A REPORT

ON

AUTO-CAD

Submitted by

MANISH KUMAR YADAV

Roll No
201611005010072

DIPLOMA CE 33(2nd year)

SHRI RAMSWAROOP MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY

LUCKNOW-DEVA ROAD, UTTAR PRADESH

November 2017
Introduction
AutoCAD is a commercial software application for 2D and 3D computer-aided
design (CAD) and drafting — available since 1982 as a desktop application and
since 2010 as a mobile web- and cloud-based app marketed as AutoCAD 360.

Developed and marketed by Autodesk, Inc., AutoCAD was first released in

December 1982, running on microcomputers with internal graphics controllers.
Prior to the introduction of AutoCAD, most commercial CAD programs ran on
mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user)
working at a separate graphics terminal.

AutoCAD is used across a wide range of industries, by architects, project

managers, engineers, graphic designers, and other professionals. It is supported
by 750 training centers worldwide as of 1994.

As Autodesk's flagship product, by March 1986 AutoCAD had become the most
ubiquitous CAD program worldwide. As of 2014, AutoCAD is in its twenty-
ninth generation, and collectively with all its variants, continues to be the most
widely used CAD program throughout most of the world.

History
AutoCAD was derived from a program begun in 1977 and released in 1979
called Interact CAD, also referred to in early Autodesk documents as Micro
CAD, which was written prior to Autodesk's (then Marin chip Software
Partners) formation by Autodesk cofounder Mike Riddle.

The first version by the AutoDesk Company was demonstrated at the 1982
Comdex and released that December. The 2016 release marked the 30th major
release for the AutoCAD for Windows. The 2014 release marked the fourth
consecutive year for AutoCAD for Mac.
AutoCAD Architecture features
Get more in a suite

(Walls, doors, and windows )

Draw walls, doors, and windows that mimic real-world behavior and
construction.

(Sections and elevations)

Generate 2D sections and elevations directly from your floor plans.

(Architectural design documentation)

Create and annotate drawings with detail components and keynoting tools.
The AutoCAD Advantage
Striker Systems sheet metal fabrication products are available as a plug-in to
AutoCAD or, for non-AutoCAD users, as a stand-alone solution based on the
AutoCAD OEM Engine. Either way, this combination provides a unique
CAD/CAM environment with features not found in many conventional
manufacturing products.

Removal of Data Translations

Striker Systems provides a truly integrated CAD/CAM solution that supports

the entire manufacturing process from initial part design through the
generation of NC programs with no data translations required. And unlike
many manufacturing software products with limited design capability, Striker
Systems includes an advanced engineering system for the most demanding
sheet metal design requirements

Solid Works / Solid Edge / Inventor Compatibility

The industry is rapidly embracing 3D solid modeling technology. Being based

on Autodesk’s industry standard DWG file format, Striker Systems offers a
level of compatibility not found in other manufacturing solutions. Many
products, such as Inventor and SolidWorks, support Striker’s standard DWG
file format directly. And Striker also offers direct OLE links into SolidWorks,
Inventor and Solid Edge for seamless sharing of data.

Industry Standard Translators

Many Striker Systems clients must accept drawings from a variety of sources.
In the event it is necessary to import data from (or export data to) another CAD
software, Striker Systems relies on the same industry standard DXF, IGES, and
STEP translators that are found in AutoCAD. Autodesk is the author of the
DXF file format and therefore defines this standard. And because AutoCAD is
the most popular CAD software in the world, it is a benchmark for the
development of translators by many other CAD software organizations. You are
guaranteed the highest level of compatibility in the industry.
Reduced Training Time/Cost

Both the AutoCAD based and stand-alone Striker Systems products provide an
enhanced user interface that will be immediately recognizable to individuals
familiar with AutoCAD. They will readily adapt to the Striker environment
thereby minimizing the learning curve. And for organizations that use
AutoCAD as their engineering solution, it is not necessary for employees to
learn multiple operating environments as they would with separate CAD and
CAM solutions.

Rapid Product Advancements

Unlike the developers of stand-alone manufacturing products, the development

team at Striker Systems is not forced to continually maintain and advance an
underlying graphics database. The Striker graphics database is an AutoCAD
engine, the world’s de facto standard CAD solution.

