Chapter II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Literature

A review of the previous safety assessment research was carried out to gather

knowledge about various risk assessment techniques and proposed methodologies. There

is a variety of literature that addresses safety risk assessment. The authors, however,

report only the literature that they consider as the most relevant to the present study.

The planning of safety is important. Hallowell (2011) presented a risk-based

framework that can be used to evaluate the incremental return on the investment of a

series of investments in highly effective injury prevention strategies. Aminbakhsh et al.

(2013) also touch the same point. In their paper, a safety risk assessment framework that

is based on the theory of cost of safety (COS) model and analytic hierarchy process

(AHP) is presented. Choudhry (2017) investigated productivity and safety simultaneously

on construction projects by conducting a survey. Lopez del Puerto et al. (2014)

investigated the possible differences in safety culture and risk perception among Latino

construction workers across residential, commercial, and heavy civil construction sectors.

Gunduz and Laitinen (2017) developed a 10-step safety management framework for

construction SMEs.

Different models about risk assessment can be found in the literature. Tixier et al.

(2017) introduced univariate and bivariate nonparametric stochastic safety risk generators

based on kernel density estimators and copulas. Isaac and Edrei (2016) presented a

statistical model that can support a more dynamic form of safety control, by utilizing

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real-time tracking data to control the exposure of construction workers to safety risks that

accumulate and change over time. Malekitabar et al. (2016) provided five sets of safety

risk drivers that can influence either the probability or the consequences of an accident,

the application of which helps identify more than 40% of potential fatalities in

construction projects. Karakhan and Gambatese (2017) conducted a credit-by-credit

review of the leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED) rating system to

evaluate the potential positive or negative impact of green design elements and

construction practices associated with the implementation of LEED credits on the OHS of

construction and maintenance workers. Choe and Leite (2017) compared safety risk of

different construction trades in terms of common hazard types and sources of injuries and

proposed safety risk quantification models by occupations, which can play a role as a

safety reference for reliable safety risk assessment. Sousa et al. (2015) developed an

Occupational Safety and Health Potential Risk Model (OSH-PRM) that enables an

enhanced management of the resources available to improve safety and health conditions

in the various activities and for different group of workers involved in the execution stage

of a construction project. Raviv et al. (2017) reported on a multi-phase research that

studied near misses related to crane work and their safety risk potential. Zhang et al.

(2014) presented a probabilistic decision approach for safety risk analysis for metro

construction in complex project environments. An expert confidence index that aims to

ensure the reliability of collected data during expert investigation was proposed for the

fuzzy probability estimation of basic events. Pinto (2014) presented the newly developed

fuzzy QRAM model, which aims to support construction companies with their

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responsibilities to reduce occupational safety risks. Gunduz et al. (2017) developed a

fuzzy structural equation model for development of a safety performance index in

construction sites. Same authors used the same model to develop a mobile application

(Gunduz et al. 2018). Hallowell and Gambatese (2010) introduced and validated a risk-

based safety and health analytical model that can be used to evaluate expected risk for

specific worker activities. Their model strategically selects the most effective elements of

a safety program for implementation when resources are limited, and quantifies the

resulting risk once the identified safety elements have been implemented. Leu and Chang

(2013) suggested the development of a safety risk-assessment model for steel building

construction projects by establishing the Bayesian networks (BN) that are based on fault

tree (FT) transformation. Esmaeili and Hallowell (2013) developed a decision support

system using the Delphi method. This data-driven system produces predictive plots of a

safety risk over time according to the temporal and spatial interactions among concurrent

activities. Mitropoulos and Namboodiri (2011) presented the findings from the initial

implementation of TDA (Task Demand Assessment) and demonstrated its feasibility and

applicability on two different operations: a roofing activity and a concrete paving

operation. The findings indicate that the method can be applied on activities of varying

complexity and can account for several risks and task demand factors as required by the

user. Fung et al. (2010) investigated the need for people involved in construction to take

systematic and effective risk assessments for different trades. A Risk Assessment Model

(RAM) was then developed for assessing the levels of risk for various project stages at

various work trades. Dewlaney et al. (2012) and Fortunato et al. (2012) also made an

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analysis of safety assessment from the sustainability point of view. Gurcanli et al. (2015)

aimed to give an approach for safety cost estimation for the early stages of construction

bidding phase using risk assessment activities and construction project scheduling by

focusing on construction activities.

This paper introduces a new, easy-to-use and user-friendly risk assessment

methodology, which totally agrees with and adds up to the literature in the risk

assessment area. (Gunduz, Murat and Heikki Laitinen. 2017. “Construction Safety Risk

Assessment with Introduced Control Levels.” https://journals.vgtu.lt)

Local Study

Study on seismic hazard, building vulnerability and human loss assessment

become substantial for building education institutions since the building are used by a lot

of students, lecturers, researchers, and guests. The University of the Philippines, Los

Banos (UPLB) located in an earthquake prone area. The earthquake could cause

structural damage and injury of the UPLB community. We have conducted earthquake

assessment in different magnitude and time to predict the possibility of ground shaking,

building vulnerability and estimated the number of casualty of the UPLB community.

The data preparation in this study includes the earthquake scenario modeling using

Intensity Prediction Equations (IPEs) for shallow crustal shaking attenuation to produce

intensity map of bedrock and surface. Earthquake model was generated from the segment

IV and the segment X of the Valley Fault System (VFS). Building vulnerability of

different type of building was calculated using fragility curve of the Philippines building.

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The population data for each building in various occupancy time, damage ratio, and

injury ratio data were used to compute the number of casualties. The result reveals that

earthquake model from the segment IV and the segment X of the VFS could generate

earthquake intensity between 7.6 – 8.1 MMI in the UPLB campus. The 7.7 Mw

earthquake (scenario I) from the segment IV could cause 32% - 51% damage of building

and 6.5 Mw earthquake (scenario II) occurring in the segment X could cause 18% - 39%

structural damage of UPLB buildings. If the earthquake occurs at 2 PM (day-time), it

could injure 10.2% - 18.8% for the scenario I and could injure 7.2% - 15.6% of UPLB

population in scenario II. The 5 Pm event, predicted will injure 5.1%-9.4% in the

scenario I, and 3.6%-7.8% in scenario II. A nighttime event (2 Am) cause injury to

students and guests who stay in dormitories. The earthquake is predicted to injure 13 - 66

students and guests in the scenario I and 9 - 47 people in the scenario II. To reduce the

number of injuries, the authority of UPLB have to carry out the buildings restoration, set

up earthquake early warning system in all dormitories, and evacuation sign board. (I,

Rusydy, et al 2017 IOP Conf. Ser.:Earth Eviron. Sci. 56 012006,

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/56/1/012006)

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