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    Vorticity PDF

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    irvhen
    The document discusses the derivation of the vorticity transport equation from the momentum equation. Some key steps include: 1) Using vector identities to rewrite the momentum equation in terms of vorticity ω = ∇ × u. 2) Taking the curl of both sides yields an equation for the rate of change of vorticity over time. 3) The resulting vorticity transport equation shows that the rate of change of vorticity is controlled by vortex stretching and diffusion.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Vorticity PDF

    Uploaded by

    irvhen
    106 views4 pages
    The document discusses the derivation of the vorticity transport equation from the momentum equation. Some key steps include: 1) Using vector identities to rewrite the momentum equation in terms of vorticity ω = ∇ × u. 2) Taking the curl of both sides yields an equation for the rate of change of vorticity over time. 3) The resulting vorticity transport equation shows that the rate of change of vorticity is controlled by vortex stretching and diffusion.

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    The document discusses the derivation of the vorticity transport equation from the momentum equation. Some key steps include: 1) Using vector identities to rewrite the momentum equation in terms of vorticity ω = ∇ × u. 2) Taking the curl of both sides yields an equation for the rate of change of vorticity over time. 3) The resulting vorticity transport equation shows that the rate of change of vorticity is controlled by vortex stretching and diffusion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    106 views4 pages

    Vorticity PDF

    Uploaded by

    irvhen
    The document discusses the derivation of the vorticity transport equation from the momentum equation. Some key steps include: 1) Using vector identities to rewrite the momentum equation in terms of vorticity ω = ∇ × u. 2) Taking the curl of both sides yields an equation for the rate of change of vorticity over time. 3) The resulting vorticity transport equation shows that the rate of change of vorticity is controlled by vortex stretching and diffusion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    1

    The Vorticity equation

    • Use of the streamfunction allows us to automatically satisfy


    the continuity equation. Now we will try to transform the
    momentum equation
    ∂u 1
    + (u · ∇)u = − ∇p + ν∇2u
    ∂t ρ
    into an equation for the vorticity ω = ∇ × u.
    • Here are a few results that we will use in the derivation:
    1
    ∇(u · u) = (u · ∇)u + u × (∇ × u), (1)
    2
    ∇ × ∇φ = 0, (2)
    and
    ω · ∇)u − (u · ∇)ω
    ∇ × (u × ω ) = (ω ω + u∇ ω∇
    · ω} −ω
    | {z | {z· u}, (3)
    0 0

    where the last two terms vanish because


    ∇ · ω = ∇ · (∇ × u) = div curl u = 0
    and
    ∇ · u = 0.
    2

    • First, we use (1) in the momentum equation to obtain


    ∂u 1 1 2
    + ∇(u · u) − u × (∇ × u) = − ∇p + ν∇ u
    ∂t 2 | {z } ρ
    ω
    i.e.
    ∂u 1 1
    + ∇(u · u) − u × ω = − ∇p + ν∇2u
    |∂t 2 {z } |
    ρ {z }
    LHS RHS

    • Now take the curl of the LHS:


    ∂ 1
    ∇ × LHS = (∇ × u) + ∇ × ∇(u · u)} − ∇ × (u × ω )}
    ∂t | {z } 2 | {z | {z
    ω 0 because of (2) see (3)
    i.e.
    ω
    ∂ω
    ∇ × LHS = ω · ∇)u + (u · ∇)ω
    − (ω ω
    ∂t
    • ...and the RHS:
    1 2
    ∇ × RHS = − ∇ × ∇p +ν∇ (∇ × u)}
    ρ | {z } | {z
    0 because of (2) ω
    • Now combine the remaining non-zero terms
    ∂ωω
    ω · ∇)u = ν∇2ω .
    ω −(ω
    + (u · ∇)ω
    |∂t {z }
    ω /Dt
    Dω
    3

    • The resulting equation is the vorticity transport equation


    Dωω
    ω · ∇)u + ν∇2ω
    = (ω (4)
    Dt
    which shows that the rate of change of the vorticity of ma-
    terial particles, Dω ω /Dt, is controlled by ‘vortex stretching’
    (described by (ω ω · ∇)u; this is a familiar result from inviscid
    fluid mechanics) and by diffusion (described by ν∇2ω ). The
    diffusion of vorticity only occurs in viscous flows.
    • For 3D flows, the first term on the RHS in (4) represents vortex
    stretching: velocity gradients lead to a change in the rate of
    rotation of material particles.
    • Note that for 2D flows, vortex stretching is absent since
    u = u(x, y) ex + v(x, y) ey and ω = ω(x, y) ez and therefore
    ω · ∇)u = 0.
    (ω
    • The vorticity transport equation provides an interesting inter-
    pretation of the kinematic viscosity ν: The kinematic viscosity
    is the diffusion coefficient for the diffusion of vorticity.
    • Many phenomena in viscous fluid mechanics can be interpreted
    in terms of the diffusion of vorticity but this is (unfortunately)
    beyond the scope of this course.
    4

    • For 2D flows, the vorticity transport equation


    Dω
    = ν∇2ω
    Dt
    together with the equation for the vorticity in terms of the
    streamfunction
    ω = −∇2ψ
    and
    u = ∂ψ/∂y and v = −∂ψ/∂x
    provide the streamfunction-vorticity formulation of the Navier-
    Stokes equations, which consists of only two PDEs for the
    scalars ω and ψ rather than the three equations for u, v and p
    in the ‘primitive variable’ form.
    • Scaling arguments show that in the limit of zero Reynolds
    number, only one fourth-order PDE for the streamfunction ψ
    needs to be solved, namely the biharmonic equation
    ∇4ψ = 0,
    where
    4∂4 ∂4 ∂4
    ∇ = 4 + 2 2 2 + 4.
    ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
    • This can also be shown directly by taking the curl of the Stokes
    equations.

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