIley have s i ~ ~ cmaintained
e solely by force of rrlne. Eitller ill ignorance of the event, or from a d i a i ~ ~ ~ l i ~ ~ ~ .
tion to interfere, this act of nggreesion did not call down from the British Governmsnt the severe remon-
strance which it so justly merited. I n the treaty of 1846, between tlie British Government and .IIahar.?jnl~Goolab
S i n g h i t is stated in Article I,-" T h e Britiah Government Ir;~nsfersand m,~keeover for ever in inrlependcnt
posaessio~~
to M a l ~ a r a j a l ~G o o l ~ bSillgl~ and the l~eira male of his body all the hilly or mrrontninous collntry
with its depe~~dencies~ i t u a t e d eastward of tile River ! n d u ~ and westward of the River Ravee, includiug
Chumba and excluding Lal~oul,being part of the territory ceded to the British G o v e r ~ ~ m e nby
t :Ile LnI~ori:
State accordin< to the provisions of Article 1V. of the Treaty of L,il~orz,dated 9th BIi~rcll 1846. And ngnil1
irl Article 1V.-" The litnits of the lerritories of Mal~nrajah G-oulab Sing11 shall not a t any time be chauged
without the concurrence of the British Government." I t will be see11 that by thus crossing the Indus and
a n ~ ~ e x - i nt lg~ e territury to the ruesltoard of the specified bou~ldary, the Mahnrajah of Kashmir has most
signally infringed the trenty of 1816 with the British Government. Furthermore, this treaty i~ being
persist,ently in(ril~g?dby the continued attempts nt nggrzasion in tho direction of Yarlcand and Bndnltl~sllan.
S i l ~ c ethe seizure o l the fort of Gilgit, the policy porsuc~d by the officials of the Afal~arnjalltowards the
aevrl.al tribes llns been one llniform system of intrigne and treachery. I t is a strikirrg anomaly that a court
,, notorious for ita pnrsimony as t h R t o f Jummao should be contrllt to expend large @f money yearly
for tile pl,rp,rsr of maintainin: its posilion acrosj the Indug. Wllat ulterior motives the Kasllrnir D;krbar
m:cs e ~ ~ t r r t a iwill
n be preeently glnnced at,.

After the seizure of the Gilgit fort the Dogras lost no time in planning a furtl~erndvnnce to Yasin
rnr t I u ~ l z n . The Yasilr territory otfired the greater inducemer~tfor a raid, from the country heillr more

* \Vo haqo jet collected suffieisnt data to asoert tbia 80 s fkct.

t Gaohnr Aman.
f e r ~ i l eaud productive, and the npproacl~easier, whereas tl:e emall mountainous tract occupied by the H u ~ i z a
tribe is not only 1110etdifficult ol access but yielda no produce wl~icliniigl~ttempt nth invader. N o serions
expedition, I~omevrr, was runJertnlten u n ~ i l tlle year 1863. I n 1l1e spring ot t h ; ~ tyear t h e Dogrns s e c r e l l ~
collected a f o ~ c eof some 6,000 Inen \pith the ill tention of invading Yasirr. S o ur~exoected was Illis raid t h a t
they nurprised t l ~ eChief and his follower=, ~ I I I J eeeil~g they Iiad no chance of r e s i s t i ~ ~ gsuch o v e r n l ~ e l ~ ~ ~ i n g
odds, fled with their wives R I I ~fnl~iiliesto the I~ill-fortof Xtado~~ri, six milea distaut from Yasin. T h e Cl~iaf
escaped to Cl1irr.11 nnd the Y m i n villagers who 11nd fled for safety to tlre l ~ i l l s d lI:~dc~ori,e n d e a v o ~ ~ r eto
d
cnnle to terms wit11 Hosllnrn, Snmad K l ~ a n , Jowahir Sing11, nnd E m u Bogdur ,* the petty Rajah of Pooyal,
n ~ other
~ d Dogra leaclerg. Tlley were sasured tlmt no h a r ~ nalrould belall them if they would evncuate the fort
and lay donn their arms. T l ~ r pdid so ill tlre simple faith that no injury, as sworn to on oath, should be done
t l ~ e m . A part of 111eDogrns ~ I I Ohad gone rouud tlre fort then made their appeararlce a m o l ~ g s t l ~ cwomen n ~ ~ d
cl~il~lren.T h e me11 mere ~tutsidethe fort nod u ~ ~ a b ~l eI protect
I their wives nnd l i t ~ l e ones, for wllon~
woultl doubtless have s l ~ e dtheir 'uloorl had not treachery heguiled them of t l ~ e i r w e n p ~ ~ n s .T h e Dc~gr:~sim-
a t ~ l ~ mnqsacring the ~vomell n~bd cbildreri. T h r y threw the little ones inlo the air and crrt
~ ~ ~ d icolnmenced
tllelrl in ~ I V Oas they fell. I t is s ~ i dthe p r e g n ~ n women,
t after being killed, were ripped open and their uuborn
babes were haclte; to pieceo. Some forty mounded aJlmell who were not yet de.td were dragged to one spot,
and were there burnt to death by the Dogra s e ~ o y s . W i ~ ht h e exception of n few woul~derlmen a l ~ t lwornen
w l ~ oultimately racovered,every man, woman and c h ~ l dwithi11 the loi.t, a n d in i~ll, 1,203 to 1.400 of these
~urhappyvillagers, were tnnss~credby the foulest treachery n ~ r dcruelty. After pluudering the place, Yasin was
burnt and all the cattle carried off, togetl~erwith some 2,000 womfn and Inell. Severnl hundred o l the poor
people died from expoiwre r ~ n d stnrvation before t l ~ e j had crossed the I l ~ d u s ,w l ~ ~ l mauy
et of the surviving
prisoners are still in confil~emeutill Kashmir, tlrongh of otl~era,and alas the greater part, uot a trace can be
four~d. Most of the women are atill i n the zenanas of the Dogrn lei~ders and eepoye. I Lnve vi:ited Aiadoori,
t h e scerle of the massacre, a ~ words
~ d mould be inadequate to describe tlre ~ O I I C ~ I ~~ iI gI h
~ to be mituossed on this
now so1it;lry and desol lte I~illside. After tlre I.lpse of seven yenrs since the tragedy, I hnve myself c o u ~ ~ t e t l
I 4 7 stillentire skulls, nearly all thore of women and children. T h e grouud is liternlly mlrite with bleacl~etl
l~umnnl~onesand the remains of uot lesa than 400 human beings are now lying ou t l ~ i sI~ill. 'L'he Y;tsin
villagers relurned to bury their dead alter t h e Dograg I ~ n dretired, and the skulls nnd bones now found ; ~ t
hlnduori nre presumably only tlr~,aeof vill:~gersmhoqe whole families perished in the niassncre. 111 olle place
nllere the slnuglrter slmernsto have centred, are the blaclco~~ed
rem tius of rafter3 mixed with cl~arretl 11umn11
bones. A t thie spot the w t ~ u ~ ~ dwomen
ed who mere yet d i v e were burnt to death by the Dogrn aepoys. I
Been n ~ conversed
~ d wit11 nlnlly ol.plral16 i n tile Yasil~territory wl~oqefntliers, motl~ersR I I ~brothers all perisl~ed.
One little girl of eight yenrs of nge mas br011gllt to me who at t l ~ etime of t,l~enlassncre mas n babe a t the breast,
and the blom thirt severed her little arm slew her ~ n o t l ~ ealso.
r H s r father perisl~erllikewise. Sucll nre tile
utrocities committed by me11 w l ~ oare iu tkc service ol a feud;rtory of the Viceroy of India. T h e Dopras have twice
nttacked I I u n z a but unsuccessf~~lly,since tliey l ~ n v eeach time beerr drive11 back wit11 heavy losses. I n tile
autumu of 186G they invaded he c~rulltry of 3ilai1, lying o n the riglit b a l k of the 111dusopposite Cl~ilps.
Fortunately the vi1l:lgers had time to place their familien in safety and IIO momen mere maasncred. Some 120
of the D i i d pea~nnlrywere I ~ ~ \ v o v seized
er nnd i m ~ ~ i e d i ~ ~bung,
t e l y t l ~ escpoys cntt,ing at them wit11 tulwers a s
t1rl.y were I~angillgand still alive. On returning from Diloil to Gilcit the D tcra fnrc?s mere c n t ~ g h tin a henvy
&now-elorm on the Cl~nnjnrPass, where nearly 150 sepoys perished from the col~l. N o nctive nggresciion baa
 since ocmrred; but tlre ilnltarnjnlr of K u h m i r meditntes f ~ t r t l ~hnstilitirs,
~r .inn be 11ns penvinnrd n brntllrr
n f the Yasin Chief, nn ut~scr~rpuloun vill;~in,\i7110 1 1 ~already
s murdered nrt oncle, a brotlter nnd tile r v l ~ ~ofl ~
t l ~ n tbrotlrer's Inmily, n l ~ dwho is IIOW in Cilgit petitioning for troops to tnke Y a ~ i na t ~ d rrrle there on beha\(
of the Dogras,* I llnve written nll this in the hope tbnt the Indinn public may be lnnde nvnre of whnt our
feudatory, t l ~ eMnltnrajnh of IEnal~mir 1111s perpetrnted across the Intl~rn. Apnrt floni tlre inrrir~~enrent
of
ally rrei~ty, and potting nll political motives xside, I trust that every B ~ ~ g l i s l ~ mur~d
an Ertglisl~womnnin
llrdia will join ill d e n ~ r ~ ~ d ijustice
ng upon the murtherers of irr~~oceut
tvomelr and cl~~ldren.I t is now sevetl
years since tllts foul massacre occurled, but tbougb long delayed, that redress for the g~ievouawrongs
inflicted up011 them, wlticl~right nod justice slrould not deny lire poor Ynsin vill:~gers, c a n ~ ~ be
o t far distant.
T l ~ e English public munt not. tbitlk llrnt tlrese innocent wolnen were " niggers " as they might chi~oseto
term them. T h e y mere de~cended from the ;~ncestoreof tlre true Aryan ~ t 0 c k . tand l ~ n dryen nnd lrrsaes of t l ~ e
same hue ns those of their own wives and children. I t is imperative that a Political Reaidelrt wit11 ft111 powera
rbonld be stntioned in Knslrrnir and the nfi~l~nr~jall's
bou11d;lry fixed at the Iadus, necessitating their giving
up Gilgit, nnd t l ~ e us~rclr~ l ~ i n gcannot
s be. A remotslrnnce on tlre part of the British Government mil] n l , t
lrnve the desired eA;tct; indeetl, nothing short of active interference and actual supervision for the future mill1
be any guarantee t l o t no furtl~ernggression and atrocities mill oecur. The officials of tlre Cortrt of Jummoo
"lake it t l ~ e i r specin1 : ~ i mto mierepresent the stntus of Ihe Mnharajnh townrdn the British Gover~lment,re-
presentin: the British ns lris tributaries, nnd this version is but tno rendily believed by the tribes, since the
strong fact tlrnt tlie Goveroment h.rs never i~rterferedtends to c n ~ ~ f i rsuch
m impression. I t is also strikingly
apparent tllnt these Gilgit offici~l'~
are actur~tedby the sole motive of nelf-inlereet, and a miah to provoke
I~ostilities,in preference to securing that frirnclly intercourse with the tribes mllich might be establisl~edby
their ncting with grentrr tact, nnd r, more sincere wish to promote pence and friendship.
I t i ~ I, I~eliere,well known, that Russian ngents l ~ n v e illrenay met wit11 fnvornllle reception in
Iinslrmir ; a t lens!, this tact is knomn to tl~osewho have lrnd opportunities of ascerlni~ringthe trullr aqd viem-
ing tlre system of pe~licypursued by the Court of Jummoo. I mny even hint n t n p n t s of tlre Mallarajal~'~
rvbo are now in C e ~ ~ t rAsin,
a l or agents in Taslrltend and in Boklrorn, all sent secretly by this rnoet loyal
fe~~rlatory
or the Viceroy of India, Tho late annexation of tlre district of K o l ~ : ~tot Kl~oknndbrinrs Russian
i~rfluencet o within little more than 200 miles of tlte pas3 at the lleatl of the Ynsin nnd Gilgit valleys. That
the h1i1baraj~his IIOW i l ~ t r i g a i ~ r gwith Russia by the route of Gilgit, Ynnin, Kol;~t, Hissnr nnd U o l t l ~ n ~ . ~
canltot be doubted; nor is it lea* clenr ~ I I R I , 6\10u\d t l ~ eCourt ot Jurn~noobe allosred to conti~rue the policy i t
is now p o r s u i ~ r ~they in what may be serious complications
, mill very sllorrly i~lvolve the Britirl~Cfover~~meut
in Centrnl Asia. Tibat the D ~ g v a s s l r o ~ ~ l dIlnwever,
, be permitted to make rnitla into ft~reignterritory, to
m;~ssncreinuocent women and clriltlrer~, and commit the greatest atrocities, is n disgrace tu u Christint~Qovern-
111el1t. The Dogrn sepoyr trow in Gilgit have attained to auub II lamles~state n9 tn openly declare tllnt sl1011ld
they ever succeed iu reaching 1lu11za they mill mnssacre every man, woman nnd cliild ill the plnce. His
IIighr~easthe M~llnrajabgnve a oledal for the Ynsin raid in 18G3. O U this ia inscribed in Peraintr Me(l111
for valour at Bladoori!" It ia worLl~yof the most cnreful consirlern(ioc that five m o ~ l t b safter tlre tnassacre
a,[ A[;ldoori in 1363 occurred tile raids iuto Britinl~ 'l'erritory OII the Pesliamur frontier ivltich led to tile
IJlnbeyln C;lmp:~i,o~~.
Let tlle Govrri~rneotinterfere and reatore Gil;it to its righlful oivner, the chief of
Yuein,f and I will glral-nnlee t l ~ a t e ~ ~ c h net nt jumtice mill create anch co~~fidrnce
in tho integrity of
-- -~ . -.- - - --
* Tilir r p l i r n to 31nlk AUIRII. 1/11, ,-lrl?bt 100 OF Uaubar Amall.
t Thia ir ,lot ~ c r t n n o .
5 H P i d trot t h e riyhlflrl owner: 1 1 1 - dearendnnts of lllc Gilsit Dvnnnt?, i l a n y nrn g r t nl)ve, woelrl rerlsillly ha10 tllo bod claim.
T h e N m ~ y rDrnn*t?. which r n a di,nnl.t,rl ..I by Ysoin wrra. of roureo, ~ l a ott.srorrr. M r . H t r ~ w s r r l ' s r v m ~ n t h i c *were hnrnd nlore on
dr
Irieuslrbtp fur >llr Vali, tho yo,r,,qrr t t r o r l ~ ~ 31alk'bmBn,
~ tllan an arcurntr knnwlcrlge of the history OF the country. 11 will be noticed
Ysa~nh.d a hereditary rrg8.t to Gilgit, which is not the case.
l l l ~ LOLL
l b e Appendices I and i, wcm to molntain
 British rule and power, that I I O ~011ly the Chiefs of Y ~ s i l iand Cl~ilrrl,but even the Akhoond of Swat, mill
a t once aend ill their adherence and offer of service t o the Britisli G o v e r ~ ~ ~ i i e u tO. n tbe other Land, if tile
Maharaialr is elill nllomed to nggress, the most bitter feeling of hostility and hatred mill be enge~~deredag:linst
Britieli rctle and tliere mill never be a quiet frol~tier. I n the czuse of b u m a n ~ t yand justice it is imperalive
for the Government to act slrongly nlld decieively : IIO half rneaatires will do bere. Ylf hen this loyal
fe~~dntory
of Kashrnir mas Ialeky pnyiug his respects to the Dnke of E d i ~ ~ b u r g hat the Laliere Durbar
amidst all tlie tiueel and glitter t l ~ n t'Oriental pomp and eplendour conld t l ~ r o n arouud him, could those
lieaps of lluman ~ k u l l s nnd bones have beeu there, mltat a silent tale t l ~ r y would have told of foul
trencliery and bloodal~ed. Again 2 must beg you to use your columns ns tlie mmns of pl.~cingbefore tbe
Il~diaupublic the above fact R I I ~an editorinl from your talented pea could not fail, I feel sure, t o excite public
beling and causc nn intereet to be taken in tlie eubject. As to my expedition, I may mention that I have
reached Yasiu, and hnve met with e m o s t favorable reeeption aud friendly nssurances from the Chief, W.~ja
Meer Wulli lillan. I bave explordd l~earlyall the coulitry ill tlie basil1 of tlie Gilgit and Yaail~rivers, and
have now just retur~iedfrom the h o t of tlie Darkote Pass, lendil~gover iuto Wakhau and t h e basin of
theOx115. T l ~ i e pass as well as the Shuuder Pass leading over into Clkitral, is now closed by tbe enow,
and I find it wlll be impossible to p t ladan nnimnls across ontil RIay cr June. Once ncroes the pnss
ilowu to the Pnrnir Steppes, and I nm very sanguine of lneetil~gwit11 a favornble reception. I n placing
tho above facts before tlie public I muat ask you to be g ~ o denough to refrain from connecting Iny name
directly wit11 the statements, unless it is nholutely necesjary. 'Ihave 110 wish to gain notoriety by sbom-
ing up tlie ill tleedj of the Ktrhmir A I ~ l i n r ~ j a I ~But
. if it is llectsgttry t o substantiate the ntatements by
publiehing the llnme of your informant (the only Etiglishrnzn w l ~ ohas ever been able to ance~tain the
facts, foe the siniple reason that he is tlie only one rvlio hag ever visited Ynsin) you have *bhen the fitlleef
authority to mention ~ttiue.
I may also state tliat oficinl reports on tlie subject have been submitted to the Supreme G o v e r b
m o t of lndia as well as the Pun,i,~bGovernmelit.

C h J l P GILGZT VALLEY, 24ND IIARCIX 18i0.

l passes open I I~nvcreturned to Gilgit, and most
Thinlting it was ri91cy stnyi~igin Ynsin t i ~ i t ~the
fortunately, for I 6.1d the AIalur~jnb'aofficial3 here, in order to selve their own purposes, have caased a ieport
to be nprc,td that I liirve beeu pkmdered ill Yi~sin(lnzrli, 1 h ~ v cbeeu p ~ r t i c ~ ~ l nmell
r l y treatell) and l ~ a v esent
off orders to Astor for tlie force thera to marcli at once to Gilgit for the p11rpo3e of i ~ ~ v a d i n g Yasin. hIy
return here hna stl,pped tbemnud they nra now I~orryingback, bnt not before I have rscartnined the truth of tlie
movement. Comment OII eucl~ nn act of ftaitl~lens~~ess mould be nnnecess;lry, nnd had they invaded Yaain
whde I was tlicr; sucli act would have baen fatal to tlie whole Pamir.expedition, since the Yaein people could
but hnve connected the i~~vneion wit11 IIIY piesence there. .
P~oneer 9th ~lfuy1870. GEORGE, W. H A Y WARD."

Genernl Cunuingl~am,in liia excellent work on Ladak, refers i ncidentally to Dardistan,

ea follows :-
Page 37. " Of the country inliabited by llie Drrds, my informatio~~ in scanty but interesting. Wben
d was in Kiiehmir, '1fuuud the Ynzirs of Cfilgit and Nager ill attendance upon the Ibhnrnjnh Gulib Sing, by whore
~ e r m i s s i o nthey came twice to visit me. As they both apoke Persian and a little Hindoostani, Iobtained fro,,,
them tolerably complete vocabularies of the dialects of their own districts,* and a lese perfect vocabulary of the
clialect of Chitrdl. T h e words in these vocabulerien are correctly writ ten nccording to thespelling in the Persian
character, which all the Darde make use of in writing their own language, of which there are three distinct
dialects,-the Sbinti, the Khajunah, nnd the Arniya.
Tlie Shiaa'dialect is spoken by the people of Astor, Oilzit, Cliilae, DarBI, Kohli, and Pblns.
The Khajtcnoh dialect is spoken by the people of Hullza and Nager.
T h e Arniya isspokon in Yasnut and Chitrll.
These dialects have little in comnlon with each other, and are widely difterent from those of the sur.
r o u n d i ~ ~peop
g !e.
A s l o r is situated on the left bank of the Indus, below Makpon-i-Shang-Rong. I t 1111s an area of about
1,600 square miles. I t s chief claims descent rrom Ali Sher of Balti, and takes the title ot Makpon.

Gifgitf is ritunted on the right bank of the Indus, along the lower course of the Gilgit river. I t is
about ICO miles long from uorth to south, with a mean breadth of t w e ~ ~ t y - s milee.
ix I t s oren ie therefore about
2,500sqllare miles. T h e chief takes the title of Trnkhna, from an ancestor.
T h e dietriots of ChBlas, Dard, Kohli, and Piles, lies along both bank0 of the Indus below Gilgit
and Astor.

Hunaa- Nager is a small traot uf country on the upper course of a large feeder of the Oilgit river. It
is named from two towns situsted olose to each other, on oppoaite banks of the river. T h e two district0 have an
area of I,G72 squnre milae. The chief of Hunza is called Girkbis, and the ollief of Nsger is called Migalato.
T h e former name is no doubt the same as Ihe Kirghia, who inhabit t h e rteppes of Parner t o the north of Hnnza-
Nager hey ond the Kirikoram. I preeume that this dielrict was formerly inhabited by the Dards, and that they
were displsced by the Kirghis nomads. The chief, of Sbigars who take the Khnjunnk title of Them, must also
be Kirgllia.

Y u a n is a large distriot on tlle upper course of the Gilgit river. I t is seventy miles long from south-
east to nortl1-we8t, wit11 a meall breadth of sixty miles. I t s area is tllarefore aboui 4,200 aquare miles. The
cbief plaoes are Ynsas and Chatorkun. The chief takes the title of Bakbto, which is the nallle of his tribe.
When Mahmud Ghnznavi invaded India in A.D.1030, the people of Oilgit, Astor and Cll6las were
Turks, who spoke the Turki language.+ These Turks were of the Ahalhari tribe, and their king took the title
of Bhula Shah, or king of the B h r l e tribe. I presllrne that these are the same as the Bakl~lo of the present
day ;but their language has become mixed with that of all the surrounding people, and no longer bears any
affillity to Torki.
C h i f r i l is a large dietrict on the tipper course of the Kunar river. The king takes the title of Shah
Kntor, which has been held for nearly 2,000 years, and the story of their descent ftom Alexander may be traced
to the fact that they were the sucoessora of the Indo-Greoisn kings in the Knbul valley."
-- .. -
-
The Vocabulnricn ore very far indeed from being complele-lbrre be in^ only 262 Bbin,i word#. l i 6 wolds in Khnju116
and 83 in Arni~i. l ' h e abore oumbem include alao t h e varloon forms bf one and the seme word. Nenrly half of thase words
ure correct, but in consequence 01' General Cunningl~am'e ~ n l o r m n n t r prooably not undersranaing mmuy of his queationn, most 01 the
words nre wrong P O I U beilly bcsi<lra, copied lrorn lire Perninn cl'aractera, they contnin m~slskes l b a t would naturally nrlae Irom nby
hasly plac~og01 the " dot," t h a t accompany several of the letters of that alpbmbet.

t Thin i s probably quite incorrsat. The people in Yasiu apeak the seme language a# the Nagyris, and Gilgiti il ol@oundenlood
in that country.
:I n Tibetan Gyil-g-qid.
$ Beinnud'n Fragmentn Arrbes, kc. p. l l i .
 T h e following e x t r a c t s from t h e 2 n d v o l u m e of V i g n e ' s a d m i r a b l e , b u t ill-arranged,
itTravels i n K a s h m i r , " d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y r e f e r t o D a r d H i s t o r y :-

Page 184. "

Dherabund, on the Indus, may be reached in two or three days lrom MazuEnrabad. It
was in its neighbourh,lod that Sher Singh defeated the ret ten led Sigud Alimed, (1887,) who had raised and
headed a religiouo war agaillet the Sikhs. 1 have seen it only in the distance from Torbela; about eighteen milea
lower down. Dr. Henderson went from Mizufurnbnd towards Dherabund ; he h ~d gone in advance of Baron
Hugel myself from Kashmir, and sent urr a note to inform us of two andient buildings he had seen on t h e
way. ~h~ messenger was to be recompensed by some medici~iefor a sick cliild that he carried in hi8 arms, for
there were also il~~tructionn
in the note.
Page 250. The Bultis, or natives of Little Tibet nay, that the country is divided into eeveral Tibete,
alld that Ladak, Iekardo, Kllopalu, Purik, Nagyr, Gilghit and Aator, kc., are distinct Tibete.
Page 253. Shamrad, or Shah Murad Khan, (of the Little Tibet Dynasty) was aucceeded by R a k
Klian, wlio wee followed by Sultan Murad, who re-took Ladak (it liaving been previously taken by Ali Sher
Khan, and lost by his eon), and made himself 111asterof Gilghit, Nagyr, Huozeh, and Chitril. H e is said to
have built the bridge nenr the Killah of ChitrhI.
Page254. Ak Sher Khan (the lion of Ali) father of Ahmed Shah, the present Gylfo, (Vigne saw him
in 1835) signalized himself by taking the cantle of Bhighur, and making prisonere of an invading army Iron1
Ladak.
Page 255. The territoriea of Alimed Shah are extended from Chorbut to Husira inclusive. Chitral,
the courltry of Shnh Ketor, has long been independelit of Little Tibet, an11 the Rnjahe ot Gilghit, Nagyr, and
Hunzeh by no means owned him as their euperior.
P ~ g e284. I have it on the authority of Sir John MINeill, t h a t Ruseian saudagurs, uaed formerly to
arrive at Kaohmir, after paseing up thevalley of Oxns, whence. thcy must either have crossed the Plain of Pamir
and joined the regular road* via Yarkund nnd Ladak, or tbnt by the Bluztak and Iskardo, or have crossed the
Mustoj paes, from Issar, and arrived a t Krshmir vid Cliitral, Gilgbit, Huerra, and Gurys; which latter is
by far the most probable, as it is the nearest road for them.
Page 288. Not far from the Foot of the (Sliigar) glacier [in Little T ~ b e t Jis the opening of a defile, and
a guard and matcl~tower; a l ~ dO I I the summit of the defile is snotlier glacier, over which, mi!h two or three drysp
s c r n m b l i ~ and
~ ~ , being fastened together by ropes, there is a way to the valley of Nngyr, once tributary to Ahmed
Shah, but now illdependent, aud containing upwards of twenty oastles. I t is divided from the tlistrict of Hunzell
by a s m a ~ but
l l deep stream-not, however, au6ciently ao to prevent a constant feud between the two provincW.
I was meditating an excuraion over the BIuztak t o the latter place, in order to pnse t h e w e to Pamir,
and perhaps to Kokan ; but Ahmed Shah told me i t was ilnpoesible, a8 he could not depend upon the friend-
ship of the people of Buozeh; and in the midst of my uncerttil~t.y, an envoy from the latter place most
unexpectedly made his appparance, with overtures (so I was iulormed) cmnected wit11 the ~nutualgift of
protection to travellers entering either Hunzeh or Little Tibet, lrom Budukshan, Yarkulid, or Kokau. Want
of time prevented me from making uee of the friendly protection which h e offered me.
Nagyr in celebrated for its gold.wnshing, and its Rnjah is said to be in possessilm of a very large
piece of native gold, found nenr the edge of the boundary glacier, already alluded to.+ The women are famous

17i,lr Lientsonnt W o d ' a mnp of Budskhthnn.

t My Sazini eon6rrno Lhia.
 for their beauty, and Nnsim R b a l ~used to ensure me, that their complexio~~s
\vere so fair, ddicate, and
t r n n s p a r e ~ ~ tthat
, when they drank, the water was perceivable in their tbroate.

Gilghit, on the south, ie t n or

~ three d.lysl distant ; a d on the ~ ~ o r tith occuyieaeight days, rvith
Kulis, to reach t l ~ eplnine of Patnir,-from I believe, either B u ~ l u l c s h nor
\vl~icl~, ~ ~ Y a r k u ~ ~are
d nt(ainable,
t h e for,ner in about tell days, and the 'latter, via Sir-i-ICol (hend of the hill), iu less time. But 1 must not
trespass upon the provinoe of so scientific anddeuterpriai~~g a traveller as Lieutenant Wood.*
P.lge 298. I11 the evening 1 joil~edthe c o ~ ~ c l a viu
e J u b a r Khan'a npartmeut, ~ u foUad
d there some
Durd8, or natives of Cl~ulas,arrived, upon what erraud I a m i g o o r n ~ ~but
t , it a a s yrobnbly to see ally Abmed
S h a h I ~ n dsent l ~ i sson, :bud a large focoe, to edcort a Fariuglli through the couulry. They Rere savage.lookiug
fellows, wearing the blue striped turbnu of the Afghaus. I q u e s t i o ~ ~ ethemd fur s o y e time, by mealls of nu inter.
yreter, (for they spoke the Dnngri laugurge,) a ~ they
~ d told me, that, througl~Bear and distrust, Ishould not be
nIlumed to visit their country; and they g i v e me most exnggernted accounta ol h e distnll-cc~1H I I ~dangerg of
t h e paths nloug the b;tuks of the Tadus. 111 partic~llar, they described one as b e i ~ l g about twenty milre iu
leugth, and r e q ~ t i r i l ~the
g contil~uetiuqe of h a ~ ~ dit111
s feet. Toc Baltis, however, Gave me a good word with
them, and their distrust seemed gradually to disappear.

I have added a smlll voc\bulrry of the D ~ u g r ilangu.~ge,mhicl~is, 1 believe, adialect of the Eoshtun,f
or Ial~gangeof Afgh.~uistau,aud is 3poke11 iu or near to. the river at Husira, Gilgbit GLor, Ullulne, Hurni,
Duryl, 'l'bungeh, Kl~oli-Palua,Juri, Buriugi, hfyhi, Taki, Gyui, kc. Of the last five districts I do not Irnolv
t h e situntiol~,e x c j p t i t ~ gt h a t I believe them to be near the river. Dangri is a Persian uame. The natives c;lll
i t Shiua, and those who eyeak it a SluuaglJ,
The ideas of the i g l ~ u r n l tr n ~ u ~ ~ t n i n e e r ~ . FCrho~~lnm swere atill teeming with superntition, nsd I louud
t h a t they 111d e r ~ r ~ o r d i ~ l anotion3
ry of our po vers of e~~chantment-that because I mas ell Englishma~~, I
must needs.be a sorcerer-that I aould e ~ ~ u cPrometl~eus, t and make warriors of paper, rvbo mould ~~ftermards
Ijve, arid cJnguer auy couutry lor me.; a11J t h ~ Lt had ~ l n a y a .large serpents a t command, who would enable
me to p.iss ;I river, by i ~ ~ t r r t w i ~ ~nudi u gthen
, streLlriug themselves together rcross.it, so.ns to form a bridge.

The inhabitante of petty snd lawless states betwee11 lIuclra end the b a n h of t h e Indua, are of the
S ~ 51119alm1n
I I ~ persunsion j they acknowledge no rule but that of their mulnlrs, and no Ian, but that of
their owu willg. I u their lrro~llthey grasp their iron wrist-ril~gs i l l their clenclled fi~~gers,amd use them
like a cestus; wliich they may have learned o r i g i a ~ l l yr r ~ mthe Greeks.
T h i r couutriea 11ave bee11 brought into exi~tenceby h e s t r e ~ ~ t~hnds tumble f:om the mou~~tains, an,
iu the Edet, a petty colunie.,tiou b.
3 col~sequer~t
upou a t ~ y
meterial iucrease of soil. B u t from une state to
puother, their r o d s are exueediuglg bad nud.rocky ; hordes cannot go n l o n ~ s i d ethe river, between Iskardo and
a ~ l g b i t aud,
, frola all I cJuld le.~rn, it mould br d~llicultto tnke them alnllg e i t h e ~bank obthe river, from
JJuira or Gllslit dosnwsrJs, ,&,LougL I a m ~ ~eure o t that it is a ~ t ~ l imposrible.%
ly

Travelling pedlere visit thcoe regions, by ascending rlre couree of the ,river from Pcsl~anur,and supply
Lhcm with conme cotton-clotb~,and raw i ~ o n which
, norle but the iohabitante of Kholi, eo I mas inlormcd, ere
aMe to mPuufactUre.$ Chulw and Klloli-Falus ecem to be the most powerful statea on the e a ~ t r r nba11k ; and
F'de Wood'a " J o u r n s ~to the Oxnr, kc."
t Thin ia miatale.
:It ir paaible.
5 One of my Dud relz,inerI c o n 6 1 ~ s r lL h h
o n the western, Duryl ie the most important c o m m u ~ ~ i t y .Husdrn* is, strictly spenking, in t h e Dardu country,
b u t as it has tleunlly belonged to A l ~ m e dShah, i t is always specified by its name. Dardu, when spoken of,
coasicrts of five or six of the nnmerotls mild states that border O I I the Indus, from Husnra domnwnrds : Chulas,
Tor, Jelkot, Palus, and Kholi. T h e mnjor axis of t h e vnlley of Unshmir mould, if continued to the north-west,
cut directly through the midst of it.
Dardu is called Yagl~istan,or a country of rebels or notives, without rule, by the Qilgbitie; and t h e
peopleof Dardu, when spealting of the inhabitants of Bultistau, or Litlle Tibet, call them Pu1nl.t Kashmir
'
they call Kasllir, aud the people Kashiru.
I hnve nlrendy mentioned my reasons for b e l i e v i ~ ~thnt
g llle modern word Husarn is a derivation from
Abhiseres.$ The valley is " a mny up into the interior," from tlre great valley of tbe 111dus.

I followed the course of the large and turbulent river of Husara, attended by Achmet Ali, and a
numerous guard, wllicll 1 believe to have been necessary, as the plunderers from Chulas often make
tlleir nppenrance in large numbers, and sweep tbe whole valley, c o m p e ; l i ~ ~the
g villagers t o take rerug8
in the Rajall's cnstle. T h e inbabitnl~tsadopt n very ingetlious plan of detecting the silent approach of
marauders at T h e path lies amongjt rocke, through which it is very often necessary t o Pam, and a
trap is set, by balancing n stepping-stone so nicely that i t falls beneath t h e weight of a man, and thus
mnkes a noiee, to attract the notice of the matchman.$
Page 304. I I ~ a ddespatched my faitl~fulniut~elii,Ali Mohi~med,and a Hindustani servant, who h a d
been a aepal~iill the Company's serviee, to Gilgllit, to in~irnntelo the Rnjal: m y mish to visit his counlry, and
request his permission to do so. They followed down tlie course of the Indus from Iskardo, n t ~ ddescribed the
paths us very difflcolt nnd Jsngerons in many plncen.
Page306. T l ~ eRajah of Qilgl~itreceived my servants, nnd the present I sent by tllem, with great
civility, but said that his country wns a poor one, and could I I O be
~ wolthsceing, and wns apparenlly much divided

between his suspicions of Ahmed Shnh, his mish to see rn Englisl~nian,and his fenr of my comitlg ns a PPJ..
But, from nll thnt I could collect,, I believe he would have n l l o w ~ dm e to cross l l ~ eriver into hia territoriea,
had I been attended only by my servauts; hut he heard that 1 wna d e e c e n d i ~ gthe Husara vnlley with
cr large guard, and, consequently, bccnme alarmed, and suddenly gave orders for burning t h e bridge over ,Ile
Indus, that led directly from the plains of Botlj, to the rronlitr village of Gilghit 1) This, of course, stopped
m e s t once; and, as Ihe 6llOWJ season was approacl~ing,i t would hove been of no use to altempt explanatiou,
which could only have been carried OII by shooting arrows with notes fastened t o them, across t h e Indus.
I thererole ~roceederl on my return to Knrllmir, by ascending, for several days, the narrow, picturesque, and
,
fertile valley of Husara, of w l ~ i c lt~h e nouthern end, in conuequrnce of the mrranders from Dardu, and
the vicinity of the more formidable Silills, has been allowed to remain uncultivated.

