AMERICAN MULTICULTURALISM

THE BLACK MOVEMENT AND POSITION OF BLACK IN MELTING

POT

Submitted as assignment of American Multiculturalism

Ayu Cahyati (N1D216012)

Hilma Yuningsih Saminah (N1D216032)
Olha Suzitha Lantemona (N1D216058)
Shinta Andriani Sere (N1D216074)
Siti Aisyah Akhtar (N1D216076)
Toni Krismanto (N1D216082)
Yahya Ramadhan (N1D216088)
Yurmin (N1D216090)

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF HALU OLEO
KENDARI
 PREFACE

First of all thanks for God’s love and grace for us. Thanks to God for
helping and give us chance to finish this paper timely and we would like to say
thank you to the lecturer that always teaches us and give much knowledge.

This paper is submitted for Assignment of American Multiculturalism and

the writer realized that this paper is not perfect. But the writer hope it can be
useful for us. Critics and suggestion are needed here to make this paper be better.

Hopefully, this paper can help the readers to expand our knowledge about
“The Black Movement and Black in Melting pot ”

Kendari, May 2019

 LIST OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE SHEET…………………………………………………………….. i
PREFACE………………………………………………………………….. ii
LIST OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………… iii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION…………………………………………... 1
1.1 Background…………………………………………………….. 1
1.2 Focus Discussion………………………………………………. 1
1.3 The Objective of Discussion…………………………………... 1
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
2.1 Black Power Movement……………………………………….. 6
2.2 Background Black Power Movement…………………………. 6
2.3 History…………………………………………………………. 7
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION……………………………………………. 14
REFERENCES
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The Black Power movement emphasized racial pride, economic empowerment,

and the creation of political and cultural institutions for African-American
people in the United States. The movement grew out of the Civil rights
movement. The Black Power movement served as a focal point for the view that
reformist and pacifist elements of the Civil Rights Movement were not effective
in changing race relations. Motivated by a desire for safety and self-sufficiency
that was not available inside redline neighborhoods, Black Power activists
founded black owned bookstores, food cooperatives, farms, media, printing
presses, schools, clinics and ambulance services. The international impact of the
movement includes the Black Power Revolution in Trinidad and Tobago. The
organization Nation of Islam becomes the inspiring later groups as a black
nationalist movement in the 1930s. Malcolm X is largely credited with the
group's dramatic increase in membership between the early 1950s and early
1960s. By the late 1960s, Black Power came to represent the demand for more
immediate violent action to counter American white supremacy. Most of these
ideas were influenced by Malcolm X's criticism of Martin Luther King Jr.'s
peaceful protest methods. The 1965 assassination of Malcolm X, coupled with the
urban uprisings of 1964 and 1965, ignited the movement. In late October 1966,
Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party for Self-
Defense. In formulating a new politics, they drew on their experiences working
with a variety of Black Power organizations. The Black Panther Party (BPP),
originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, was a political organization
founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton in October 1966 in Oakland,
California. In 1966, the Black Panther Party offered a list of their wants and
beliefs. Drawing from the language of the Declaration of Independence, the
document made a powerful statement about the state of race relations in the
United States at the time. point five of BPP, "We want education for our people
that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. We want education
that teaches us our true history and our role in the present day society." This
sentiment was echoed in many of the other Black Power organizations; the
inadequacy of black education had earlier been remarked on by W. E. B. Du
Bois, Marcus Garvey, and Carter G. Woodson.
1.2 Focus Discussion
1.2.1 How is black movement in America?
1.2.3 What is black in melting plot?

1.3 The Objective of Discussion

1.3.1 Comprehend about the black movement in America.
1.3.2 Understand about black in melting plot.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Black Power Movement

The Black Power movement emphasized racial pride, economic
empowerment, and the creation of political and cultural institutions for African-
American people in the United States.The movement grew out of the Civil rights
movement, as black activists experimented with forms of self-advocacy ranging
from political lobbying to armed struggle. The Black Power movement served as
a focal point for the view that reformist and pacifist elements of the Civil Rights
Movement were not effective in changing race relations.

Motivated by a desire for safety and self-sufficiency that was not available
inside redline neighborhoods, Black Power activists foundedblack-owned
bookstores , food cooperatives, farms, media, printing presses, schools, clinics and
ambulance services.The international impact of the movement includes theBlack
Power Revolution in Trinidad and Tobago .

