International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-4, Issue-4, Jul-Aug- 2019

http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.4413 ISSN: 2456-1878

Vibrio Bacterial Concentration in Vaname

Shrimp Pond Super Intensive Technology in
Takalar District, Indonesia
A. Indra Jaya Asaad1,2,*, Natsir Nessa3, Dody Dharmawan Trijuno3, Hilal
Anshary3
1
Doctoral Program of Agricultural Science, Hasanuddin University, M akassar, Indonesia
2
Research Institute for Costal Aquaculture and Fisheries Extension, Indonesia
3
Faculty of M arine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, M akassar, Indonesia
*Corresponding author

Abstract— Research on the concentration of vibrio bacteria in super-intensive shrimp farms has been carried
out in August to December 2018 at shrimp pond located in Takalar District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.This
study aims to determine the concentration of vibrio bacteria found in internal shrimp pond system and the
dynamics that occur. The results of the study showed that the concentration of vibrio bacteria improved during
the day of culture period in the ponds and outlet of the pond. However, the presence of water treatment
installation at the location can reduce the concentration, so the concentration of vibrio bacteria is not a problem
if released into coastal waters after being processed in water treatment.
Keywords— Vibrio Bacteria, Vaname Shrimp, Super Intensive, Takalar District.

I. INTRODUCTION towardsthe direction of super intensive, have consequence on

Aquaculture business activities have undergone system the use of inputs that are larger than the basic pattern of a
development which includes the application of various pond as a semi-open aquaculture system. A common feature
methods and innovative technologies to achieve profit of semi-open aquaculture systems is that they are still
incentives and fulfill the targets of the aquaculture dependent on nature for the provision of 3 ecological
development authority. The goal of fulfilling food for local services: temperature, oxygen, assimilation of waste
consumption has shifted towards meeting global food needs, (Tidwell, 2012).
one of which is for export. According to RachmanSyah (2014) that this system is the
The variety of current and future challenges faced by the orientation of future shrimp pond systems with a
producer sector such as fisheries including aquaculture are characteristic volume of small cultivation containers, high
the rapidly increasing population needs, the impact of climate stocking density, high productivity, minimal waste load and
change, and environmental degradation on the natural high product competitiveness. In principle, the scope of this
resource base. These three things were revealed in "State of technology can be applied to all water sources, namely fresh,
World Fisheries and Aquaculture FAO" in 2018. The brackish and sea water. However, at present, significant
increase in population is described as rapidly increasing more developments have been made in coastal ponds with the sea
than 9 billion people in the mid-twenty-first era. This serious water source.
increase will certainly affect the principle of supply and But on the other hand, the empirical evidence that the
demand for fishery products. application of super intensive shrimp pond technology
One of the developments in the present time is to increase in addition to producing output in the form of fish / shrimp
aquaculture production, especially shrimp farming in ponds, biomass, also produces waste loads that have the potential to
namely the development of super intensive technology trigger diseases caused by bacteria and viruses . According to
shrimp pond systems. Shifting development of a Rachman Shah et al (2014) reported the results of his
conventional system of brackish water aquaculture research that the waste of superintensivevaname shrimp

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International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-4, Issue-4, Jul-Aug- 2019
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.4413 ISSN: 2456-1878