Page 307. GilRllit i~ so cnlled only b y the ~nsllrnirians; its real namo is said to be Gilid. I B ~ W
it, na nlrendy rem ~rlietl,I'rom Acl~o,rind it waa describecl t o me as in no respect differing from ally part o f
Little Tibet,-tl~c m o u n t s i ~ ~being
s bnrren, the pl:lina sandy, and irrigated i n different places. F r o m t h e
castle or residence o f the Itnj;~h,the vi~llryseemed to be I~iltthree or four miles in leagth, nnd then after-
--.- p- - -- ---.-
A8lor or " HaelZre " is l ~ o r oreCrred to.

t PnlAlo.
f I'Ue supra,

& T'ids Note on pngo 50.

II I believo Lhe Indue wan narer apnnncd in this plnce. Viguo wag eridentlg lnialcd ou this point by hie inrormsnts
 wards turned t o the right or northward; a description which ngrrea with directions pointed out to me from
Acho. T h e rtver, afrer being joined b y t h e N a g y r river, runs down the valley to it3 confluence with tile
ludus.

T h e K:lj~th,T y l ~ i rShall, came originally from Nagyr, begieged and took p r i ~ o n e rt h e former ruler,
a n d put him to death, nq I mns told, b y t h e consent of his own objects; ant1 Ah111et1Shall informed me tllat
sevelt eucceaaive 1Ln.i ~ h had
s been deposed i n n sitr~ilarmanner.

T h e Gilghitis, ne also t h e S i ; t l ~ Posh Katlirs, are great mine-bill bers. T h e y make their own wille,
a n d pl~tceit itt large errtlle~lj trs, mllicl~are then buried for a time ; but they do not understilnd the clarifying
process. Some tltrt I tasted was very palatable, but loolted more like m u t t o n hot11 than {vine. When a
m a n dies, Ilia friet~dsent raisins over his grave, b u t abstain from drinking will0 n p o n stlcl~at1 occaeion.
MY
rn1111*1titold me tltnt some people from Klloli-Palus, wlrom he met i n Gilgllit, reproached him, for my
having been, ;IS they aai~l,the caliae of so mrtty of their countrymen being killed in the affair nt Deotsoh.

T h e Rajah's ~ ~ u t h o r i tisy acknqwledged for t w o days' marc11 northwnrd from G i l g l ~ i t 8s

, far ae the
little state . , I P11ni~11
or Punir. Beyoned that asoin is Yrssen, a n d it i3 said tltat t h e power of Yesuen, or of
Gilgllit. l ~ r r p o n d e r : ~ t according
e~, to the frieudsll~pof t h e iul1:15it.tn t q of P o ~ ~ i a l t .The GilJhitis koow the
counrry of Yrssen by the name of Uzir, remindilrg me of the Buzir o f A r r i a t ~ . Tlre role of the Yewen Rajah
is extenkled t I the banks of tlie Iudas. I have already remarked that t h e word in also t h e fairest approach
t h a t I k ~ t o wof, t o t h e name Asaacenea, of Alexander's I~istoriona.

P i ~ g e309. J u b ~ Khan,
r Rajah of Astor, solemnly ansured me thnt Ile h a d seen some antiquities exiat-
ing i n Y a s s e ~;~but I should tear that 11is account ie to11 curioue to be true. After i n f o r m i t ~me
~ of the exiltenc$
of a large circle of atones, h e ntlded that he saw r ~.ectrn:l~lar mass of mck, about eighteen feet by twelve iu
thickneae, and hollowed out on t h e top." Near it, h e said, mas a stone ball, five nr six feet in diameter, and
n o t far off were t w o etotre p t l l r r ~ ,about five feet high, stnnding a f e n ynrds apart. 'l'he surface of the
ground near them was quite flrt, nod co lttillit~!: no vestiue of o rain. T h e natives, he said, believed
~ l e r ' s the pillar3 were the picketing- post^, and with tlte ball
t h e fircrt to have been a lnanger for ~ l e x ~ ~ r ~ horses;
h e played t h e Ch:tuqllan. [ P . I ~ I I There
] in ;I p:tse called hlusto~ljor Mnatuctl, which joirta the valley of Wakan,t
1 allppose t h a t the nnme rnty be ex:eudetl to the m o u n t n f ~ I)oundit~g
~s C'hitral on the casttvnrd, as I wee told
t h a t after croesing t h e R t u s t u c l ~pass, t h e traveller descet~dswith a alrzam for ueveral d , ~ y suntil he reacl~cs
Chitral, t h e country of S h a h Kntor, cnllod alao, Tcltitch.tl, by the G ~ l g l ~ i;t iLittle ~ Kasllghar, by the
patanr; and n e l u t b y the Cl~ineae;wlrence also t h e mouutnina on the eartwnrd, just allnded to, are called
Belut ' r a g or Tak.$ Shall K u t o r wrs a soldier bf fortune, who made himself mnster of the country, hav-
i n g deposed his mrster, the riglttful Rajalt, whose grandeon hnd takeu refuge wit11 A l ~ m c dShall, and lived
at Sllighur, 1 l o t ~ ~him
~ da very it~telligetltman, and well acquainted wit11 tile geography aud animals of the
country. I collected from hirna small vocabulsry o f t h e Cl~itmliI a ~ ~ g n a g whicll
e, ia oalled Purela, rind tlrosc wlro
mpe& i t called PuriaIi.$ The latter call tlre Bl~ltia, Bttlon Zik. H e was particularly expert ;tt training

hitwks, a n d h e and his son pureued t h c sport wit11 great avidity.

Cbitral is a long lyirlg nearly north and south. T h e Rnjall's resitlence is a t t h e upper end of

it. T h e bridge opposite to it was built by one o l t h e Rajaha of Little Tibet. There i n a village i n Cbitral
called Calcuttr, a name probably broogl~tthere hg some Hindu. - --
- --- -- .-
My salillieon6rolm thi,. Tltere ia n neluoal stone g a t ~on t h e road from Gakatsll to Y w i n called the " HBpor memo " = the
Haper rellinc.
t FiJr Liuureuuut \Yoad'. map of B.ldukhshnn.
:Tmk I# a monlor.in : bluz l'ak alpn~fiasth* ~nountaino f ice or Paow.
§ " Ampi&" in my Dardu Voonbnlar~ IS the pame Cur the lenguale of Cbitral.
 I n k a l d o , Kashmir, nnd Clritral. Rre each attainable in ten or twelve d a y s b y portere, on foot by
~ild,it, 1 i V ef I i l ig t h e liver of K I I I I I I ~tlrat
. joins the Knhul river near Jellalal)ad. A
p a l l from Chilrnl cros52. tile Lqtrri p a n , at the so~ltlr-eaqtern extremity of the valley, and Peocend~ upon
that of Dlrir.
P,irt of the eastern frontier of Rafiriatnn bounds the western side of the Cllitrnl valley. Jeban

Dad Shalr told me that tlre Kafirs figlrt wit11 bow3 nlrd arrows, the latter having no feather,-the bowa
aeilig ~ n a d por almond-wno 1 ; but that matclllocks nrl: becornkg more common ; and that a t r c e r t r i ~ fime
~
ill tlre Rnmmcr they rnsnrrr~l t l ~ r i r c\rupnos, o r r0rAys, rrrd d.scend into t h e valley, md cotitend in
different games with the Cll~tralis."

A F L W A N E C D O r E S A B O U T G A U H A R AfiIAN.

G a u l ~ a rAman, t h e former ruler of Yn9i11, was a S ~ l u n i ,nntl thougllt it to be matter of both lucre
and faith to ecll his .'ilii:~lisuh,j+ctn into ~ I ~ v e r as
y , i t appeared to Ili~nto be the easiest meatre of realining 8
larqe revenue. Hr is nuppoaed to Irnve s t ~ l d Itis llurse into Bad.ikllslla~; n l ~ d , when remonetrated with
for Iiaving eol l her who hati sucliled Ili~n, Ile is said to ;have pointed to n cow and said : " This COW

continues to g-ive me Inilk, and 1 ~ v o ~ i lhave

d no hesitation in sellitlg h e r ; horn rn~rchmore, t l ~ e n ,one whose
time l ~ n sbeen so I<ln,a over?" And, again, when n M o l r a m m . ~ ~ Saint, l ; ~ ~ ~ a great hIaulvi, remonstrated
with him for splliog lritn into ~ l a v e r y ,Ire ,wid, " We I1;1ve no h e ~ i t a t i o ~inr el ling the I O r a n , the word O I
God ; how rnucli less shall we hesitate to sell tlie erpoun{er of lie word of God ?" H e is even said t o
]lave once dippet1 Iris bread in the blood of a victim, all u l ~ f t r r t u n ~Da~Bli,
te who had flrd nt hi^ approacl~,but who
bid been p u r ~ u e dn l ~ dcnptured by him. He ie not the only Dard who used to sell rnen for dogs. A short

time before I mae nt Gilgit, (oncc prrpulous place, noIv r ~ t l u c ~ to

d about 200 Inousrs) three men were srlling
f l ~ 8r pony, two for a Inrge piece of c l o ~ l i ( p n t t u ) , and one for a :ood hunting dog. Note on paye 95 by
G. W. Lciteer.

O n pnge 79 the statement of Amln.~rl-Mulk's dal~gllterbeing mnrried t o J e l ~ a n d a rShah should

be corrected in accorda~icewith the rem~lrlcon page 56.

The follo~ving Parts, all of ~vhicli are ready in nianusoript, will he illustmted,
wherever practicable and suitable, with maps and drawings :-
Next P a r t ( Part IV. Vol. I.) ~riNcontain :-
1. A BRIEF ACCOUNT O F DR. LEITNER'S ADVENTURES on a tour ia
1866 through Zansltnr, Lldnlr, Little Tibet, Rasl~mir,Gilgit, &c.
2. A FULL ACCOUNT OF MR. I-lAYWilRD'd DEBTIT (compiled f r o m varioug
non-official so~lrces),and the precise e x t e n t and value of his explorations and
statements in 1850.
3. THE RACE AND LANGUAGE OF K A N D I ~OR K ~ L (rliaoovered
I ~ by
Dr. Leitner in 1878). The district lies between Swat and the Indus.
 4. Further details regarding the Manners, Legends, kc. of Cliilxs and ot,ller Shin
Countries.
VuZ. 12, with cotitaiz :-
5. THE " T R A V E L L E R S ' VADE M E C U M " I N T H E FOLLOWING SHIN
DIALECTS-GILGITI, ASTORI, GURAIZI, CHILASI, R A N D I A OR
HILIA-ALSO I N R A S H J l I R I .
6. R O U T E S THROTJGH T H E H I N D U R U S H (from Srinngnr, Leh, Peshfiwar,
Kabul, and Ab'oottabnd t o Bndakhsl~nn tlll.ollgli Uandii, Cliil6s, l)areyI,
'l'nngir, Hodor, Dir, Cliitral, Icafiristan, B.!j:~ur, Swat, Petsh, D ~ r a n h rand
Lughrnb, &c. &c,) with the names of the chiefs ii~iclof places of interest, refer-
ences to local traditions, &c, kc.
PL! 111.-
7, A COAIPARATIVE VOCABULARY AND G R A J I J I A R O F THE LAN-
GUAGES O F T H E H I N D U R U S H WI'I'II K A S H U I E I , (eleven
languages-which have been eitlier discovered or investigated for the first time
by Dr. Leitner.)
Vol. IK-
8. AN ACCOUNT O F T H E COlTNTEIES A N D 1NH.ABIThNTS OF
L U G H M A N , D h R A N U E , PETSH, CHITRAT,, BAJAU R, AND T H E
V A R I O U S P A R T S O F KAFIRISTAN-with Dialogues, Songs, &c., in
several of t h e Languages.
9. A Sketch of a secret trade dialect and of the alyols on the Panjnb Frontier.
Vol. r-
10. T H E INSCRIPTIONS, SONGS A N D LITERbTIJRE OF KASHJIIP,.

Each part will be independent of tlic other and will cost from Rs 5 to RY. 15 eacli.
Subscribers sending in their names t o Dr. Leitner before the dose of the year for any
of tlic above works, will be entitled to a reduct,ion of 20 per cent. on the published price.
Dr. Leitner does not bind himself as t o t l ~ eorder or time io mliicli the above publications will
be issued.

DI1. LEITNER'S PAST PUBLICATIONS.

T h e fol1owir.g of Dr. Lcitncr's publislied works can Le obtained either a t the Office
of the " Indian Public Opinion," Lahore, or a t 3Iessrs. TriiLnrr, Publishers, GO Paternoster
ROW, E.C., London.
I.-Introduction of Arabic (being an attempt to discover
to a Philosophical Gru~t~nrar
n few sinlplc principles in Arabic Grammar), by Dr, G. Tir. Leitner (in English), price, exclusive
of postage, Re. 1.
 11.-Dr. Leitner's Arabic Grammar in Urdu, price 10 annas.
111.-The same in Arabic, price 12 annas (in course of publication).
1V.-The Theory and Practice ~f Education ; with special reference to Education i n
India, price lie. 1.
V.-The Races of Turkey, price Re. 1, (a treatise i n connrxion with Mnharnmatlnn
Education).

VI.-Sinin-ul-Islam, Ileing Sketch of the History and Literature of Muhnm-

~nadauismand their in Universal History, for the use ot Maulvis and European Student3 of
Urdu. Part I, (136 pages) contains the early Histol-y of Arabia to the year 1259 A. I ) ,
price Rs. 1-4 (mitlrout Part I1 mill be published in the course of 1873.

VI1.-Dilrdistan, Part I. A comparative Vocabulary and Grammar of the Dardu

la~iguagesIArnyii, IchajunA, Kallisha and two dialects of Shina), price Rs. 4, (exclusive of
postage.)
VII1.-Dardistnn, Part 11. A Vocabulary (Linguistic, aeograpllical and Ethno-
grapliical) and Dialogues in tlie Sliini dialects (Gilgiti, Astori and Chilasi) with copious notes.
price Rs. 7 (e~clusiveof postage.)
1X.-Dardistan, Part I11 (jost published) containing the Legends, Eitldles, Provrrbq,
Fables, Customs, Songs, Religion, Qove:nment and Divisions of the Shina Eaces and tllc
History of the Encroacllrnents of Raslimir on Dardistsn. Price Rs. 9.

Dr. Leitner's smaller pamphlets, such as his " Discovery of Graeco-bnddhistic

8culptures at Takhti-i-Bahail'-" the Simls Dialect." '' Adventures of a, SiaL Pos11 KnGr
and his wanderings with Amir Shere Ali." "Scheme for the establisllrnent of an University
ill the Panjab," &c. &c. are now out of print.
 APPENDIX.

DISCOVERY OF SCULPTURES AT TAKHT-I-BAHI ON THE PANJAB

FRONTIER.
I n spite of t h e success of Dr. Bellew at Sahr-i-Balol and other places in Yusufzai-a success
attested by his remarkable collection at t h e Lahore bluseum-the neighbouring Takht-i-Bahi (near
Hoti-Murdan) had never been properly explored. Dr. Leitner, during a short visit of two days during
the last Christmas vacation (in 1870), had the singular good fortune to hit upon a mine of sculptures, which
has since proved a very rich one, and from which some really good things have been escavated; he,
ho\vever, was unable t o benefit by his luck, a s he had t o hurry back to Lahore. T h e Government, we a r e
glad to hear, have since despatched a party of sappers, who are digging all over the place. This
Government ought to have done long ago, and we trust t h a t t h e exploration will be carried on in a
systematic manner. T h e following is t h e account of the discovery placed a t our disposal by Dr. Leitner,
which may perhaps interest some of our readers :-" I had often thought of a visit t o these ruins, and,
although told of t h e failure of previous visitors, I derived some hope from Dr. Bellew's remarks (page 131
of his ' Yusufzai'), and from his success in t h e excavations which he had carried on in t h e neighbouring
Sahr-i-Balol. W h e r e 'fragments of scenes sculptured on tablets ' could be,found, it was not improbable
that entire statues would be obtainable, n.hilst ever) an examination of ' fragments' might alone yield
important results. I availed myself, therefore, of t h e last Christmas vacation t o proceed to Hoti-hlurdan,
within a few miles of which is Takht-i-Bahi, with its hitherto mysterious rows of walls, t h a t look like
the ruins of an ancient fortified city. I n t h e early morning I crossed the spur bearing the same name
t o its northern side, being accomparried by Samundar Khan, Havildar, and Kale Khan, Sipahi
of the 2nd Company of t h e Guides, whom Major Jenkins of Hoti-hiurdan had kindly placed a t my
disposal. Four coolies, headed by Niaz Beg and Hazret Shah, calling themselves Mohmand Zamindars
of Sahr-i-Balol, were also present on the occasion. Starting a t once for t h e Takht-i-Padishah,-the
ruins on the extreme west which overlook the dead city-I gradually worked m y way back to t h e centre
of the town, ascendingand descending, a s t h e case might be, every one of the intervening ridges, and
examining, a s far a s possible, every one of the structures on our way. Even this preliminary search was
sufficiently remunerative. By 12 o'clock we had found 25 fragments, chiefly of slate, representing portions
of the human body, reliiious and other processions, architectural carvings, &c., kc., whilst in a spot where
Dr. Bellew had left a heap of fragments, was discovered, close to the surface, the headless trunk of amvery
large statue with most artistic drapery. T h e most prolific parts of the city were a t the bottom of the
hollows between the ridges, for to it, in course of time, any detached portion of a building was, of course,
likely to bedrifted. T h r s e hollo\vs, therefore, received our first attention. On taking, however, a general
view of the city with principal reference t o its eastern srde, and reflecting on the probable cause of t h e
comparative failure of previous explorations, it occurred to me that srrJicicilt nllozunrrcc lrnd trot Lccr~rrtndrfur
fhefnlliirg if1 of roofs nrrd of lihc highest ~ ~ O Y I I O I I of tvould naturally hll the roads. Tlrcy
S thc ~ ~ 1 1 sTIICSC
.
were unlikely to have much carvinfi besto\\.ed on them, and idols were unlikely to be placed, almost o u t
of reach and sight, at the lobs of houses. Any amount of search by visitors among t h c debris of roofs
or in s!rcets was, therefore, unlikely to ~ i e l dmuch. Disregarding, therefore-for the present-what I
c0njectul.e to have been the main thoroughfare and the 'piazza,' we devoted ourselves to what w a s
clearly the inside of houses, and presuming the most inaccessible edifice to be the temple, we began t o
di:, alter removing the slates obstructing the way, at the third house in t h e second row on t h e extreme
east of the city- Half a foot below the surface we came to a circular slab, under which a female statue
was found. Another slab, with broad lines, concealed the figure of a warrior, whilst a third with
numerous and narrow lines covered a carved group of boys. Then, a s we dug on, we found more and
n ~ o r e - At last. the approaching darkness of the evening put an end to our search, nrhich was resumed
nest day with equally satisfactory results. I was, however, obliged to return on the third day to Lahore,
but I made arrangements for continuing the search in the above row. Major Jenkins has also very
kindly promised to send me a sketch of the Takht-i-Bahi ruins, on which I propose to mark the places

which should, in my humble opinion, be dug up, for the consideration of Government. Two facts,
which you must take for what they are worth, seem t o me to deserve a little notice, a s they establisll a
coincidence, with certain ' Dardu discoveries.'-The King of Takht-i-Bahi, an idolator, had a beautiful
daughter. hIahmud (of Ghazni) had established his seat at Ranigatt, and with him the princess fell in
love. H e availed himself of this attachment to induce her to betray her father. This led to the
conquest of Takht-i-Bahi and the abolition of idolatry, but Mahmud, fearing that the fair traitor might
prove equally false to him, esposed her on the highest rock at Ranigatt, where, so runs the legend, the
rays of the sun melted her delicate body.-In Gilgit, Azru, the youngest of three fairy-brothers,
becomes a human being by cntirrg rrccnt (incarnation), and kills the tyrant of that region by throwing
brands of fire upon him, under which he melts, a s his soul is made of snow. This tyrant, called
Shiribadatt, had a daughter who fell in love with Azru, and was the means of betraying her father (who
occupied an impregnable castle) into her lover's hands. Azru, on ascending the throne, also seems t o
have established a new religion, for he abolished the human sacrifice which had been offered to the
demon Shiribadatt and substituted for it the annual sacrifice of a sheep from each of the Gilgit inhabi-
tants.-The second fact refers to the construction of the houses, which is similar to that adopted, in
many instances, in Gilgit. As Dr. Bellew says (page 124 of his ' Yusufzai '), ' most of the houses
consist of only two rooms, one above the other,' ' t h e upper being reached from the outside by a flight
of stone steps built up with the wall.' Others are ' in the form of quadrangles with rooms along each,
side into a central courtyard.' I need scarcely add that I draw no inference from these coincidences at
present.-With regard to the statues, they appear to me to be ~ r a c o - I n d i a nand ~uddhist'ic. Should 1
find the necessary leisure to compare them with others of a similar character, I may venture to express
a n opinion regarding them. In the meanwhile, it is satisfactory that the Government have sent out a
party of sappers, and it is, in the interests of science, t o be hoped that the announcement, made in the
following extract from a letter received from Dr. Bellew, may prove correct : ' I hear that the mine You
discovered on Takht-i-Bahi has proved a very rich one, and that some really good sculptures have
been excavated from it. I should be glad to hear that you meant to carry on the exploration. I
persuaded that there are many other places in the Yusufzai district equally rich in these remains.' "'

we trust that the last sentence will induce the "Archzological Survey" to devote themselves to the
yusufiai district early next winter, when, it is said, their operations will begin.-Illdiafl PlrbLicOpil'iorr~
Lahore, 11th February, 1871. .. . -. --

hly servants continued the search with excellent results. Subsequently I exchanged the Lahore
Principalship for the Inspectorship of Schools of the Rawulpindi Circle, and on my tour along the
frontier I found, or purchased, a number of sculptures. I also despatched my Swati retainer to his
native village, where he dug up and brought into the Punjab, not without danger, the first specimens of
sculptures ever procured from that inhospitable region. They are a proof of the former ascendants of
Buddhism in t h a t country, and of Great art in the Hindukush.
 of
EXTRACT FROM REPORTS
ON THE

VIENNA UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION O F 1873.

PAR'T 111.

Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty.

ErtrRct from REPORT011 EDUCATIONAL. APPLIANCES, by t,he of Indin the for the purposes
Turks of P e r sand
is too ornate i : ~nnd
~ Urdu lithography.
complicated Theu;f," Diwnni
for ordinary but the"
Rev. J. G. C. FUSSELT,, M.A., Her Majesty's Insliector of Schools. official " Rika" mould stand midwily between the " Tnnliq and the
" Shiknsta," the running hand vhich is such a puzzle to Europenns.
Gnour XXVI.-EDU~ATIOX,~ ' E I \ C H I N ( ~A, X U INSTRUCTION. Dr. Leitncr's claim to distinction, having tnken part in the fonndo,
tion of important educational institutious, mas supported by the prodnctio~l
Exl~ibitol: I Exl~ibits. Natr~rcof Award. of copies of official records and documents.
-1
I I must confine myself to some of those which are ruore immediately
~- - -. . ~ - .~ .-

hitncr,Q \V.,Dr. / Pronlotion of Education. Gmnd Diploma of Honour. / connected with his indian career.
I~ 1864, tile Punjab Governme~~t offered the principalsllip of the
- - 1 Lnllore Government College (just founded) for public coml)ct,ition. Dr.
The 1)iplomn of Honour anarded to Dr. Leitncr may be considered it^^^^ applied for nlld obtained tile ~~ppointment.He reacllcd 1,nhore in
indirectly ns Ilono~irn\)lcto t.he I'nnjnb Edncational Department and to ~ ~ 1864, nud ~ there found~ 1~ state~ of tbngs ~ which heb at once ~set ~
Ihe Pu~!jnbUr~ivcrsity. Of 110th these hc is n mem1ler, and Inally of the llilnself to He describes the government educational s~sternas
rrusures n~hichIre h n n :~dvocntrda l ~ l ~ c a rhave t o hrelr first carried out in tllc ll:lving little llold on the people, w l ~ oin sullen silence felt themnclve~
Punjnh with tl~cirnirl. The P~urjnllGovernlncnt nlny be collgratulated to lje disregarded, their nucient civilizntion despiscd. Therc \r:ls,
un the fact that one of its servants hi~sbeen iuutrn~ne~ltnl in olltaining t,!lc irldccd, we told, a system of s ~ - c ~ l I cEnglish
d edocntion, consisting
highest edncxtional I ~ o r ~ o gained ~u. at Vicnnn by Gre;lt Britain, by Indla, cllicfly of instruction ill mntllculatics and random or fragmentary
or by nny obhrr of our dcpendrnc:i~sor onlonics. sclcctions of more or less k n o n u nutl~ors. One of the co~usescor~tained
Dr. Leitner cxllibitetl in several gronlis of tile Virnna clnssificntiorl, bnt portions of M ~ ~i~~~~~ , "Life 1jRcon," Prescott's "Essay on Cha-
a distinct cdncationnl purpose wnn appnrent in every one of llis cshibits, u teanbriall$s E~~~~on Milton," Campbell's " Rhetoric," and Roger's
crcn where nu etll~lographical,industrinl, or antiquaria11 interest might C, 1tnlY," as a of English literatwe for advanced students ;
spcm to be pnrnmount. whilst in mental philosophy, Abercrombie ; in history, a few notices of the
His collection in t l ~ ceducational group was llnquestionably most history tile jens, and of Rome, or Greece, were deemedsufficient. As
remarkable fentnre in the Eshihition. The tangible results of his active tile scllools, we learn from Dr. Leitner that some of the
and persevering Inllours acrc directly represented by a large variety of in madc the SaIlrm run through Spain, an error
ubjects, of vhiclr the following list was give11 :- the peculiar character of ~ v h i c lwould ~ seem to indicate that these maps
" 1,000 Bactrinn and other coins.
" 184 Graco-Bnddllistic and other sculptures. ~ n n yhare bee11 inaccurate reproductions of iuformntion originnlly derived
from a Moorish or Sarncenic sonrce.
"3,200 Hirunlnsnn l~utterfliesand beetles (from Ruin, Dharmsnln, kc.) despntc.l issued by tllc Illdia Ofice in 18j k fllrnished
" 25 rare mnr~uscril)tsiu Tibetnn, Sanskrit, Tarki, Arabic, Persian, the~ basis 1 cdllcntional
, ~
for D ~ it^^^^^
, operations. lts main principle was a to pave
Rosl~miri,kc. "the mny for the abolition of the Go~,crnmentSchools by means of volun-
" 177 ethnognl~hicnl nrticlen ti.on1 Dardistan, lidiristan, and various ,, t,y orgnnisations; but its provisions, such ns, for inskilncc, the Grant-
s central iisia.
1 ~ 1 r tof in-Aid rules, mere imperfectly known or understood by the natives, and
" 197 indostrinl nnd otl~crarticles froul centrnl Asia, nlld northern decisive steps to cnlTy it out were still to be taken,
India. Dr. Leitner began by endeavouring to arouse a spirit of self-relisnce
" A collectioll of FIimalnynn plauts and minerals, between Kulu and the especially nmong tlleir natm.nlleaders-the chiefs, the
Cl~ilgl~it. priests, nnd thc menlthier merahnnts. He founded an association, the
"An educntional collection." I' Anjomnn-i-Punjab," for thc diffusion of useful knowledge, the
Among the pnblicntious exhibited by Dr. Leitner at Viem~awns his discussion of subjccts possessiug literary and scientific interest, and for the
"Pllilosoplricnl Introd~~ctionto Arnbic Grammar,"-" an n t t e ~ n p t to free expression of native opinion on questions of social nud politicnl
"a('c~l~lh ~y t , menus of logic nud the lnms of somld, combined nitlr the reform. The ns~ocintionflourished and spread through the province. It
:'history n d Inenners of the people, fur some of the most complicated opened n " Free Public Library," and free "Rending Room," and popular
'rlllca of et,ymology n n d ~yntilx.'' I t i~ ~rritten i n Er~glisl~, but llns lectures and recitntions of native poets were ere long ndded to its other
alrc!nd~Ijeen trnnslirted into Urdu, and it was stated that an Arabic trnns- attmctions. It has tnkcn n lending pnrt in the discussion of matters of
latioll is in conrsc of publication. His trentisc on t,llc " rnces of Turkey social, provincial, nud irnperinl importance, as is shewn by the documents
::and tllc stnto of thcir edocntion, with principal refrrcnoe to Muhnmnlndrcn connccted therewith ed~ihitedat Vienna.
edllmtion," not only nhows us the vnrioos mctllods ttdopted in the Two movc~uents innogurnted by the society, call however for more
of tlrc nluncroas races of thc Tnrkisli Empire, bnt seems espccial notice. One of its native members, an eminent Sanscrit scholar.
calcalnted tu snggest the conrse which should be taken in dealing with Pnndit Radha Kishn, the President of the Sauscrit Section of the Society
Our hfnhammadnn ~ubjects. The condition and progress of Turkcy, in its literary depnrtmenl, addressed n letter to Government, suggesting
lo ruler the vast ~~lsj;rit,yof Indinn Muss~llmnnslook with deference, thnt steps should be tnken for the preservation and catalogning of Snnscrit
BRord~ Rn illustrntioll of the compntnbility of western civilizetion with MSS., a movement which is now being nnrmly carried out nll orcr India.
'Rid orthodoxy, and it might he well Lu oint out to onr ~Iunaulman He received a letter of ncknowledgmcnt from H.R.H. the Prince of
? ! j c c t ~ that many of t l ~ cmeeeurcs of nor 1nlian Government are identical Noles, then President oE the London Snnserit Text Society and P..I t roo of
t l l o ~ eof Turkey. the "Anjnmnn," n grncious act, ~ h i c hnot only stirnulnted the labours of
Dr.Lqitner also cnlls attention to t,he Arabic nnd Turkish Grnmmnr the Society, but gave a co~~sidcrnblcimpetus t o the serond movement
"d rendln~book8 used in Tnrkisll schools, nl~dto the maunscripts from referred to, riz., the " Oriental movement," whose importnnce in affecting
Torkp~p which were exhibited by him nt Vicuna, pointing out that while t l ~ cwhole course of the Indian system of educntion, must necejs~wily be
Ihe b r m ~ r show o striking si~~lilarity to the Indian gramm~ticnlbooks,
Ihe M f - J ~ . clliefly written in tllc " Rika" charucter-a charwter whicl~ great. Its distinguishing features w e described nn folloms :
" 1. The foz~ndationof a nalionul Uniz'ersily in the Punjab,-implying
nnlike either the " Snlus" of the Arabs or the " Taaliq," used in ( development of aelf-government among the natives in dl mettere comected
the
 1
REPORTS ON THE VIENNA EXHIBITION.