While black American thinkers such as Robert F. Williams and Malcolm

X influenced the early Black Power movement, the Black Panther Party and its
views are widely seen as the cornerstone. It was influenced by philosophies such
as pan-Africanism , black nationalism and socialism , as well as contemporary
events including the Cuban Revolution and the decolonization of Africa.At the
movement's peak in the early 1970s, some of its more militant leaders were killed
during conflicts with police, prompting many activists to abandon the movement.

2.2 Background Black Power Movement

The first popular use of the term "Black Power" as a social and racial
slogan was by Stokely Carmichael (later known as Kwame Ture) and Willie Ricks
(later known as Mukasa Dada), both organizers and spokespersons for the Student
Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. On June 16, 1966, in a speech in
Greenwood, Mississippi , during the March Against Fear , Carmichael led the
marchers in a chant for black power that was televised nationally.

By the late 1960s, Black Power came to represent the demand for more
immediate violent action to counter American white supremacy. Most of these
ideas were influenced by Malcolm X 's criticism ofMartin Luther King Jr. 's
peaceful protest methods. The 1965 assassination of Malcolm X , coupled with
the urban uprisings of 1964 and 1965, ignited the movement. New organizations
that supported Black Power philosophies ranging from socialism to black
nationalism , including the Black Panther Party BPP), grew to prominence.

2.3 History
Focus on education
The Black Panther Party's Ten-Point Program included point five, "We
want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent
American society. We want education that teaches us our true history and our role
in the present day society." This sentiment was echoed in many of the other Black
Power organizations; the inadequacy of black education had earlier been remarked
on by W. E. B. Du Bois , Marcus Garvey , and Carter G. Woodson .With this
backdrop, Stokely Carmichael brought political education into his work with
SNCC in the rural South. This included get out the vote campaigns and political
literacy. Bobby Seale and Huey Newton used education to address the lack of
identity in the black community. Seale had worked with youth in an after-school
program before starting the Panthers. Through this new education and identity
building, they believed they could empower black Americans to claim their
freedom.

Escalation in the late 1960s

The Black Panther Party initially utilized open-carry gun laws to protect
party members and local black communities from law enforcement. Party
members also recorded incidents of police brutality by distantly following police
cars around neighborhoods. Numbers grew slightly starting in February 1967,
when the party provided an armed escort at the San Francisco airport for

Betty Shabazz , Malcolm X's widow and keynote speaker at conference held in his
honor. By 1967, the SNCC began to fall apart due to policy disputes in its
leadership and many members left for the Black Panthers. Throughout 1967 the
Panthers staged rallies and disrupted the California State Assembly with armed
marchers. In late 1967 the FBI developed COINTELPRO to investigate black
nationalist groups and other civil rights leaders. By 1969, the Black Panthers and
their allies had become primary COINTELPRO targets, singled out in 233 of the
295 authorized "black nationalist" COINTELPRO actions. In 1968 the Republic
of New Afrika was founded, a separatist group seeking a black country in the
southern United States, only to dissolve by the early 1970s.
By 1968, many Black Panther leaders had been arrested, including founder
Huey Newton for the murder of a police officer (Newton's proseuction was
eventually dismissed), yet membership surged. Black Panthers later engaged the
police in a firefight in a Los Angeles gas station. In the same year, Martin Luther
King Jr. was assassinated , creating nationwide riots, the widest wave of social
unrest since the American Civil War. In Cleveland , Ohio, the "Republic of New
Libya" engaged the police in the Glenville shootout, which was followed by
rioting. The year also marked the start of the White Panther Party , a group of
whites dedicated to the cause of the Black Panthers. Founders Pun Plamondon and
John Sinclair were arrested, but eventually freed, in connection to the bombing of
a Central Intelligence Agency office in Ann Arbor, Michigan that September. By
1969, the Black Panthers began purging members due to fear of law enforcement
infiltration and engaged in multiple gunfights with police, and one with a black
nationalist organization. The Panthers continued their "Free Huey" campaign
internationally. In the spirit of rising militancy, the League of Revolutionary
Black Workers was formed in Detroit, which supportedlabor rights and black
liberation.

Peak in the early 1970s

In 1970 the Honorary Prime Minister of the Black Panther Party, Stokely
Carmichael, traveled to various countries to discuss methods to resist "American
imperialism ".In Trinidad, the black power movement had escalated into the Black
Power Revolution in which many Afro-Trinidadians forced the government of
Trinidad to give into reforms. Later many Panthers visited Algeria to discuss Pan-
Africanism and anti-imperialism. In the same year former Black Panthers formed
the

Black Liberation Army to continue a violent revolution rather than the

party's new reform movements. On October 22, 1970, the Black Liberation Army
is believed to have planted a bomb in St. Brendan's Church in San Francisco while
it was full of mourners attending the funeral of San Francisco police officer
Harold Hamilton, who had been killed in the line of duty while responding to a
bank robbery. The bomb was detonated, but no one in the church suffered serious
injuries.