pondswith a total production of 6-8 tons has exceeded treatment installation. Water samples were taken using a
the standard of pond waste load. This has the potential to sterile bottle and then taken to the laboratory.The isolation of
have an impact on decreasing the quality of the aquatic Vibrio bacteria is carried out by taking 1 mL of water then
environment. Furthermore as an undesired output, the diluting it in stages in 9 mL of physiological solution
decreasing quality of the environment will trigger the (Benson, 1985) and culturing on TCBSA (Thiosulfate Citrate
emergence of pathogenic bacteria and viruses that can cause Bile Salt Sucrose Agar) media for Vibrio bacteria and on
shrimp disease and result in mass death. Anshary (2016) TSA (Trypric Soy Agar) media for general bacteria. The
argues that the main trigger factors for stress in fish in culture method used is the pouring method on the agar
cultivation systems are high stocking densities, limited land plate. The plate method can be used to calculate
conditions, lack of nutritional standards in supplementary microorganisms in the sample. A total of 0.1 ml of the
feed, and a tendency to decrease the quality of the sample was taken using a micropipette and using a sterilized
aquaculture environment along with maintenance glass spreader by dipping it in alcohol & burning it. Water
time. Especially in high stocking densities which are the samples are spread on the surface of the agar with a circular
main characteristics of super intensive technology, that will motion on the entire surface of the agar plate. After spread,
trigger pathogens whose life cycle can immediately spread TCBSA and TSA media were incubated at 35 0 c for 24-48
rapidly to individual fish / shrimp cultivation commodities. hours. After 24 hours an observation of bacterial colonies
Vibrio harveyi bacteria are found in almost all habitats, such was grown on the media.
as freshwater, estuary, sea water and soil. These bacteria are
disease-causing agents in humans, fish and crustaceans. The
entry of pathogenic Vibrio in shrimp farming can be derived
from sea water and fries used. Vibrio harveyi Adala h ng
kuna disease-causing pathogens lightning strike
many aquaculture commodities which caused huge losses in
the aquaculture industry (Austin & Zhang, 2006). Boer et
al. (1993) reported that broodstock originating from positive
seawater carried fluorescent bacteria so that it spread to fries
(larvae) and eventually carried into the ponds.
Based on the problems of the empirical facts from the results
of the above research, this paper reports the results of
research on the concentration of vibrio bacteria which
became undesired output of super intensive technology of
vaname shrimp farming in Takalar District, South Sulawesi ,
Indonesia .

II. MATERIAL AND METHOD

This research was conducted in August - December 2018 at
the location of vaname shrimp farming which applied super
intensive technology in Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi
Province, Indonesia (Figure1). In that location, two samples
of ponds were taken with different densities. In each plot of
the farm a bacterial biology sample was taken. In Fig.1: Map of the research location
addition, sampling points for bacteria are also taken in parts:
(1) clean water reservoirs (as intake water inputs for Calculation of bacterial colonies that were successfully
maintenance); (2) outlets / dumps on pond plots (consisting cultured from water samples can be carried out the following
of plot outlets 1 and 2); (3) outlets / disposal at wastewater day ( Azzizunnisa & Sree ramulu, 2013).
treatment installation.
Vibrio bacteria and common bacteria were isolated from sea Bacterial colonies can be calculated using the formula:
water, pond water, pond wastewater and wastewater

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International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-4, Issue-4, Jul-Aug- 2019
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.4413 ISSN: 2456-1878

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑦 1 1 103 CFU/ml. This needs to be watched out in cultivation
𝑥 𝑥
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑)
because there is already a concentration of vibrio bacteria
Whereas to get the ratio of vibrio bacteria to bacteria even though it is still below 104 CFU / ml. However, at pond
commonly used formulas: outlet 1, bacterial concentration was found to increase during
DOC of 30 days and tended to decrease during the
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑉𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑜
𝑥 100% subsequent maintenance period and a slight increase occurred
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 at the end of the maintenance period of 77 days. The trend is
the same for farm 2, where the concentration tends to
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION increase in the ponds during the maintenance period, even at
From the graph of Total Vibrio Bacteria (TBV) at the study the outlet it is found that the concentration jumps more than
location (Figure 2 ), there was a tendency that there was an
104 CFU / ml during the maintenance period 44 until harvest
increase during the days of culture (DOC) of vaname time. The threshold on Vibrio concentration which can
shrimp. In pond 1, the coverage area of 1000 m2 was stocked endanger cultivation animals is 104 CFU/mL (Defoirdt,
with 200,000 shrimp fries, while in pond 2, the same pond
2007). According to Taslihan et al., (2004) which states that
area was stocked with 400,000 fries. During the 10 dayDOC the minimum limit of common bacteria in waters is 106 CFU
period at the pond, the total concentration of vibrio bacteria / mL.
was found in pond 1 and its outlet with a value of around
6,000000

5,000000

4,000000 Pond1
Log (CFU/Ml)

Pond2

3,000000 Out Pond1

Out Pond2
Treatment
2,000000
Coastal

1,000000

0,000000
DOC10 DOC30 DOC44 DOC61 DOC75

Fig.2: TBV chart at the research location.