"th their own cdocatiou T l ~ efirst ste 1 towards this end was to associntc
I
normal ichools, for tcacllers, Bc., at l ~ a n ~ ~ l ~Lallon, ~i~~cli,
-
"tb the oficers of ~ o r e r n m e u t h t i e cont,rol d popular edlic~&bion
the dollars by wllose contriblltions the pmposecl University mas to bc und finally tllarr is n 1-ast lluml~erof i ~ l d i ~ nligious ~u s
c ~ ~ ~ sc]lnul- ~ ~
Mnl~n~nmiidnns nurl ilindns. TIICSC
founded. together wit11 t,Le learned men nmoug the natives of t b province. conductad by piests, some of rllom a x Lrlirred to irarc
indip~~l~~ls
almns~
, %
,,lltiI.CII
profound~~i~~~~~
2. The revib'fl.1of thr a h 4 of th,e QIassicfll Langluges of India, viz., ahulnrs ; but thc stuclies in these scllools arc rhicflY mnlincd t,, tlr
Arabic for the Lfuliauin~adans.and Sauscrit for the Hindoos ; thus sboring gramluar and religious literatuire of tlle t s o classical langnnCls"f lnlil,
the respect felt by enlightened Europeansfor what natives of Inchconsider viz., Arabic aud Sauscrit. I u some of t l ~ c ~also n Pelaiul, cnIiprrllla md
their highest and nlost snored literature ; without n knowledge of which it
was felt that no real hold upon their mind can ever be obtained by discipline, a peculiar colnurrciul cyyl~ering arc tniight. T b arnll~,,~~le~ltnl. I,
a reformer. regular attendance. & c , arc very cbfcc;tire, but LIlae ulaoh
being numerous n,rtd popular cnnnot be ignored in any p o l ~ u swteeru l~
3. !fha bringing Ezwopenn Science and Etiitrntion generally ulithin the public ir~structio~l. ( Vide Dr. Leitner's Iteport as Inspectol: or the
reacll~of the ,nasscs.-This wns to be done by developing the vernaculars of Rawulpindi Circle, and tlie amusing photopaph of t l ~ erod in voguein
India through their nat~irslsources, the Arnbic, Sanscr~t,and Persian, and such schools, exhibited by the Indian Government.) According to the
by translating works of interest or scientificxd u e iuto those venlnculars. grnnt-in-aid rules of the 111dia1i Govcrnmcut, they appear to be clltilltd
4. The elcvatio~zof tl~estnndard of Engli.sk Etlucation to tho lcuel of tlre to n p a n t from government, not escceding half thcir annuul espcnditllw
R@nu uqh,ichare ever b e i ~ ~carried g out in Etrrolje, and by slz~tlying long ns they teach seciili~rsubjects in a satisfactory manner. ~rreti~l
Langtrag~s,Histmy, Philosophy and L ( ~ z0u1 ~tlm " comparative naelliod," as so ally, the Christian missionnry schools llavc hitherto been the only J P ~ ~ ; .
adapted to tlie mental disposition of Mztlmmmadans and Hindus 7.espcctively. religions schools that harc reccired grants-in-aids from gorernlneut,and
The univelsity mas to be not only an exnmh~ingbody, but also n tcnching there seems to be no doubt that Iudin is indebted to the ~uissionnrieshr
body, differing in this respect from the other three Indian universities, much of her education, and for the formation of a higher stnndnrd 6s
those of Calcutta, Bombay, and M a h ~ s which , merely examine. I t was practicnl morality.
also to be a centre of discussion on all subjects affecting education, and, I n order to familiarise the natitfe priests, who, to a great extent, eon.
finally, n matter of peculiar interest to us in Europe, it was to be stitute the learned classcs, nith the results of Europenn criticism, .DL
en Academy for the cultivntion of archsological and philological investiga- Leitner assisted in foundir~gn critical Arnbic journnl for the &Inulris,and
tions, m d for giving a helping hand to Europenn Orientalists, whose 11 Sanscrit journal (both \reckly) for the Pnndits. He also wrote the
inquiries it w o d d advancc by researches on the spot, whilst it mould "Siniu-ul-Islam," n book of which Part I. has appmmd, containiug "tlfr
itself benefit by popdarising European Oriental lenrning, and bringing its " history of >luhnmmadanism, and its Litcmture, nud thcir place IU
critical method to bew ou the literary labours of nntive snraus. ( Vids "Universnl History." I t was witten for thc usc of the Maulvis,andits
" P. U. C. Papers and Stututes.") obiect is to familiarise them wit11 the idea that their Ienrnine -~~~~ dirl t ~ n t
F- -
The scheme thus conceived, enlisted warm native support, and most asthey have fondly supposed, stnnd alone in the norld, bllt tllot l t b o r r o w ~
liberal contlibutions poured in. Sir Donald Macleod, the governor of the from western sources, just as on the other hnnd the Eliropenllsclloo~s of
province, gave his approval to the movement, and under his auspices a the middle ages availed themselves of the labours of the Arolls. Tba
committee of European supporters issued in its favour a manifesto ahich civilising effect of such a work, writtell In n spirit ofcandoursudsvmpathT,
was among tho documents exhibited by Dr. Leitner at Vienna. I t was can scarcely be overrated, whilst it is alleged that its Ilrdiilustyle rerldirs
opposed, however, by the Educational Department and by the C a l c ~ ~ t t it n all the uiore interesting to the learned men whom it is intended
university, althongh one of its vice-diancellors, Blr. Seton Karr, gener- attract to studies beyond their present scope.
onsly declared that, in his opinion, the timc for the for~nationof n fo1uth I n nll thc schools, whether indigenous or "nided," the tcachersllntilralb
university for Upper Indin had arrived. A loug controversy ensned. I t s vary in st,atns and attainments. Gener;~lly it IUHY be said that in the
progress may be traced in the files of the Inclinn ncrvspapers exhibited nt private " nidcd," as well a8 in the government schools of the middle and
Vienna, and a reference to them will show the active part which Dr. higber classes nherc English is taught, thc teachers are aell or fairly
Leitner took therein. A portion of the general Puujab scheme, viz., the qualified ; a fea graduates of E~uopennuniversities being fond among
movement in suppod of vernacular literature, mas nt length adopted in thern. Ahovc the licad-musters of t,he upllcr district schools nre tl~efior
the north-west provinces, and eventually the Calcutta university was in- inspectors of the Ambaln, Lal~orc,Rn~vulpindi,aud lIultan Circles, and
duced to make substantial concessions to the popular requirements and in the professors and principals of tlie go\-cn~mentcolleges of Lnhorc md
favour of Oriental learning. DeLhi. These officers are " graded," /.e., they have n rcsted interest ill
Early in 1870 a "University College" was established at Lahore, promotion to Irighcr pay nnd position accordiig to seniority and tier~iees;
and the Government Colleges of Lahore m d Dellli, the medical they nre all graduates of European uni~ersitics. The dircctor c~fpubli~
~chools(English nnd vernaculm), an Oriental college, law classes, and ir~structit~n under whom they are placed has hitherlo bcen :L rnilitar). lnon
apparently a school in art8-and industry, were aftiliated to it. (Vide or a member of the Indian Civil Servicc (vi(I~ PonjnbEdncatio~~ul Rcprrtr).
Prospectus.) We now arrive at a oc'w fitage of 1)r. 1,eitncr.s work. 111 l x i U hc
"On the recommendation of the Punjah Government" (I qnotc from cIet.ermined to devote his brief vncntiou of only tno months to ~rcl~:l~olu&~eal
the printed statement exhibited at Vienna), the Government of India in investigationa. His success is attested hg t l ~ crcu~arknblrrollcrti(ln of
its order No. 9, dated 10th June, 1860, snnctioned t t ~ cfou~ldationof the sculpt,ures broupbt to Vienna.* Thesc scnlplnrc~(tnkon in cclnllccri~l
University College, it being staled at the timc that the name of "College " with the coins ~vhicllalso nerc escnl-:~tcdor collrct,cd hy Dr. 1.citller) illas
had been ndded to that of "University," in order to mark that this trate, he believes, an ol~scureperiod of morc tl~nn1,(1U0years, say h l u
m-rangement was temporary, and that as soon ns the University College 250 B.C. to 800 A.D. He rcg:~rdsthem an 11aviug heen esccllted !b
we&d a larger nlmber of' Etlldents and candidates for exnminations than Indian discildes of Grcek s c ~ I ~ t O rintroduced s, by ~llessndcrtllc Great.
had eested before, the fall rights of a university mould be conceded to it. Buddhism, which \vas tl~erlflourishing ill li;il~nl,B:~llih,kc., was enrollr.
Meanwhile it is interesting to obserre that the Lahore Government aged by the Bnctrinr~Sahalis. lier~cc (IIC trlls 11s) \VC find tljc
College, which k g n n in 1664 with folu students, counted in 14'72 over 60 wearing a Greck hcad-dress, easily di~tingnisl~ccl from the silnple to^)-^"'"
nndergradnnks in a proof t,hat the i m ~ t n sgivm to Oriental of the ancient Budtlhist.. Greek ~ I I I ~ C?S~ r cbeing plilf~d1 1 ~lll(linlls~ lhlld

education has not diminiRhed the clemand for English. The men rrho the life m d teachiup of Huddhn arc illustrntc~lby iig~lresof Illen ''Ib
have left the Lahore College are snid to be an1011gthe ~unstsurccsaful of Europnn features, whose "protecting attitudes 1uus0 not br c ~ * l ~ u ~ d r ' l
oofficia]s, employCa, or prirate practitioners, and Kcem, as Lord " nit11 aorsl~ip" of that religions founder.
Northbrook ia reported to hnve said when on n viait Lo tlmt institotion, Upon these sculptules Ljr. L c i t ~ ~ ebases r new and interest,i~lgsp~"'I@'
fall to realise their dulies to their fellow-coontrymen. tions regarding historical ercnts, thc Ilistory of art and tllc bi~t~"'Y
A.
(I'

nniversities, na may bare bee11 gatl~eredfcomwhat has heen already rcligirin. The Greeks and tlic H~~ildl~ists inflneucrd cuch ol.her. lcall'lnbar
is clearly the Oriental Iska~~dahnr, from .4lexnad:111;~r,thc to\m of b13
aaid, inflneuce edncation in the Pnnjnb.
Under thew unircrsi~ies are, first, District, ie. l'Zilla11 (Ichoola," entry
which repme for t.he entrance eramhntion of the Calcuttn University in
andnr. Buddlia's mirnrnlons ctmcelitic~nla n ray uf the nun, u1.l
into a to~vns e l r d on an nsa, and l>reccdrrl nnd follo\ved * "I*
Engli8{, and in ~ ~ ~ l tile i ~ h for the Pulljab oniversity wearing i~ruucl~es e l t l ~ c11al1ntree (in g'lliht. II nJuntrY \vlles c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
college, ~h~~ are mission rhools, nor,nal c~lonls, adult schools, clues not. exist,) woull indiontc. 11ot tllat 131dll11is1ll f l f ~ d e d t'l"
end privak l,reparing for t,lle entrance emminntion." Below but that the Jesuit missio~~aries left some trnrea of their

.
16

the "Zi]Joh" schools, which rue subdivided into higher, middle, and lover,
and are chiefly Anglo-vernacular, are a nnmher of town and village schools, 3lofit there hwrc I,T Dr. I,eiti~rr.IIW~ r m n i n d vjr',m'm"'ll'nt
~.
where Penim, pograpl~y, the vurnaculan, the 3 KE.me taught. prclnlt..d by hiru to 1111. LIU$TCW.
qpv,m~,.3 (.'nbilivt of ,\ntiqytic. at tlir"B"'L
There are &, -id schools, such 8s the Medial College of Lnhore, the dere,") were reprc,sented in the ~xbibitiou by their vl~otogrsp~.
 of Grceco-BwddhisticSculpturs,
I*'r(&q~tuwt
iltnsfmti~rgDress and Attitude.

A Hiudz~Lhity rprobabb V~ahre!, Buddha ridiftg (aan animal whiclr is oammed

showing no hqn of Or& ir$~~*sncc. by WorskipSzrs). Greco-BtcddkiJPo.
 MR. FUSSELL ON EDUOATIONAL APPLIANCES. 3
.
-
I
being apparentlp of later date and being found in connection educational, aud I will only add that not only hns the whole conntry of
hllcr Dardistan, mith it^ many remnants of onr great Arinn race, been thns
tile e o r : ~ pIrninaic
t Buddlrism of Tibet.
his lloliflsyrnnllllcs Dr. Leitncr nlso calue across curious inscriptions brought nearer to our educational operations, but II large amount of
md atill curinns rcmn:~ntsof trnde-dialects and argots. H e found educational material has been coutribated in Dr. I ~ e i t ~ ~ elaat r ' spublication,
, ,kell nllder the "cry ear of the mngistratcs of the frontier n "Tl~icves' Dnrdistan, Part III., in the legends. sougr, history, and accounts of the
P . in \vbic-llcriminals and subordinate native officials were wont to manners nnd customs, the ronds, rivers, iuountai~~s,kc., of the whole
,.lntln,v
s,,~lnllgetllongllts. Anlong the goldsmiths and the I h l r m i r i shawl : range betwecn Kabul, Badakhshan, and K:tshmir.
he disciIvercdn,spccial alpl~al~ct nnd ~ ~ e c u l i adialect
r totally dis- I n 1872, in co~~sequenceof ill-health r e s n l t i n ~from ucdentnry overwork,
konl the ](nshrniri Iangnage. I-le report,ed on the peculiarly sasnge Ur. Leitner excha~~ged n~pointmentswith the inspector of the frontier
dialectof the BIngndhs, n wandering tribe of ICllorassanees, who gave our circle, and he was then enabled to verify many of his prerious conclusions
,,tllol.jticssorue trouble a few yenrs ago. H e came ncross ancient sun and to increase his linguistic collections by vocabularies of various Kafir
lrrurles,,-itll U ~ ~ k chnmcters n ~ m ~ ~i~~scribcd OII thcm. Still morc interest- dialects.
is llis "discovery of the races and l~mguagcsof Dordistao," a term A Siah Posh Rafir, a member of that mysterious race which has been
ri,iell in its Widest scnse includrs the country between Knshmir, Kabul, supposed to be descended from a colony ~ l a n t e din the Hindukush by
sd Bnclakhshan,bcttveen the limit4 of 32 to 35 lnt. nnd i U to 54 long. Alesander the Great, and to which reference is made in the affixed
,pir Ceoge Camphell in 1666 had moved the Bengnl Asiatic Socicty to descriptive Catalogue, having escaped slavery in Rihul, came to him for
the Punjab Gorcrnmeut to depute Dr. Leitner to Knshmir, in order protection.
lu~llluire into tlle Chilasi dialect and thc alleged identificntioc of Chilis, From the lips of this visitor Dr. Leitner co~n~nitted to writing " T h e
(aq,::lsiilldepcnde~~t territory lying to the 11ort11of IiritisE Hazara) with *'wanderings of a Siah Posh with Amir Shere Ali, the present ruler of
ioi)is, or the Olympus of Hindu mythology. t\lthougl~ this view was " Kibul, in Turkestan, Herat, &c." This wns exhibited a t Vienna in
mneous, che true Iiailis being in quite a diflcrent direction and over- the form of a pamphlet, and givefi original information regarding events
Laking the Manosernscra Lake, Dr. Leitner set out in search of Cl~ilas and places in Central Asia, aud the recent History of IChbul.
its dialect. Be arrircd al; Srinaggnr, the capital of Kashmir, in 1966, I n addition to Dr. L e i t ~ ~ c r other
's claims to the consideration of the
baring beeu there before during his long. racstion in 1865, when jury, their attention was directed to the liberality and public spirit which
kt mode nn interesting collectiou of Rnshmiri songs, fables, stories, he has shewn in bringing to Europe at his own expense, and with a view
plns, kc., kc., of nhicb 11e wns the first to present a specimen to of furthering the elncidntion of ethuologicnl problems, members of races
British Public in his exhibited translation of the DastAn Bhibli, also hitherto almost or entirely unknorm~. Thus, in 1869, Dr. Leitner brought
callrd the "Patience of the Saints." Here he underwent vexatious delays over with him Niaz bluharnmed Akhun, the first Yarkandi who ever
md hil~&;lnces, nhich IIC attrihutcs topoliticnl ~i~otives on the part of the visited Europe. H e was at Vienna on that occasion, and he contributed
)I~l~nrajal~ of Knshmir. and of which, since l ~ i sreturn tci London, he has to the exhibition of 1 8 i 3 throng11 his former master some of the first
erco interestiug ncconnts in :rddrcsses delivered before various lenrned sl~ecimensof Central Asian industry that hnve ever been seen in Europe.
micties. He persevered, holvever, and after escaping two attempts upon his On the present occasion Dr. Leitner has brought with him J ~ m s L c d the ,
life ( d o Derdistnu, P;ut 111.) reached Ghilgl~it Fort, in which tlie Siah Posh already referred to, as n living illustration of n race, whose
Uabnrnjsh's troops brnrely 11cld thcir own ngainst the indcpcudent tribes, arms and dresses formed part of his eshibitiou a t Vienna. To the value
sl~iehhadnllcombined iu incit; to expel his inrnsion from their country of these services to science, distiugnished testimony has already been
bj nn anitcd effort. Dr. Lcitner there niet ~ncrnhrrsof vmious Ixces, some borne. Sir Roderick Mnrchinson, in his address of 1869 referred to
ol' nhonl hc brought buck with him to t l ~ cPunjab, and Ro~nthem hc Dr. Leitner and to the Yarkandi as follows :-"I cannot but advert to the
nr~l:lircdn knowledge of serernl Inugnnges " hitherto (with the exception " praiseworthy conduct of Dr. Leitner, the learned philologist, who h a ~ i n g
'.or n few nords, a list of which may be seen a t tlie end of General " been employed by the government in the countries bordering npon the
"C:rnoinghnm's 1,ndnk) eotirely nnknom~." Hungry, thirsty, and sur- " British territory, hns recently, while on leave, brought to Englnnd a
fiontlcd by enemies, lvitlr oue band on the revolver, aud the pcncil in the " uative of Yarkand, and the first of his nation who has ever been in Europe,
~lhcr,he wrotc down, occasionally by the dim light of n cam[) fire, the words " and who is present on thiu occasion. As this intelligent young man
and 1111raseswhich day by day mere used in his hearing. The Dardus " speaks several languages, including Chinese, and understands Hindustani,
hrl-ingno writtcn cllnrncter, his progress lvns necessarily slow. I t was " we may,, judging from him, form :L fnir idea of how intelligent n people
llnl!.grndually, by I l n ~ i n athc nntives in his I~ousc,by frequently repenting "there exrsts beyond the north-nest frontier of British India, and that as
his~locstions,first to individual^, then to twos nl~dthrees together, and "this couutry affords varions products of fine wool, silks, and fruits of
Ihm by mnking out of tl~cec~ ) u these t salnc qoestious to his compwions, " many sorts, besides numerons n~ineralsof value, we may in the end
!h~lit was ~os~i1)le to drrive I I ~such approxim~~te certainty as is attninable " largely benefit by sending in eschnnge for them oar teas from Hindnstan
!I] $0 comphcated a subject. "and manufactured goods from Britain."
Once in tolcrul~le possession of the Inugu:ige, it rrns possible to To the Sinh Posh Ka6r more receutly brought over by Dr. Leitner, and
Weed to songs, Ii,gends, kc., and whenercr be found n mau who knew a to the collections now under consideration, Sir H. Anwlinson, in his
lanrnnqe with ~vl~icll he was nlrcndy clcquninted, Dr. Leitner v s s able to nddress to the Royal Geographical Society in May last, refers as follows
"I' ~ C W and to check old iuformntion. Hc came to thc couclnsion (uide page 62) :-Id Dardislan. Dr. Leitner, the able nnd energetic savant
tbat('hilisi, with Ghilghiti, Astori, and Qurnizi lrerc only dinlects of the '' who has contrihoted so mnch to our knowledge of the countries lping
Shinti In~lgunge-n sister, not a derivative of the Sanscrit ; and in "between Bndakhshal~and Kash~uir,hm recently arrived ngnin in England
IN;?he mnde the fnrther discovery that in Knndii, n district which lies from Lnhore, briuging wit11 him a Sinh Posh Katir, es a living illustra-
"tncrn the 1 ~ ( l u saltd Slvat, nnother Shin6 dinlcct, the Icilid, " tion of the ethnology of the region. H e has brought also large collections
"" :~lsodiscovered tllc Anyin, or language of Chitrhl, "of nnti uities, statues, nuns, andcoins, the fruits of his o m indefatigable
Boiltller sister of Ranscrit, and hnd thc good fortune to obtain from two " researehes ; and also numerous manuscripts of snch of the races ns pos-
naq.sh~nli Katirs nn account of tlrc grnlnmnr r~ndvocabulary of that almost " sess any written character. These latter, together with the Graco-
l"lhologi(:nl mcc. ~vhoscEuropcnn appcarnnre nnd n1:lnners hnve so long "Buddhistic sculptwes brought over by DK Leitner, cannot fail to excite
~"l~~lcd our etllr~ologists. Still Inore rcularknblc was his discovery of the the interest of all students of Asiatic history and ethnology. The col-
'I

pialrct of Hunzn nnd N n ~ y r ,'' nppwe~~tly one of the remuants of n "lections, I understand, arc for the present deposited in the International
,:lln"'all tongue spolren I~eforcnny of the Iudo-Europerul and Shemitic " Exhibition a t Vieunn."
in csintcnce.'. 'l'l~eRcv. Dr. T r u ~ n p ~in ) , hiu rcricw of Dr. Much as our Indian system of education hns, in spite of its imperfections,
Ifiitncr's" nnrdistan," Part I., says, [page 281 " The pnblic iu iudebtrd to ~mdonbtedlydone, it cannot be said to have given cultare,oue of the high-
'Ik. Leitner for tllc discorcry of thcae most interesting idioms est marks of "Educntioll."
. . will shed Inany rc my of light on the developn~entof Native elegance and refinement wherever they still linger are evidently
'I" r O ~ l a tidiomse in t,lle l~lniasof Tnrlin . . . , The Dardu races of Persian origiu ; thorough ~nentaldiscipline and scholmly habits exist
:Iikr brebllrr11 tO(- l<uIir$ in tllc IIindnkush, are at present,, fro111 nll wit11 Pandits and Maolvis, ~ v l ~ i l sRt smatteri~lgof various branches or
" Irnow,alln!i in (lccllcat ignorlln~c,11nt the day is perhaps rot far "illstruction," to be more or less o ~ e l l s i r c ~pamded, y is we have
;dietallt
t"'hlrlr
~1lt-n their ~nctnllcra of the firent Arian Faulily will be rcclnimed, given to the natives with o w so-cnlled English education. That this is
br! (]o~lcill Ilfr.fil.sl inslfl?lc~by nlr ncq~rainl~rnrr tvilh Ihcir not an ol~erchargedstatemellt will nlioenr upon reference to the oficial
. l " ~ l ' a . ~HI ~ . r l n o j n l a lhr Ifln,vry nf n bo,rbnrvxs rope, lnyr lhrraby l l R m a r k s " published by order of t l c Lieutenmt-Governorof t h Yonjab :
" f s f ' l u n ~ ~ / i f n ? -qf~ l ils~firlttre
o ~ ~ ~ ri~*ili.qu/j~~." (Proceedings No. 606, dated 18th Feb., 1673.)
itnlicis~d(Ilcu lilies. a8 n Jll0Lificati011for hariug said so lnucb Neither the English lunwlge llor libcrnture is tnulllt uny
In aoblect which luight at first eight nppesr to be more plrilologicd than " scientific or intelligent system, and the succeaa of English education,
 4
--
REPORTS ON T H E VIENNA EXHIBITION.
-- I
"as a COl1'Inen'.e~ 11.s not llitllerto been mwked ill the Pnnjnb. Nor appeared
"
ig
tllc co~umllsof a recent number of tile ,,llldinn Pbbh
the system which produces few scholars been morc soccessful in pro- " Opinion Ilewspnper, froln \vllicll the following extract is taken :-
" duein* ~ ~ t l e m e l l Tile
. Lie.tcunllt-Covernor desires that the depart- I' The nll.lle of emmillations of tile punjab ITuiremityCollege hu
" merit take eflpecinl care that the good manners natural to Oriental youtll beell ab Inst ,qnnctidned by ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
"are not lost at scllool. This matter llns hitherto been neglected. If "The csnrninations ",ill colnmence on the last Ma,,daY
of sending of good family to school is, as is u o a often November, and the foilosillg one io
in arts =ill on,nrdsdlo
" the case, thnt they return pert, coureited, and studiously rude and snccessfnl cn~ldidat~s :-
" familiar, it is no wonder thnt parents desire to educate their chilhen at "Certificate of entrance.
"home. English education is not n dcsirnble thing if it only signifies " Certificate of roficiency in arts ; and,
" snfficient ncquaintnnce with the English Ian uage to m i t e andspeak no- " Certificate of gigh proficiency in arts.
"grammatically, sufficient acquaiutance witf English literature to be .&Prizes and aol~olushipswill b to the ethe8hd
" shallow, nnd with English history to he insolent. English education is students.
"to be pelletrated with the spirit of the great English authors ; to imbibe " 011the 3rd December the Oriental examinations conlmellce, ~l~~
" some ort ti on of their strength and benuty, and nobility and gentleness, we intended for Moulvis and Pandits who attain lligll pl.oficieney
"and +sdom, to monld the life and character upon the models they hare Orientnl classics. Certificntes of Paudit, Moolvi, and Munslli ailj be
" fnrnisl~ed.
This is the standard of edncation to which the department awarded to those who distingoisll themselves in Sanskrit, ~ ~ ~ b i ~ ,
" must endenyour to rise." Persian, and at the snme time shew a competent acquaintnoce
True lenrniug and taste among the natives of India are still Oriental, snbjects of general information, not inferior to that required in tile
not English. The elaborate AISS., whether mitten in tracing, on paper, entrance exn~ni~lntion in arts.
on lenther, bark of the hircb tree, canvass, or wood, by the hand or the "We believe t,hnt hy the cnrefnl selection of examiners, not connec((d
toe, shew an nttontion to detail and finish which cannot be too highly with any of the Provincial Colleges, and by the valuable cllcck of I.il.;
rated. The illuminated pnges of MSS., mitten 1,000 years ngo, are voce exnminntions in all subjects, the reputation of these certificatrslos!
fresher thau any combination of colours in English show books ; the be made to stand very high.
pictures, in spite of n want of knowledge of perspective, very otten seize " We understand the principles of the Punjab U~liversit~ Collcxt lo
the salient chnracteristics of a person, action, or scene, more vividly and 1 be these : that no teacher should be allowed to examine his 0n.n liolliIa;
minntely thnu the dnrk reflection of the photograph, or the conventional 1 thnt a thorouglr knowledge of few subjects should be insisted on in prr.
drawing-room painting. The colonrs on the Kashmir shawls, or on other fercnce to H. superficial Itnowledge of a large number ; and that furll~rr,
tissnes, whether subdued or bold, nre intensely real ; the frcsl~nessof those ! this knowledge slroulcl be tested by oiz4 zsoca as well as witten esn111i11a.
which r medal of merit mns awarded him, seems almost to outlive the en- adhered to.
caustic tile or marble on which thoy .are painted. I t is true tbat the
I
seen upon the specimens eshibited by Dr. Leitner in Gronp IX., and for tion. The:: principlee are excellent, and we hope they will be rigid11
I t will be seen from the above, that the Cjovernment of India l~nsfinrlly
grouping nnd the nrrnngemeut of colonrs nre often grotesque, and thnt resolved to colnply with the wishes and representations of tlie friel~dsml
exaggeration, overlaying, nad biznrrerie, may be charged against native authorities of the Pnnjab University College ; aud thnt all 'imla~.t;~ol
artists, hnt, as a rule, the minnleness and elaborateness in every kind of advnnce has thus been made towrrds the full attainlnent of tlie secoli~lp a l
cerving shew conceptions of bennty which form a basis of triie edncntiol~. movement of the Aujuman-i-Punjab. [T7irle pp. 277 and 278 of ll~ii
A h ~ yp combination of Western with Eastern ideas, as shewn in the Report.]
punjag movement, and for which Dr. Leitner has so earnestly contended,
may be accepted as n wholesome reactiou against an uureasoning con-
demnation of emrything Oriental. Each, snrelv, may learn from the APPENDIX.
other. The snbtle Eastern wit may quick~u,w6ile in t u n it is steadied
; and something of its lninllte I N ~ T I T ~ T I O wit11 wlli1.11 Dm. L E I T S E ~ bee11 connrclcd 11s allow1
S~ lln* L1'r4
by the matter-of-fnct touch of the E~~~~~~~~ nnd I I OIUECTX~ 1111~1~ ) O C T I E S T S (,shil,itrd by Ilim at Vicnna.
thoronghness be turned to profitable ncconnt as n corrective of superficiality -
nnd of hurried generalisation. The one nil1 no longer consider that he
hae everything to tench and nothing to learn, nor will the other hold
in Enllen and npprehensivc silence, Rs he sees one lalldmnrk ,,her to found lilt. ~ \ l l t h ~ ~ " l u g l ~
another of his ancient cinlisntion inconsiderately snept awny. Each will socirty ( d . ) Rin \'icr'n"
,I~ ~ in
s , .tlll. I I O ~ <c .' o I I I , ~ ~ fntm four to (;U ~~nilcr:.rnd~lntc~
L ~Is';'') plvrnrillg lE
take an enlnrged view of things. The charncter of each will be raised tllc ~ ' : ~C X~L I~~ I ~l I LiI I ~~ ~cO~~I I 'ict* r
*~ I I I L C I).,\.
~ betrvcen 1364 nnrl 1Hi2.
ll'uuM
and strengthened. (?.) ,rllr Aniumnll.i.l'unjnb, with frce poblir libraly nnd rt,oding room,
h''.. '
The care natives take of t,heir M S ~ . ,the ceremonions wny wit]l of dcportlnr.ntsi l l li~npni~&-: ond wcial rcIor111,ofilintnl sol:i?tice, 11 io1lmol,
which they treat their sncred writings, and the coetly layers of wrappers in ( h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ f l ~ ~ ~ ~ b l ~ l ~ , - , (:L,~~Pg,. I r ) i i t t~ Y U Y ~ fI oI ~ ~ rIncllIties (in 11119, O r i d
which they are omhsorned, are remnants of a reverence with which the I,,~,"~,,,, In,.r~i,.ill,., :,11t1 IIIW), brsidc.i its flrnc,tinns ;Is n l i t r m ~l~~(!v. filr n-lli'h "'

spread of printing is everFilere cnlcnlated to interfere, y e t in tllc ex- ro~i;.rt,?c~ orrr :iz,nont. (bctwt.cn lati; ~ I I ISil!, I ~ I > C + ~ ( ~ C * 111ulll:ll
~ ~ h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t i ~ l l l ~ n m ~
in^ to Over l"P"J nrpcra.
hibited 2,000 or 3,000 p q e s of Tibetnn printing From wood block^, ~ ~ i ~C,,]legr. n t ~ c ~] r i g i ~ ~ unn l l y1 hientol Srhonl. wllicb, wit11 ~ l t lr('ll'm~l' ~
c~,)
pmbably fnr more ancient t h m the era of its appemnce in E " ~ p e . ,v, ~uppol.te,~ .,,t tilr \.il~nl:lll I , , , ~ , ~ C~ I I Fi ~ t i n j ni~~~ircrsitv ~ (bllcrr l : l s lfl111*1*~ "
eaves preserved a religions care ,vhich might well be conlnie~~ded ( h . ) orpnnisc.cl ~ I I o
I ~
~ c 1 i 1 ~to ~ 1r~z111nr ofivii~lin.-pt,ctim1 111~'f i ~ ti"1'
'(1)~ t
the value of the punjnb, 50 fcrnnlc w h n o l * in I<nrr?~lpindi ('iwlr in 1872. IVIIthe first """'l@
to the attention or E~~~~~~~studenta. ~ , , , j
tl115

Pr~ridento f II 11i1tive(,orr~nlitt(.co11 fc,lnillc I'dllrlltion in l.'llil.

exhibited ceutral ARinn geographies in the Turki ,angoage, or o f (,,) stll,.ted9 9 ~ ~ l l ~ l : l l n ~:III,I n : 1li1icl11
~ ~ l : ~~ ~I ~~ ~ I ~ ~ T I I ~sc-ll~nl~I I ~ I ~hOy Islll'.'
I ~ Iril'li""
I
the Tibetan nstronomical tnbles, or of other exhibited llistorical, .,,,I rllllnt,rr ,,f scr.,ll:lr gorrynll~rnt,r c , ~ ~ n u whrn ~=, in 1.1111rga.of t l ; ~l~~l'""ll""di
ethicnl, poetical may be BR eduCRtio~lnl models, they call cirrlc iu 1872, opellc,l n hiphrr ~ ~ ~ ~ l i r l ~ s ~ ~ l ~ o ~ ~ l , ~ r r ~ n r i n p f o r l ~ l l c
f(xlllC1n"hUold lit"""'*'
Owcely fail to nrrest the attention elllist the of every tion crnmin;~tionI,). aubscriptio~int 141ijmt,nnrl 11('1111'd
kc., kc.
intelligent snd unprejudiced educator. [Here folbru~ a Lid 4 Dr. Leihr'r P u b l i ~ a ~ ~ ~C'l ~~b
8ha Lby Repod wu in prru, an inkresting mnonncement h u
 Ojicial ci,zt7 of the success qf D r . Lritrzer's Lijry~risticN f s s i o n
otlier AcXrlo~oledg~~zc~zts
to Kashnzij. aritl Cliilns.
" TOURI N TIBET ~ h r nDARDISGIN."

No. 2308.

Prom T. H. THORNTON, ESQUIRE,S e c i e t n i y to Gorw,r~~uerlt, IJrrr!j(lb,

To G.W. LEITNER, ESQUIRE,PH.D., M.A., IJri9rc i l ~ n lof Lahore Qouerrr~)~rrrt CvZlr(~e,Lahore.
Dntr~I/Inhor.c, 90th ,lrooel~l6rj-,1806.
Sm,-I have recciled and laid beforc tlle ~I-~onoral~le tlic Lieutenant Governor
your report dated 24th ultimo, of your Mission to Kaslimir to obtain
information regr;lrding the Dardn lang~lagcs-and in rcplg to state that General Depart.
you nced not, for the present, resume charge of your tlnties in t l ~ cLahore ment.
Government College, I ~ n should
t de\-ote J-on]-sclf to working up the materials
you have collccted-ant1 a definite rcply will 1)e sent to you in regard both to the extra
outlay incurred 11y you, and to the three months' additional leave asked for expressly on
this account, so soon as enqniries instituted as to the sourcc from ~vliichthe additional
outlay can he met, shall have been hrouglit to a close.
2.-In the meantime I am directed, on behalf of this Government and tlic causc
of literary investigation, to tender to yon thc cordial ncknonrledgments of the Lientenant
Governor for the great esertions you have made and tlie 1.esnlts which have been attained
-results which, considering tlie circnn~stances,cannot but 1)c considered as higlily creditable
to as wcll as throwing very considera1)le and important liglit on matters heretofore
veiled in p e a t obscurity.
3.-Your benevolent and successful efforts to recover the rcmnins of the late
Mr. Cowie are also higlily honorable to you-and it cannot 1)nt afford you much gratification
thus to have becn i n s t r ~ m c n t a lin securing Cllristinn burial for all that remained of your
late companion. . . . . .
I hare, kc.,
(Sd.) T. II. TEIORNTOK,
S e o x t a i y to G o v e ~ ~ t r t ~Punjab.
~e~ct
-

No. 2 3 6
--
Prom T. 11. TUOlLKTON, ESQUIRE,Srr.r.etnry t o Go1~er~trrr~rrrf,
Ptlilja6,
To G. IT. LEITKER, ESQUIRE,M.A., ~'H.D.,k c . kc., Lahore.
1)nterl Lnhore, 28th Jri~ritnr?y,18G7.
SIR,-In reply to your letter of the 19th instant. I am directctl by the Hon'ble
General Depart- file Lieutenant Governor to state that the task you have undertaken as
ment. therein skctclied ont is already so estensi\e and heavy that embarrassment
must result, if Government were to call a t present for any further information.
2.-It is prepared thankfully to accept tlie documents described by you, as far
exceeding what the Asiatic Society or Government could reasonably have looked for. But
any additional information which i t may liereafter be in your polver to supply without
interfering with yonr substantive dutics mill, of course, 1)c iuost welcome.
I have the llonour to be, Sir,
Your most ol~edicntservant,
(Sd.) T. 11. THORNTON,
Seo.etal.y t o Gorertrv~eirtPlrjrja6.
No. 1403.
-
Proin T. II. THORNTON, ESQUIRE.,Ser.rctnr.y t o Gover~tri~cerif,
IJzo,jab.
TO Dr. G. Mr. LEITNER, PII.D.,Late Sl~ccinlDirty, Cnshrrler*e,
Bnterl Lrrhorr, 31ut ilfny, 1SG7.
81n,-I am deflircd 11;v the Honoral)le thc Licntenant Governor to reply to yonr letter
General Depart- of I It11 instant regarding tlic rcsult of Four researches into the
ment. langnnges and races of nardistan.
 Although this Governnlent cannot undertake to express a definitive opinion as to the
value of a mork like the one submitted by you, it can hardly be doubted that it mill f ~ ~ r na i ~ l ~
very important addition to the knomlcdge heretofore possessed by philologisb and ethnologist8
in regard to the rcgions traversed by yon. Aud you are entitled to the hearty thanks of this
Government for the energy with mllicll yon have carried through labors, the result of which, if
jndiciously ut,ilizcd, will d o ~ ~ l ~ t lbe
e s shailcd with satisfaction by the scientific world.
2. Yon should now state the arrangement you propose for issuing the portion of
the mork submitted by you from the Press. And i t appcars to the Lieutenant Governor that
i t ~vouldbe undesirable to forward tlie vocd~nlaryto the Asiatic Society for publication with
its proceedings until the work itself or at least the portion of it mhich is ready and which
explains the manner in which it has heen prepared shall have been printed and issued . .
I have the honour to bc, Sir,
Your inost obedient servant,
Pd.1 T. H. THORNTON,
Seo-etrcry to Govel.r~n~ent Ymjab.

C o p y oj'1Me11torinlby the Pltilologic.ol Society qf L o n t l o , ~t o the Secretnry qf s t a t e for

I~r(lin,settf ,Yoi~eluhe~-,
1869.
MY LORDDUKE,--The Philological Society having been informed that Dr. G. Tv.
h i t n e r , the Principal of the Collcgc at Lahore, is at prcsent on leave in England, and being
aware that it is his intention to complete his great literary work on '' The Langungesand Races
of Dnrdistnn," two parts of which hare bcen already laid before the Society, unanimously resol\-ed,
a t its last meeting, respcctfnllp but urgently to request your Grace to enable Dr. Leitner to
accomplish his purposc by glanting hill1 the sequired leisure while staying in Europe.
For the Society is of opinion that, while the results of his journey, already published,
fully entitle Dr. h i t n e r to thc sympathy and gratitude of philologcrs, his great undertaking
could not be brought to a speedy and satisfactory termination unless he was temporarily
relieved of all his ofificial duties, and unless 11e could utilise the literary materials only to be
found in Europe.
I have the honour to be, my Lord Duke,
Your Gmce's ohcdient. humlde servant, .
(Sd.) T. HEJVITTKEY.,
President o f the Yhilologicnl Society.
His Grace the Duke of Argyll, 'kc., 'kc.