The Disadvantages of AutoCAD

Autodesk AutoCAD is one of the most popular computer-aided design (CAD)
programs, and it creates accurate, professional drawings. However, the program
falls short for computer modeling and graphic design. The application has
modeling tools, as well as color and fill tools, but AutoCAD does not compare
well to contemporary building information modeling (BIM), three-dimensional
modeling or illustration software.

Line:-
AutoCAD produces drawings using line and shape tools. Curves, arcs
and straight lines produce the shapes, but AutoCAD cannot edit the line and
location as freely as illustration programs-- editing and overlapping lines and
line weights is limited to a few options. In addition, AutoCAD creates drawings
from only lines, never volumetric models, such as with BIM. Nevertheless, the
application can produce precise three-dimensional geometry with limited
material effects.
Limited File Formats :-
Because AutoCAD is one of the leading CAD
programs, it limits the number of file formats it can import or export, because
Autodesk expects other programs to export to AutoCAD formats, such as DWG
and DXF. Unfortunately, this creates problems when using other programs with
more powerful tools and exporting the program to an AutoCAD format--
geometry, color and effects are lost often.

Color, Fill and Texture :-

AutoCAD drawings and models can have color,
fill and texture, using the line and hatch tools. However, the application limits
the number of possible colors to 256 and the hatching provides only a handful
of textures, so you cannot create photo realistic images like illustration
programs. Instead, you can import image files and create material maps for
AutoCAD renderings, but AutoCAD's rendering abilities cannot compete with
three-dimensional modeling programs or illustration programs.

Non-Parametric:-
AutoCAD provides tools to create three-dimensional
models, but editing the models requires many steps, unlike BIM parametric
models, which automatically adjust all of the model components while editing
elements. Furthermore, information is not attached to the models, such as with
BIM parametric models-- BIM gives the designer data about the material and
volumetric properties of the building project.

AutoCAD Entity Types and Descriptions

There are two formats used by AutoCAD: DXF (drawing exchange format)
files, which are large; and ASCII representations of the binary DWG (drawing)
files. Logically, both files are identical and, therefore, the FME treats both file
types in the same manner. For AutoCAD DWF reading and writing support
please see the chapter on AutoCAD DWF.

AutoCAD files consist of sections, as follows:

1. HEADER: This contains settings of variables associated with the drawing.

2. CLASSES: This contains class definitions associated with the drawing.

3. TABLES: This contains a variety of tables, including:

 Layers: Each layer entry contains layer definition information such as

layer color, layer name, and layer linetype. The AutoCAD reader
validates the layer names and may modify them to remove invalid
characters.

 Linetypes: Each linetype entry contains the linetype definition

information such as name and alignment. The AutoCAD writer enables
linetype definitions to be copied from an existing AutoCAD file, then
referenced by name during the data translation.

 Shape Files: Each shape file entry identifies a shape file referenced by
the drawing. Shape files are used by AutoCAD as a different method for
defining symbols or fonts. Note: These are similar to the TextStyles in
AutoCAD.

 AutoCAD shape files are not the same thing as Esri Shapefiles.
AutoCAD shape files store symbol and font definitions.

 Applications: Each application entry contains the name of an application

referenced within the AutoCAD file.

4. BLOCKS: These are used to define symbols and other drawing file objects
used repeatedly throughout a drawing. The AutoCAD writer enables copying of
block definitions from an existing AutoCAD file, which is then referenced by
name during a data translation operation.

5. ENTITIES: This is the main section of a drawing file and contains the actual
feature entities. Each entity contains standard information, such as its color,
layer, linestyle, and geometry, as well as a number of attributes specific to its
entity type. For example, all 2D entities have thickness, while a text entity has
fields for font, size, and the text string in addition to the standard display
attributes.
What Is the Difference Between CAD and AutoCAD?
Computer-aided design (CAD) is the general term that applies to the use of
computers in the design of houses, office buildings, interiors and anything else
that previously required hands-on drafting. AutoCAD is a specific piece of
software used by many architects and designers for commercial design
purposes. Read on to find out about the uses of CAD and AutoCAD. Schools
offering
CAD and AutoCAD Overview
AutoCAD is software that utilizes computer-aided design (CAD) principles in
the modeling of buildings, manufactured goods, urban infrastructure and even
fashion design. If you are an architect or designer, you might use AutoCAD
software to create 2- and 3-dimensional drafts of custom home designs or
renovations. If you work as a civil engineer, you can use AutoCAD software to
design improvements in roadways and make cities and towns more energy-
efficient. Other industries and professions that employ CAD and make use of
AutoCAD software include manufacturing, automotive technology and
engineering.