There are quite interesting facts, namely the decrease in the managers not to temporarily withdraw water from the sea for
concentration of Vibrio bacteria coming out of installation cultivation needs. This is for the efficient use of aquaculture
water treatment compared to those coming out of farm inputs, especially the use of desinfectants to reduce the vibrio
outlets 1 and 2. This decrease occurred during the DOC concentration which turns out to already exist in marine
period of shrimp vaname. This illustrates the performance of waters.
the water treatment installation at the research site which In Figure 3, you can see the Total Ratio of Vibrio Bacteria
significantly reduces the concentration of Vibrio bacteria. In with Total Bacteria. The highest trend ratio in the research
September it was seen that the Vibrio concentration in the location was obtained at the farm outlet. This shows that the
sea was quite low even lower than the Vibrio concentration output of wastewater from farm ponds is quite high
from the IPAL outlet. But in October there was a very concentration of vibrio bacteria compared to total bacteria in
significant increase in Vibrio concentration in the Sea. This general. This information provides the fact that the high
increase in concentration can be information for farm concentration of vibrio bacteria at the disposal of ponds will

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International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-4, Issue-4, Jul-Aug- 2019
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.4413 ISSN: 2456-1878

have an environmental impact that receives these waste communication of pathogenic bacteria can be inhibited and
wastes in this case coastal waters. The optimal function of not reach the quorum. According to Defoirdt, (2007) that
wastewater treatment is one solution to reduce the waste load Vibrio sp bacteria is one of the triggers for the emergence of
including the concentration of the vibrio bacteria. The TBV diseases in ponds. The existence of this bacterium must
and TB ratio values indicate that the general bacterial always be monitored during the maintenance period because
population is higher than the population of Vibrio sp. This if the population has reached quorum sensing it can result in
means that conditions are better because of the diversity of the emergence of vibrio or vibriosis disease.
types of bacteria in the cultivation environment so that cell
12

10

8
Percentage

0
Treatment

Treatment

Treatment

Treatment

Treatment
Coastal

Coastal

Coastal

Coastal

Coastal
Pond1

Pond2

Pond1
Pond2

Pond1

Pond2
Pond2
Out1

Pond1

Out1

Out2

Pond2
Out1

Pond1

Out2
Out2

Out2

Out1

Out2

Out1
DOC 10 DOC 30 DOC 44 DOC 61 DOC 75

Fig.3: The ratio of TBV and TB at the Research Location

Whole cultivation management should have thought about 10%, then some Vibrio pathogens will be dangerous for
how to minimize the risk of increasing the incidence of cultivated shrimp.
disease attacks including those caused by bacterial. The
bacterial disease that causes death in the larval phase and IV. CONCLUSION
post-penaid shrimp larvae is vibriosis. Vibriosis is a disease The existence of super intensive ponds for vaname shrimp
caused by one or several strains of vibrio pathogenic cultivation in Takalar Regency shows the dynamics of
bacteria such as V. alginolyticus, V. damsela, V. the concentration of vibrio bacteria which has the potential
parahaemolyticus, V. vulnicus, V. penaecida (Lightner, to cause disease in shrimp . The high density of cultivation
1992; Anderson et al., 1988; Song et al., 1993; Lee et al., shows an increase in the concentration of vibrio bacteria in
1996). ponds, but with the presence of water treatment installation
In figure 3, even though the TBV and TB ratio at the farm can reduce the concentration of vibrio bacteria from the
outlet is quite high, it is still below 10% so that it can be pond before discharge of water is released back to coastal
said that the concentration of Vibrio bacteria is not waters. Super intensive technology cultivation
dangerous for the cultivated shrimp. Based on the TBV and management requires water treatment installation to
TB ratio data obtained during the maintenance period, it is minimize the concentration of vibrio bacteria.Decreasing
seen that the ratio of the IPAL outlets is the lowest the concentration of vibrio bacteria through WWTP can be
compared to the TBV and TB ratios at farm outlets. This labeled well .
shows that the performance of water treatment installation
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