Other Societies and Scholars in England and the Continent expressed their apprecin-
tion of what Dr. Leitner had already donc, and, in various mays, endeavoured to assist the
efforts maclc for retaining him in England. Drs. Rcddoe and Seemann, in their capacity
ns President and Vice-Prcsident of the Anthropological Society, mote to the Stnltdnrd as
follows :-
( S f n l t t l n ~ - dDere1116el.
, 6th, 1870.)
6G C'Eli-TRAL ASIA.
-TO T H E EDITOR.
b6SIR,-On the crening of the 30th ultimo Dr. Tkitner delivered hefore tlie
Anthropological Socicty a rc~lml.kal)lcdiscoru-se, in whicll 11e skctcl~edout, as far aa time
i%oldd admit, his important philoloyical and antl~ro~ologicaldisco\eries in the l~itherto
innccessiblC region of Dardistan, and on its Tihetan frontier.
There n.as 1,nt onc feeling among the nudicncc after listening to the modest but
elquent ad(lmemof Dr. hitncr-onc of rcgsct that. owing to hi8 not IlaYin~lxen :d)le to
procure an extension f Ilia too short lcai c of al)sence, not only must ive ho pm~ludedfrom
hearing him further on these matters, I~ut,nllnt is of vastly greater importance, science lnay
lllatcrially throng11 his lleinq un:rl)lc to carry out in Europc, iritllin rcacll of goo(l
lil,r3riCs of the assistance and cmiticiam of othcr pl~ilologists,the arran~cmentand
deVeloplnent of the materials he has eollectal, iucllnlinq his MS.trcxqsares fmm illlti.
,JOITNHEDDOE, M.1). Pres. A.S.L.
P.A.S.L.
'' ] ~ E I ~ T ~ O LSLI:MA?;N,
D

** hthopologicnl Society of London, 4, St. Martin's Place, 1Y.C.

 CONTENTS O F PART IT.

VOCABULARY [LINGUISTIC, GEOGRAPHICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHICAL]

AND DIALOGUES I N T H E ASTORI, GHILGHITI AND CHILASI DIA-
LECTS O F SHINA, W I T H OCCASIONAL NOTES, &c., kc. [ALSO
APPENDIX TO PART I., ~ O N T A I N I N GDIALOGUES IN
ARNYIA, KHAJUNA AND KALASHA.]

A P P E N D I X T O P A R T I.
Dialogues it1 the Ksl6slla lauguage, ... ... ... ... ... poge I to IV
Addenda to conjugation in Part I., of the verbs "to stand" aud "to eat," IV
Nnmea of Kdhsha men, women, castes, kc.,
Add to Kalisha Adjectives, ... ... .
... ... ..
.. ... .. ..
..
.. . ,,
,,
v
v.
,, Imperatives, ... ... ... ... ... ... ,, v to vr
Dialogues in the ArnyiS language, ... ... ... ... .'.. ... ,, vr to V I I
,, ,. Khajun6 language, ... ... ... ... ... ... , V I I

P A R T 11.
VOCABULARY O F THE MOST IMPORTANT SHINA WORDS W I T H OCCASIONAL
NOTES ON THEIR USES, kc.,kc.
Words relating to religion ntld the phcnomella of nature, ... ... ... page
OfficialDesignations, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ,,
Terms relaling to War, ... ... ... ... ... ... .,. ,,
Irldustrial and Domestic Tcr111.5, ... ... ... ... .,, ,.. ,,
Adtl to " t e r m of War," ... ... ... ... ... ... ,,
TIME, ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ,,
Terms of RELATIONSI~IP, ... ... ... ... . .
.. .
... ,,
Trades and professions, ... ... ... ... ... ., . .., :,
Terms relating to the ROPY, ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,
MEKTAL A N D MOI{AT.QUALITIES. . .. ... .. . . . , ... , .
AILMENTS, ... .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... . . . ,,
Infirmities, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .._ ,,
Remedic?, ... ... . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . ,. ,
Barber's Instruments, ... ... ... .. . .. . ... . . . ,,
Tertns relatit~gto HABITATION, .. . . .. .. . ... . ..
Ternw relating to Meals (with n,ote$,) ... ... . .. ... ... :,
TREES, ... .. . . . . .. . ... . . . .. . ... . . , . .
Flowers ... ... ... . . . ., . .. . . . . .. . ... ,,
Grasses a.nrl Fodder Plants,. .. ... ... . .. __. . .. ._. ,
Grains and PII~SCS,... .. . . .. . .. . ,. .,. . , , . ,. ,,
Condimeuts n ~ Vcget:tbles,
~ d ... ... ... ... ... .. .
A ~ r l f n L s , .. . .. . . .. .. . ... . .. .
,. .., ., , ,,
Fishcs, .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . .
.. ... ... .. , .,
Inseols, . . . ... ... .. . . _ . . . . ... ... ... ,.
MINERALS . . . . .. ... ., , , .. . ,. ., . ., , . . ,,
Precious S t o ~ ~ eOrnat~tenLs,
s. kc., . . . .. ... ... ... ... ,,
Fabrics, . .. .. . .. . . . , ... .. . .. . .. .
... .,
Add lo terms relai.ilrg to Land on page I . .. . .. . ... ., .
Terms relating to business transactions, .
.. .. .
.. . .. ,, .
Weights and Measures, ... ... .., .,. ... ... . ,. ,,
,
DANCES, ... .. . ... ...
NAMES OF ~ C ~i
ED COUKTRY, . .. .. . .. . ,, . ,','
[1I)escriptivc of routes, rivers, forcs, villages, mountains, kc., kc., kc., in Ghilghit, Astor, (!hilas,
Gor, kc., kc.
[ Villages of Chilas, . . . . . . . . . . . .page 22 ]
[ Villages of Astor, . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,, 2-2 to 23 ]
[ Villagcs of Guraiz, . . . . . . . . . . . . ,, 23 ]
[ Mountains of Ghilghit, Astor and Chilas, ... ,, 23 ]
[ Names of Rivers, . . . . . . . . . . . . ,, 24 ]
[ Names by which thcse races are known, ... ,, 24 ]
[ Names by which Chilasis call othcr neighbour-
ing mces, . . . . . . . . . . . . ,, 24 ]
Titles, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Castes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Yroper Names, ................
[ Names of Astori men, ...
[ Names of Astori women, ...
[ Names of Ghilglliti men, ...
[ Names of Gl~ilghitiwomen,
[ Names of Gurn~zimen, ...
[ Names of Guraizi \ro~ncn,...
[ Name: of Kasllmiri cnstes,
[ Names of ICashmiri men, ...
[ Names of Bnshmiri women,
Familiar appellations among Ghilghitis and Astoris,
Terms of abuse, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Terms of enllearment, . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exclamations, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
()aths, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C:,ames, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Musici~lIustrumei~ts, . . . . . . . . . . . .
Festivals, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L ) n p of the week . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THE TEAVELLER'S VADEBIECUN I N CHILAS, ASTOR, GI-IILGHIT.
AND GURRIZ, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p:~g(‘
The Travcllcr in Astor and Ghilgl~it, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,
., Is I ~ i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( lncludinga List of the Villngcs, routes, trees, of Chilns, as well as a sllort
Vocab~~lary, kc., Fit. )
<'ompnmtivc 1)ialogues in t l ~ Ghilgl~iti
c nild Guraizi ~linlccts, . . . . . . . .
C'~~~P.~I< I)IALOOUES
AT~T~C I N GHILGHITI A x D ASTORI, . . . . . . . . . . .

[ bledical ~lialog~~cs, . . . . . . pagr 44 to 48 ]

[ Convc.r>ntinnof n peasant \ r i ~ nl ~Rni:~, ., 48 ]
[ Divisions of time, . . . . . . . . . ,, 41 to 4!) ]
\VOl.JR COIICCtell
by Mr. B:lflr?u Pr~\vcll, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 50
, blr~~ishi ~ l ~ ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .il
G l ~ u l Nnl)i,
 APPENDIX
TO

P A R T I.

DIALO'GUES kc., I N K A L A S H A , AENYIA A N D K H A J U N A ,

ILLUSTRATIVE OF FORMS

'' COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE

DARDU LANGUAGES."
1'7~eJollo~uir~gApperadices a r e ndded lo Pnt,t I. ilt order to e.cplai~bcct*taiu po~tiotae of the
Ar.tlyiti, Kl~ujcljtcr~n'attd Kalclshn Vocabcljttl(wies. This i s ?tot clotte with the Slaircfl dicclect~,
(7s Ihcse c r t ~tt-ented a t corcside~.nblelcrtgth tl~r,ougho~ct
the whole o f V O I I C I I L ? I .
APPENDIX TO KALASHA.

I want to learn your lnngunge, ... tdy mondr a ygcitim dky.

T h y speecl~I to learn have.

If you arc ill I will giro you mcdicino, ... 111 z a b h t i aeas thy wezi hd~.em.
thou ill if (?) art the0 cure (?) I will do.
Get nll t h e Lbinga ready, ... l'alrikk md1 eg ntuata X.roa'i.
all proprrtg one plnce get.

Arc you rcndg t o g o 2 ... TC parisu, ii qti?

thou will go ? or not ?

I'ut your clotl~cson, . .. Tsl16t1sambLra.

Clotl~cap u t on.

I want t o learn Kalislln, .. . N i y RaI&is7r(1-ii1oi1r.lrdjn~tgciyyhnltrr~f~y.

T o me Kalasbn speoch. (?) to learn (teach i) is necessary (?)
Too nro my fricnd, .., , T i mky &ri.
Thou nly friend.

T\'l~erever you meet an onomy kill Irim, ... Dmlnrriit Enwri,qnllapa'~hiL.

?1r6y.
Enemy wl~orever meet kill.
 ENQLIS~.
It is not proper to sny such words, .,, rShliln n~olldrnd dl/; osha.
Bdd words not to give propor.
YOUought t o go to-any, ... Tny bndja p a d , pv&sht.
To thee today t o go, [is] good
Got the gun ready, ... 2lrp2K ztn'jii.
Gun prepare.
Bhg, dance, ... Q r k dy?, nlit kire. '
Song give, dance make.
W h a t is your name ? ... tn'y ndqnm kiu ?
thy name what (?)
Whence do you come? ... t 6 kanelo b ?
When do go ?

W h y did you come ?

W11at do you want ?

I am very hungrj,
Are you thirsty ?
Prepare food, ... du kiri.
1 3 your home near ? ... tdy d6sh tddeha shiu ?
1s the road far ? ... pbnu ddslru ?
Yes, i t is fnr, ... R i u , d6slie shiu.
No, i t ia near, ... nZ, tidaka.
Bring me to eat and drink, ... mhy hhtia dni, jam.

Bring water, .. dg 6lli.

Sit here, ... nyri nisi.

Light tho wood, ... s11ulB badzii.

.Light tho candle ( 8 ) ... lhtah upusiy.

Blow out ,, ,, ... 9, ,, pI1nliy.

Stand there, .. . mlai-k6zi tehishti.

Come quickly, . .. h'mhhp i.

00 slowlp, . .. bribsh pbri,

P u t the saddle on the home,

t o tho horse saddle give.

Tie the cow to the tree,

... cow tree with biud.

How mnny shccp and goats have ).ou P

I want nothing,
... hishki IIC g6tcm

Is LC your brother, 7
Thin load is not heavy ; lilt it.
Taka care,
 Exor.rsrr. KATAEIIA.

1s the road good or bad ? pbnn prdehle ; Icllhtshn ?

nin ?
Is the ~ ~ ~ o u n t Iligh nbnn hhtnla ii past ?

I s there a bridge over the river ? gau 060 shiu P ni.. ?

Bring ropes quickly, radjhk Itaship h i .

Bring Buttcr, Milk, Cheese, pratsl~dno,tohir, pinda.

Curde, meat, wiue, nid, m6ss, dB.

Qrass, flour, fire, lcfiss, btt, nngir.

Fruit, mewri.

Smoke tobacco. tnmnkh IrnshC.

1s there mucll sport about here 7 ... bya dyngnuna lnurh b6 aean ?
l fyou will do great service, I will give you mnuy mny hhtin, prhsll krbmm.ksri, tby aaripci
presents, ... dim.
I am very hot, may b6 hGUik karu day.
I am vory cold ; put clothea over me, .. . may tram6na karu day ; tsh6o d6.
Are you well ? ... prushte i s i n ?
I t will rain to-day ? ... 6ndje blshik dij-6li.

I t is very dark, where am I to go ? b6 trnmashing h l o ; kenti parim.

Call the dog, ... shema, [sh6nra] khundiy6,i.

Call the Servant, . ... shdderr tsb6y-n.

May God keep you well, ... khuda tai prusht kdreu.

Good bye, .. . ishpbte.

[Kalhaha salutntion,] ... aliplti.

[* D4shgeli salutation,] ... ctrekb 6slln.

*me Bashgelis are another auJ, perha111 ibr pril~ci~al,
Tribe of the Siall Posh ICafirh, ...
-- - --
Qo quickly, ... ndillni phri.
Tell t l ~ ctruth, . .. ndjclc mondr d6.
Give me jvnter t l ~ n It may drink, ... u g d6, pim.
Come inside, ... u d ~ b a ni.
Go outside, ... binhk p h i .
Come hcre, nyR i.
Whcro did you go ? kawhi parho. ?
Conlo no\v, sI16nc)je i.
Thin lime, (clay ;) shondjo hdoo.
Wl~endid you buy it ? k6i 6mi.
Who are poa, ? kQro tit. ?
Which [is i t ?I ie knm. P
 ( iv
EKULIBIK. KARRASUA.
Have you eaten bread ? ... awii bshis. ?
E a t bread, ... a a h jh.
I a m ill to-day, ... B 6ndja bey derkir.
M y name in Mnlik, ... m i i nom Malik.
Give i t t o me, ... m6tshes dB.
Sit near me, ... m6i tnda nisi.
Take i t from me, ... mai pi gr6as.
Kill me, ... mai hr6y.
W h e r e is your country ? ... mimi dksl~kawlshen.
Shut the door, ... dnbr kari.
T o run in the hent is bad, . .. hlilak udh6h puri [?]ne.
T l ~ eeon of tho rother, ... pGtras dadaa.
T h e father of the son, ... dadas pbtras.
Throw [witi~]the stone, ... b l t t gri thk.
Wooden ; of wood, ... shnlr gri ; ahulaani.
Made of wood, ... knishin.
T h e smell of the wnter is bad=watery smell ie bad, ... agnni b6 gbnd.

ADD TO CONJUGATIONS O F T S H I T S H I K AND JUIi.

T o stand =tehishtik, T o eat =juk

Btand thou =tshishti'. Eat =ju
I stand =a tshiahtim, I Eat =a jum,

Thou ,, =tn tehiehti, Thou ,, =tu jug,

..
He ,, =ae tshishteu, He ,, =Be JUI,

We ,, =abi tshiahtik, We ,, =abi juk,

You ,, = t ~ a o t e tshisbti, [tsbiahts ?I you ,, =tanstc jbn.

They ,, =elodras tshirbten, TbV ,I =eledrlia jGo,

I stood =a atebishtis. I ate =ashis,

Thou ,, =to atshinhti, Thou ,, =tu aahi,

Ho , =se atabishluu, He ,, - ~ e aeLu,

-

wo :, =rbi atsliehtimi, we I, ,xbi anhimi,

YOU :, =tuaeto atshishti, [atsbid~tili!] yon ,, =tun tehikk rahili,

They ,, eledrhs atshishtmi. They ,I =elcdrue d i n ,

 NAMES or MEN. Nnarrte O F WOXEN. NAME^ OF CASTES.
Malik
Rabbiug,
Kamiili,
Danbli.
Rz~nagblli.
Miikktuhi.
Torikdiri,
Butidtiri,
\
2 high cutcs.

Shrtdng, TramkBti. Shalekdtiri, 1 lower castes ;

Batsha, Tehit~6tshi. Bumburnah, )the lnst ueemr
Shariki, Masir. Rajawki, J a high cant?
TamashnwEk Latshli. N,U,IESOF VIT,LAOEB.
Zinatsbh, Darimilri
Sumiil, Nangi.
Bikk, MiGli. Birib, allowed to inter-
Cfasharl, Gulifa marry,
Kelli, Namakinn.
Mirak, Wbssi! WORDS OMITTED I N THE CORIPARATIVE
Tiisb, Porishi. VOCABULARY.
Tumr, Nhr bigim. Light, Ihss. [ also pralik aud lutah.]
Djoiin Sha, Vide Port I.
U n l n Bilih-, Kambroetshi. Darkness trarnaslihng.
Tbrr, Dnrboli. Evening, trdmush.
Mira, Sonelci Cock, kakanwlk,
Algiss, Waz bray. To-day, cinrlja.
Djanekwir, Maiiki. Yesterday, doahtsl16pa.
Mirza Bbkk, Durdan6. To-morrow, ghbri.
biss.
khu.
brnted boautiea. Tear'
Donashlri.
Gumli Masturi.
BadulkBi.

ADJECTIVES. IMPERATIVES.
Croat, .. . driga. Hear. krbnn kare-give your ear;
Small, ... tshhtek. Be silent, h i ~ kmh kire,=rnake nonoise.
Much, ... b6. Look, djagii.
Little, ... titsheli. A.sk, putshni.
Reautifnl,* ... sllish6yek. Give, dB.
IJglyr ... nazgilsti. Run, kaship ; knehip p l r i = go
Cloan, ... pagizi. quickly.
Dirty, ... nazi. Spenk, m6onde (mbnn d.4 ?)
Dsep. ... ghtt. Do, Lire; krorirn (business)k6rs.
Rich, . . . daulanlnbn. sloel', prasby.
Poor, ... ghnriLl6y. Get up, ushti $
Miserly, ... k h k e n$ dhlk=he given t o Light, nprii.
no one. F311, shurbis.
Liberal, ... tshfkin. Bind, bdni.
Quick,t . . . ksship ; kaehip i=corne Shut, kiri.
quickly.+ Open, urnrii.
Slow, .. . hrihh. Sing, gron di6.
How many ? ... korn6n (?) Dunce, h i t kari.

Play (thc dbl,) ... wldj bandjai.

*A very pretty ~ornnn=BJ prusbt morhyck,
t Tllere ia a miltake inthe rondoring of tlds word in the Comparative Dictionary.
$ uahti, lujiu=gct up, the dsylight has sppcared.
 KALASIIA IMPERATIVES.-(Continlredj
Buy, ... grkas. Price, qrB ? ekpsaye=
one goat; this appears to
be the basis [petunia] Br
Kalbhu reckoning.
Come, ... 1. Catch hold, ... glii, hash grii=catch hold
001 ... prt pke ,b the horse. ,fi &,
Bring, ... 6u;, Sell, ... briun kiris.
Take away, ... hiri, Let go, ... lasii.
S~P, ... mi pbre=do not go. Tear, break, ... tsbini.
Sit. ... nisi. Sow, ... si.
Eat, ... jb. Throw away, ... histi.
Drink, ... pi. Boil, ... hnlhi.
Beat, ... lii. Roast, ... sa de.
xill, .,. 11r6y. Do not forget, ... mb prbshmom.
Strike d e d , . ., hr6i isti J I3 L
;

BRNYIA DIALGUES, &c., &c,

Awwd bashkr ariatam. I ask something.
I a word B B do~ (P). Bkci pord~,rE mumi ? ... Can you read the Koran ?
Tu oaudi ald ; &a ? ... Have you bought it P You Korkn to read (can) ?
Thou purchase taken ? H a m i bd denycir, ... H e rune much.
-a puiotai, ... H e blew. H e much runs.
He blew. &two bizimina, ... I have sold the horse.
Ghapik kork aasflsi, ... W e will cook food. The horso I sold.
Bread make (?) we will. l h ttshalai eri, ... You sew clothes.
...
1
l%
hi& a r w ? Have you m d e the account? Thon clothes seweet.
Thou account h a t made ? ... Phik b6y,
Be chirnbtani (?) ... They cut this in pieces. Selitor,
1: Be ~ilenb.
They cut. ... Lit bo, ...
,,, They sleep.
kh9 konlmdn otristani, ... A11 the women have died. Paristani,
A11 women have died. Hkt, ... Take.
Arb, ... Bring.
That woman mils (?) ... hase qumri huy doyaq. Hnmi pashiran nllrn,
... They take away (P)

XJrum bo' areatarn, ... I have done much work. Uk nngior,

... Bring water.

Work much I have PLMt kbman, ... Tear.

done (?) ... [ perhaps it should be " be R5, ... Tell, rend.
korestnm, I dirl." ] rnp6, ... Wake.

Djlinnba oukh patistai, . .. H e re11 down at once (?) down rapio ( b r e ~ b u r , ) . ... Awake.
he fell (" paristni=sleep"?) mo ka16, ... Woep.
Nit;? troi r6ya1c nuariotai, ... The king killed three men. nimbo, ... Woigh.

Tbc king three men killed. niwkshe, ... Write.

Hi nona&i bo' oriras, ... That woman laughs much, h b h kork,

... Understand.

Dew b b o , ... (in certainly Shini) open asrise,

... Be.
the door. istor,
... Horse.

pmoi bo tcii g6ni mum. gordhk, ...

... Aaa.
I much weight Lift P) ... I csn lin much weight (P) deor,
Wood.
derr k4ri (?) [in gdaehs,] ... Shut the door.
 ( vii )
N. B. I have publisbed those fen sentences i n Arnyik and Kalielia in order to explain somo of the orms in
the L i d of Verbs in Part I. I asked questions and thene sentences, which contained, as I thought, t h e pamrnaticsl
forms which I particularly required, were tho anawers given me. I had no time to ascertain their correctness. Portiow
also of the origiual mauuacript have been either lost or been rendered illegible by erposure t o rain.

KHAJUNA DIALOGUES.

Who ere you ? urn amm ha ?

Where did you go ? urn am nibam.
What did you do ? um besana t h a m i ?
Of tho two which you want ? khoso altatz ami yeyba ?
I ant tl~ie, dy6k hose silkyEm.
I mnnt that, dyEk inno aukyim umme.
Why did you d o this ? khote dord b&ene kari OGbe.
This affair why did you have.
Did you come on horse or foot ? urn hagnra dukoma, t e ducoma.
How do you say ? um besen saiba ?
If you do this : I mill beat you (?) ummo koti durci ; etumjken, baltiyam.
As you mill do so will I do, umme irthum kIt6 g g i Bkyinu.
From here till the Fort go, kolemoum kane djuk ni !
I f you do not do this I will imprison you. umme khote dur6 ay8, tnmoke bd gukybm.
To-day I bring Grapes, khnlto ghain ditzam.
Khulto ditzam ghain,
YcstetdLy I brougl~tPonwgranater, ... aabur bitshil ditrabam.
Sabur ditzaham bitshil.
To-morrorc I will brbig appler, ... djimden balt ditzebam,
djimdcn ditzebam balt.
I gave, gyobam ; djoma (?)
I was, hayam (2)
1 am, dayam (P)
I will be, nitehem (?)
1 gBV0, gya gyoma (?I
I giro, gya gyo kyuma ( 1 )
I will give, ~a gy ukyam (?I
I am ill. gyii ghaliz ammoyeha.
Thou a r t wise, nmm aqlmend ha.
H e is stupid, kinne bey-aqlmend bay.
We are sitting, me uyunnf bout ban.
You are hearing, ma yuan dema yulum6.
They sro bad, Lho yuan gunskheah benn.
 VOCABULARY OF THE MOST IMPORTANT SHINA' WORDS
WITH OCCASIONAL NOTES ON THEIR USES, kc., Bc,

ENGLISH. SHINA. ENGLISH. SHINA.

- -- .

WORDSILELATINO TO RELIGIONAND THE P ~ E N O X L X A Sliadow, ... tshidjdti, tshbmo.

OF NATUUE.
Day, ... d6a.
God, ... khuda ; dsbcn.
Night, ... riti.
Fairy, ... bardi.
Nidday, ... dazo'; trang dCs.
31. Demon, ... ydtsh.
Midnigl~t, ... trang r l t i
F. ,, ... ru1.
Heat, ... tat, tatti.
Spirit, ,.. djill, rhh.
Cold, . .. shidil, tshaybn.
Soul, ,., dj;ll.
Flame, ... gdy.
Satan, ... s h c i t h .
%11olte, ... dGm.
Religion, ... mnzbbb.
Thuuder, ... agh-kut ; hangli y i ~ t t .
Angel, . .. malaik.
Ligli tning, ... bitshnsh, [i dkna.]
Man's two gunrdinu
angels, ...1 Rain, .., ijo.

World, ... sarpalbk, dung ;I, Drop, ... tik6y ; tuk; [ditJn].
Ncxt world, ... dawa151~. +I Rainbow, . .. bijSu.
Paradise, ... beheslit. Snow, ... hino.
11~11, ... zoaikk. Ice, ... gamhk, hin4llek.
Spectre, ... ridi. Hnil, ... a n g k , sy8r.
Air, ... Ssh. Fog, ... ~ j i ;r tipp.
.. ..'
Fire,
Earth,
Water, ...
,

...
apr.
birdi.
why.
Frost,

Dew,
Earthquake,
...
...
I hwcr-
phutzi; phbtz.
bunyll, muyill.
Prayer,
Religioue Lesson,
Curse,
...
...
...
phateb, du6.
~nbiq.
3hBdc ; )inat.
Wind,
East,

Wcst,
''I
...

...
Bsh ; ebatillo bshi.

vide the Alpl~abeticalConl-

pnrative Dictionnry.
IIeavcn, ... ngrli ; bagai. North, ...
Snn, ... sdfl. Soutb, ...J
I
Noon, ... yin. Dry wcatlier. ... sl~ilko.
Btar, ... tiro. Wet, ,, ,. ... Jljn, 6djo.
Light, ... 3uri ; ld, ~ l n g . Dnst, ... udi~.
Dnrkness, ... kathsh, tutlng, tumrt.4ng. Pebbles, ... kip, aigliil, batilki.
--
- -
T l ~ cuorda belong principn1l.v to the Gbilghiti and Astori dialects, Vhenever~tnoor more worda occur in one line \matr (1,.
Shinb column the Brat only, aa a rdo, is Ghilghiti.
 ( 2 1
SHINA VOCABULARY.-( Conthaued.)

ENGLISH. SHINA.
I ENGLISH.

I
SHLNA.

Sand, ... dmm. Whirlpool, ... 1 sin* pllarion.

Mud, ... tshing. OWICIAL DESIGNATIONS.
Puddle, ... tngbb. tOk. Icing, ... I r i , A Ash, ah&.
Cavern, ...
...
k8r, [k6 for animals in A.] Queen, .. I d n i , I.r h i .
Plain, 28s. Prince, ... 1
gushpbrr ; rani.
Valley, ... sh6ng. Pridccss, ... , gass ; begurn.
Nountain, ... tshish. Minister, ... 1 wazir.
Hill, dL. I General, .. 1 do-sardlr.
Summit, ... tahoni ; [tilli Chilasi.] tdko.] Army, ... I sio.
(also penis.) Leader, . . . rio-shish (army head.)
.., gopi ; sib-gopi.
F o o t of Nountain, galin. Lumberdar, ... Jjashtbru.
Rock, giro. ICotmal, ... tsharbli.
River, sinn. Tax gatherer, ... khoshinn.
Wooden Bridge, 9i.h. Village Head, ... barro.
Swimming Bladder, majish. Kardar, ... trangpi.

Rivulet, batzell. A . g6. Ministcr of Revenue, ... yarfa Gh.

Streamlet,
Avalanche,
g P.
hinil.
Police man,
Aseistant Kotwal, ...
1 zeiti,

Sonreo, ... ictz. Slave dea!or, ... diwfn bigi (none now in
Obilghit.)
Lake, ... Earr.
Pond, ... barri ; birri A. TERMS RELATINO TO WAR, &a.

Confluenco, ... yi, wey. Army, ... si A. a.

Watcrfdl, ... tshirr. Cannon, ... tOp A . G.

Banks of a river, ... sine-gbl. Gun, ... tumhli A. G.

Yondor bank, ... pare sinegill. Sword, ... hangir A. a.

This side bank, 1 ~ a rsinogil.
i Dagger, ... katbro Gh.

ghllko. Shield, ... phsli A kbp O.

I jtog. Knife, .,. katir.

A rillngo, ... kily. Lance, ... neizi A. G.

Home, place, .. . dirh. Pistol, ... tnmant sIIS.

An ocean (7) ... h611u. BlunderLusa. ... prabin. a, karabin.

Island, literally: Around is Cuiran~, .. Wtsb.
water, in thc midst a villnge ... tomaki.ytahil~y.
SLollow ; a Port, ... (also a flail.)
 SHINA VOCABULARY.-(Conthzued.)

ENGLISH. SHINA. ENOLISH. SHINA.

.-

Gun cock, .., Wonlid, ... gBI A. zakbm Oh.

(pulled with strings,) Bravo soldier, ... mushaldy Bahadhr.
Rrepan, ...
Coward, ...
Stock of a gun, ... nil G. kundii A.
Fugitive, ... utshdtur.
Sight, the near one, ... nazhr.
kumak Q. ph6ro perghitto ;
The bead of a rifle, ... guzkr. fkro.
Top of a gun, ... tomakey sh6lo. " kumnk" appears to mcsn
" Partisan" rather than
Barrel, ... mSg A. shillo Gh. traitor.
t l r 6 y Uh.
Powder, ... bilBni G. jamiti.
(also powder generally,) Law case and sentence P...
Small Shot, ... tshimke lifilckun. Prisoner, ...
Ball, .. . diddo. I Slave, ...
Port, ... 1 k8t. ( aster, ... 1 usliiin.
Walls of a Fort, ... dosai G. gying. Servant, ... Shadder G, bask5tsho.
Ditches, ... 11;rr. Retainer, ... Shhdder.
Trenches, ... 1;iy. Domestic, ... Sl~odder.
Embmsure, ... doriye G, djalbh. F. ,, ... Shadder6y.
[WiZe ones,] .., dartJ c, trhy. ,, Slave, ... Mnristan6y.
tskhsbii O. ,, Domestic, . . . Baskdtshi, A.
Wnr, ... BirgL G. Brigti. Trumpet, .. . turum.
Battle, . .. el< birgii Gh. Big trumpet, ... nnrsing G. Imruiy.
TVnrrior, ... ltangdr d6y mush6 ; i, e. Drum, ... dadang.
"Sword s t i k i n g man." Hnnd drum, ... tabl.
Thief, .,. tsborito A. Single drum, ... tatlingu.
Sentinol, ,.. tziirr, Sheath, ... nghr ; trdlto.
Guard, .. . tzalri. Grip, ... kabzii.
Rcconuoitr~r, ... pnnogdte. Bottom of a sheath, ... poshnb.
Onidc, ... ponn pasherhki mauhjo=s Girth, ... bnnn Q, partald.
man to shorn the mad. Oh. Buckle, ... tshnm5.
Beti-A. Cross hilt, . .. sungdri.
Stick, ... liunblo.
SPY,
Envcy,
Little stick, ... kunhli.
Club,
 SHINA VOCABULARYe-(Co'o12thwed.)

ENGLISH. SIIINA. ENOLISH. SHINA.

INDUSTRIAL AND D O M E S T I C TERMS. Kneading roller, ... 160s.

Axe, ... guttri garrk. Kcttlo, dbk.
JIatehet, . .. tshatLU, Little, ,, ... d2ktshlli.
C'Lip hatchet ... tltshi. Stone, ,, ... balash.
Scraping iron, ... gukk gittt. ,, Tray, ... tabiddin.
Hammer, .. . patill t o t s l ~ i ~ n ~ . Taw& cake pan. ... kio.
Forge hammer, ... samdBnn to6. (Wooden) cup, ... piti. Cfh. phi~le.
Saw, ... harGtch Gh. nr.4 A. Slop basin, ... gudhrr.
File, ... murmt. Little wine cups, . .. t b r GI]. kori..
Smootliiag iron, ... rambh. IIeartll, ... puphsh Gh. atshalih.
Scythe, ... biadtsh, Cf. ringa A. Coal, ... kiire.
Pincers, ... ambilr, Key, ... t s h i i A . tsht-y Gh.
I r o n tongs, ... sherni G. Irambi, A big box, .. . tahn.
Pire tonga, little A little ,, ... sanditk.
tonga, ... utsho G h . milbn, Carpct, ... sntrbndj.
Rcissors, . .. kntsbi Gh. dughrr, Shawl Carpet, ... kamic 0. harilt.
Shears, . . . kario, Bed, ... kbitt.
Rnzor, ... tzirho G , bnzirby. Bedding, ... bnttiri.
Mirror, .. . ainii O. nini, A. Bed clothes, ... nj6 kish.

Specta:les, ... ateh gar6 Ct, ninlk. Pillow, ... undkish (T. und A .

Fork, ... tshatti (used at, Cfh.) Window trelliee, ... pandjcrb.

H a y Pork, ... llnr0tsh. Sky light, ... sbm Gh.ogdm.

Plougl~, ... hLI. mlle, . .. kdt.
.., t.511.
1
A n oar, Inner roof,

A spndc, ? ...
" ,, ,,;jab;,
";"O Gh. Floor, .. . patthrr A. shitc Gb.

A winnowing spade, .. . piyh. Cup board ; Shslvcs, ... tclkshi Gh.khatd.

A spade, ... harbe, barttsh ? Wooden pillar, ... thicn.

The plough, ,.. hall. Beams, ... b 6 Oh.

~ tnmbll.
~

The plongh-iron, ... ptial. bdyn (A.)=sloeverr.

Tho yoke, ... 1141. Door, ... dnrr A.

Spoon, ... khapl.~~. Wooden bridge, ... du.

Ladle, ... ddri. Great 11 .. . gaddl (in Knshrni~i)

Flour Tray, ... kJti. Twig or rope ,, ... gill ; kBn.

ICnsading bosrrl, ... bilko.

 ( 5 )
SHINA VOCABULARY-( Conti~~zted.)

ENGLISH. SIIINA. ENULISH. SHINA.

-
Key, ... tshPi A. tsh6g Gh. Year, ... ek barish.
Lock, ... gdnn. Half year, ... ah& d t z = 6 months.
Chain lock, ... shanghli. traag barish=i year,
Curtain, ... pbrda. bagai bnrish. A.
A BOY, ... Gdi A. tzarikhs Gh. Three mouths, ... tshC matz. Gb.
Folding doom, ... dar6shto A. dar6lsho Gh. tsh6 man. A.
Roof, ... shardnn A, tieb Gh. Month, . . . matz Gh. mos A.
Garden, ... sI16n. Day, ... d6s Gh. diia A.
Stable, ... ashpali G. ashpiil. Week, ... eht d6s=~evea day#.

,, For cattle, ... gnJhI G. gnnyil. Spring ... baecino,

,, For sheop, .. . L6, Summer, ... wilo.
,, F o r poultry, ... karkimushe dukhr. Gh. Autumn, ... shar6.