Types of CAD
Depending on the type of work you perform, there are different forms of CAD
that you could employ. Drafts that are 2-dimensional are flat, while 3-
dimensional and 2.5-dimensional drawings show the depth and space of a
design. You might use wireframe, surface and solid modeling to calculate the
dimensions of a design or simulate what the inner structure of your design
might look like.

AutoCAD Software
AutoCAD is a trademarked product of Autodesk. When you use AutoCAD, you
have the ability to draft 2-D and 3-D designs and create photorealistic
rendering. Because different fields use AutoCAD in specific ways, there are
several versions of the AutoCAD application for a variety of work types, such
as architecture, mapping and piping design.

Learning AutoCAD Software

Technical schools or community colleges offer stand-alone courses in CAD that
you can complete in a few weeks. You can also find CAD courses as part of a
certificate or degree program, such as a fashion design or architecture program.
You can enroll in courses and programs that specifically teach the AutoCAD
application, though some schools might use other software, such as SolidWorks
or TurboCAD, instead..
BASIC DRAWING COMMANDS FOR AUTOCAD
Measuring Commands:-

 GRID: Displays a grid of dots at a desired spacing on the screen.

Command: GRID (enter)
On/Off/Tick spacing(x)/Aspect: (enter value) (enter)
 SNAP: Specifies a "round off" interval so that points entered with the
mouse can be locked into alignment with the grid spacing.
Command: SNAP (enter)
On/Off/Value/Aspect/Rotate/Style: (enter value) (enter)
Basic Draw Commands:-

 CIRCLE: Draws circles of any size.

Command: Circle (enter)
3P/2P/TTR/<center point>: (pick a center point)
Diameter or <Radius>: (Pick a point on the circle)

 LINE: Draws straight lines between two points

Command: LINE (enter)
From Point: (pick a point using the mouse)
To Point: (Pick a point using the mouse)
To Point: (Press return to end the command)

 ARC: Draws an arc (any part of a circle or curve) through three known
points.
Command: ARC (enter)
Center/ < Start point > : (pick the first point on the arc)
Center/End/ < Second point > : C
Center: (pick the arc's center point)
Angle/Length of chord/ <End point > : (pick the arc endpoint)
Display Commands:-

 LIMITS: Sets the size of the drawing paper. For size "A" drawing paper
the limits should be set for 10.5 x 8.
Command: LIMITS (enter)
On/Off/Lower left corner <0.0000> (enter)
Upper right corner: 10.5,8 (enter)
  ZOOM: Enlarges or reduces the display of a drawing.
Command: ZOOM (enter)

Note: To return the picture to its original viewing size enter ALL and
press the enter key when prompted instead of defining a window.

 PAN: Allows you to move your view point around the drawing without
changing the magnification factor.
Command: PAN (enter)

Editing Commands:-
 CHANGE: Alters properties of selected objects
Command: CHANGE (enter)
Select objects or window or Last (select objects to be
changed)
Properties/<Change point>: (type P)
Change what property Color/Elev/LAyer/LType/Thickness)?
(type Layer)
New Layer: (enter new layer name and press enter)

 ERASE: Erases entities from the drawing.

Command: ERASE (enter)
Select objects or Window or Last: (Select objects to be erased
and press enter when finished)

 EXTEND: Lengthens a line to end precisely at a boundary edge.

Command: Extend (enter)
Select boundary edge(s)...
Select Objects (pick the line which represents the boundary
edge which lines will be extended to)
(press enter when finished selecting cutting edges)
<Select object to extend>/Undo: (pick the line(s)
that need to be extended

 TRIM: Trims a line to end precisely at a cutting edge.

Command: Trim (enter)
Select cutting edge(s)...

Select Objects (pick the line which represents the cutting edge of
line in which objects will be trimmed to)
(press enter when finished selecting cutting edges)
<Select object to trim>/Undo: (pick the line(s) that need to be trimmed)
GRIPS

You can edit selected objects by manipulating grips that appear at defining
points on the object. Grips is not a command. To activate grips simply pick the
object. Small squares will appear at various entity-specific positions. By
selecting an end grip you can stretch the entity to change its size. By selecting
the center grip you can move the entity to a new location. To remove grips press
CTL-C twice. You can perform the following using grips: Copy, Multiple Copy,
Stretch, Move, Rotate, Scale, and Mirror.

