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    Introduction Imune System

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    Laras
    This document discusses the history and evolution of immunology. It summarizes Edward Jenner's pioneering work in the late 18th century demonstrating that vaccination with cowpox provided protection against smallpox. It then describes how major advances since the 1960s, including new techniques like monoclonal antibodies and genetically modified animals, have transformed immunology from a descriptive to an explanatory science. The document goes on to outline the key distinction between innate immunity, which provides early defense, and adaptive immunity, which develops and strengthens in response to infection.

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    Introduction Imune System

    Uploaded by

    Laras
    20 views2 pages
    This document discusses the history and evolution of immunology. It summarizes Edward Jenner's pioneering work in the late 18th century demonstrating that vaccination with cowpox provided protection against smallpox. It then describes how major advances since the 1960s, including new techniques like monoclonal antibodies and genetically modified animals, have transformed immunology from a descriptive to an explanatory science. The document goes on to outline the key distinction between innate immunity, which provides early defense, and adaptive immunity, which develops and strengthens in response to infection.

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    This document discusses the history and evolution of immunology. It summarizes Edward Jenner's pioneering work in the late 18th century demonstrating that vaccination with cowpox provided protection against smallpox. It then describes how major advances since the 1960s, including new techniques like monoclonal antibodies and genetically modified animals, have transformed immunology from a descriptive to an explanatory science. The document goes on to outline the key distinction between innate immunity, which provides early defense, and adaptive immunity, which develops and strengthens in response to infection.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    20 views2 pages

    Introduction Imune System

    Uploaded by

    Laras
    This document discusses the history and evolution of immunology. It summarizes Edward Jenner's pioneering work in the late 18th century demonstrating that vaccination with cowpox provided protection against smallpox. It then describes how major advances since the 1960s, including new techniques like monoclonal antibodies and genetically modified animals, have transformed immunology from a descriptive to an explanatory science. The document goes on to outline the key distinction between innate immunity, which provides early defense, and adaptive immunity, which develops and strengthens in response to infection.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    conditions.

    Historically, the first clear example of this


    manipulation, and one that remains among the most
    dramatic ever recorded, was Edward Jenner's successful
    vaccination against smallpox. Jenner, an English physician, noticed that milkmaids who had recovered from
    cowpox never contracted the more serious smallpox. On
    the basis of this observation, he injected the material
    from a cowpox pustule into the arm of an 8-year-old boy.
    When this boy was later intentionally inoculated
    with smallpox, the disease did not develop. Jenner's
    landmark treatise on vaccination (Latin vaccinus, of or
    from cows) was published in 1798. It led to the widespread acceptance of this method for inducing immunity to
    infectious diseases, and vaccination remains the
    most effective method for preventing infections (Table
    1-1). An eloquent testament to the importance of
    immunology was the announcement by the World
    Health Organization in 1980 that smallpox was the first
    disease that had been eradicated worldwide by a
    program of vaccination.
    Since the 1960s, there has been a remarkable transformation in our understanding of the immune system
    and its functions. Advances in cell culture techniques
    (including monoclonal antibody production), immunochemistry, recombinant DNA methodology, x-ray
    crystallography, and creation of genetically altered animals
    (especially transgenic and knockout mice) have changed
    immunology from a largely descriptive science into one
    in which diverse immune phenomena can be explained
    in structural and biochemical terms. In this chapter, we
    outline the general features of immune responses and
    introduce the concepts that form the cornerstones
    of modern immunology and that recur throughout
    this book.
    INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
    Defense against microbes is mediated by the early reactions of innate immunity and the later responses of
    adaptive immunity (Fig. 1-1 and Table 1-2). Innate
    immunity (also called natural or native immunity) provides the early line of defense against microbes. It consists of
    cellular and biochemical defense mechanisms
    that are in place even before infection and are poised to
    respond rapidly to infections. These mechanisms react
    only to microbes (and to the products of injured cells),
    and they respond in essentially the same way to repeated
    infections. The principal components of innate immunity are (1) physical and chemical barriers, such as
    epithelia and antimicrobial substances produced at
    epithelial surfaces; (2) phagocytic cells (neutrophils,
    macro phages) and natural killer (NK) cells; (3) blood
    proteins, including members ofthe complement system
    and other mediators of inflammation; and (4) proteins
    called cytokines that regulate and coordinate many of
    the activities of the cells of innate immunity. The mechanisms of innate immunity are specific for structures
    that are common to groups of related microbes and
    may not distinguish fine differences between foreign
    substances.
    In contrast to innate immunity, there are other
    immune responses that are stimulated by exposure to
    infectious agents and increase in magnitude and defensive capabilities with each successive exposure to a particular
    microbe. Because this form of immunity develops
    as a response to infection and adapts to the infection, it
    is called adaptive immunity. The defining characteristics of adaptive immunity are exquisite specificity fo

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