Wntcnnill and Wheelmill,

kok6i marb. A.
g.ii (8.)narro nidah.
Winter, ... ycino.
Montha are divided accord-
ing to leasons, viz : the first
I
Grindstone, ... nj6rbntt. Uh. month of winter: the se-
cond month ol summer &c.
nidjo hatt. A. There are, l~owever, used
by Chilnsis, the following
Iron peg,
Rclrolving iron, ,
... sitah Gh. titn. Ast.
... sungiri.
names for months :
Marc11 7 / ninb=rooting out needs=
1 t l ~ omonth for preparing
the lcld.
ADD TO T E R M S O F WAR, kc.
Ilullet bag, ... I tumak6p k i l c . Oh. ' April ? ... tshBy-bal6 = womcn and
children=the month for
Powder flask, ... \vasah. women and children.

(if mndc of horn) ... mndjbk G. shingcii. Alny ? .. . rnand=mouth of rejoicing.

(Dngs, flasks generally,) ... mnndjis [Aat6ri.] Juno ? ... ; dudy6=month of mill;.
I
Iron and fliut, . . . tshamik. August, ... ! latsl~ci=bottest month.

Tinder, ... klp. September, ... banyd ="sowing

I, Banyo with month
Chilisig
Flintstone, ... t ~ h a m h kbntt U. diu A. and Ghilgitis is tho month
of gathering in the harvest ;
...

1
BOW, d6116. wlth Astoris it is the name
for the first moutll la
Arrow, ... kbn. s [)ring.

Quivcr, ... pilli. Oatobcr, .. . nasaly6 (?)'

Sli~~g,
Ship,
Boat,
.. .

...
...
urdd A. till batt GI).
niio.
November,
December, I,
... shog6tt?ri6=month
?
R O ~ ~dogoter.
S;
of Are-
is a festival.
tshuni ndo.
TIHE. VIDECBAPTERon Tinre a d Daya o j the VeeG Jnnnary' ... ?
itr the e f k n o ~ ~ a p h i cportion.
al
Fobrnwy, ... ?
Ccutury, ... I ehnl barish.
 ( 6 1
SEINA VOCABULARY .-( Cowtiwued.)

ENGLISH. SHf NA. ENaLISH. SHINA.

Old mcn alono are suppoe- Young man, ... tshakur.

ed t o have the secret of
months nnd fiea3ons. HOW.
ever, the fullo\\.ing nnmcs
,, woman, ... tshakur t ~ b ; ~ .
appear t o be gonerally Old man, ... djCo.
known by Astoris.
,, woman, ... djari.
March ... ZL;S- baz6uo. ?
PuberLy (a man,) ... Djiwaniete if;ilo=reacfied his
s n o w melting month, ... bineghu m8s. yovtli.
(For P svoman,) ... dimm kurao bi16=bodtl has
Sowing month, ... bang6 mbs. become i~npare.
Life, ... Umr. jil{jingi (long life 9 )
Weeding month, ... nin6 mas. jigi. Gh.
M > day
~ month, ... many6 m8s (the month of Death, ... miren.
milk.)
Sickness, ... r8k.
Trouble month, ... bard6 m8s. (since i t is s d d
... sbilAne, ghaliz.
that " seven days ill i t are Sick.
very hot.") I auppone this
montlr is August. Health, ... mishto rnl16t ; nb regi.
Reaping month, ... shar6 m8s. nirnl5g (Qhilgiti.)
Sheep slaughter month* ... ,
I
dawakid mas ; so named Family,
from the day on which
... d j e m l t ; g6ro batzi.
sheep are killed t o provide (The latter is Astciri=family
/ dried meat for winter use. of the house,)
/ The (3 hilghitis call thia dny
I
(month) 7 " n8a." Tribe, ... qim. Gh. t h e . A.

' I heve refelred t o this fen- Strangers, ... 1Sge.

tival in the " Historical
Legend " of Ghilghit. Relation% ... jiru ; kill.

I f e a t month, ... Tomolg b mhs ; Fellow villagere, ... knll knycitah.

" nash6 m6s" is the month in Brotherhood, ... uskiini.

w l ~ i c ltnkes
~ place Shiriba-
datt's feast. Vide " Qbil- Friend, ... shugG10 ; s6mo.
gllit Legend."
Acqunintallce, ... sudj8no.
The coldest month is called,.. tsbamy6 m3s.
Paronts, ... r n i r n i l ~ = , ~ J . !Ls
Women sing in tho month of 1150mas (ncn mouth)
Qeschwistcr=brother and
T E R X S OF B E L A T I O N S I I I P .
sister, ... ) jhsa, a h . jbw.

H&n, ... I maniljo. JIoternal Aunt and nephew. mol-sazlio. An.

Male, ... mushd. mol-sds. Oh.

Women, . .. tsl16y. Paternal aunt and nephew, pipi-jdu.

Now born child, ... ~11udir. P. Aunt and nioce. ... pipi-jrii.

G id,
BOY,
... mulii.
.. . bB1 A. shdo GI].
Psternal mother and
graudson. ... 1 dadign-p6tsI10.

Virgin [the girl that weam Do. no. grand dnugh-

t h e t i l ~ i t ecap.] ... she kGi mulai. tor, ... ] dad;ga-p;tshi.

Paternal father & gmndaon, dlido.phtsho.

BacbeIor,=the boy that ha
p14t ~ i obrrrba~r(l) orb, ... paub6 ne dito b81. Maternal fatl~er, ,, ,, ... Do. 110.

These terms are not alnay8 literal transletions of thc Astomi names, hut refcr t o wbntevcr circulnstnnc.:'
is most ~ t r i k i n gin connoxion with any particular month.
 ( 7 1
BHINA VOCABULARY.-(Cmttiltlced.)

ENGLISH. SHINA. ENGLISH. SHINA.

FAT~ER, ... bib0 ; mhlo. AUNT[ M o t I ~ e r '~ister,]

~ ...
Stepfather, ... pstino milo=later father. (If oldcr than mother,) bnri mi.
hurrmblo (Astdri.) (If younger,) ... shui mi (Gh.)
bshuni m i (Astori.)
Graudfathcr,
MOTHER,
... dido.
... ije.
,, l l c r aon, * .., 1 bari-mii-puts11
shhi-mil- putah, Gh'
Stepmother, ... patini m i Gh. tshuni-maleyn-potsh (Ant.)
hurr mh, A.
,, IIer daughter, ... bari-mi dih.
Grnndmother, ... Jodi. ehui-may dih. Oh'
tsbuni-maleyn dih.
]
Brother, ... jS.
Paternal grand unule (if older
Uteriue brother, ... mCek-jL. tbau the grandfather) ...
biro dhdo.
Paternal brother ... dlo-ek-ji. If younger than the grand-
father, ... ehho dido
Sister, ... sin, khki.
,, His wife, ... b6ro dadi
Utorine aistcr, ... mi-ek-sin.
,, His son, ... bar6 mblo
Paternal sister, ... miilo-ek-slo.
,, His danghbr, ... h h i m i
U a c ~ rFatbar's
, brother (if
older than father,) ... barb-milo.

(If gounger,) ...

=great father.
=&A malo. Gh.
Paternal grand aunt,
Maternal ,, uncle, ...
...

I
dndi
dado 1
,,

,, His son, ...

=tshhno milo. A.
His wifc is called, ... =bari mri=great mother.
shui m i &c., little mother.
pit6116 jb
,,
19

,,
Sot?,
His
,, aunt, ...
SOU &c., &C.,...

Her son &c., kc., ..

...
1
,.
bdro mslo [a3 heforel
as before.
pictsh.
l3
I

,, His daughter, ... pitshi-i-sSs.

Daughter, ... dih.
(mothor's brother.)
UXCI~E mbl ; mimu.
Son's w i l y ... ni~sh.
,, H i s wife, ... papi ; pipi.
Daughter's husband, ... djematshd.
,, Hin son, ... molii peprii-ji.
Grandson, ... p6tsho.
,, His dnuglt,er. ... ,, ,, sa.
,, daughter, ... pcitshi.
AUXT,Father's sister, ... papi Qh. pipi -4stciri
, son'e wife ... p6tsbi.
,, IIcr husband, ... rnirno.
,, daughter's husboud, pdtsho.
,, Her son, ... molhi-pipiii-jl.
Step son, ... pAtsh [as son.]
,, IIer dal~ghtcr, ... :,
[Nephews, Nicccs, Cousi~~s,
11 I> I, ,I I, 9u3.
,, (laughter, ... dill [PS da~lghter.1
ac., kc., are ordinnrily Nephew, ... jh-pfitnb. Ashiri.
called sons, daughters, jawby pictsh Gbilghili.
brotherfi, simters respec-
tively.] Niece, ... jan8y 2ih.
(Cousins do not i n t e r m n n j Ncphea's wife, ... ,, nilsh.
although nome Nuwabs
hove bccn known to do
80.)
Niece's husband, ... ,, djematshci.
 ( 8 )
SHINA VOCABULARY.-( Corttirzued.)

IInsnm~,
ENGLISH.

...
I SHINA.

barPo Gh. barrSyo.

ENGLISH.

An Apbrodisiacum, [a stone
got a t Cturaiz,] ... gnriiz ting.
SHINA.

Wife, ... grbn.

T a a n ~ sAND P~OFESBIONS.
Wife's brother, ... sheyri.
Priest, .., Imam or molli lor Sunnil.
Husband's brother, ... djot6, ~ b Ynt6,
.
Akhond lor Shins.
,, siater, .. cljoti G. pati.
Pupil, ... talibini.
Wife's sister, ... djoti Q. yati.
Sportsman, ... dari.
Wilo'a brcther'r son, ... safi Qh.
snziio. A.
(Game,) .., darh tz.
Goldwasher, ... marGtz.
,, ,, dnughtor, a m ,,
Tailor, ... sibtaho Gh. aitzi.
Husband's , aon, ... djotd.ipitsb.
Shoemaker, ... shot& [in Nagyr.]
has band'^ brotlrar's daugliter, djotoi dih,
Iin Chilas musicians being a
Rusband'a sister's son, ... ja&o. low caste make shoea.
Watul, R Gipsy tribe, soma
Husband's s i s W s daughter, jafii. Shins have hoard to beshoe.
makcrs.
Wife'a aister'a son, ... djotiin puksh.
Carpenter, .. ,

Wiro's sister's daughter, ... djotan dih.

Ironsmith, ...
l17ire's Mother, ... shish.
Peasant, ..,
,, Father, ... sllsyir.
blerchnnt, ...
Husband's Mother, ... shbh.
Portera [coolies,J ...
,, Father. ... shayir.
Horsestealer, ...
Bnrur:onooar, ... hilnleb.
Horsedriver, ...
Bride, ... hilkl.

II]
Robber, ... tahudto (spy)
Widower, ... kngiino.
Murderer, ...
kagGni, (Aatbri.)
Widow, ... Ploughman, ddno bapdki mushri. B.
bdnu they n ~ a ~ ~ Bat.
fjo
gyGs (Ghilgiti).

BrtroLhal, ... I birlli G11. eui.1. A. Brickbakor. ...

I

Mnrringe, ... @IT Qh. kish. A. Tinsmith, .. . zergin..

Wc(1ding day. ... gar; dcB.a h . I;ajCyn die, A. Gold and Silvtramith, ... sunyhrr.

Preps~lcy. ... aguri Gh. sapily. Ant. Barber, .., tekirr.

Delivery, ... sapby GL.tsbLli-tshhy. A. Butcher, puzi [at Ad1jr.1

Weaver, buy6tsho. Q. tallaji.

Faster son, ... unilo pntsh.
,, Daughter, . .. unili dih. Shepherd, payilo.

Cowherd, g a ~ itehbro
i (311. g o t ~ b i r o
, Edher. .. . unilo milo.
,, ' Mother, ... unili mh. \Vaeherman, I dobli [at Ul~ilgit.]

Nme, ... unili. Groom,

 ( 9 )
SHINA VOCABULARY-(Continued.)

ENGLISH. SHINA. ENQLISII. SHINA.

TERMS R E L A T I N G T O T H E BODY. Ears, ... k o n e

Ifembers of the body, ... dimby banni. Hearing, ... pamjdno, Do.
Cheeks, ... harum&.
Skeleton, ... bti ; shanglli.
Chin, ... tshbmm Gh. mustiti.
Skin, ... tsh6m.
Dimple, ... koshblo.
Perspiration, ... hi~luk.A. G-iram G.
Nose, ... nbto G. n6to.
Bones, ... Mi.
Nostrils, ... nata j61i
Marrow, ... mbyo ; mio.
Odour, ... g6nn.
Flesh, ... matz.
Smell, ... gonn hare6ki Gh.
Fat, ... mi.
(For n, sportsman), ... shin thoki. Gh.
Blood, ... 161,
... gonn shCn theano A.
Veine [Muscles] ? ... nle.
Sneezing, ... tshinge A. ji Q.
Head, ... shish.
Upper lip, ... ajino 6to.
The occiput, ... gonn GII. tshhnghat.
harini oti (so called be.
Bruin, ... m i t o G-, moto. A.
Nether lip, .. { cause female.)

Crown of head, ... piipul. Month, ... Ize A. & Oh.

Sinciput, ... shiah6y tllo. Taste, ... iep4, Do.

Hair, ... d j a k h r G , jaknb, Licking, ... like6no-Bki, Do.

Hair of s woman, ... [in Antori] jbku. Sucking, ... tahusb6no-oki, Vide Verbe.

Curls, ... tshamdye. G. tshami~te. Beard, ... d6i.

Tresses, Plaits, ... b6no G. lnskir6. Aat. Moustaclw, ... pbnye G. pbnge.

Trees-bands, ... tshikerbss. Teeth, ... ddni.

Forehead, ... nilno. Molar teeth. ... knll dbnn.

Face, ... mbkk. Front teeth, ... mntshini d6ni.

Temples, ... atshi-barb. Tongue, ... djipp.

Eyes, ... atsbi. Jaw, ... $ye ale. CS. h e thlo.
Eyebrows, ... atsh kdt. Throat, ... sh6to.
Eyelids, ... atsh pbti. Neck, ... shakk.
Eyeln~hee, ... ateh qami. Uvule, ... dado.

Pupil, ... nanni. Shonldor, ... mitio. A, piIo Gb.

Tears, . .. bneho A. rrahe. Shoulder blade, ... piho A. h i t t a p Q.
(Of n momnn) ... hahe. Tho Back, ... ditko.
Sigl~t, ... tshoke6no A. Vide Vcrhrr.+ Spine, ... dlkoo knrr.
.
-
...
--
shlko.
" Ono " and " oki " nro tbc tcrminntions of tho Infinitive Upper -8

in Astori an11GhilgLiti respeclivelg. Vide Verbs. Part I.

 ENGLISH. SHINA. ENOLISH. SHINA.

Elbow (olccranon) ... baqhni. Belly, ... dkr.

Fore arm, ... shipi, Stomach, ... tshuni cl81: A.
Wrist, ... guliltzo. Navel, ... tdnn.
Hand, ... Litt. Caul, ... tshdnu.
Touch, ... Latt jitk. A. G. The Side, ... gikk [giki (pl.) ]
Palm, ... hitte tio. The R'ibs, ... prbhi.
Fingerq .. . angdye. The Loins, . . . shui..
Nds, ... n6r. Penis, ... lonn.
Thumb, ... angiito. (of a boy,) ... tshii G. minni. 9.
Niddle finger, . .. mnjini angiry, Vagina, ... phdsho ; gito.
Littlo finger, ... kcti ,, (of n little girl,) ... pushi. A. Lashing. G.
The little fhigor ia an after- Sperm, ... hi ; shewitt (seed).
birt,li ass it wrrc. A n unex-
ected cliild, whoso mother Urine, ... mike.
fa8 lclt oty bcnring,is called
in Aatori " K6to" and in the Urinary bladdcr, .. . tdmpush Cf. mutshdtabo.
Ghilgiti dialect " nimilo."
Tliere appear to be no Podex, ... pongsci G. sang6 A.
namee lor tho forctinger
and the fourth finger. Anus, ... tshor6k.

Excremcnta, .. . tsbiko.
Joint, I<itz.

I
Thigh pit,
Breast, titiro.
Armpit,
Breasts, ... tshhtjhe G. m6me.
Scrotum, ...
Heart, ... 11io.
The Testicles, ...
Lunge, ... biiah.
The Thighs, ...
Wind pipe, ... Liurislio G. gandcri.
Knee, ...
Liver, ... yilol Cf. yir A.
Kneepit (tho popliteal
Xidneya, .. . juki. space,) ... kie.

.. . I,ish, h h h . a h , shL; hish. A

Breath [thougl~tfi~l~~ens,] Ankle, pine.

Sigh, ... sLh A. IICNL. I Front leg l a n e shin, ... d6ni.

Coughing, ... kdzi A. kit 011 Ankle bone [end of ahin bonc] gi10. PI. s i c ,

Hiccougb, .. . hikkclze -4. hililtc G. Zlecl, ... prbni GI). tiirri Asthri.

Splcen 2 -.. shidn. Feet, .. . p i PI, pii.

GallblaJJer, ... pitt. Sole, ... narpilo.

Toee, ... pb a ~ ~ g i l j e .
Small Iniestines,
Largo Inteatinu@,
-.. 1 gitP G. ellie 6je.
.. ) njnlb. Instep, ,.. pai tbll. Gh.

tsbitti O . Gji. pio mubk. Aat.

 ( 11
SHINA VOCABULARY.-( Cofatiszced.)

ENGLISH. . SHINA. ENGLISII.

1 I

MENTAL AND MORAL QUALITIES kc., &c. Fear, I

. bigat+
Affability, ... khbsh miaaj ; shiringo. Friendship, I
. eom6y ; t n t g (warmth).
Anger, ... rash. Forgetfulness, ... I amushdno, A. nmush6ki G.
Astonishmeut, ... tshatylr A. HayrLn Gh. Gratitude, ... shiarhy GC. shnarCy A.
s h n y ~ dashthmus,
r (I know
Aversion, ... tshbng G, i g g A. pity.)

Boastfu1,t

Boastfulneer,t

Cheating,
...
..'

...
1 puh-30. GI].
tik6shor. A.
pukdy. Gh.
tikoshorhy. A.
dagi?y ; dagblo.
Honour,
Humility,
... I izzit.
... manlikhrr (does not boast
about himself.)
Imagination, ... khayd = [there must, of
Crime, ... jb (3 course, be an indigenous
word which, however, I oan-
Courage, ... hielot not find.]

Cowardice, , , / I
hitslitshfiuo, bijitur (adject.) Intention. ... ( alkbnn.

Chastity, .. . silo G. sil A. Invitation,

Character, ... hell A , ad&. Gb. (7) In6ult,
Curso, ... shdde ; Bnat. Ingratitude, tshaon6y. (I.atshemby. A.
" shile kataharo " = he hns
Desire,+ ... manlto. made a hundred bad re-
turns for kindness.
Dream, ... sintshe. Q. shtslre. Btsh61nu,
khatshnrl'y.
J)onbt, ... koucl.jd PI. lcondj8.
Impiety,
Despnir, ... hhvhe ; shbnte.
Impatience, ley-timeyhr.
Dispute or Rivalry, ... nang.
Idleness, agurdy,
Diligence, ... daniijhr.
shnrilr.
JOY,
Drunlrenness, ... matshlr a h , diwanl'y,
Jealousy, Itondjlj6 =doubt.
Delivery from prison, . . . phEt. dt,shi tshunl'y = making
eyes small.
Deceit, ... pherdy, duslit [Ohilghiti.]
Error, .,, tisa. Justice, ... astdm

Envy, ... dushti. Just, ... astomgiri,

Eucrny, ... galim ; dushman. ICnowlcdge, ... dashtoki. G. dasht,hk.
E~eln~nai,io~~, . . . h6. Rindnesn, ... tap6y a . tnpomnlPy, ,I.
Entreaty, ... bcyhtt ; ferilid. La~~gliter, ... hoj6lii ; hajdue.
l*irlcliby, ... ikhlis (?) I caunnL remem- Love, ... s l h l G-. shi~q,
bcr now the indigenous
word ; it will probably be Liberality, ... ahi8lo ; sbielfy.
rounrl elscwhcrc.
. Lie, ... kl1nlt6,
t T l ~ oanl~slnnlirnl tcrn~inntio~lof this class of words i:
~ r ~ ~ r r n"l Clyy nnd llic ru1,irrtivnl " o." TVllcrrrrr, howcvcr Mrmory,
"
hioj GI]. bije A.
J ~ R V Cnot nrtnnlly hcnrd Llle subslnnlivo I hnro put tlir acljcc.
livnl forn~nud I ~ I Isersn.
I want,'
C ~
Ilrducsr, ... yatshnlito.
.. . I mat awije. 11 il n1e fnut.
 ( 12 1
SHINA VOCABULARY.-(Cotzthued.)

Nodesty,
ENGLISH.

...
I SHINA.

miik loilo, (the face has be- Sleep,

come red) means probab-
ENGLISH.

... nir G. nlsh.

SHINA.

ly also " to be happy." Suspicion, ... gum4n.

Modest shame, ... Ihsh. Surprize, ... &I; tirr.

Miserliness, ... katah6lo ; katsheley Ct. Sorrow, ... arm6n.

d6sht0, dushtby. A.
Shame, ... sherm ; l h h .
Miedemeanour, ... tiis,
Shamelessness, ... nilPo.
Negligence, ... tararhy.
Thought, ... phPm.
Opinion, ... r6y, gnm8n.
Treachery, ... pergbattey (?)
[what is your opinion ? ... tus y6k dnshtann?]
Tranquillity, ... rabit ; sutti, a h .
Offspriug, ... djat.
siikk, A.
Order, ... hukm.
Thanks ! ... ji
Patience, ... timeyir.
Trouble, ... darnijarhy,
Pity, ... shiir a.ehuy6r: A,
Truth, ... sutshhy,
Pride, ... mastekbrr [ndj G.]
mastekor6y [noun G.] Unjust, ... bey-isbf,
taratshin [adj 8.1
taratshandy [N. A.] Ungrateful, ... tsha6no. G.

Politcncss, ... shiringky, kbotsbhr. A

Piety, . .. rujb. A. Victim, ... apatsharbn,

Question, ... kb6jen. Will, ... 11611..

Quickno8s, ... lokdy, The Ghilghitis use " adekt"

= custom for "mill" and
Reason, ... nql. 1:bo~h"= plensure also
for " Intention," e. g., it
soul, ... djill. my pleasure to, ,., mey kbbsb hli."

Stupidily,' ... b6y-phim. Wit, ... maskarfi.

A stupid fellow 1s called " ~tsl"=beer " C;adayolo"=nss

" tararo"=sensclcas. p- +-
 ( 13 1
SHINA VOCABULARY.-(Continued.

ENGLISH. SHINA. ENGLISH. SHINA.

Indisposition, ... spi rogcito.

gushill G. bishinhllo. A.
Apoplex~,
denlyzek tshotie bil Illness, . / shilinu,

... 1
Brain fever, . I shishl rbli A.
I
Indigestion
. I
ishkarke G h ishkir.

... I
Jaundice, halijo:= ycllow colour.
.. I
Cough, kh Gh. kilzi. A.
. I
Leprosy, P n n Lhsh A.
Catarrh,
I
ti up pub^ Gh. tzumus6n.
I Measles, . I mirh6rco r3k. A.
'Colic .. liarit. I Scarlet fever, ? ... lbleo rbk ( "big pustulea
come out in this disease.")
I n t h e first diseme they
Consumption, ... 1 bnhssir r6k,
I
say that " when the head
gets black the patient re.
covers. I n t h e second the
C0ll1,
phiniLro Gh.
I body gets perfect1y black
after death. The patient
only recovers when the
Disease,
Dirrrhcca, ... ( darr6 r3k. A. shaunte. ~ h . Nausea,
1
I pustules come out."
... ( k i i rnrlik. 8.
Neuralgic toothache, ... lashkarici rok. The romeby
'' Ins7tkareo dmm," for i t ie
Dislocation,

Eructation, . I
pharbtt. Ast.
karitt, Gh.
uniki.
I a sympathetic one, and oon-
, sists in reading magic for-
mulae and touching tho
cheek with a fir twig
... 1
c ~ l l e d 16y."
'~
Fainting,
... I
tararilo A. shr. G.
I Ophthalmia, ...
Fit, tattir.
I I
Fever,
I Pain, . jik,
. I
H o t fever,
(
t l t i shal.
I katshi pushi=bad pimple.
bhri pushi=big pimple.
Cold fever,
The common fevcr prevails
... shidnli ~11alG. t s h a v b ~ h a l
I Recovery from fainting, ...
kini puahi=hlack pimple.
I sarpanflo.
in Ghilghit ; Gastric coln
plaints prevail nt Astor, a? Rheumatism, Gout, ? gnshC Gh. limrn, A.
d s o Typhus, and Broil A s l i ~ l touch
~t of Gout
fcvor. is c a l l ~ d mnliuL.
: (Reme-
dy " n bear's Sreane and
Fracturn, skin.")
Scnb, .., 1 kio. Gh. k?ih. A.
Giddiness,

... ( dumd G h . ~urljnk.

I S m d l pol, ... p11uneri.y rbk; ph6y0 r 6 k
Oonorrhoca
Hiccough, ... ( hilrlrita6.
II Inocnlntion [hod$] from
tho discneo itself is prac-
tisrd a n d seems t o bo cf-
fectivc. I t is donc wit11 n
Headache, ... shish s h i l a n ~ (is
~ a collec- pin nnd genc~allybetmccn
tive nnmo) ltnrr = tickl tho hnnd and the wrist.
i l ~ gpaill in tllc hend.
FIonrseuens, . ( nntnly6
N O I ~ R h0
mqji ibr=naral
TIIR~PB.
Svelling, .. . bntshnob. Gh.
shotto A.
Collr, cq~ris~alenl
lo " SPI " Syphilis, .., palrnyi G , pl~trdngier5k.
Jt- jcrntbo rbk.
 SHINA VOCABULARY.-( Contifzuecl.)

ENGLISH. SHINA.
I ENGLISH.
i SHINA.

Secondaries,
Trembling,
...
...
i dumi.
darrdirr. Purgative, ...
I
Division of moustaclie, ... issilb.

phbten Gh, pbbto.

Toothache ... don11 sbil6nu. Shaving, ... d,jakhrr Q. jiku.
Ulcer,
I
... rugrassa rak.
parzakm. G.
Inoculation, ... i hudd

BAHBER'S INSTRUMENTS.

Blind,
ZNFIRMITIES, &a,, &c.
... I
1

shio.
Instrument for bleeding,

Bazor,
...
...
I tzirrddni.

tzerio Gh. bazir6y. AS.

Deaf, 1 khto.
I
..,
Scissors, ... ,, katshi Gh. duglrr.
Dumb,
Dwarf,
...
.
...
/ tshita
J muzelo, Gh.
Hair-picli,
* (only mad Looking-glass,
of flesh)" kelebk (Astori.)
...
...
-
Ctsho.
Gnu. Gh. aiui.

Giant, ... I tshil gizz=forty yard.. TERMS RELATING TO HABITATION &c., kc.
Hunch-back, ...( kunyiro. Gh. Assembly place, ... bidk Gh. galli.

Lame, . .( khurro, Apartment, divieion ? ... sameri G. bag6 8 . )

Squinting, ... 1 tcro. Blind Jley, . . . dbrro.

Bed, ... khitt.

Broom, . .. Iashi.
Paralytic, ... 1 1510. Bellows, ... I pnj6n.
If cornplotsly paralyzed, ... taro. a h . Baths (were unknown till
tahanguttilo. Ast. lately) nre sheltered con-
strnctions undcr water-
A cripple is called ' I IBngo," I falls ; in fact are mere
hamhm.
by those Shins who have sheltelcd douche-baths.
seen one in lcashmir but
they say that there are City, .,, shebr.
none in tbcir own conntry, ekpashb=one-sided.
Canal, ... Y ~ P P .
REMEDIES Bc.
t d r dardki O-h.
Bleeding, bazirL dc8no. A.
Bloodcupping, Cradle (was an unknown 1
cornmoditp till Iatclp,) ... shudir lano
Cupping, ... 3arr Gh.
Doors,
e

L.
0 .
I
(SB~TC,
Potion,
IiIedicine to inhnle,
...
...
...
paledno cljcbliti.
piJno
dnho
,lo
do.
Fort,
Fireplace,
.,.

1
.,. atsl~ik.
k6t.

[In Astor there is ono for

3Isdicinc t o cat, ... kh611o [lo.
l~scconlin the middle of tha
... tehiireono do. ruom.] ...
.. dCrc,yn do. aales, , dnr6tsho (fh. dardabto.
 ( 15
SEIINA VOCABULARY.-(Continzcecl.)

ENGLISH. 9HINA. ENGLISH. SHINA.

Grass tent, ... dukkrr G. shbr. A. TERMS RELATING T O MEALS &c., kc.
Grain-cellar, ... liameli G, dis A. Guest, ... eolilri.
House, ... gat. Host, ... bodiiri.
Kitchen, ... hnsirri k i n n Thin cakes steeped in Ghee,
like chupatees=clarified g6li in Ghilgiti ; giziri i n
pitsh Gh. shiin teliitsh, butter, Astori.
Ladder,
{ tsbitsh Gh.
*Breakfitst, ... pagdnn A. woipilli 06.
Light, ... tshal6.
Mid-day meal, ... lotshiki tikki.
,, shilini Gh.
Luncheon, ... dazhki tikki.
Pavcment [only so far as
atones are placed where
there are no roads,] ...
Poultry-yard, ..,
1 pitsh Ch. p b h A = steps.

kokey mar6 (A,)

Eveniug meal,
SOUP,
...
..,
djhli.
baldki tikki.

karklmushi dukGr. (Gh.) Dried meat in ghee, ... dj4jen.

Reception house, ... dewann bani.
Sour dougb, ...
kist& Gb. toltdpe A.
Raised platform for sleeping, s!~i.n.
Appetite, ... shapiji.
Square, Courtgard, ... 11arG ; ang8n.
MCl is a kind of sweet but.
Street, ... zurling G. urrling A. ter cake called in Astori
"Bai" whicbis made by tht
Sewer ? ... dnri. dough boing stirred ~vitl,
a ladle callod " mulal6o '
Spring, ... U~Z. in Ghilgiti and " kn-
letshi " in Astori and rc-
Store-room [literally : cup- ceiving afterwards butter
board,] ... dnng6. kut6. and honcy=matshi.
Stablc, .., asl~paliG. nshpeill.
Kandd in Astori and Dishritr
Rhecp-pen, ... b6. in Ghilghiti is a preparation
mnde of the juice of grapes,
Steps ; staircase, ... pats11 Gh. timbi. of apples or of mulberries
boiled down to a jam xvliicl~
Tower, . .. sliikir. oheu takes the placo of
honey.
Trcnsury-cellar [generally
excavated in the mountains,] 1 bilWsh'
Az$rc in Astor and Shirik in
Ghilgit is made with salt
Upper story, ... balti (for summer use.) and " hiydo or ha$iu,"
a k i d of epice " maseala,"
being put into the flour
Verandab, ... mukein G. rahlll. whicli is plnced into a
kettle for s day or two
Vill;~ge, ... r i m , kdy Gh. grbn~.A. till i t becomes R kind
of Icaven. Sometimes sugar,
Watcr jug (gbarri), ... tblco G. t6ki. honey or jam is placed
intw it. Then a dough is
[made in Ghilghit ot mkadus l u d o wbich is knended into
=pumpkins.] diffcrent shapes, dipped into
'
egg yoke and thrown into
Walls, ... d6ss Gh. gying (Aat.) buttor.
Window, ... darri Gh.
Well, ... pillko.
* Court,iera= ishp8nn, c s t what i s left in the dish of the Raja
Wine-cellar: . .. &n 011. or Chief. A m o d enten by tho nnjah very enrly in t h e morning is
anlled " Hnsai " Oh.
Wood, ,.. djbk.
 ( 16 1
SHINA VOCABULARY.(Colitinued.)

ENGLISH. SHINA. ENGLISH. SHINA.

Tn~tduriis made with milk, Shell of the aprioot, shingbr G.

flour, " IiayBu" and salt ; is
then left standing till i t sbangtir A.
becou~esa l e ~ v e n; is then
hakrd between two iron Apricots are a staple
plates which are her. produce of little Tibet and of
mcticnlly closed and over adjoining countries.
aud under which flre is
plnced. Birch ? Djanji (the white bark of
which is used for paper)
D i r p m (barley
cakes) are nude which inKnslimlri iscalled
of whito " J6u" which is "Burus ltul1° lit: B ~ ~ ~
1'Ut into water for several the book ; k611=pInnt, . . .
days. then takeu out and
ground, when i t is mixed Blackberries . ., ishkinn : s small berry out
with Ohec,nfter being baked which I made a pnlatenbn
in a pau. in t h e shape of 9 V N p . Another kind which
cake. It is of a sweetish israther more plentiful is
tastc. called '' shingai."
Ttinkd is a kind of syrup
m a d e from barley water
Cherries, .... ah6goni.
which is mixed with the oil Cbunnr, Plnne tree ... bhtsh.
cxtractecl from bitter al-
luonds (or kernels or npri- D a t e ? (which I never saw gunsr--found a t Ghilghit
cots) and then boiled till a t either Ghilghit o r and Skardo ; said to be good
t h e liquid evaporntes. It i~ Skardo). for coughs ; nb Ast6r =
eaten wibh bread. shnj6n PI. ehujun6, like
the " tshodre" of the
Butter, ... msski A. G. Punjab and Cabul ; has
flowerg. taste nnd a longish
Elilk, ... dm. etone. There are said to be
no date trees in Chilas.
Crenm, ... dudhy shamil.
Deodar, .
Sour milk, ... mbto dutt.
Fir tree, .. kntshill.
Gnboiled milk, ... hanho dhtt,
Mulberry tree and fruit, . .. marbtsh PI. marotsne.
Cl~eesr, ... hamitsh Oh. : Cinbsh A.
N u t tree, ... atsb6y.

- Nut, ,.. atsbri a h . atshkdli.

Appletree,
TREES. Ac.. R-C.

.. . paliii A. pnlS Gh.

,, Green sheli,

,, Dry shell,
.,.

.,.
Itshntshil Oh. tshnntshill. A
(clothes are dyed with i t
black.)
knkii A. derrlrnk:ii Glr.

Apple, ... paIS C.11dl;. A. Opium, ... afifim.

Apricot tree, ... djili G. Jji. Ponr tree, . .. phisho.

Raw apricob. ... diartite a. jor~itbA. Pear, .., phinho A. ph6aho GI). PI.
phislie A. phesha. Gh.
Ripe apricot. ... djurh Cf. jorc;to A . tuli.nh, (djaledz, Pnnjnhi.)
Pinc tree,
IIry apricot, ... patbr G. p'inthr A Edible pinc, ] gnnili O h yoji.

jicrncl of an apricot, hani. Piue, ... tshi.

... tshl'kn;lr.

I
sweet, Kernels mdri h311iA, tali haul G. Plumtrcc cnll ...

Bitter Kernclo, .,. tshitti hani A . G . Pomogrnnnte tree, ... danfii A . Q.

 ( 17 1
SEIINA VOCABULARY.-(Contiatred.)

ENQLISH.
I SHINA.
I ENGLISH. SHINA.

