Second Law Part 2

22/11/2016
Chapter 6
THE SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS (Part 2)
THE CARNOT CYCLE

-Reversible cycles cannot be achieved in practice because the irreversibilities cannot
be eliminated.
-Heat engines and refrigerators that work on reversible cycles serve as models to
which actual heat engines and refrigerators can be compared.
-Reversible cycles also serve as starting points in the development of actual cycles
and are modified as needed to meet certain requirements.
-The best known reversible cycle is the Carnot cycle.
-The theoretical heat engine that operates on the Carnot cycle is called the
Carnot heat engine.
-A refrigerator or a heat pump that operates on the reversed Carnot cycle is called
a Carnot refrigerator, or a Carnot heat pump
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THE CARNOT CYCLE
1 3
2 4
Execution of the Carnot cycle in a closed system.

Reversible Isothermal Expansion (process 1-2, TH = constant)
Reversible Adiabatic Expansion (process 2-3, temperature drops from TH to TL)
Reversible Isothermal Compression (process 3-4, TL = constant)
Reversible Adiabatic Compression (process 4-1, temperature rises from TL to TH)3
THE CARNOT CYCLE
1 3
2 4
Execution of the Carnot cycle in a closed system.
P-V diagram of the Carnot cycle. 4
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P-V diagram of the Carnot cycle. P-V diagram of the reversed

Carnot cycle.
Carnot heat-engine cycle

Carnot refrigeration cycle
The Reversed Carnot Cycle
-The Carnot heat-engine cycle is a totally reversible cycle.
-Therefore, all the processes that comprise it can be reversed,
in which case it becomes the Carnot refrigeration cycle.
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THE CARNOT PRINCIPLES
The Carnot principles.

CARNOT PRINCIPLES:
1. The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is always less than the efficiency
of a reversible one operating between the same two reservoirs.
2. The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the same
two reservoirs are the same. 6
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In violation of the first Carnot principle, we assume that the irreversible heat
Engine is more efficient than the reversible one.
*Violation of the Kelvin-Planck statement

of the 2nd Law 8
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THE THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE

SCALE
A temperature scale that is
independent of the properties of
the substances that are used to
measure temperature is called a
thermodynamic temperature
scale.
Such a temperature scale offers
great conveniences in
thermodynamic calculations.
The arrangement of
heat engines used to
develop the
thermodynamic
temperature scale.
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This temperature scale is

called the Kelvin scale,
and the temperatures on
this scale are called
absolute temperatures.
For reversible cycles, the A conceptual experimental setup

heat transfer ratio QH /QL to determine thermodynamic
can be replaced by the temperatures on the Kelvin
absolute temperature ratio scale by measuring heat
TH /TL. transfers QH and QL.
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THE CARNOT HEAT ENGINE
The Carnot heat engine is the most

efficient of all heat engines operating
between the same high- and low-
temperature reservoirs.
Carnot heat
Irreversible
engine
heat engine
*often referred to as the Carnot efficiency 11
THE CARNOT HEAT ENGINE
No heat engine can have a higher efficiency than a

reversible heat engine operating between the same
high- and low-temperature reservoirs.
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The Quality of Energy
*Use absolute
temperatures (unit: K)
The higher the temperature

of the thermal energy, the
higher its quality.
The fraction of heat that

can be converted to work
How do you increase the thermal
as a function of source
efficiency of a Carnot heat engine?
temperature.
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Exercises..
7-69 A heat engine operates between a source at 477 oC and

a sink at 25oC. If heat is supplied to the heat engine at
a steady rate of 65000 kJ/min, determine the maximum
power output of this heat engine.
7-71 A heat engine is operating on a Carnot cycle and has a

thermal efficiency of 75 percent. The waste heat from
this engine is rejected to a nearby lake at 15 oC at a rate
of 800 kJ/min. Determine (a) the power output of the engine
and (b) the temperature of the source.
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THE CARNOT REFRIGERATOR

AND HEAT PUMP
Irreversible refrigerator
Irreversible heat pump
Carnot refrigerator
Carnot heat pump

No refrigerator can have a higher COP
than a reversible refrigerator operating
between the same temperature limits.
How do you increase the

COP of a Carnot
refrigerator or heat pump?
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How about for actual ones?
The COP of a reversible refrigerator or heat pump is the

maximum theoretical value for the specified temperature
limits.
Actual refrigerators or heat pumps may approach these
values as their designs are improved, but they can never
reach them.
The COPs of both the refrigerators and the heat pumps
decrease as TL decreases.
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Exercises..
7-87 A refrigerator is to remove heat from the cooled space

at a rate of 300 kJ/min to maintain its temperature
at -8oC. If the air surrounding the refrigerator is at
25oC, determine the minimum power input required
for this refrigerator.
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Summary
• Introduction to the second law
• Thermal energy reservoirs
• Heat engines
 Thermal efficiency
 The 2nd law: Kelvin-Planck statement
• Refrigerators and heat pumps
 Coefficient of performance (COP)
 The 2nd law: Clasius statement
• Reversible and irreversible processes
 Irreversibilities, Internally, externally and totally reversible
processes
• The Carnot cycle
 The reversed Carnot cycle
• The Carnot principles
• The thermodynamic temperature scale
• The Carnot heat engine
 The quality of energy
• The Carnot refrigerator and heat pump
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Tutorial..
• 7-85 An inventor claims to have developed a heat pump that
produces a 200-kW heating effect for a 293-K heated zone
while only using 75kW of power and a heat source at 273 K.
Justify the validity of this claim
• 7-86 A heat pump operates on a Carnot heat pump cycle with a

COP of 8.7. It keeps a space at 26oC by consuming 4.25kW of
power. Determine the temperature of the reservoir from which
the heat is absorbed and the heating load provided by the heat
pump.
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22/11/2016

THE CARNOT CYCLE

-The best known reversible cycle is the Carnot cycle.

THE CARNOT CYCLE

Execution of the Carnot cycle in a closed system.

THE CARNOT CYCLE

Execution of the Carnot cycle in a closed system.

P-V diagram of the Carnot cycle. 4

P-V diagram of the Carnot cycle. P-V diagram of the reversed

Carnot heat-engine cycle

THE CARNOT PRINCIPLES

The Carnot principles.

*Violation of the Kelvin-Planck statement

THE THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE

This temperature scale is

For reversible cycles, the A conceptual experimental setup

THE CARNOT HEAT ENGINE

The Carnot heat engine is the most

*often referred to as the Carnot efficiency 11

THE CARNOT HEAT ENGINE

No heat engine can have a higher efficiency than a

The Quality of Energy

The higher the temperature

The fraction of heat that

7-69 A heat engine operates between a source at 477 oC and

7-71 A heat engine is operating on a Carnot cycle and has a

THE CARNOT REFRIGERATOR

Irreversible heat pump

Carnot heat pump

How do you increase the

The COP of a reversible refrigerator or heat pump is the

7-87 A refrigerator is to remove heat from the cooled space

• 7-86 A heat pump operates on a Carnot heat pump cycle with a

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