In 1971, several Panther officials fled the U.S. due to police concerns. This
was the only active year of the Black Revolutionary Assault Team , a group that
bombed the New York South African consular office in protest of apartheid . On
September 20 it placed bombs at the UN Missions of Republic of the Congo
(Kinshasa) and the Republic of Malawi. In February 1971, ideological splits
within the Black Panther Party between leaders Newton and Eldridge Cleaver led
to two factions within the party; the conflict turned violent and four people were
killed in a series of assassinations. On May 21, 1971, five Black Liberation Army
members participated in the shootings of two New York City police officers,
Joseph Piagentini and Waverly Jones. Those brought to trial for the shootings
include Anthony Bottom (also known as Jalil Muntaqim) , Albert Washington,
Francisco Torres, Gabriel Torres, and Herman Bell.

During the jail sentence of White Panther John Sinclair a "Free John"
concert took place, including John Lennon and Stevie Wonder . Sinclair was
released two days later. On August 29, three BLA members murdered San
Francisco police sergeant John Victor Young at his police station. Two days later,
the San Francisco Chronicle received a letter signed by the BLA claiming
responsibility for the attack. Late in the year Huey Newton visited China for
meetings on Maoist theory and anti-imperialism. Black Power icon George
Jackson attempted to escape from prison in August, killing seven hostage only to
be killed himself. Jackson's death triggered the Attica Prison uprising which was
later ended in a bloody siege. On November 3, Officer James R. Greene of the
Atlanta Police Department was shot and killed in his patrol van at a gas station by
Black Liberation Army members. 1972 was the year Newton shut down many
Black Panther chapters and held a party meeting inOakland, California. On
January 27, the Black Liberation Army assassinated police officers Gregory
Foster and Rocco Laurie in New York City. After the killings, a note sent to
authorities portrayed the murders as a retaliation for the prisoner deaths during
1971 Attica prison riot. To date no arrests have been made. In the same year,
MOVE was founded and engaged in demonstrations for environmentalism and
black power. On July 31, five armed BLA members hijacked Delta Air Lines
Flight 841 , eventually collecting a ransom of $1 million and diverting the plane,
after passengers were released, to Algeria. The authorities there seized the ransom
but allowed the group to flee. Four were eventually caught by French authorities
in Paris, where they were convicted of various crimes, but one George
Wrightremained a fugitive until September 26, 2011, when he was captured in
Portugal. After being accused of murdering a prostitute in 1974, Huey Newton
fled to Cuba. Elaine Brown became party leader and embarked on an election
campaign.

Deescalation in the late 1970s

In the late 1970s a rebel group named after the killed prisoner formed the
George Jackson Brigade . From March 1975 to December 1977, the Brigade
robbed at least seven banks and detonated about 20 pipe bombs – mainly targeting
government buildings, electric power facilities, Safeway stores, and companies
accused of racism. In 1977, Newton returned from exile in Cuba. Shortly
afterward, Elaine Brown resigned from the party and fled to Los Angeles. The
Party fell apart, leaving only a few members. MOVE became a communal living
group. When police raided their house a firefight broke out; one officer was
killed, seven other police officers, five firefighters, three MOVE members, and
three bystanders were also injured. In another high-profile incident of the Black
Liberation Army,

Assata Shakur, Zayd Shakur and Sundiata Acoli were said to have opened fire on
state troopers in New Jersey after being pulled over for a broken taillight. Zayd
Shakur and state trooper Werner Foerster were both killed during the exchange.
Following her capture, Assata Shakur was tried in six different criminal trials.
According to Shakur, she was beaten and tortured during her incarceration in a
number of different federal and state prisons. The charges ranged from kidnapping
to assault and battery to bank robbery. Assata Shakur was found guilty of the
murder of both Foerster and her companion Zayd Shakur, but escaped prison in
1979 and eventually fled to Cuba and received political asylum. Acoli was
convicted of killing Foerster and sentenced to life in prison.
In 1978 a group of Black Liberation Army andWeather Underground
members formed named the May 19th Communist Organization, or M19CO. It
also included members of the Black Panthers and the Republic of New Africa. In
1979 three M19CO members walked into the visitor's center at the Clinton
Correctional Facility for Women near Clinton , New Jersey. They took two guards
hostage and freed Shakur. Several months later M19CO arranged for the escape of
William Morales , a member of Puerto Rican separatist group Fuerzas Armadas
de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña from Bellevue Hospital in New York City,
where he was recovering after a bomb he was building exploded in his hands.