Pomegranate, . 1 danh. A very etnall red flower ;

the plant is about 2
,,
I
Seed of Pomegranate danhc khllc. inches high ; it is very
fragrant and much prized
,,
,,
Sweet Pomegranate,
Sour ditto, ..
II m6ro danb.
t ~ l u r k edanui (PI,)
and continually alluded
t o in ao~tgs;
A red longish flower used
,,

Poplar,
Iii~shmirPoplar, Sufeidn,]
II
Shellof Pomegranate, dnn6 pntdr (is asrd to give
yellow dye.)

paltze Gh. paltzi PI.

~ r a t zA. pratei PI.
; for arcaths, . ..
A blue very fraqrant bigh
mountain flower, ...
I1
ylsammbi.rr.

maltl16ti.

M o a ~(fragrant,) ?,.. kune G . tsl~iki.

The wild Gg tree ; Phik P h h ~ ,called n h u i t of
(cnlled Ily that name in paradise by the Astoris
l<hgli6n and adjoining who say that " OIIC
regions.) T l ~ "c Anjir" of should e a l it witliout he-
plains or Phngwbri. sitation for it is the pro- I n the Astar mountains there
phet's food" IS n gnod- is a largc frngrant ellow
sizcd tree, \rzith big aud Ron.cr also called " %y6."
rouud leavi.s.
" RIi6" is also a moun-
dre in Astori and " Alu Ru- tain flower, the body of
li'lara" i n I'n~ijabi ; admi- which is yellow with red
nistered for headache. strcalrs.
Gul ISla
Tobacco, ...
Vine, ... ---
Cluster of grapes, . . . GRASSES ASD FODDER PLANTS.

Onc Gmpe, ... Green s t n n d i ~ ~grass,

g ... I djutt.
O n e gmin, ... Grass gc~rorally, ... kitsb.

threc or four grapca Turf, ... l ~ n ~ ~A.i r ph6uo

l Gb.
ou ouc stcm, rbto.
Little grass plot, ... djut5y tdri.
Gmpcs, ... s11uLo kirtsl~.
Hny, ...
Raisins,
ishpitl grows much at R o u ~ l u
\V~ld apricots, g ~ ~ l d a r(rrd
i ~ and yclloir ; and A s t a11d ~ is giveu to
Lllc former nro sour ) horscs whicl~it rattens.
liliso (n long straight grass.)
11nk6r bntsh=tllo " ditb "
grass given to horses in
the Panjab.
~slr~rydli=trrfoil(about l n ~ ~
incllrs 'niSll.) Is ~111po.svd to
irfiore cattlc very much,cs-
I\,IICII r:~tcnI I I tlie
I~cri:~llj-
1110r11ing !vitb t l ~ cclew on.
Yello!v roac. itroshkd, a poiso~~ousp l a ~ ~ t
\vhicl~ kills all animals
that eat it, e x c e p t i ~ ~ g
horses.
tshilirl knlsh = a grass that
Sl~ilig fl,>mcr (daacril~ed in A
~ h i ~ i g l>i~;ll~o
ai nro\\-s among wllent and i s
P i ~ r 111.
t TTul. I.) ... ~ I I ~ > ~ to
I I be
W ~rerg good
for cnttlc k c . 6 c .
Poppy flowcr ( r c ~ ) ...
Basil or miut? ...
 SHINA VOC,ABULARY.-I Costinued.

ENGLISH. SHINA. ENGLISII. SHINA.

GRAINS A N D PULSES. utshtni.

Rice, ... brik Cub of do., ..,

...
IVl~eat,
Barley, ...
gi~m.

Cnt. ... I 2; (are numeroul in Hun==.)

biishi.

I
y6.
Nnize, ... mnkni. Tom Cat, ... btsho.
Pulao, Dirl, ... mhng. Kitten, ... bdshey bukall.
Black dh1, ... bnl5i. sllhn [" n " nasal.]
Tsbfnn [a kiud of littlo sl1u6y kukilr,
millet,] .. . tshiug.
Elepl~ants nr camels are
Grnm [Tshrilo, iuI'a~~jabi,]... [not to be had.] not to be found ; the for-
mar are called hnslo ; the
Lentil, .,. 1 rninzur. latter Bth.
Pox,
C O N D I M E N T S AXD VEGETABLES. f. -,
Oont, t f c goat,
Salt,
Rod pepper.
She goat, ... ni.

Black pepper. Lindustrini mcirutnh. Collective name for

Vinegar, sirka. '' goat," cljotwllo.

knshii.
Kid
Onion,
Hare,
Garlic,
Horse, ... 1 ashp.
Pumpkin,
Saddle, ,,, I tileyn. O. palan. A.
Salad pnmpkin, wdnn. Bit, &pi. G. lnynm. A.
Nclon, Qirths, ... kask. G. kis. A.
Pugnr melon, Bridle, ,,, I parpit&. G. n i n y i . A,

Ilnltcr,
... Ibuir.
Water melon, I
Bnck girths, ,,, I potshi, parpitt G. ehht. A.
- Whip, ... ( turr. Q . tshnun.
Stirrups, ,,, kai. 0.pqgai.
ANL&IliLS.
Stable, ... nshpali. Gh.
Animal, ... balits. G, bring. A . sshpibl. A.
F e ~ a s l eof any animal, s5ntslii. Ma~iger,

1
AJE, ... djnkio, IIoreesboe, aahpi s k p e . (3. kbre. A.
Fonl of nn n*, ... (IjnkuuGy gbko. Mare, ... him.
Berrnsingh, Cerrua eltirhtds. Ilnngb1 (found iu Knshmir. Colt,
Bear, ... itsh. Filly,
 ( 19
SHINA VOCABULA1tY.-I Colzlinucd.)

ENGLISH. SIIINA. ENGLISH. SHINA.

BIRDS.
Hyena (black bnck and
white bclly.) (BigJr P), is Bird, ... tshayh.
seen single and in packs, sheiil.
Black eagle, ... kak8.
Ibex, Msrkhor, ... bhm.
Capon, ... khasti.
f. -, ... blim hi.
Chicken, ... karkamuehe djdto.
Leopard, ... dii
Cock, ... konlirbtsh.
Cub of do., ... di~6ring.
Crane (?) ... kbog.zrJ.
Lizard, ... dad&.
Crow, ... ki.

! there nrr said to be uoile

in Dnrdistan, tlioogh t l ~ rnUck'
" drin" is met with ncar
... blrush.

) Astor. Dove, . .. kunhli.

I~lonlrey, ... sheddi. Falcon, ... 6llk.v~["is said to be quick"]

There is also a bird smaller
Ox. ... dbno. tllnn, but like, tho falcon
called d j u ~ c i .
Cow, ... g6. Goose, .. LQnze.
rn. Calf, ,.. basl~dsho Hawk, ... baz y i s said tobe very wise"]
f. I, ... botz6ri. Hen, ... ImrkLmush.

Pig, ... Irhk (a name impoued on the lTnwi ( a kashmiri bird

animal by Chilisis when [s kind oI Larlc?] ... hsrri [none in the country.]
they SAW it latcly in other
eountrica-none iu ChilLs.) ? Lark ... cljorjd Gh. tbr Astori.
(" praises God,")
Rat, ... mi~jo. There arc no quails or" titter"
=blnckpnrtridgeor,"msinns."
mbji. A bird of the size of the
Sheep, Rnm, ... knrblo.
grcon parrot whose
call is something lilie
knsh " ; colour
Ewe, ... 6tsb.
" Iiash

either black or white, ... Keshhpp

knshipp,
Collective nanie for nslikiir.
Nigl~tingnle(found in Rash-
" sheep,'' .. . ijille. mir) cnllcd " bulbul" ; is
only known in songs,
Lnmb, ... urhnn. P1. urannl. rrliore alo~lealso ''t5taW=
Long slid thick tniled parrot, occu~.a.
~ h e e p [ Duuiba ill Pnrtridge, Tshnkdr, ... kiketz.
Panjnbi,] ... bakti.
Pencock, ... I6sh.
Wild sheep, ... urin.
Pigeon, ... ramai kunlli.
urin 6tsli.
Sparrows, ... harrntsl~$nG. doe$.
L s h b of do., ... urin aidnuak.
S~vallom, ... tsbitshilgi..
Stag, ...
1. Stag, .,.
Itill.
Tulture ? ... kuiru (black and wl~ite.)
liill ii.
[tliere are no turkeys i n Astor
[thore are no squirrels ill
- and Gl~ilghit.]

1
Astor nud Ghilghit.]
FISHES.

Wolf, k6 [of n bromnivll colour.]

Fish, . s h i u j No distinctire
Li t t l e Ash, ... Lshimdi, names.
 ENBLISH. SHINA. ENGLISH. SHINA.

INSECTS. P R E C I O U S STONES, ORNAMENTS, &c., &c.,

-- -
Silk worm, ... I tsl~lisheykiil. G. ? ... ( tingi. A. tumir. G.
.. )
I tshhahoo krii. A. Pearl, miik.

Spider,
Worm,
Scorpion (red,)
...
...
...
1 sbushily.
krii A. kiri. Gh.
matshbri, Q, biyiiri. A,
Ornaments,
Diamond [from hearsay,]
. .. harlrhnu G. barhn A.
" elrni~."

Ply, ... matshi. Earrings, ... gnshb a h . kbne mhjji A.

Nosqaito. ... Another ear ornamcnt, ... t,sLOle Q. djurnlrB. A.
Flea, .., pi,jo G. prije A, Conch shell [Slug,] ... tzntti. A. pl~iti. Gh.
litshE. Turquoise, ... pliraz.
Gnat, ... pitshh. Coral, [miiug,] ... Iijjum.

djub P1. Carnelian, ... hakilt.

Bee, ... ? I hnkika t i n s

Ring, ...
.,
WMP,
-.. -
mmbh.
, Bracelet, .

...
MINERAL , 6c., kc. Ivory,
FABRICS.
... Inttli,
Silver, Longcloth,
Cambric, . khnsa, ] importc~l frolo
tile South.
Copper,
Tin,
I Cotton, I
. , . kryls.
I ~ o l o u r e dcloth, ... I tslrapbnn Q. tshimbtt. A.
Iron,
Steel,
I Woollen cloth, ,,. 1 bhapur6Io.
i
I I Silk, I
... oihl~im(colonrcd.)
?

?
.
...
t d p p i tallii
I tzattS tshai.
Qh.
A.
IVLitc silk, . I t ~ l ~ i i (s l~~ I I1nnnurncLurc~1
nt C:l~ilgl~it.)
I ~

Soapatone,

Flint, ...
I
... bnli~ah b i t t .
1-01, I.
I tabnmlli bitt,
T X e Part 111.

Dcsert,
ADD TO TERhlY 1112LXTINC1 TO LAND.

Stouy land wit11 a slight

.. . dda.

Chalk, ... uinbitt, laser OF earth, ... lsaliir.

Bnsolt ? ... birtahu h i t t , Vnllry,, ... finvnllcy.)
(is tlla nnmc ofnverg small
s l ~ h n g=the valley
Crystal, ... allnll b i t t , of (fllilghit.

Lead, Eond, poiln ; s1111i ponn.

Quicksilver, purr bhtt ; h6rLct a h . l'litll, . . . t,sl~ill~i

ponn ; arilti ponn.
pru w a t t . A. (thc nler-
curial tron:ment for Forest, .. . ~ n i ~ h k a.
o . dj,ll, A.
. . . . .
nypl~iliai~ known.)
 Ptastilki aato, where ten Then romrs G U L A F E R ;
ENGLISH. SHINA. or twelve pleople dunce then 'I'FHER ; then GA-
behind tho bride jvlren K U T S H . From Gnkirtnh
she rcaches tlre bride- t l ~ oroad into TASSEN
Well wooded land ? ... ritng. A. shiti. A. groom's Irouse. This is a dsses thrc~uglr a n:~tur:~l.

Field, ... tsh6teh. A. Q. Plural= kity

custom observed a t Astor. 6 forrncd stonepate which
is called the 1 1 6 1 ~ ~ ~
Ba1.u" nalt is a dance on s ~ ; C I O = T I I ~ Hdper ceil.
A division of a field, ... mangmi Gh. tho festival, the NAOday, ing.
described clae~rlrcrc. 1,
Ditch, ... dcko. however, omitted to state
that both men nud women
Tbe Raja of Yd~scnlives
pither ~t the E'OI:T O F
Ncadow, ... djitt. dance; the Iromen iol.m- Y.4SSEN or nt that of
i n g a circle and danc- J'hatc6r, and ann~etimes;lt
Estate, ... tujing-[now " Jngbir."] ing ; the nlen dancing that of ~uudu"riIiGt ; ;,
inside the ring. In the stronghold where ahout
Fertile land, ... sondji hiti. first dance, men swiug
about aticks or any-
two yrars ago n victory
w:ls won I,y the hlal~araja
Sterile land, ... awidji kui. t l ~ i n gelae tlrat they mny
hold in their hands. A t
of Knshnr~r'stroops.

- Glrilghittl~eseconddance
is called " tapnila."
MUSHTDTSH (hlaztrck) is
the name of a villnge ab
wllicb there is a Iinjah,
TERMS TRbNSAC- The dance which principal- who is now i~ldependerlt
TIONS. ly consists in throwing n of the Yassen ruler.
mnutlerouudone'sarm is I t is on Lhe road t o
Paper = shokshok (Tibo-
called Qoji nit. BADAKHSHAN.
tun) also 1CLgbnz ; aldo
djukk=barkuB tree. Ink, In D u r e ~ there
l is a dance Between the country of
paper, pcns, pictures, &c., ,vbcru tho ,,layers wield nIu"tat*b and tlrat of
&., are either uolino\~u Ya~3'n there is said to bo
ervords. ~t is tailed the
or receive foreign nnlnes. ~ ~ ~but ~ l a mountain
k on which there
This is, of co lrsc, also the is a plain like the Dcomi
cuse with all the words itis inthecountrg
itself I do not 0"" which, as is known,
wl~ichhave been annot+ted ~ ~, ~ is~~the ~
t name l lies i on the rontl from
as" knownonly from Lcar-
way " " not known till given to it by ~ h i l ~ l ~ i t i , KasIlmir, over Guraiz, to
and Astoris. Sknrdo. ~ n ond it a f i e r ~ o
wrthin rccrr~ttimes, &c. wind is said continually to
&c."
- blow. l ' l ~ e1)eosni plain is
called h,v the Cbilusij
Money, ... [according t o unine OFcoins.]
NAMES OF RACE AND
BIEILTZE.
Receipt, ,. [tlre custon~is a foreign one.] COUNTRY. OHILG IIT'I'. The territory
of Gl~ilglritextcudr to SAI
Witness, ... datz O. R B ~ Y I I .A. [a third O U - ~ ~ I Tndus opposite t o
party to a y r o m i r 1. c e ~
ur;~jiuo.]
'2:
~ n ~ .,. kuJatsh,
C
B U N D J I . Sa'iis a cluater
of villaps slrich in-
Foreigners, nosh ; tunnitshe. cludcs :
Debt, ... iisl~.A. G. IIonre, ... kicy. Dumdt.
Debtor, ... uslrdni. A. 0. G FIILGHIT, . . . G 1LIl'T. T3llalterhdt.
Creditor, ... uslihnn, A. Q. YASIN, ... YASSEN. Sl~umrbt.
better, ... khatt, yash. N.1B1'11, ... N;\al&11. Dj:18Lt;

IIUNZA, ... H U N Z ~ I. t is on crossing the

W E I G H T S AND ME,\- A Msssali pcntherbag] I'IL~~ KILUL)A11 range that
of winr=lnri~rge. 'l'biu is QOR, ... GOR. orlo gots into Olrilghik
SURES. also usod to m;blic butter proper.
by str~lii~i::111e rr~nasak, puA\p,j, ... PUXFA. -
A Q l ~ i l ~ h i t i T d [a\vniSht]
la is wl~icllis tillod w~tlroue- GI1 I L B H I T PROPER.
wort11 ten lrrdi:~o4ul~ees. tlli1.d of \\'att.r ~ n dtwo Puny; wllic-h compriaeR 111 Lllnt tt-l.ritory, coming
Hall n tolr or taltir d ~ n i l i tllirds of milk, over tlbu tllc pullJii I<;tj:l'H ~ o r t s via BhIlrlji tba
=l'!Jlll' w ~ ' R ~ ~ I R5 =; ~ ~ J . ~ U C C Y= kclLt~. of'1'SHEIL. i:dhU'I'Stl, X:luddr, t11cl.o nre tirst
ck (lan&=ono graiu=H.j. -- (~UIAAI"I.:IC,is divided tho t w o v i l l ~ ~ ufillinirr
~ee
2:8=5 shillings. DANCES. I'I..IIII U [ ~ i l ~1)).l ~:L itract
~ wl~rrt. t l ~ cRIB two
There nre t w o lriuds of dnn- w l ~ i c lis~ cnlloil t)ll%!1- al~oie~rtfc~l.tr; then, ilr
ees : [Vido Chapter tin I , I 'v i I U t l ~ cl'olluwing order ibe
A bnahel, ... 1 1 I ~ c in I t 1 qIbrLi3 cI:~i~u ha[[. villngcs of :
\-,#I, I
 SIIINA VOCABULARY .-; Co~ttinued.

l'shnpt.6t a rntlrer big village the names of the other two. Gitshe,
(100 louscs.) Here the road leads to
S6rliyapp,=Queen'a rivulet. SI~AIUIO by Karmhng. Bo- IInrhr (near Tblpcnn as
Budhlcss is straight in FI line tweeu Dnyr~raud the Mak- above.)
Djuticil. 16th TsMlte ; there is n poll-i-Shang-ltoong is T ~ h u -
river, the wntcr of \vlrich is 1111ighe~,once a populous The following more com-
DOIILL~. very good, which flows district bnt now entirely pletc Liut wns given me
bntwcen Tshliltc nud Bu- derertcd. An elsewhere by my Cl&ila'edfollovcr :-
X411zcr. dbless ; the river is called quoted legend is connected
Cnralasty. nit11 it. Biiner,
THE FORT O F G HIL-
QH I T ; Bdrr on the left bank ; 'I'hc tolerably well-known Tilponn,
AS'I'OR couutry is dividecl
Then the now abandoned from the Gllilghit country br CHILAS (capital and fort,)
fort of: Sdt~ikGlnnd ~ l o r ~ g the Aator river a t the pas-
Then comes a mountain call- sage cnllcd by the Musaul. Tnkke,
t h e road : cd Buy& which separates nran Knshmiris " Sheitin
Ghilghit born the HuuzL narb ; " by Hindoos " Rinr Tzingel,
territory. The first village gbt "and by the Shiu peo-
NaJlr. of Hun26 in that direction ple " 13irro"=apond. The Babusbr,
is iUayirnn. violence of t h c torrent
Basin. tbcre is almost indescriba- Dat&rr,
Jylo'th is divided from Nag- hle ; b u t I eaw it when i t
l'n',dnair&, ( on tho Ghilghit y r territory by a mountain was exceptionally swollen Bnshi,
called Shdlter nod s hill by tho melting snows.
rivcr.)
called En'nWtsl~.Thencomes T l ~ c I ~ r d uiascnlled" Sinn" Dullye,
Sler61.
the first Nagyr village : either a corruption of Si~ld
Nie. or as " the riuer " par ex T h 4
cellence.
Between Dnyur and Hnra- Neyitt (Kashmiri rcfilgees
mush there are two rivu- Q6r, which till recently paid arc said to live Lhero.)
BIERTSH which eepa- lets-Baye' and 1IConyri.
rutee Gbilghit from I'unya. a tribute to the Ghilghit
lLa,ja and is now independ- Ghshcr,
The vallc y of Raykcomprises ent, hils tIV0 large forts
O n the left side of the river,
opposite Shwkay6f, IS the following villages, for Losi~nu't and DobGt. De- Djilde,
Uirgit ; then : nll which there is the col- scending the Atslo moun-
lecbive name Bagr6t a ~ ~ tain d a villn-e of GOr called Gilre,
Upper Bargu = Apnini 1 which is composed of: ,
~ a l i t e h a " comcs very
promiuently in sight ; Oitshe,
Udryu.
Donyu'r is a rillaye situ-
I
The stronghold of BngrBt. ~.
(
from the top 01 that
~

lnountaiu also mny be seen

ated on the confluence of G P E S ~another
, villagc of
t h e Nnggr s t r c ~ ~ with
~u GJr, nearly opposite to VILLAGES OF ASTOR
t h a t of Ghilglit, mhicl~ RUXEBin C H I L i S . The
falls into the Indus a t Rajn of Crllilgl~it is said TOWARDS QEIILGI-IIT.
the dcfilc of IlAKPON-i- P a r p r y (300 houses and a to ltnvc made G!-bss over
YlIBNG-RONG ; tbcu : fort.) t o tllc Ohi11i.vis; nt any rntc D h y e (prononnced Diy,)
~ -

the C l ~ i I h ~rc.ceive
is "a tri-
Dj~itcl,on the NAGYR road.
I but0 or 12 goats per nn-
num from the G g i * s ~
people. Further on is Mqng Doy (at tbe rivor-
sidc wllere crop* ripen qui-
T ~ i l ~ ~ whichi n ~ t considers cker tbau elscwl~eru in
itself subicct to Gllilgl~it
Jrlglith, Do. and nl:arl,v orPosite to Aator)
Then comes a mountnil) ~t ,,+icll is tll,? fort and cn-
Thcn comes NAGY R. tho font of wlrich is :L of c ~ [ [ L ~cirllad s , Dfurhliin (s sulphur spring.)
plaiu called Salt. by that o:~rnt..
C)IItho I I q S Z A side of tho
, Nsggr rlvcr IS : 1Vhc11the mountain is crow- I - I . . '

NGmal ( o n e day'< mnrch

r d the ro;d Ii.;uls t o thu
/
U a r i a n r h district. where YILLi%G(lES OF CUILAS. - - -.. I Ehrtshb,

from Ghilghit) tllcn: the 111dus brcalis through

- ..- Himmlnvnnt
thn - - .........,--
pon-i-Slang-Rong.
the
--
1
Mak- Tike.
Slesh;~~~g,
Bt~ner,
Tlie I i n ~ s r c s ndintrict has Tsharpjt, btz (the spring of
fivo vill~tgtx: [ I t t,i~!ics ( A srcond) f l ~ b r s(vhere T s h ~ ~ p i tcold
i e in sulnrncr
two marchen Lo rcnch it thc viucs nre abun~lnrit,) and warm in winter.)
Tshdltr, onward from which. from the 3lnkpon.i-Shnnx-
on t l ~ cIclt, is ; Ronp.]- 86118, I€nrr>itznl, Ur6rbnt (wherc shcep &c. Patlipor.
Khtrlte'r.rc. 1 do uot kuow arc kept)
 SHINA VOCABULARY .-( Contiuucd.)

NAMES O F lLIVERS=SINN. ITire Chilaria call themaelves Botb.

,, ,, ,,
.
H a w i Sinn=Abu Sind=Indus. Ast6ris=Astorijje.

BurbunS=the Sli river. I ,, ,. Q~~=QO+O.

K a r p bitzel=tho rivulet of Kirga (near Qhilghib.) 1, , , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l i ~ = ~ ~ ~ , g ~

RayBy=the rircr of Bngrat. I ., ,. ,, Baltia=Paldye. Gh.

Nilter batzcl=the river of MJmal. I. . ,, Ladikii.=Boti. P I of Bit.

The ChiIris river is cnlled Bot6gi=Tha

" Bbta."
ford (?) of tho
I ,, ,, ,, Dogras=SiIcki, now

--
XAMES BY WHICH T H E S E RACES ARE
K N O W N.
SHIN nre nll the people of Chili#, Astar, Durcyl or
Dorill, GBr, Ghilgbit or Gilit ; 8 . I),All theae do not ac-
knowledgo the " Gurnizis " a people inhabiting the Ouraiz
vallev between Chilam and Knshmir, as Shln, although
tho Guraizis themselves think so. Their language how,
over is Shini, much mixed with Kashmiri.

The Shins call them~elves" Shln, Shin; ISk, Shiniki " NoTE.-T~c Sirghiz are described by Chilasis 6s
snd are very proud of the np ellation R I I ~in addilion flat and small nosed and are auppourd t o be vary white
to the above named races illcidt: in i t the people of and beautiful ; to be. Nomade and to feed on milk,
TSrr ; Hirben: Sndin, districts of Chills ; Tnnyire be- butter and mutton.
longing to llnrell ; alpo the people of Kholi-Pnlua whose
,, ,, ,,
origiu is Shin but who are mixed with Affgl~nns. Some
do not conaider the people of Kboli-Palus as Yl~in.
T t ~ e prpenk both Shin6 and Pukhtu=callrd by the Shin
The Chilasis pall the
pen1110 between
IIunza and Parnbr
1
p y p l e " Postd.." The Baltis, or little Tihet,an~,
vall tile on the Ymkanrl
a h ~ nand nlso tbe Naggr people BrnkhpB " or, aa a road. J
tel m of respect, " Brokhpa bhbo." Offsl~ootn of the
"Shin " people live in little Tibet and even the distr~ct There are also other Oojils under a
of Dras, near thc Znjilb pass on the Lodilc rond t,ounrd~ Hnjn of Gojil on the '~adakhahlu
Kaehmt., wns once Shin and was called by tbem HuniC.sj. roud.
I was t,be firat traveller. who discovered that there wcrc
Shin colonies in that country, vie: tbe villa~rs or The Chilasia call the Sin11 pdsh KBfirs = Bnahgmli
Yl~ingdtrb; Slispur ; Brnah brinlclo ; Bncl16 ; Darill djic- (Bashgal is the name of the country of this people ~ h en-
o
nele ; litellin ; Dorbt (inhabited I)p pureshtns) Xunght, joy the very word reputation for cruelty.) They are up-
Tortzh, (in the clircction of Hongdu) and Durb, ouo posed to kill every trnrcller that comes witbin thulr
day's march from Skardo. reach and to cut his nose or ear OK38 R trophy.
The Chilnsiu were originally lour tribea:
- tho Bagoli. of Bunor.

NANES BY WHICH CIIIIAASISCALL OTIIEB the Knui. of Takk

the Dot& of tho Chili6 fort
NEIGIIDOGRISG IL4CES.
tho Blatahuk6 of thc BIatshukd fort.
T b s C h i l h i call themselrra Both.
The not6 and the Matnhukj lougl~t. The lmttcr wcra
,, Their fellow-coaotrymen olTakk = defe~tednr~daro said to havo fled into Astor and Ilttla
K I I I Ior
~ Take Kan6. Tibot territory.
,, , ,, Matnl1uk6 nre now an extinct race,
ut all evtsnts in Dardistun. A Foreigner is called " 6sho "

, ,, Gl~ilgbitia=Q~/iti, F'cllo~-.-countryo~en
ere callrd " malbki "
I
 ( 25 )
8HINA VOCABULARY .-( Continued.)

TITLES. Tatsk6n = caste of carpenters.

King, ... Ilb. Qh. Rlab. A. Tshdljd = wenvors. The Ohilghitis call
this c n ~ t e: " Biy6t~ho."
Minister, ... Wazir.
Akdr = ironmonger.
Ksrdir, ... Yarf&.
K~~irlkl = potter.
(Head Rovenue collector.)
Ddm
..
= mnQlClan.
Thanadlr, ... Trangpi.
Kramin -=tanner (tihe lowest caste.)
(Head Executive officer.)
N. B.-The Brokh.pd are a mixed race of Dsrdn-
Zilldir, . . . Bdrro. Tibetans, as indeed are the Astoris [the latter of whom,
however, coneider tbemselvee very pure Shins] ; the
(A subordinate District of- . s probably Dnrdu-Kashrniris ; but I presume
( 7 ~ ~ r G z i are
ficer.) that the above division of casto is known, if not nplield,
?y every section of the Shini people. More on this snb-
ShagdBrr, ... Zeyt;. ject mill be found in the ethnographical portion of this
rolnme. The castea moat prevalent in Guraiz are evi-
(A Dogra Superintendent dently Kashmiri au :
of Irrigation.)
Bhat.
Kotwdl, ... Tsharbh.
Lan.
(Police O5cer.)
DBr.
MuqMdam, ... Birro.
Wiy.
(Village Head.)
RAtor.
Master, ... BLrro.
Thakr.
Servant, . .. Bhider.
BagA.
Slave, ... Jlaristnnn; Zerklrarid ;bido. -
PROPER
Kidnapper, .. . Diwinbigi. Gh. -NAMES.
Manualrpio. A. NAMES O F ASTORI MEN.
Judge, ... Astomgiri. Tdhimir Sing11 = iron lion
'Sir, ... Dabdn, Dsrndn (nlso the Kure Sin$
-
Tibetan Djh.)
= hard lion 1 All the namea in " Singb"
are to bo very ancient-

N~lsinShah (my Aatori follower's iincle.)

CASTES. ?)
S11,iilr ( desiro~~s
Raja (highest on account of posit,ion.) Shnetning = (nnme of one of the supposed
founders of the Shin rule.)
WazEr (of S H race,
~ and ofEcial crurte.) QIiy11
SHIN the highort caste ; the Shiui peopla of purc = musician (P)
origin, wliether thoy bo Antoris, Qhilghitis, Chila~is, Dhtn
&a. &c. &c.* They sny it is the snmo race as the " Mo-
gnls" of India. This is possil~lc,but it may I)e, that the Aydar = goat ridgo.
nnlno only suggested itself to them mhpn corni~lgiu coi~trct (" d6r " is n very common name
with Mus*ulmnns from the Panixh. The follo\ving cnstes for a ridgc ; the mnge, or rntlicr
are named in their order of rank . mountsill, ovcr mliich thc pass
Rnm S i i into Gbilglrit lies, is
Yhhkunn = n cnste formed by tho result^ of celled Nfludir = blue ridgo)
intermixture between the Shln and a low [aborigi~iol?I
race. A Shin map marry s YLllkun11 \voIuntl [called
'; Ymhkhni;"] butno Yashkunn cnli marry n Slriudy =
Bhin woman.
---

Both my Obilehiii Follower Ohulam hltihnrnmod and L l ~ e

Aabri rohioer Mirzn Khan claimed to be pare Sbios.
 ( 2s 1
SHINA VOCABULARY .-( Continued.)

Shali = flour. Muzaffnr (the Wazir of Naugfm, a District of Astir.)

K d Wan = hard Lord (Khin.) Ruetum Ali (the nephew ol the above, whose life I was,
probably, partly i~lstrumontalin saving.)
Suk mi.. = a quiet worthy ; Lord of tran-
quillity ; (Mi.) Safirr.
Yud6y - pleasure-given.
- N. B.-I have thought it unuecessary to give the ex.
plnnation of common Mussulman names in the above List.
Biku = one who bute. It may be mentioned, however, that tho Astoris and
Ghilgliitis have retained old Shin names ; I imngine the
G d Shi?ir - R fiery lion. Muesulmen religiou sits much mere loosely on thcm than
on the Chilasis, who seam, as a rule, to give only orthodox
Shey tamm = ? Muslim names to their children.

Lopinno = gun-bundle-road. -
Dudhk = (flute 9 ) NAMES O F ASTORI WOMEN.
Datiiri = a kind of poisonous plant ; the
Daturr.
Dndb = mulberry ridge.
Ayiili = sweetheart.
Nett = Steel.
Aahhri = hateful.
Muitti = (a nickname for boys ; probably
only " Murad.") Kuthri = a bitch.
Shey d i r - King's ridge. 1 Djuriini = one who speaks in her sleep.
Mnliko -l 1 NSzuk = delicate.
Names rcry common in Kash- Punni -
- rich.
. mir aud India with a slight
change. Lishkari = one boru a t the time of the
first arrival of the Meha-
raja of Kashmir's troops
=daughter of tho army.

Djill Kbathn = lady of the sieve ; lady of the

. veil-net.
I
Ali W l e k (laleh-8 are a rnce of " Proprietors " anid to be Sdrmill = one who ha8 " surma"="anti-
common in Kashmir and Chiks.) mony" giving a lustre t o
her eyes.
B i z i Malek
Sanhli = perfect, blameless.
Rdzi Beg -
- ?
Radii16
Ehi K h i n (Head Revenue OIBeer of Ant& when I
visited that place.) M611 Khntun = a famolls beauty among fairies;
11cr cou~itrynppeRr3 to be
O t Malek = " Ot " = Tibetan for "lamp " (7) called Hell Matshogbnn=
the fairy land of Mell.
Kurek Khano
Hay i t = life.
Mine Khan (Police Officer of Tahonyre (old A s t d ~ )my = sonl.
Follower.) Djen

Keyderi = wind fall of food (?) I Murilli ?

= she will bo the mother of s
bliy6r = friend of Ali ; many Astoria Shdli bOy hnndrcd children.
are of the Shiab perauasio~l,
in consequence, I preaurne,
of ita rormor conquest by the Hanil = (probnhly a corruption of
" Arzu" = wish.)
little Tibetans.)
Hazdk LLLatun =: the laughing lady.
 ( 27 1
SHINA VO~ABULARY,-(CO~Z~G,~UC~.)

Dubinni = perfumed smoko (Dub611 is NAMES OF GHILQHITI N E N .

tho namo for tlrc smoke
of the Padim plant.)
Tole6 - weight.
Tshushi biy = the silken one.
Bitsho = a seedling.
Kashiri = the ICnshmirinn.
L60 = damn.
86rri = sour.
Haider Khan.
Diml = body.
RIansiir Ali Khau (tLe supposed rightful Ilaja of
Rupig = the silvery. Ghilghit, now a prisoner in K a ~ h ~ n;i he
r is a @onof Asghar
Ali Kha~r; son of Rnja Khan ; son of Qurtim Khan.)
Maldj!,
Seli~n(a very common name iu Turkey, but not so, I
Konutsh = a little hill. fancy, in India.)

Suki b e = born in clovor (sblc = wealth, Khoshhl beg.

tranquillity.
Darbb Shah (name not common a t Astor, but found in
Dulibki = a factotum. Ghilghit.)

GBni = fragrant. = one who turns quickly.

Tahind biy = the joyful one. Dudkk = one who sits down (snid to be
a Tibetan word.)
Shiri Mell = the tinkling lady ; t,he tinkling
fairy Mcll. Luhiko, = one who waddles.

Shiri suk a u r t i m Khin (a Raja of Qhilghit.)

Batz6y = calf Raja Khan (son of above, now dead.)

