-
-
-
ABSTRACT
Job satisfaction, motivation, and reward systems are
included in one area of organizational theory. The strongest
influence in this area is motivation because it overlaps into both of
the other two components. A review of the classical literature on
motivation reveals four major theory areas: (1) Maslow's Hierarchy of
Needs; (2) Herzberg's Motivation/Hygiene (two factor) Theory; (3)
McGregor's X Y Theories; and (4) McClelland's Need for Assessment
Theory. Maslow states that people are motivated by unmet needs whici
are in a hierarchical order that prevents people from being motivated
by a need area unless all lower level needs have been met. Herzberg
states that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not on the same
continuum and are therefore not opposites. He further states that the
motivational factors can cause satisfar _Lon or no satisfaction while
the hygiene factors cause dissatisfaction when absent and no
dissatisfaction when present, both having magnitudes of strength.
McClelland's need for achievement underlies Maslow's
self-actualization. McGregor's Theory Y matches much of Maslow's
self-actualization level of motivation. It is based on the assumption
that self-direction, self-control, and maturity control motivation.
Reward systems must correspond to intrinsic factors if employees are
to be motivated. Satisfying extrinsic factors is an all too commonly
attempted method for motivating workers, but theory shows that these
efforts cannot lead to motivated workers. (Author/ABL)
*************************************************************g* ******
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made
from the original document.
***********************************************************************
.11
LITERATURE REVIEW
Motivation Theories of
Maslow, Herzberg, McGregor & McClelland
by
Ronald L. Pardee
February 1990
by
Ronald L. Pardee
1. Introduction 1
2. Definitions of Motivation 2
4. Overview of Theories 4
Maslow
Herzberg
McClelland
5. Motivation in the Workplace 11
6. Comparison of Theories 13
ii
2
Introduction
Definitions of Motivation
force, (2) that energizes for action, and (3) determines the
ance, their goal was more pay and less work (Rogers and
Levey 1987, 7).
Overview of Theories
5
7
Satisfiers Dissatisfiers
illustrated below.
But, even if all of the maintenance needs are taken care of,
4 3
11
14
12
are:
1976, 94) .
t5
13
ance the manager must work on the motivators, and this means
223) .
6
14
71).
Comparison of Theories
MOTIVATORS
ISelf-Actualization
Esteem
Social
(Affiliation) I
Safety
(Security) 1
Physiological
1
HYGIENE FACTORS
I
1982, 61) .
lower order needs must be met before higher order needs can
17