Decline in the 1980s

Over the 1980s the Black Power movement continued despite a decline in
its popularity and organization memberships. The Black Liberation Army was
active in the US until at least 1981 when a Brinks truck robbery, conducted with
support from former Weather Underground members Kathy Boudin and David
Gilbert, left a guard and two police officers dead. Boudin and Gilbert, along with
several BLA members, were subsequently arrested. M19CO engaged in a
bombing campaign in the 1980s. They targeted a series of government and
commercial buildings, including the U.S. Senate . On November 3, 1984, two
members of the M19CO, Susan Rosenberg and Timothy Blunk, were arrested at a
mini-warehouse they had rented in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. Police recovered
more than 100 blasting caps, nearly 200 sticks of dynamite, more than 100
cartridges of gel explosive, and 24 bags of blasting agent from the warehouse. The
M19CO alliance's last bombing was on February 23, 1985, at the Policemen's
Benevolent Association in New York City. MOVE had relocated to Philadelphia
after the earlier shootout. On May 13, 1985, the police, along with city manager
Leo Brooks, arrived with arrest warrants and attempted to clear the building and
arrest the indicted MOVE members. This led to an armed standoff with police,
who lobbed tear gas canisters at the building. MOVE members shot at the police,
who returned fire with automatic weapons. The police then bombed the house,
causing a large fire. In 1989, well into the waning years of the movement, the
New Black Panther Party formed. In the same year on August 22, Huey P.
Newton was fatally shot outside by 24-year-old Black Guerilla Family member
Tyrone Robinson.

Today
After the 1970s the Black Power movement saw a decline, but not an end.
In the year 1998 the Black Radical Congress was founded, with debatable effects.
The Black Riders Liberation Party was created by Bloods and Crips gang
members as an attempt to recreate the Black Panther Party in 1996. The group has
spread, creating chapters in cities across the United States, and frequently staging
paramilitary marches. During the 2008 presidential election New Black Panther
Party members were accused voter intimidation at a polling station in a
predominantly black, Democratic voting district of Philadelphia. After the
politically upsetting shooting of Trayvon Martin black power paramilitaries
formed, including the Huey P. Newton Gun Club, African American Defense
League, and the New Black Liberation Militia , all staging armed marches and
military training.[citation needed]Some have compared the modern
movementBlack Lives Matter to the Black Power movement, noting its
similarities.

Media
Just as Black Power activists focused on community control of schools
and politics, the movement took a major interest in creating and controlling its
own media institutions. Most famously, the Black Panther Party produced the
Black Panther newspaper, which proved to be one of the BPP's most influential
tools for disseminating its message and recruiting new members.WAFR was
launched in September 1971 as the first public, community-based black radio
station. The Durham, North Carolina, station broadcast until 1976, but influenced
later activist radio stations including WPFW in Washington, D.C. and WRFG in
Atlanta.

2.4 MELTING POT

Melting pot is a situation where there is a fusion of various races, cultures,
ethnicities and religions in an area, where they have assimilated and brought to a
separate concept of principle, giving rise to a growing multiethnic union.
Assimilation has taken place in the United States today. Historical factors that the
United States is a country founded by immigrants from England and not founded
by the Native Americans themselves. In addition, inter-ethnic fusion that occurs in
the United States of America, consisting of Hispanic, Indian, Chinese, Afro-
American and so on, also feels quite good without division. Although there are
indications that ethnic Afro-Americans are a little marginalized, it does not mean
they do not have equal rights. An example is the election of Barrack Obama, who
is of black descent, as President of the United States. In addition, ethnic marriages
that occur in the United States (between Americans and Asian people, or among
Americans with Latin ancestry) also show that assimilation in the United States is
good enough.
American society consists of different immigrant identities, they meet in new
places with different cultural traditions. There is an assumption, if each group
emphasizes its culture, then the new community will experience conflict. For this
reason, a new term emerged for the people of the United States, namely the
Melting Pot. The existence of this term is expected to create a harmonious
relationship between people who have diverse cultural backgrounds and are
considered (by de Tocqueville, at that time) as a real picture of a democratic
society. This is based on two arguments. The first is the existence of cultural
exchange and the second is the emergence of the independence of the community
which then manifests itself in civil society organizations. This Melting pot later
became the root of the idea of multiculturalism in Canada.
Black-American in Melting Pot
Yet throughout American history, immigrants and minority groups,
seeking to make room for themselves, have broadened the definition of America.
Minority experiences have acted as a powerful force in the creation of America's
self-image.