Dudashi = hail (Ghilghiti "ay6rr.") Isa Bahidur (Raja of Sbcir Kiln, Singul, QakGtsh on
the road from Ghilghit to Punya.)
Dudashi = oi~ewho has milk.
Raja Sudjid Khan (a prisoner in Kashmir)
Dud4 suk = one who is happy in the abun-
dance of milk. Qhmib.
Bibi -
- lady, woman. I Bahidur Shah.
Rayli ( Shnnrallo = a dog.
Kbni = wifc of a Khan. Bdti = protuberance, smelling [appears to be a term of
cndearmcut] ; the smelling of tho bosom.
Gun6 bay = oue who thinks.
Go~6ru=cow-dung or horse-duiig. This is a name qery
Rozibbi = tho fortunalo one. often given t o a second son; or the second son recomea
this namo OII the death of the first born. The namea
IIarre suk = one who is always glnd. occasionally, i t will be perceived, shorn little tendornbas or
dclicdcy, but rather annoyance nt an ndditional @con-
Milji = a rat. venience or display humour of a gross kind.
I3ilQLi = one who cmases. I DWo = grand father.
Bajilh = (Lightniug ?) the Pleiades. I E~~ = a man ; the penis.
Rozilh. ? I Phatlti - skin.
Pun6 biy (tho name of the mother of my Astdri Tshat6ru -
- on excreeaence ; a wnrt, espe-
follower.) cially on one'a fiugere.
Tshob6lli (the name of a girl who WM sold nornc ten or Kini = a Kh4n.
twelve years ago, when yct a child, to n European
otlicrr in tho Ksshmir Mxlrnrxja'e a r m y ; brought up Mnmkto = e, nursling
h hiin nud then diacnrded. She is now callcd IIelen.
d c r , somewhat, romautic story is told clecwhero.) Bfiabo = a tom cat. % ,
 ( 2s >
SHINA VOCABULARY.--( Covti~ued.)

Jowbri
Snlthn Bbk
= a Jomol.
= ( the comrno~l"Sultan Beg.")
-
NAMES O F QURAIZI MEN.
( I t mill bo noticed that the names nro common KnshmEri
- or Pnnjabi Mussulman names,)
oudurr - a hollow.
Mamma Lbn (The Lamberdir or village Headman
= (the father of the present Raja Guraiz when I visited that
of Hunzo.) place in 186G.)
8hah Iekandar ( t h e maternal uncle of the young Mamma Jh=(was an " Akhhn"=the same title a0
Nngyr Hnja.) " Alrhund" which is given to the
spiritual ruler of Swat. They are
Raja Kerjm Khan ; ( the former's elder brother. ) invested with e sacred clinracter
and are supposed t o be learned.
Raja Zafhr = ( t h e present Rnjn of Nagyr.) The Akhun in my sorvice, how-
ever, could not even read.)
Pierby.
NAMES OF QHILQHITI W O M E N
Lassb.
MukhtL JG
Buglmal = born during nn earthquake.
Jumby.
Labari = ( of Lahore ? )
QhufGr.
= the a~igryone.
= one who thrown aometliing Kerin~.
away out of sulkinesa when
importuned. Rnintina.

= one who has milk. SalPmn.

DudarL
Mdashi = one who has curds

Kdli = a pip, n seed.

Selhmi = one who nalutes.

ICamtila.
Shah hhatin -. a king's Indy. '
-
Oul khatun -l NAMES O F QURAIZI WOMEN.
Rollmi.
Djh6 1I names common in India

Begum J
Dadi = grand mother
= one who takes away
Mibri.

-- ronambulint; oue rpho talks in

h e r sleep.

- clover.
= one who is good. I Akli
-- a lndy Sullani.
--
=a pleasant lady I t may be interesting in tllis place to compare tho
nemes of the " Zit " = Cn.qten of Ouraiz and those or tho
= goad. pore Shin9 as we11 as the proper rlalnes of tbe people of Ll~e
Quraiz valley with thone of the vallej of ICwhtnir.
3 mad. mere nre two grent Ihahmiri " Z i t " inhnbibinR tho
right and lnft banks of the .Thell~rnon tno road t o Srinmg-
= parrot ( this ia naid to be R gar ; one bhr " Kakk" fvom nararnillla t o DBnna ; tllo
modern nrme.) other " Bornhe! " from Barnn~fillato M~~riffcrahhd.
 ( 29 )
SIIINA VOCABULARY ,-( Conti~zuad.)

NANES OF KASIIMIBI CASTES. D ~ n o = s a i d t o be the name of u caste living nt Shirtlo

[from which, perhaps, the old Kashmiri character, t h o
" Shirde " haa talren itu name] and a t Gurniz. klhini
is a ' I D i r d u " laneuage and the Chilayis are specifi-
cally called " ~ a r d 3 '
flarljirr (boatman)

Saycd; also J l i r ; also a mealtlly Zemintlir.

Dbmb = a Kllidmatgir
Kotwhl = police officer.
- sorvnnt to a village or

TaitrB. Thokarr = the nama probably for the p'ofc88ion of

Barber.
Tznlrk.
Alai.
Nalek.
RaYn6 nnd Lonn are groat castes.
Yir.
C ~ s r l r sOF WATNOH KUOJAS:
Y aqr6.
Mingun.
Lonn.
Anznn.
Dim.
Tiku.
Batt
Qdttu.
Sheikhzadb.
-
Dibzadb.
N A a r E S O F KASH&IIR1 MEN'.
Rater.
[Corrupted, ss a rule, f r o ~ u mcll Bnowu Arabic or
TVap. Persian names.]

WPr. I hlirbaz.

Dangirr. Qiider.
TV;itul=~soct of Gipsy, tribe; or simply a Mehter or RuslB.
Tsl~umar=sweeper and tanner.
DSrab.
Sayed.
NurB.
Khoja.
Sau~i~ndnr.
Djerril [a to be mct with a t Rajiuri.]
Snfli Bnba.
Si. met often, I believe, a t the snme plnce, n~the " Nilsi,
Baghsi." La0si1.
886 Patti.
Cooks nre also celled " Sdfi," not t o bo ronlounded Womhr=Tho common " Omnr."
with " Shfi " n mystic philomopher [ " Sii6 " is also n
casto which exists among Zemindbrs, as alleged Ehairb.
by my Cashmiri informaut.] (P)
Samdii.
Si [Not the salue caste ne " Si"]
Shnbann.
Tahln (rnt11c.r tilo nnme of tho prorcnsion than of a
custo ,of cnrpouters.) Sidiq.
Kutehey. Shbir.
Limo. At6.
liul2:y. Cfbnrbrn.
KAY. Ramzina.
 ( 30 )
SHINA VOCABULARY.-I Continued,)

Raeiqn. Grandmama = dndi.

H6t. Grnndpapn = dido.
Ashur. Sister = kiki.
Abid. Brother = kbko.
Abidi. Daughter = ah.
Satk.
- Son = pGtsh.

NAMES O F K A S I I M I R I WOMEN.. Natornal Aunt = Shui ma = little mother, if she he

younger, nnd bh~i-rnn=big mother
Ali. II she be older, thnn her sister, t,Iie
mother. The Astoris cnll her tshuui-
hbitdimi. ma = little motl~er.
Rahmi Mat. Uncle = mbmo ; mdmo in Astori.
Siiibi. Paternnl Aunt = papi ; pipi in Astori.
Siiidi ,, Uncle = shbmilo. tshunmOlo = little father
in Astori.
Pirzli.
Nephew = s60. Uh. sszdo = son of a sister.
Mihri.
Niece = sawwi. ,, sanui =daughter of a aister.
Farzdni.
The sons of brothers are considored as one's own Eons.
Shkfi.
Mother's sister E hhurmh.
Ddlti.
,, sister's son = khurmslihy ji = brother.
Ashmi. 1
,, daughter = ,, ,, sas =sister.
I
1
Aahmili.
Uotber'a brother = mdmo. Gh. m6mo. A.
,,A
,, ,, son = moleg pitsh = Ron. a h .
Asha. J
I, I) ,I mol6 phtsh-= ,, 4.
Bdndri.
,, ,, daughter = moley dih = daughter.
Djigori.
Father's sister = plpi.
ehofnoberhf.
,, sister's son = pipidjn.
Latfi.
,, ,, daughter = pipiai u6s.
Hhdi.
Zinti
Father's brother [if oldnr tlinn the f~tlier =
birr0 mdo [if younger.. =
~1160mnlo Gh.
1
Qbh. tshGno ,, A.

Fnbl~erbrothcr'a son = shumalo pitab.

Wnhdi.
- ,, ,, daughter = -- dih.
F A 3 I I L I A R APPEtCATlOXS AMOSG ASTORI
AND GIIILGITIS. -
TERM9 OF ABUSE.
Mama ! -
- kje.
Papa ! -
-- bibo.
One who cohabit.
m8i dig& mblrr d i u ,
Must 01. t h r ~ ensnien are l i k e chow of H t n u ~ ~ e t afdursulmen
r~~ with his mothen
women. T h e r e women s r o 011 blumaulmmn wornen. T h o n n n ~ c s o the
l
Hindu or Kaabmiri PandilLni ronren I have not bson nhle Lo pet ai~h, n61u diu, do., sister.
but 1 aoppnro rhrg do uoL diEer much f r o m t h o l e of Lbe ~ n d t a d '
" Hindailn." I
didji digi, One who cohnbits
wit11 his daughter.
mi.y yir, - My sweet heart; com-
panion m.
pnpi digs, pap6 d+u, do., aunt. tk mAo sldto ley1 Loni, * = Thou art the uape of my
neck.
dadi digi, dad6 diu, do., grnnd- I
mother. tu m6y djill bani, - thou art my soul.
tsrirro, as in Gl~ilghiti Stupid.
bey-aurat, ,, / ,, ,, atshiing sing bani, = thou a r t the light of
my eyes.
91
I
tshotolei, I, I, ,, ,, hio tshald haui, = thou art the lamp of my
heart.
I~aramzadh, 1, ,I I
,, ,, hito kunlili bani= thou art the staff of my
dowis, ,I I, hand.
(tuoinalr lo ntar~)
kuatizinn, ,I I1

Ibro, 11 I, Adulterous off-

spriug. t h m6y shish6y pash6 hsnu=thou art the cover of m y head.
gkni, Adultcress. t11ou my head'a cover art.
lajg6rri, Sl~amcloss, lit,
one who flings
aside shame. t i m60 tap6 tsbald hanu = thou s r t tltn l i r h t of my
darko~sr
tsllimo, Lazy.
Aslo1.i.
gndfilo, 1 1 tu m6y tulang6 tshal6 hino=Ditto ditto.
I I
knogil, 1 do, in AsGri, >
I
Wretch.
Ghilghiti.
j
betehwkoo, J
- th m6y dunydte shurihr hanu = thou art the joy of my
nvorld.
TERMS OF ENDEARMENT
Ast0t.i.
GEXLQ~ITI.
t6 m6y duuydte shoridr hano = Ditto ditto.
Yupp thC, -
.- Let there be peace. -
mby sdmmo,
,, sommi
Biy dear, m..

,, 9, f.
I G~ILQ~ITI.
EXCLAMATIONS.

My friend. a15 = halloo !

$3 d8st
sl~aogth6 = be carer111; look out!
,, shog6l0,
Jjik atsliilti = alas ! pain llns come.
,, ahu@li,
,, tshion, iL = alas!
sIi6i -
- ugh ! lit=a sigh. Exrlnmation
,, tshinili, 9, ,, ,, f. l~ishali = } when clirnYng n Lill.
,, tito, My warm (friend), m.
pity11 piali ! = ext~lam~tiou
when burning oneself.
,, titi,
ybwwe = don't ! [csclarnation of pain.]
tAto msniijo, Warm (hcnrtrd) man.
ald! nlri!
rco'yI tcold! dei! tshnkC!
udy!
tBti tsldy, Warm (honrtcd) n.oinnn,
\rife halloo ! halloo! horrnh ! I~urruh! huzza ! give (clieer~)
look !
m8o hio beto, -
-. M y l~cartis sct (on thcc) * (.ornp~re t h e infl~ot,ious both in tho Aatori and tho
"'
Ohilghiti" terms of entlcorment" with tho conjugation or the verb
" t o he" present tonsu nu pages 18 nod 19 nl Part I ; (firs: three
mky hio bhti, -
- ,, >, 5. roluurus) " the cornyern~ivovoonbulary of the Dnrdu La~~genges."
 ( 32 1
SIIINA VOCABULARY.-(CO~~~LZMCZ.)

niishto ! Bar.lrgammon (acquired from Pan-

1
= good.
j n b i ~) = Patsl~Ps, A.
shak5sh ! = well done ! be well !
Dice = Dall.
uh ! u h ! = pis11 ! phew !
Wrestling = Samalii, Oh.
u h ! u h ! khtsho = oh ! how bad !
Salsm6, A.
trtshci, utslrd, darrcngtc', hait;, tdotrulh !

run, run,
" Cheering"
fly, escape, lcap !
is cnlled " Halimnsh" in Ghilghiti ~ n "dHala-
Boxing

mhnh " iu Astnri. Clnppiug of hnnda to lnnuifest opplnuse FIopping and butting
= Muslltak6,
= Batzarb.
I Tshotb, Cih.
A.

i s cnlled " tzi." Cries of '' yh, ph deP; t z i the4 ; hii~,I 1 1

dek; lialnrnusl~ then ! shabnsh = call out y i ~yh ! ; -
clnp ! ; call ont I S , hih! cheer ! well done !" nre excla-
mations intended to oncourago people engaged in dancing. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.
Music ?
OATHS. Hari ; Ha ripp.
Musical Instruments ->
=
A kind of big drum = Dadhng, Qh.
IAng = an oath.
Dariug, A.
hung dB = give nn oath.
Hand drum = Dilrneli, Oh.
Kbudiyn hung d6. Oh.
swear by God. Ddi, A.
Khudilji hung dE. A.
A Fllrnpct = Surnii, Oh.
bLbe %an6 dC. Gh. vow by t h y father.
Sum&, A.
astinej hung d6 = swear by t h e shrino,
A ltind of Bageolct = Dutiik, Oh.
mnsjid-i-hung dir = smear by the mosque.
I Tutak. A.
swear by the Imams (Has-
sun and IInseain) ; oath A kind of Bute
Imirn-uj-hung d6 of Sliia Astoris and Ctbil-
Cymbals = TshCn (only played
a t Abstor.)
djilli knnb = the row of the soul.
.Jc\v'a Harp ; = Tshing, Ct.
mne huug ddki n6 born. Gh. = ) I cannot give
Tailing Dabd=Da-
nlusr bnng d b n n6 born A . = ) an oatll. I vid'e Harp, A.

To play tho Jew's FIarp, is considcred n meritorious act

1
mas hung d>m. Gh.
I giro tbc oath. as King n n r i d is supposed to have player! it, All other
muao hung dsm. A. = rnu~icgood Mussuln~ausare bid to avoid.

~I~ishGji
h n d u gin = put the K o n n on tbe 11erd. I Trumpet = Xarsing, Qh.
- Onrmni, A.
GAMES, kc., &c.
Violin (small,) Barb, Oh.
Hockey-on-horseback = Bulli, Qb.
Tehitsllini, A.
Topi., A.
The " Sil:irnW[the Enrtcrn Guitar] is mnrh ~ l s y e din
Hockey ground = Shawimll, Gh. people of which country as well an tllnt o r
T ~ s n e r t ,the
Hunza and Nnqyr excel in cl;mcing, siugil~gand play-
sLagslJn, A. ing on musical instruments.

h n ~ e . ride " DAXCEM

" page 21. Slo*- mllsic = Dhti Hnripp.

Backgammon (a kind, of) = Tdkk, ch. Q ~ ~ i cnus

k sic = DBnni IIaripp
I
 SHINA VOCABULARY.-(CmclucEed.)
-
/
--

FESTIVALS. NAMES 01 T H E DAYS OF T H E WEEK.

Tho Shin dav
(described ig Part 111..Yo1 I.)
= Slbin6 baz6no = the
Shin s p r i g . ah: (1 -
TSaid to be ndopted since the little Tibetan invasion.]
Shin6 nio=The Shin
New day, . a 1 = Shlikum.
The I'd of Ramaddn, 7 Saturday = Shingehiir.
( Well linown fes-
The Naurbz tivals among Mus-
aulmnus. Sunday = Aditt.
The Kurbani I'd
Monday = Tzandrhlu = tshandur (Astori)
Harvest homo = d6mnik6, Qh.
Tuesday = AngSru = An&.
Wednesday = B6do.
The Ast6n's drink a kind of beer called " M6," rrhilst the Thuraday = Bresphtt, Blesputt, or Brespitt.
Ghilghitis, who are great wine-drinkers give
that name to wine. A Drunkard is called " mitow-
Vide Chapter on Uwille" Pert III., Vol. I.
,
THE TRAVELLER'S VADEMECUX I N ASTOR, GHILGHIT,
CHILAS AND GURAIZ.

llrhnt is your name ? ... 1 tey n6m d j P hanii l

to n6m djSk haun ?
Whore do you come from ? ... th kaneu 60 ?

Where do you go to ?

When did you come ?

Come quickly, ... 1 wh

tsl~&ll

Qo slowly, ... I tshiit-be b6

Bent him now,

Tiill him afterwaids,

pat6 mar6
How is the road bctween this and thorn ? ... G o a o t e ponn ki [kdi] hin P
 SHINA DIALOGUES.-(Contbazced.)
-
Very bad and h g o r o n s , ... b6di katshi hill ; b6di n6ri hani G.
1ii krltshi ; 1ii nari hnin A.
Tsry e a g ; r plain and nothing t o few. ... b6di mishti ; bddi sarpitt hnui ; dj6ga parmi nash a.
1hi mishti hin; Idi sdtshi bin; dj6ga bijat6y nish A.
I8 there any water on the road ? . .. pdneru w8y l q d k bkya ?
poniyh why lhjeda?
W h y should there not be any ? There ia plenty and kine lay& ne b6y ? Pddo, mishto wbp l y 6 k bhy. G.
good water.
1;S ne lkje ? why l&o,mishto lqje A.
The water is bad and salty, ... w6y khntshb hanh; pajnlito banu
w6y kdtsho haun ;lunulito hnun
There is a big river on the road which you will Pdneru bbri sinn hani ;nk niph$e G.
not be able t o cross.
PonqjQ baG sinn hin ;taredno nh bEp A.
Why ? I s there no bridge? KBth ? sen nnfhti ?
K$? seu nish d6?

There was e rope bridge ; but yeaterday, to-day, Bhle gall naili; Qtshu, ball6, tshiddi.
it broke.
Bilo gall asili ; ash, bialL, tsbfddi
Can i t not be repaired P ... / Buybki nB heyna ? G.

There aro no meu for two days' m ~ r c hall round. niweri du (2) dEzo ; rdweri dd d6zo poniji mnndje
Thero are neither twigs nor ropes t o be got. How nush ;gatsbin (twigs) nueh; bile nnsh; dj&k-tethon? G.
sm I to do?
ndweri dG snre6; jo'weri du sure6 ponnmandje nish ;
tshdne gn nish ; bilo nisb ;y6kte tbdn ? A.

Very wcll ; call tho rillago Headman ; toll him that, 1 Miahlo ! Burr& h6 tllB ; reseb rB : miti tahakiki
want to see him. areremus G.

( Sh6 ! Djaslltdrute bd thk ;Ria : mhso tshakim hi16 A.

How can he come ? he has gone about some business ; . .. D-jEk-bew9y ? 16 t6mo krdmato g6nn C+.

J6 ybk-be whzc ? tdmo Irrdmote g6un A.

Qo ! De saent. Dring him nt once or ulsc I sball

bo verj angry.
I Bo ! tshdkte ; m i lrhaN bbm ; tshllll hdtc walh G.

B6 ! t~hulct5; k6uo nb kh6 (don't ent my ear) mite

18011 6gu ; ldko 116tewnlB A.

What do you want P ... tGs djblc betsl~end?

tils 4jJk dethaun?
I do not want anything, except to cat and drink, ... mie djiga nb betabutub; khdke, pi6ki bi.tshumus G.
mum djljlga dB nb tbemdn ; khdno, pi6no d6 A.

I ham nothing ; whnt can I givc you E ... mh kntsbi d.j6ga nueh; dj6k dam? 0.

mil liatshi cljega ninh ; dj6k dem? A.

 SHINA DIBL0QUEfl.-(Contin~d.)

First of nU bring cold pure water, ... I bfitijo y i , shidalo, sisino m y ub ; a?

Afterwards bring milk, Qhi, butter, a sbeep, a, fowl, phat6 dhtt, GM, mask&, qarklo, kark&mnsh,
eggs, wood, grass and gmm, Lokdy '' in datoril hanej6 (tll in A ~ t o r i )djL\'l(";Qta
in Astori) kitsh, basph (tshlkk in Astori) arir 0.
How mnny days will you stay here ? ... I tlis nki katshir tshlkk biyee?
I will only stay one night, ... mb ek rhtiji beyem
m i ek rLti ani b8m
I mill start to-morrow early, ... Loebtiki tsl&ll buji b6jum
Loshte tsbhll buji mu b6jum
Get coolies [porters! ready and pnt them here, ... Barili ar6 ; tshibbi; a.
Beygbri ani dishia (in this p h ) ad6 ;tahor6 A.
How mnny coolies do you want? I
... Katshbk barili derkLr hani? G.
Katshkk beygiri n d j e , n a ? A.
The road ie full of stones, I
... ponn bodo batkkn~hh a d G.
I ponn lai didcr hnin d*
Your loads are very hcavy, ... I tey bari bddo .@re h m e G.
I tey bar&Ice a n d r e han A.
The coolies will not be able to c ~ r them,
y ... 1 assBy brrrhliae h t n tbki dub+ a.

I beg that you will make your loads a little lighter and miry nrzi hani : ani bari litkek 16ke the ; aki tmhkll
then you will arrive quicker nnfriye G.
b th6 ;
moso biybtt : lukek tbimos m i bad lnkik l
tshlll brangsiyn [resting plnce] iphen. A.
Console yourself; I mill pay for all ; I mill g k e the mte jill ar6 ; mas butote gabh dB ginhm barilite d r i
to the coolies. If you nct well I will rewnrd you. dem ; mislltn komm thign to mihribAni them G.
(lhrmorly tllero wore no terms lor coolies, hire,
rent or fnro, except for the last word, prl:~aps,
" Inkhpiss.")
jill ar6 ; mueo butote mu1 dem gini~m; barilite maztri
dem ; mishto krom thio, to shozd5 them A.

Get the liorses rendy, mhpo teyhr th6

as~lupte&r t~
P u t the saddle on, ashpo tileyn de
ashpe pal6n de
Takc the saddlo and bridle off, tileyu gripiga hun th8
palSn layam6 hun th6
Catch hold of this, . .. an6aodji lim
anieiye lom
Do not lose it, ... n2 nay;.
 ( 36
SHINA DIALOGUES.-(Colttinued.)

Do not forget what I say, ... miiy mor nt. amiish G.

mio mosh nB amash A.
Hear ! Look ! Take care ! ... @arGdos in Chilaai) parutsh! tshak5 1 sbang th8 ! G.
parush ! tshakhkb ! shbng th6 A.
Tie the horae to that tree, ... islipo 6 tomaji takk th5 G.
ashup d tomoyi takk thit A.
Keep watch all night, ... rito tzari tshorb G.
rite0 rktshe tshor; A.

Are there many thieves here 9 ... an6 dishhru tshorite bdde haneB ? G.
mi dishia tshorite l i e haneda 3 k.
, m a t is this noiae? -.. an6 mash6 dje46y hann? G.
anii mash6 yGko haun ? A.
Who are yon? ... t b k6 hanu ? G.
t u k6y haun ? A.

G e t away from here, _. dneo hi

shoot him the moment he comes near, ".. Khtsh wit0 t o t u m n tsnn 'tM. 9.
ele wit0 to tnmako dB. A.

This man in treacherous, ,.. an6 rnanfijo oi5i pCrG nush a.

anii maniijo bey wefa hanu A.

Don't lot him go, ... pkcttt ne' the'.

Bind him ; imprison him ; enohnin him ; ganE ; band th6 ; shangMeo de ; gun6 do. ' G.
put him into stocks.
gmii ; hand thE ; shangbledje de ; hawuy de. A.
I am going t o sleep, ,.. m6 thtn [= now] somm .
mu tsh6 somm

Don't make (I noise, ... hiling n8 thee

hilinge n6 the;

How many people arc there in tllia viUage ? ... , an8 kuyer6 katshik monhje hsncj ?
! mi ltnyyB katshhk djhkk bin ?
I linve not countad them, ... m6s no kalignnns
I mnso no kalyanus kstshhk bEn
I
I s the soil fertile or sterile ? ... kCy nili hanin, k3nc ehnsbi hani ?
kuy nil; kcynda, ~ h u s h hain
i ?

Ie thcrc much fruit 2 ... phama bddo hanuo ?

I phalam~l 1.0 taunda ?
 SHINA DmOGUE8.-(Continued.)

I a there much "Anidj," grain, iu the village ? ... anb kuysrh onn bodo bEyenua? Ct.
ani kuyni onn lao b6onda ? A.
How many taxes do you pay in tlio year? ... ek.berishete katsMk hipp d6no ? Q.
ok berishete katshik bipp dino ? A.
Are you eatisiied, pleased ? , t i y rahit hando, mishto be hnnbnne ? 0.
tu mishto khoah b6, ehurelr haun6 ? A.
How is your health 3 ... t u lraril handano ? Cf .
t u karil haunda? A.
I am in good health, ... karBbe han69. G.
Good temper, bad temper [health,] ... hell mishto, hell katshbto.
God blcss you, ... khudhe tbte behbll tb6ta
May God lougthen your life, ... khudbsc tbte umr [djill] djingi b6ta.

--

11. DIALOGUES IN THE DIALECT OF KANE (CHILAS PROPER.)

What is your name ? ... tci nbm dj5k hbn?
My name is Oharib Shah, ... mby ndm Oaribsba h6n.
My age is twenty years, ... mby umr bi gill heyn.
My mother is dead ;my father is alive ; our country is far, m i mby ; milo djdno hbn ;assby mulk dbr hdn.
How is the road, good or bad ? ponn mishi, katsh6ti hepn ?
I n one or two places it in good ; in others had, ... ek do mlshti Kin ; ek du ashki h 6 p .
How did you como from Chila?, ... t 6 Chilhso kibo 810.
I could not get a horse; I went on foot, ... isbpo n b asili ; nlnu p i gin.
Are the mountains an the road higli ? ... ma$ koniu utl~ilehi6 ?
Thoy aro very eteop and high, ... Ilo utzdke, laa uthde hi
When are you going back ? ... t i karlr bo6 6 ?
I am going to-day, to-morrow, the day-after, ... ash, d6sc, tmije, md bbmus.
Do work quickly ; you will get a rebard, ... tGsc k6mm 16ko th6 ; serpii dSy.
l a your villago far, or noar ? ... tt5y k6y 6le, dbr h6yn ?
Go on tho rond, taking oar0 ; thoro ore many robbora, ... pdnde shong th6 bo; tshdr I i bin.
I am poor ; from me what can thoy plunder ? ... m6 gharib bas ; m6jo djbk hilji hiren ?
Wo kill all infidele, ... b6sco hGto kafiri mar6nos.
I have come to lenrn tbo language, ... rnb anidlos b l sllitshbni.
What do I cnrc abo~itthnt ? mdde djbk parwh hoyn ?
1 makcmy prayere fir0 timce cvcry dnj, , mdso posh waqaro bar tshik aimis thcmus.
 SHINA DIALOGUES.-(Cojatinzced.)

Whcrc did you oome from ? koni6 &lo; wat6.

Come into tho house, 40g6je 6.
S i t a t your enee, mishhk-bo bdy.
Aro you woll ? misbto h 5 n ; djbt hbn ?
Arc yonr cllildren well ? bali mul6e qair heyn ?
I s IOU]. sister's so11 wcll ? nsii snz6o qak h6n 15 ?
Arc you \-ery ill ? ti1 1150 zder h6n 6 ?
31ny God restore you to I~enllh, khudkese t 6 cljbt thOy.
Light the fire, phG dB.
Cook tho food (bread,) tikki th6
Spread tho bed, k h i t bantri th6
I t is very cold, 16i t e h a b w i h6yu ;
It ia very bot, l i i t6ti hin ;hdyn ;
P u t on your clothes, p6tshe bbnn.
C n t c l ~hold of tho horse, ashpcje lbmm.

Hear my words, ... I m6y m6je pariid-t.

Look a t t b a t men, ...
Take cnrc, ...
You mill fnll,
Tnke a good aim, ... misbok-te nnzir add.

I will give yon help, ... nbse thdc shadd dam.

I am hnngry ; bring food that I may eat ; m t uunlilos ; tiiki mnli5t0, komrn.

I am thirsty, bring ~ a t e thnt

r I mny driplt, 1
... w i d l a t i ; a6y nr6, pilurn,
I am sleepy now ; I will go to sleep, m6y nishdin tshe ; nish t h h .

Wllat do you call this in yonr language ? aiisedo (d 1 3 0 I) tz6sse djak r i a u ?

How much is tllc produco of tllis place ? aim Sshdn paidir kntsbM b6yna ?

Can IOU sing ? t h ~ ogrin d6ni dashtho 15 ?

Yes; No, owmri, owm6 ; n6, nd.

Drnvo ; sl~$bb$eh.

Cnll out hnlloo! ~ I I CL~ C

~ CI',

Cnll mp eervnuts. as6 dimmiro bb t.116 (there are IIO ucrmnta . only elarr*
" di~nrn"in Chila.)
Show mc the nay, ... m<idc pbnn p a s h k o i .

There nru boclke in our conutrg. .,, aes6y dishda kit6be lrcyn.

They read much, ... tuub6r print.bb.

Are tl~ercmosqtwn
 ( 40 1
SHINA DIALOQUE8.-(Continwd,)

APPENDIX TO CHILASI DIALOQUES.* Cfrepe,

- = qjdtsh.
I vine,
BBner, T6lpenn, Uhikb, TLkke, Tzingel, Bnbueir, Dat- Fig (doi), = phng.
zbrr, BwhB, Dellye, T116, Negcitt, (fumitive Kashmiris
live there) Ghsher, Djilda, Gine, ~ g s l l e .
- Prunee, - ari.
ANIMALS O F CHILAS = "BRING." 1 Bder ;jujube trco. = suzin.
Pigeona, = kunhli. Poplar, r patzi.
Partridge, = klkass. Suger melon, rnuakme-
Crow, = hi.
lon, -- bukfnhi.
Wntermelon, = go6r.
spaows, = tshhyn.
Cucumber, = liu.
[Described ns a bird witb a
long tail,] = ushktr. Djalgdza; a epociea of pine, tulcsh.
Markhor, = eberi. Fruit, = garali.)
Stag, the "nil," = kill. -
IMPERATIVES
Wild sheep, - urinn.
Leopard, = dii
-
Come, = 8.1
Bear, = itah.
Fox, = 16i. Go, = bo;
Bring, = ad6 ;
Hare, = ehau, shoun.
Alpino mermot, tho common Tibetan " drin" is said to be
Tako a w y , = birr;
unknown in Dardistnn, but it is certainly met within Stand, = tsh6lto bb ;
tbrcc marcbes from Astor and the Chilibis call it
" Tashhnu" Hear, = parish ;
Wolf, bycna ? The Ghilghiti and Astori 'I Sheil" or
" 9bhl" is unknown t o Chilasis, " hk" is probably Qive, = dB;
the Chilasi for " wolf' and " K6" for hyena, al-
thouch " Kd" was the name eiven for " wolf' in the Ask, = khodj6.
vo&inlary instead of, '' big~r1'
Beat, e rnnr6.
Water fowl, = Mroah.
Give bloms, = tshot6 de ;*
Scrpent m. djonn. I.harginn. The D.ianurl is r thick-
headed serpent, w d very daugcroas ; it ia about Fire, = tnmakd db.
half a ynrd long.
7
Aesemble, = brittc singal6.
TREES, $c., k.,O F C H I L M = " TOM."
n m o a h~np, = tshbtt tb6.

Do not few, = 06 bijb ;

Chenir ; Plane trec, = bitah.
I Do not forget, = 06 amish.
Mulberry, = mar6tsl.
I Come down, = kbite w b ;

Eat, = kbb;
Nut, = ntshdi.
I Drink, - pi ;

Sleep, = a;, nish th8 ;

Bind,
- ganh;
-

Shut the door. = dnrr IP.

 SHINA DIALOGUES.-(Continued.)

Fight,* = biggb thb; Let go, pito, pItte.

Wrestle, = samo16 d3 ; How, kndAi, ki,

Guard, = bitshir. Now, tshk, tsh6,

Sing, = Qka db ; Who, what, dj8k, djhk,

Dance, = nat6 d8; Gun, = tumak, tumak,

Play,
Mount tho horse,
= tzuki..
= asbpBr bb;
Saddle, = pilon, kiti
tilep, 1
Bridle, ' = layam, &pi,
Run, = utshir.
Speak, = m6ji thh.
Ship, = iraung, nao,
Talk, - ris ;
Coolies, = beygl, berili,
Drag, draw, = cljikali.;
Trowsera, = tzaleyni, tzanklle,
Burn, = hagbr shh ; Jet
Wine, = ma, mJ,
Give, = dB ;
Estingnish, = hagir nish8 ; IL-DIALOGUES I N TELE GURBIZI DIALECT.
Blow out the light ; = 16mo nisbi.,

IInke, -
- sau5 ;
This dialect ia spoken by the inhabitants of the valley
Do,
-
- th6. of Guraiz, the Areadia of K a s h d r , and by the people of
Tileil, a valley within 3 or 4 murches from Guraiz.
Wait, = haring di.. I t is strongly interspersed with Kashmiri and PanjIbi
- words. I regret that the rain falling on my papers
has obliternted a portion of my Manuscripts on Gurnizi,
A FEW WORDS COMPARING THE OURAIZI but what esists i s sufficicut to show that the Guraizi
-
AND GHILGHlTI DIALECTS O F SHINA. is a distinot dialect of Shini.

ENGLISU Gnu~zr. Gur~ourrr.

I s the nay far 7 = ponn dhr bay. ?
Hen, kbki, karlilmnsh,
The nyny (is) near, = ponn Clali.
Cock, IrOko, konlrrOtsh,
NO, = nnslr.
Bring, atth, nr;,
YCS, = ha ha.
Rice, brim, b<ihn,
What is thc prico ofLhis?= Buiso mol djok lian ?
Light tllc woocl, %!to dhi, d ~ u kdii. I
The 1)ricc is great = you
have made the price
great, - molls the.
111, shilhm, gnliz. I Tbo price is anall. = mol ipllnn

:kzcnn;;: 1 tznngli ui.116, t a M 6 niahi. Cnn any horses be gat in

tbis place ? = ani disl~idjiashp bkda ?
P u t thetllc
rllc
eaJ- nshpcrpolon
7 1(i1C.p iabpc-ji T b e j cannot be got, = nC bey.
horse, j tilea, j a(., Cnn Coolics ba got? = bcygkri bendo ?
-- .-
quickly, -
- lol; 6.
Tho n,nmon Lake their iron wristbonds into thoir hsnds and
fight ; the men ptriko thoir fiats ~gninst ono another.-Vide
" light#." Part 111. of lbie Volume. a0 !dowly, = tshot bo.
 SHINA DIAL0QUES.-( Continued.)

Catch hold,
Bring gmss,
= rat&
= katah att6.
I Give (it) in eschnnge,

I will give you some-

= dumm6 ylrun. Gh.

thing, = tdte mQte djeg dem. (3.

Bring n fowl, = kblii att6.
I mill give you some-
Give, = de. thing, = mas tut djeg d m . Qh.
Hcar, - pimab.
I 'CVhat is your name ? = t b uom cljolc hun ? 13.
Blow out the candle, = dunpa uah6. What is your name ? = tey uom djek han. Gb.
Bring rice, = hrim [brim] att6. What is the name af thia
P u t the a d d l e on the horse= ashper palon thea. village ? = one kay nom djok Puu? G.