Creating Layers

 LAYER: Creates named drawing layers and assigns color and linetype
properties to those layers.
Command: LAYER (enter)
A Layer & Linetype Properties dialog box will be displayed. To add a new
layer, pick the New button. A new layer listing appears, using a default name of
Layer1. the layer name can be changed by highlighting the layer name. Colors
and Linetypes can be assigned to each new layer by picking the color box to
assign a color and picking the linetype box to assign a line type.

Standard AutoCAD colors

1 = Red 2 = Yellow 3 = Green 4 = Cyan

5 = Blue 6 = Magenta 7 = White

Standard AutoCAD linetypes

 Hidden2 = hidden lines

 Center2 = center lines

 Phantom2 = phantom or cutting-plane lines

Construction Commands

 ARRAY: Makes multiple copies of selected objects in a rectangular or

circular pattern
Command: ARRAY (enter)
Select objects or Window or Last: (select object to array)
Rectangular or Polar array (R/P) <current>: (P)
Center point of array: (pick the point around which to form the
array)
Angle to fill (+=CCW, -=Cw) <360>: (enter)

 COPY: Draws a copy of selected objects.

Command: COPY (enter)
Select objects or Window or Last: (select objects to be copied)
Base point or displacement: (pick a point on the object to be use
as a reference point)
Second point of displacement: (pick a point which represents the
new location of the copied object)

 MIRROR: Makes mirror images of existing objects.

Command: MIRROR (enter)
Select objects or Window or Last: (select objects to be mirrored)
First point of mirror line: (pick a point on top of the mirror line)
Second point: (pick a point on the bottom of the mirror line)
Delete old objects? <N> y or n (enter)

 MOVE: Moves designated entities to another location.

Command: MOVE (enter)
Select objects or Window or Last: (select objects to move)
Base point or displacement: (pick a point on the object to be use
as a reference point)
Second point of displacement: (pick a point which represents the
new location of the object)

 OFFSET: Constructs an entity parallel to another entity at a specified

distance. Offset can be used with lines, circles, arcs, and
polylines.
Command: OFFSET (enter)
Offset distance or Through <last>: (enter a distance value)
Select object to offset: (select object to offset)
Side to offset: (Pick any point on the side of the object you
wish to offset)
  FILLET: Changes any corner to a rounded corner.
Command: FILLET
Polyline/Radius/Angle/Trim/Method/ <Select first line > :
(pick the first line)
Select second line: (pick the second line)

 CHAMFER: Changes any corner to an angled corner.

Command: CHAMFER
Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/ < Select first line >
: (pick the first line)
Select second line: (pick the second line)
 OSNAP
Instantly locates exact points relative to existing objects (points).
Object Snap Modes: Endpoint, Midpoint, Center, Quadrant,
Intersection, Insertion, Perpendicular, Tangent,
Nearest, Node, and None.

Placing lettering on a drawing

 TEXT: Draws text characters of any size.

Command: TEXT (enter)
Justify/Style/<Start point>: (pick a starting point or enter a
justification letter)
Height (0) (enter the height of the lettering)
Rotation Angle (0) (enter)
Text: (enter the desired lettering) (enter)
Summary of Options

<Start Point> Left-Justifies text along its baseline

Justify Justifies text according to the alignment options
Style Enters a new text style
Null reply Enters a new line of text below the previous text.
(space or Enter key will give a Null reply)
Text Alignment Options

Alignment Abbreviation Orientation

 Aligned A (Aligns text between two points. Text

height will adjust automatically.)
 Fit F (Fits text between two points. Text
height will not change.)
 Centered C ( Centers text at the baseline of a
specified point.)

 Middle M (Centers text horizontally and vertically

at the baseline of a specified point )
 Right R ( Right Justify text at the baseline of a
specified point.)

 Top Left TL (Left Justifies text at the top of text )

 Top Center TC (Centers text at the top of text)

 Top Right TR (Right justifies text at the top to text )

 Middle Left ML ( Left justifies text at the middle of text)

 Middle Center MC ( Centers text both horizontally and

vertically at the middle of the text)

 Middle Right MR (Right justifies text at the middle of text)

 Bottom Left BL (Left justifies text at the bottom of text )

 Bottom Center BC ( Centers text a the bottom of text )

 Bottom Right BR (Right justifies text at the bottom of text)