For the first half of the 20th century, Jews were the paradigmatic
American minority by which all other minority experiences were understood. In
the second half, African-Americans, the descendants of a forced migration, set the
standard for a racial debate that altered the nation's vision of itself. Now, with
Hispanics poised to become the largest minority group, Mexican- Americans —
who make up two-thirds of all Latinos in the United States — could change how
the nation sees itself in the 21st century.

by Stephen Steinberg "America's melting pot has been inclusive of

everybody but blacks." This article is excerpted from Dr. Steinberg's book, Race
Relations: A Critique , published in September by Stanford University Press. The
text preceding the excerpt criticizes sociologists for advancing "an epistemology
of wishful thinking" that denies the reality of the melting pot.

Admittedly, this is a sweeping conclusion. While I believe that it captures

the main thrust of American ethnic history, it does not tell the whole story. In
particular, it does not account for the African American exception. Here we speak
of a group that came to America in slave galleys, not immigrant vessels. While
successive waves of immigrants flowed into the country, first to settle the land
mass and later to provide labor for burgeoning industries, blacks were trapped in
the South in a system of feudal agriculture. Even in the North, a rigid color line
excluded them from the manufacturing sector, except for a few dirty,
backbreaking, and dangerous jobs that whites spurned. In effect, the industrial
revolution was "for whites only," depriving blacks of the jobs and opportunities
that delivered Europe's huddled masses from poverty.
Notwithstanding their "racial" differences and the many impediments that
they confront, the new immigrants have been able to bypass blacks on the
proverbial road to success. As I argued above, this is also a road that ultimately
leads into the melting pot. It is a mark of the melting pot's failure that African
Americans, whose roots on American soil go back to the founding of the nation,
are today more segregated than recent immigrants from Asia and Latin America.
According to Douglas S. Massey, "no other ethnic or racial group in the United
states has ever, even briefly, experienced such high levels of residential
segregation."What clearer manifestation of African American exceptionalism
could there be?
Not only do blacks bear the brunt of exclusion, but there is also evidence
that many blacks actively reject the melting pot. At least this can be inferred from
baby naming practices. In A Matter of Taste, Stanley Lieberson found that black
and white naming conventions were similar early in the century, but diverged
sharply after the rise of Black Nationalism in the 1960s.
 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

The Black Power movement served as a focal point for the view that reformist
and pacifist elements of the Civil Rights Movement were not effective in
changing race relations. The black power movement remains a controversial,
misunderstood, and relatively neglected era in the historiography of poster century
hiatorians have devoted considerable attention to the civil rights movement,
especially its heroic years from 1954 ti 1965. These years were indelibly marked
by bus boycotts, sit-ins, political assasintions, and legal abd legislative victories
that riveted the national conscience and have been succesfully upheld by
contemporary historians as the most important social and political development of
the postwar era. Hiatorians, even as they have critically analyzed the movement's
setbacks,ambiguities, and successes, generally view civil rights as a moral snd
political good, with many arguing that despite all of its notable achievements, the
struggle for racial juatice remains incomplete.
Black power has been viewed as a destructive, short-lived, and politically
ineffectual movement that triggered white backlash, urban rioting, and severely
crippled the mainstream civil rights struggle. Blacj power's classical period of
1966-1975 it most often characterized as a kind of fever dream dominated by
outsized persinalities who spewed words of fire that make this a justly forgotten
era. Moreover, history of the new Left tend to blame Black Power radicalism for
inspiring white radicals towards a simplistic and tragically romantic view of
"revolutionary" violence.
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Nationalism and Education in New York City. Syracuse University Press.
ISBN 9780815651017.
Klehr, Harvey (1988-01-01). Far Left of Center: The American Radical
Left Today. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412823432.
"Black Power TV | Duke University Press". Dukeupress.edu.
"The Black Power movement and its schools | Cornell Chronicle".
News.cornell.edu.
Nelson, Alondra (January 1, 2011). Body and Soul: The Black Panther
Party and the Fight Against Medical Discrimination. U of Minnesota Press.
ISBN 9781452933221.