Lot go, = pate. What is thceame of ibis

village ? = ane kuy nom JjSk hanu? Qh.
Lift tho load, = brir hunt&.
I do not know, = mos n s dashtam. G.
Dive it in exchunge, = prabed dS.
I do not know, = mas ng daahtem. Gb.
I will give you something = tfite m i t e djkg dom.
W h a t do you know ? = tus djok dash ? G.
What is your name ? = td nbm djbk 11un ?
What do you know ? = tus dj6k dasht6Q Gh,
W h a t is thename of that
village ? = ani kny nbm dibk bun 3 What does ho know ? = ross djok dashtb ? (3.

I do not know, = mos na dnshtam. ( What does ho know P = ross d,jok dasht;? ah.

Whnt do yon know ? = tics dj5k dash ? / Nuch mow will MI, = tushir hin wal6. G.
W h a t docs hcknorv, = dj5k dnsht6 ? ( Nuch snow mill fall, = b5do liin wize. Qh.
Preparc bread quickly, = tlkkilok thea. 1 Wbithcr p i n g ? = k5u boj0 ? G.

Bring the horsc quickly = asp lok athea. 1 W h i t h r going ? = kante bnj0 ? Gh.

D o not do it, = n6 the6. I Going home, = gdjje bojem. G.

How do you do ? = ti. koy djok hay ? \ I to house going, = ma gotc-te bojem. Gh.

How is the rond, = poun kadii hin ? = uthd. G.

This thing is broken, = anic pnti 16. Get up, = hrinn bo. Oh.
Rcpair this, - anu pm>. Eat, = kbh. Sit down, = bey. Drink, = pi. G.
I hove nothing, = muddd djeg nuah. I Eat, = k b 6 Sit down, = b b . Drink, = p i Gh.

God will give (it) you, = ( khudi yez d6. I Now, = tsh6. Do not go now, = Lot no bo. G.

1k l ~ u d tsh5oe.
i I NOW, = t i n . DOnot go now, n, ttn bo. Gh.

Will i t rain to-day, ? = kj wald ? I ~ m n ar ~ t e n a r d ~ , = pat6 6.

- path wb.
G.
Gh.
It mill bc fine (nimbal,iu Come aftenvards,
Bill PmjaLi,) = bijju then.
= rr.u tushar shilBm hosh. Cf.
-. I am very ill,
111.-DIALOGUES, GURAIZI AND G H I L a H I T I . = mb bodo gdiz hanns. GIc.
-
[The ebbrevistion 0.i l l the followin? Dialopea ~ t n o d s lor I will give mdiciIh ,- tato djcbiti dcm ($,
''aaraizi " nod " Oh!' for " Ghilghiti!']
I will givc you medicine, = mas tllte b i l h them ah.
Give me tho whip, = traung mode de. (f.

Qivo mo tbc whip, = t n r mat dc. Gh. Clothea, cup, pat on, = tshulo lioy bonn a.
Cf .
0
11
Give (it) iu exchange, = ~ r a b h ddc. Clothes, cap, put on, = tsbilolioy b m n
 SHINA DIALOGUES.-(00 Jin2ced.)

This man has no clothes = a n manujct tsllulo koy ( P u t on shoes, = pabirr bonn Oh.
and c ~ p , nush - G.
The Water is not fresh, = wdy sisun nush C.
This man hns no clothes = anu manujete t a u l o koy
and cap, nush Gh. The Water is not fresh, = wby sisinu nush Gb.
Bring i t near me, = mo katshe att6 G. Bring more, = tuslllr wall5 G.
Bring i t near me, = ma ltatsh wale .Oh. Bring more; bring new, = hodo s d l 5 ; nao wall6 Gh.

Open, = wash& G. P u t meat on the table, = motz takhtd b h i r m i G.

Open, = tur6. .Gh. P u t meat on the tabla, = mate bitillo tshimwi Gh.
Bind, -
- gan6. G. [ " Takhte" and "bitallo '' literally mean planks ; there
are no tables i n our sense of the word in the country,]
Bind, = gan6. -Qh.
When I call come q u i c k
A Stling, -
- dulb. O. 1s-lit : " When I make
" bo " quickly come,"= mas ha tigdsto lbkho 8. O.
A String, = du16. Gh.
= m u ho tigdsto ISlrho 5. Gh.
A Rope, = bile. G.
I have come to Rashmir
A Rope, = bfrle. Gh. to learn Cllilnsi ; lit :
I to Kashmir have come
Do you want mdahes = Cllilasi word to learn
[firebrands] ? = phudhki bojjdi?' ill ordor, = m6 Knshtr \:Atus ChilS~ib h h
uitshoke-liar1 m i K a s l l ~ ~ -nus
e
D o you want matches, bash sitsloke-lcari Chilaei
[firebrands] ? = phhdlshe bBtsheno ? Oh. G. %' Gh.

I do not want, = n6 boj6m G. \Velcome. Be I~appy.I miR

do every tbing for you
n6 bctshun that I can : lit : Pcace
I do not want, GI). come ! glad bc ! I for
nci. b6tshmus y011r ~ a k ewhatever be
will do, = rahat Blo ! lChon11 hino !
May God keep you well, = klruda tiite mishte theye 43. mas tuc-kilo djeli hanuk
thbm.
May God keep you well, = khuda tOte mishto theya Qh.
I will help yon, lit :I to
Write n letter, = jush liltlr6 G. yon help will give, = mns tGte ka~nakkdem0. $Gh.
Write a letlcr = khatt likkhr a h I (In Hill Qurairi,) = mb tSte kumakk domm.
Read tho letter, ("pad"
mcnna " tcer t o pieces";
I Do you know God? = tus khudidaahtinu? 0 , k Qh.
my Qurairi inlormant Who are you ? lit : You
probably misunder- who ore ? = t G ka hanb ? G. & Oh.
stood me,) = juah pa8 G.
Tell me tho names of the
llead tho letter, = kbatb pn6, r i

I
Gees ; lit : Name sag
I hnvc not been taught, = ma nB sintrilosun do, fruit giving trees,
fuel trees, = nom yQlo the pnmull d j k i
I have not been taught, = m i n5 sitshilfis Gh. tom, dnybki tom. 0 . & a h .
I am not nhle (?) = mtls n6 ginbm Q. Give him my complimontr
and tell him that I shall
I am not able (?) - m5e ne ginum Qh. be vary glad to see
him; lilcmlly :To that
Nnko this, = m u pr36. Look = tsnki G mnn my share salute
do, thus RRJ '' of YOU
Malto this, = anu p r d . Look,=tshalt6 G I I very glad am nioet-
ing t o do from," = oh mushit mey bag0 seldni
I'ut on shocu, = paEzhr bonn G. th6. a6 rB : tev m i bildo
klldsh llannz m;laqat tdki
* As rrlahli~l~ts
they buru tho twigs OC tho "Icy " or " lasl~i" djo.
trcc ; ridc Vocnbulury.
 SHINA DIALOGUES.-(Coatintced.)

I will give a good report = tey hatter de [ nn offensive

0fy011to the I h j a when fonn of above ]
I return ; 2itcraIIy : I Hold h s t , = misht tukt6 lam. Gh.
Lnck returning of you
" very glnd I am, " Hold fast, lilevally :fant = kdro te lom. A
good report to Rnjnb catching hold,
will give, = mii periwn tosto tudjo bod0
khosh hanuamishte khaber I s the mountain Fcrg high
R i t e dam. aud steep P lit: That
mountnin high is, to go
A t w l ~ n t nge did you w r y difficult is ? = ane tshinsh utali hani, bod-
mnny 2 l i f o a l l y : YOU jbki bod0 mushkil bani ?
whnt Tear marriage Uh.
did ? = tzoss kB berjey gnrr tibt. ? tshish utali heyn, bodjani
lai girhn heyn : A.
I s Divorce often tnkino I am hungry and of water
plncc in your country 7 henrk want has caught, = ma uyinu hanus, mCte k&
literally: Of you in the ditti highss Gh.
country divorce much
given not i s ? = tey kuyeru bnttuy * bbdo I am hungry and thirsty = rnh nerono baiis, ba nynnilos.
clyan ne tha ?
He is very lazy &stupid,= rd bddo tar610 hann, bod0
\FrI~atis tlie Cliilnsi word be-nql linnu Gb
for t l ~ i s? literfilly : Iu = j6 lno tar&ro haun, 150
ChilAsi to this whnt do be-aql haun A.
they say ? = Chilasi anbsete dje rnnen ?
Do not make any noise, = ho nQ th6 [and talking to
Do you know Pereian ? = tus Farsi dnshtbnu? children] wriwa n6 the. Oh.
Do not bo nfraid, = nQ bijd. P1, nG biji.
I like the Cl~ilnsis very Be silent, = tshukt6 A. & Gh.
much, = mas Cliilasuiaite bodo [Ini]
muhalbat them. Be silent. lil: silence mak-
iug sit, = tshup thir bey A.
Lovr, = mnliabbat [I' Lai"=much i
Astori,] tshinimus I want to sleep, ' = ma eomm G.mo somm A.
I want t o sleep, = m4 losbthki G. mb 16shte A.

1V.-DIALOGUES I N Q H I L G H I T E A N D ASTORI (Noticc idiom in "loshthli "="I t*morrow=I will sleep.)

Awake mc very early to-
morrow morning. lit :
Wbat is your advice ? = tey kanio djbk h i ? Oh. meto-morrow early call
UP1 = mir loshthki tshill uthere Gh.
What ia your advice ? = teyn kan30 djok heyn ? A.
I will shorn you some- Why have yon come no
thiug \~onderlul, = mai tdtc adjaib tshizek pa- Intc ? lit : Thou vcry
sherhm Gh. ]ate why didat=camost? tu bodo tshfit k6 thiga=boC1 I) ?
I ~vill allow you aome-
thing wonderhl, = mnso tdte ndjaib tshizek
pashlrm A. You havecome altogether
Intr. - tudje kass tshQt 60
--
When ? = karb?
I f ~ o are
u nngly, forgirc
\Vhcrc ? = k5ni P Gh. kdnc ? ; [khi I] A. me, Itt : If thou angry
art, ~ ~ r c s e tl o~ tdo is
lIow P = knnii ? propcr, = KarG tu khnci hnu6 to
bakshish thohe awijje (3.
Give me pour hand, = tey hatt d6. Gh. I = hi;,^ til lihafi haun bak-
shish th6ono awijjo A.
(:i\.r IIIC !our hand, =. t.use hntt d6.
A: B . - I ~I f " can br placed cithcr s t Lhe beginning or
tho cod of a c o ~ ~ d i t i o sor~lencc.
~~nl
Dnttny " is the liltlo pebblo which in gircn on d i v o r c i n ~n i yho ~ l ~ i l hstorin
~ ~ i nppcnr
~ in such to use the
1
"
woman. 'l'l~oman takes o stone and any8 to the aomon pnl,licly Tb. GUlghiti~ use the present
i a " t o "n o i d , , o 1 s f
participle.
i
the .sierublud people, su act which completes Lbe divorce.
 ( 1.5 )

SIIINA DIALOGUES.-(Cotatlnzced.)

I mill make you n pre~cnt,lit :

= mtiso tlitc mehrbini them A.

I
Tell I~imto come a t once,
I to you kinduess will do= m6a tlite rnohrbriui tltem a h , lit: \Iim :"luickly
COUIC " = nesete rS : l6k0 wst;
= niscto r b : loko 6
Gb.
A.
I havewaited long for you,
lit : I much sat for Halloo! doing, quickly bring h6 ! tho ldko ma16 011.
thy sake, = mas botlo bcytos tbc kirte G.
= mh b;Jtos kari A, 1 A t&muand
vour command. lit t l ~ v
subjcct
:
are: tey hukm tabidar hsnus Gh.
\IT

Ho\v manv brothers 11nve

y o u ? )it : t l ~ ybro-
1 = tey hakm tabidar I~auosA.

tlrera how many arc ?= tCy jhru kat~hbliha& ? G.

there in this v i l l a ~ e?-
0
lit : tl~is\-illagc-i~~
I~OII,
Inany l~ouses are ?
[Astori] This vi1l;tge-
I s your h t l ~ c alive?
r lit : in IIOURER how many
your father alive is ? = toy mi10 djino l ~ a n u n ?Gh. are,? [Gbilghiti] = an0 kuycru goti kntshik
hani. ? GI).
= t6 m;do djiuo l~nunda? A.
= ani kuidii katshlgSji ban? A.
TVl~atis his businesst'lit :
of him business what is,= anise komm djGk hauu ? Oh. Where did you buy this P
lit! : thou this where
= auiso krornm djhk 111111? A. prico brougl~teat? = lug rinn k8no gatall d6
igiviug] walegr i: Gh.
EIe is a ZemiudBr, = gresto h m u Gh.
tlise Bnu k6no muli g i n ~ b A.
?
= grcsto l ~ u u A.
Will you not buy any-
From wherc do the enc- thing ? lit : thou prico
l n i e ~come ? lit: ene- auytl~iognot milt take ?= tusdj2.g~girtsh n6 gin&?Gh.
rniorr tvbere from come ?= bbri liiyo w6rw [mbnt part ]
&lo.? G. tdse mGI dj6go uc giuB ? A.

G~,,ltanbjo h i n p A. W l ~ a t is tllc prico of

this P lit : of this the
Tbey wounded four of ~ n y 11ricc how much is ? = nnesegitshkatsI~bkl~nnuPG.
friends ant1 killed two,
lit! : l r v friends-of four = anisi mill kntsh6 hnitu. A.
wound fthey] didsnd two
killed str-lclr, [Astori] I will not buy n n y t l ~ i n c
killed [ Cthilgliiti, ] = me7 shughullese tshar z.zlthmi lit : I auytbiug uot will
thyi., b l do mar6ye. G ~ I , tako = mas djkga ne l~aremus.. GI).
= mCy sl~ugl~i~llese
tshnr = IIIUSO djBga ne harri~musA.
eil;!lmi tllnu b i do mar;
gnu. A. I am n trader, = mas saudogar hanus, Ct.
They mcre roundcd,
They dicd,
= eokhm bil6.
= mGe.
I Hevo you anything t o
= nlua snudngar hauiis A.

scll ? lit : to t l ~ e oauy-

Fill the pitcher wit11 water, thin:: to sell is ? or
lit : Pitchcr water full [Gllilghiti] : thrc-by
make, = surii wey shakk th1: A. GII. auy price t o givc is ? = tde k6tsl1i cljeli get311 dAki
1;anui ? Cf.
Fill it. lit : mixing give, = miulil do Gh.

I \vnnt t o scll tca. lit : I

Is the Lnnlbcrdar in the tca wrll srtll, = mas tshn hinemus.
r i l l n ~ oP lit :t l ~ oIlcnd-
Innu village-in ie 7 = Ddrro liuycrcc I ~ u l u aP Gh.
 ( a6 )
SEIINA DIALOGUES.-(COI~~~~U~CZ.)
I
Close by, in tlic n e s t I this place-to how man-
village, lit : t o tliie ner sball I reach ? = mu ey d i s l ~ i t e clj6k.b;
ncnr, another villoge bGjum. Oh.
in 1 :nn, = Ini kitshi, muti kuyeru
hanus. G. [be is an affix of manner,]
= ani 6le, mhti kuydn hanns, A. = m 6 i dishis y6kbe hojem?
A.
gcrinu=ahead ; in front G. [This is] much bad bosi-
new. but, i l God will?
mutahinu, do, do. A. that business good (will)
become, = brido kitshb krbmm, ammn,
-- kntvhllk Jilr hani ? Gh. inshalls, krbmm miahto
bey Gh.
= kntshhk dlir hsy ? A.

DIALOGUE.-(literally tmnolated.) I DIALOGUE W I T H A PHYSICIAN.

Of Chilis tho rcaidents Mc-to medicine give, I
very wlld are, = Chilirer b6pndjek bddo sick am, = m i l e dewti db, mi ghnliz
yighi h a d . Gh. banns. Qh.
=
T o nny one kindl~esa not
C h i l a d jkkk lii tarnerhji
bine. A. 1 mute jewiti de, mus shilom
bpu~. A.
they do, they kill, = k6y.yaet6 mihriban nB t h h , Wull! I will give, but
marenn. Oh. thou say : whcro t h e
pain ? = sh6! mas d8m, walakin tqs
= k6yseti. mehribani ni. thgn, ra : kdni shilinu ? Gh.
marenn. A. shd, ! mu8 dkrn, wdakin tug
ros : kana ehililo ? 4.
One nlnn n stranger they
dud, all kill, = ek muahdk biglue bild., To-day night I warm
bCte marenn. Gh. was [hsd fever,] = btshu rdtu m i tltu asilus~
= bilas. Gb,
ek mushik Idgo bilo-tb
p'tq' copnlative particle] To-day night to me rover
bute msreqn A. was, 7 osh r i t e mato s h i l ali. 4.
01this reason is ? = b c s e y sebeb djeyk hanfi?
Ch.
- .. I Thy head pnin i s ?
Thy head pain is ?
= tey shish nhihinpa ?
= t b shish shilaunda 3
Gh.
A.
dnoaoy sebeb djbk hey A.
[Her] courses she had, = tnhilea billi. Gb.
mas dj6k dashGm? Qh.
tuhilesi billi. AT
m u d y6k dashtem ? A.
That man-to eyphilia is
Of this villngc people [ pnl6ni ia syphilis,
wild (are), asd to any lel~rouy,ulcor~,LC.&.I= S manfi~etep a l h i hsni Oh:
ono they not fear ;
every day eaeh otlisr h rnanhjote faringi ekhtti. A.
wit11 \vor they do, = ano k l ~ y djakk wahehi
[ " bore" A,] n ~ v i bkdyseto Thou to-day.up.to what
nc bijdp ; har tdhikk lnodicipc h,yt eaten ? = tne ntshitete cljek hil6n
[ dezgLo." A,] akcimadja k l ~ i g ?i Oh.
birgh rib+" A.] thbu Gb.
tose Oehdang dj6k jewhti
Thin placc-in much war. khoyh ? A.
in m u c l ~broken thny
gnvc, vis: tbey wcrc I
Anything not ate I = djek, djega, uo khigis, Qh.
gwatly JeCcatcd iu thim
plucr, - ey bdirhBru b&1o birgiy-cd
d o ahika& dijC. G~I. 1
Thou outside eocst 7 fare
- you cons~itatcd?
- djek, djhk, ne khigis. A.

= t i darrh bridjcuu ? Gb.

- hi darr6 bojaundn ? b.
No ; closed it is, = n6; band hanu. Gh, Tl?is medicine bring, = anu b i l h nr&. 0.
No ;closed it is, = n Q ; rati djilo. A. Medicine, = jewali. A.
Ulcers, infection, -
- prloni. [Divide it] into threo parts
30, = tsbd trang th6. Q.
T o infect, = palijaki. Ch.
Divide, = bigha, A.
Eye pain, = iitshi shilin.
Fingere crooked are, = agiii thri billi.
Cough, = kB. Gh.
Crooked, = kingiri. A.
Bent, doubled up, = k61i.
Cough comes, = kCi wiioi.
Three times eat, = tshC damm khi.
Uenrt pplpitation bap-
Pens, = ltio clerr-darr bilS. G. Yon do, till hand well be-
comes, viz ; D o this till
= l i o qomGng bill, A. your hand geta well, = tun th6, t a batt rnishto b6je
N. B.-At Daskirman [Astor territory] insksd of
'' bojit" " bozingitt"mna used.

Get u p quickly in the

Vomiting has become, = trhdng bcyenu. 0. morning ; jump out of
bed and wrsh, lit r
Cholcra, colic, = karit. G. morning quick get up,
from bed standing up,
= kbhi. A. wmbing do, = loshthki tsl18l utey khathjo
bnnbe tamm done atvaje.
Scab, = k&. Oh. G.
= kiish. d. E loehte tshBl buji khat6jo
hunbe tamm deono b6y. A.
To me scab is ; every
day scrfitching cornea, = mbjjo h@ hani I hnr tshskk (IVnsh) the whole body ;
k6dj eynt. then spread the oint-
ment over i t : lit ;botiy
Dropsy, = mulish ;bldi. t h e whole-then oint-
ment to spread (is)
Pimple, E punh6k. prof'"~ 3 dimm b u b p b a t i r mahlhm
paltke &waje, G.
= posh.
= dimm buto-6 mahlirn
Pimple hnd come out, = puehek nik,iteg, paledno b6y, A.~
Walk a little slowly, Zit :
Tooth ache, = d h a k shildn.
littlo slowly walk. e %potsbiiclbe y6 ; be*' and
Teeth pain, = dbnen shilineq. Astori " te " ia an affix
of m n e r ] 8.
Rheumatism, = gnabb.
= Bpo cbdte ydss ; A.
= Iamm.
~r'inlr water whioh ie
= gwhb didjini. neither too warm nor
too cold, lit: water
= tzopp n5a. not much warm, not
= tzumoshn. much cold drink, = why ne bbdo G t o ni? bddo
sbiddo pi G.
I have a cold, = mhje tzuppnbs bllos, = w15y n e 1Jo t i t o nd Iio
= mije tzuppn8a. shidalo pi, A.
Mucus of tlie nole, = knni. Eat nclther soar, nor
6 y c water, tears, = 8iisho. #&It,nor sweet tl~ings.
lit : not sour, not salt,
Thc cycs, = ntsbi. not s\tVect [ do ] not
eat, = nG tshitto, n6 pndjit, n6
 ( 4s
SHINA DIALOGUES.-( Coatinued.)

Hnlloo ! good mau !

where have you come
= nB tshitti, n& liini, n 3 m6ri from, lit: ~ s l \ o !o good
no kh6, A. man ! thou whence hast
como ? = Ey ! slib mush8 ! t u kdnu
Don't let your feet get a10 ? G.
s e t ; keep them dry,
Zit : feet never wet = A15 ! sh6 muahi, kdnu nlu?
[ let thorn ] not be- A.
come ; dry keep. = p i knra djnrgann no bey;
shuko tshiwi, Ltuhor6 " Sir! I hnvc come on the
Astori] ah. LA. I strengli of your great
namo, lit : Sir ! your
name tnking I l a v e
Slippery = djargnnn. come, = ju ! toy uom gini 610s. Cf.

Wet, -
- ijo, = ju teyn nom gmite, nros A.
M i e n you go t o sleep at On what business have
night, throw many you como ? lit : what
clothes over yon, lit: business taking h w t
a t night, thou sleopest, thou oome ? = djdk krhmm gi 610 ? ff.
clothcs much throw
o\er, = rzto tu sudy, tshPle bodo = djbk krom gl a10 ? A.
njow~, I). Bestow on me a bit or
land. lit : to me soil a
= rBto tu a&,tahile la ajcwi. A. bit [lukhk] lrindnesado
["let tkcxe be," in
G e t into a good per- Astori] = mbtc, kiiy lukkk miliribini
spiration, lit : much tl1u (I.
perspiration make flow, = btllo girOm wnrcr6, Cf.

l'hcn you mill, with God's

= lbo huluk walS
I = ~nfitebuy lukOk mihl.ibini
bo It.
N. B. Ir~beX:wns described t o me as being equivalcnt
help, get well again, lit: to two or three " I I ~ l l s "in Panjabi which is t l ~ c
then tlion, God's-bless-
i11g with, good wilt .
amount that three airs of bullmks cnn oloueh
u
in tlic
year = three ploughs ; but st the samo time " luli8k "
lecomo, = tk k h d 3 ful-satl
also explained t o me as being only onc (?0y96
m i ~ h t obey G'. plotrglring.
= Tii t i , kliudicin fazl-sate, Sir,
mishto bey. A.

- I will do you wrvico, lit :

I, tlice service will do, = mna tGy sliennri thim Cf.
CONVERSATION OF A PEASANT WITH A RAJA.
= muso tey shena~ithem A.
Give my compliments t o Kindueas, prescnt, mercy != sliazdS, mihribani ! CS. & A.
the Haja, lit : to tho
Raja my enlnto cnusc Thanks t o the Rnjn, = ehukr ILajo.
t o reach, = naj6te mi.y jny ipid
EIe l ~ a sacquired a good
= R i t e m6y na&m A.
,lame (try llis kind-
ness) lzt : he has done
Tlic Raja calls thee, = E b e tuto l o tllcno, Irt ; tho name [the lIindustsni
" nqk-nlim "1 = nnmkh then Gh.
- Rnjli t o thee " halloo " = nammh tlib-1 A.
-
- does, G. -
ON TIME
Rirjse tGte i.tcun, lit : the
Unjn to thee A, One podinn
or evenlng, = tsh6nck.
l'eacc jbc] on you, = Akeslhm aleykum. Sun one portion {inscome,
viz : tlic dny i s four
0 0 you [be] p e w , = Aleykum snlim. llours old, = aiiri tnl16nak 61i.
 SHINA 3)1AL0GUEB.-IContin~ed.)

[Midday] i t has met The peaks have vanished, = tilli tbim bilbj. 0.
together, = daz6 billi. ah.
The sun together has come= sure disz6 ili. A.
The peaks have vanished, = tilli g6ji belbj [ also "mar&
in dstori for I' thhm " 3"
Down, = pislrin. The White evening
=twilight, = ah60 shim.
The snn is going down, = shre pisbin billi.
Moon full has become
Sunset, - bGr. =full moon, = yiin piiri billi.
l r h c sun has set, = s t r e biir billi. Moon divided hssbecome
=half moon, = yiin trang billi.
The woman to sleep has
begun =9 o'clock, =
- tshhy sukAyn billi.
tshEy soakEyn billi. A.
Noon semicircular has
become=4th quarter,=
Moon old has become
=new moon,
yiin khbli billi.

= giin sl16di billi.

N. B.-The won~enleave off sninnin-n nt about 9 o'clock
in tho evening "time for ail h o n k people to go to
bed." Darkness bas come [in
. -
AstBri "tsln,"l = kat6sh dlu.
Night divided has become,
=midnight, = r i t i trang billi. The Qhilghitis term the second 15 days of the month
"the fortnight's darkucs3."
One hour before morning, -
l i t : Of morning one
wink is, = lotsbiki thgg billi. ' T h e r e not specially indicated, thc Astori and Qhilgl~iti
= lotshilci dhss billi. A, enumeration for time is identical It seems, however,
that the Qhilghitis understand the divisions of time better
Morning, = 16. than the Astoris and Chilasis, nlthough the Astoris are
somewhat acquainted with the Panjnbi may of reckoning
The morning has damned = 13 bilo'. time. Compare " Cl~spteron Time" in Vocabulary.
l l ~ peaks
e sre red=It is
clay, = tilli djill billi,
 ( 50
APPENDIX TO 981NA VOCABULARY.
The Curator of the Lahore Museum, Nr. Baden Powell, t o whom I owe tlte cataloguing and prosemation
of my Tibetan and Dardu curiosities, has obliged mo with the follo\ving List of Cbilasi words which Lo collected
from somc men whom he met on a tour towards the fronbier of that country. The same officer to whose drawings
Volu~ne111, of thia work will owe its attractiveness, hns also favored ule with an ex lanntion of some Panjabi
fP
Jnduatrirl, Zoologicnl, nnd Botnnicd terms, with the prcciso English cquir.alests of which m s unacquainted.

Water - wni. Man - manur.

Lnssi - mnil, (sour milk " lassi " of G g h i n , kc.) Woman - c h i .
Wheat - Gilnh, corruption evidently of Gehun.) -
Wood jbk.
Fire - ha ilr Milk - dudh. >
Tree - B&( Gold = s6n. Heaven - Asmiu. J u s t na in Bindustin.
Earth (mitti) - sum. '' Ghce" ghi.
Grass -knth. House - eosh.
Cattle -go. Chapatti or bread - tiki.
Goat ---
Buffalo mnish6.
latt.
The act of patting out the flat cnke " tiki-tun."
Cloth (genern1ly)-jamili.
Sheep ail6. Woollen clef) (pattu) -Chanahi.
Motber - ije. n " loongee - lungi.
Enther - b6bo. Jrtliiperrls - chili.
Son - puch, Pinus Exeelsa - chi.
M o u n t a ~ n- khun.
- Picea Webbiana - rr8i.
Cloudysky
Rocky -
ado.
batt.
Deoda'r - pnlur.

N. B.-I use the ch like your tah ;and j ns in English not as iu German ; tlre vowel 'e' as in Oertnnn.
---
NOTE.-~~ is clour that ror the articles these people inlport or trade with they use the IIiudi or down country
what their own country produces they have their o~vnnames for; e. g. colton, cloth is always imported and
knom by Hindi names. Eungi LC., woollen cloth they makc and call " Chsuallri " which ie n peculiar word. Tho
people came from T~ingir,new CMis, 4 days journey below Gllilgit on the snmo aide; 8 d ~ ylnarch ' ~ to Amb.
-
ANIMALS.

B6r.q-Singh, (lit tho 'I twelve tyend ") Ccruns elnl)1hns : wlretlrer tho same in tho Rills and plaius I do not know.
Marlihor (wild goat) the " snake eating" goat.
Hnrri, (lark) ?-
Tshakor, (partridge) the Caccabi8 Cltnko~.of Jcrdon.
Titar, tlre blnck partridge, Francolinua vulgnris Jerdon 111. p. 55.8.
Blains (.4cridolher~s tristis) Jcrdon 11. 352,) the colnnron " Mainn."
Newnl (wcnsrl ?)
Tshnk-tahundnr. muskrat ?
A kind of crpckcr or fire work ia also cnllcd by this name iu the Putjab a3 on being Iiglrtcd it runs nbout on
the groundlike n rat.

Dopatta--a pcarf worn b j women, so called becm~ecmarl? of two pic re^ sown to,~etl~cr.
Lungi-& clleck-eotton cloth, worn sa a a.aimthclt or a8 a turban. Excellel~t lunpis are ulndc at Peslrnwur, kc.
Kangni.- a small earthen vemel covorcd with basket work lor holding fire : carried under the clothes lor wnrmth.
Bhjrn,-a kind of millet, Penicilloria spieota.
Sereo-Not known.
Mak-for Mnkai,- Indian Corn (Zea mnya.)
Pit.-Not known.
Sang (ohell) or Sbenk. Tho large conch ~hcll,lined in old Hindu ~lythologyns a war trumpet and atill rs
a trumprt in rcligiourr ceremonies. Pieces of t.hie nhcll are mnclu into wristlets, and into ornnm~nts of all kindr.
Yofuida ia the " dbile" white Poplar, Poptrlrm nlhn. Fhu ~periesP.ffl8tG~inlnis called ~ l s oby thesnmc nnnre.
~h~ rrood boxes in wl~j~!l Kabul grapes n1.e i ~ n ~ n r t cnre
d made of it-In Lndrik and Lahnl it is used for rooting
Alil Rokhnm, ia n f n ~ i trse.
t (Pratlus domrnti~arnr: Hokl~nrenrir)nnd ns drivcl frnit, the pl-rr~rrimported from
Iiablll rind clseahel.c, Tile dark vnricty of plum is somrtinies grown ill the plni11.Q(cllltiv:~ted-)
pl,ik p1,ip in tllr wild fig, Fic~teearieoi~lrs(ratlletl by that nalnc in liig)+:inand nbo~tttlmt rrgion of counlry
 [ The folloming words merc collected by my Munshi, Ghulam Nabi. They are all GGLilghiti
and mere written down by him in the Arabic charastars on tho right of this page. ]

ENGLISH. G~ILGHITI./ >

-- - I
i ENGLISH. GHILGHITI.
@f
-p i
..
. khoi, ...I @& Loose sort of drawers, shawalik, .. d !
capp,
Turban, .
..thato, ... jLj' Shoulder strap . az6q, ? .. .. &jl
Jacket, ..,kurtani, .;... &!I$ ORNAMENTS.
Coat, .
../plieren, drr?
... ..
Waistcoat, ,..nfmtenn, ...
... 2 +j , Bangles,
'
kau,
borono,... , ..
>Y
Girdle,
Dupatta, La
.
, ,dsgbano,
djuli, ma
I
,.i+J3

d*
/
Ring,
Necklace, ?
Ear-pendants, .. Itshuli,
...
'shotrokao, .
. **
. &>+
Yj*

of scarf,] '
.
'
y
Sheets, .
,. lahun, .
..! dt$ , Earring, ,,,'gh~shi,(?) .. &G
Tronsers, ...
zuneli, ... . Arm-ring,
bJ! ,., ka, ...
. ..
a. .

.
Strings of drawers, ..ghuslii, (?) ... + Silver amulet chain, tomar, $
Stockings, ,.j u r ... 3 + Large earring .
..'glia,s~, ... ..
>C"
Gloves, ...
pandja, ...
Place for buttoning gcrT,
...
1 ..I
A
*

g ~ f 1ron
Ii MISCELLANEOUS.
clubs, . daphus,.. vwlj ...
a jacket,
Slccves, ...ILoyin, ...
i
I Ramrod,
cjl? I A Icaivat called
sl~eli,... %+
...
T~appets, .
..lmuni,
Tsh6glla, (mantle, Ishuqa, 1 ..
. .I
1
Eatti,
i Tslilna, [millet,]
,,,
1 ...
namir,
anu, ..
/k'
91
...
.
long gown,
Quilt, . a osl, , . Icangni, a small
GJFI I millet, ) I...]
firpitt,
-2 ...
Pelt, (namda,) ...~lihan~o, . .. ,,
.Iy .A Bajera, [a kind of b u k a k , ...
Pillom, ...
b\ u k i s h , ... 0fi
c

millet ?I 4
Handlerchief, . i s s ,
Rcd forellcad-band, kuli,
...
..,
/
u~ sereo, do. do. ...igan6,
danghari-} {u,la $3

cotton,) of 1.
..Ishatrandji, ... +72& y a k , [Indian cum,] bilh,i, ...
...
@!
Cllcck-cotton cloth, 7 1 I 1 Knife, . lihatb, .. I&
[lungi,] ... &' ~ a r g knife,
c ..,ship, .. YE .
Langoti, (an apology Jackal, ..lsli~l, . ... J"
for trowsers,) &+* Deer, .;rdntsh,.. ...
Pcrsian cn~pet,
.I
.. 4 1;
Small lizard, .
..'kerkili, .. .
(made of wool,)
Curl-ribbons, ... I Mangoose, measel,
,;i (Newil,)
I, ( )ilhntsh,
... ck
Shanrl, &,+ & J ~VCUSF, ..
.huyini, .. . d;p
Pctt,icont, .
, . [ ~ c y s l ~ ~ \ ~ ~ u l ,:)"J
i .
~ ~ t , [ t ~ l ~ a ~ ~ h u n h r , ~ ~ i ~..~ l l u m i u ,
Sllocs, .
.. kupsh:i, . . '
Ticks, [tsbit~sl~cr,] ... el& p
- .-- .
-
I ...Ipito, ...
Nu~c.-~Whn~
IVY IIonshi rel,dsrcd by rind were prubnblg o ~ l l yindialiucl ullcrancea 01 Ilia Gl~ilglriliinformant.
 J L J&
~
Ill'iVlY'. l1lF V(II'IF. #,I I l l > .

Havildar and the Mullah, 1874-75.

I'rtn~1>
1 I ! \ I r m n ~ 11,s. 1,151 ~ d t t ~ n,,f
n
I r2 * - i t . ] \\ \ I K L F - \Inl. rll ( CIIIT.IIa\ .1.4

I. ( V U A \ & u.rt.~\ F U I , -;