CHAPTER 1:

TEXTILE INDUSTRY

INTRODUCTION

Textile: Meaning
The word textile mean for any artifact made by weaving or felting or
knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers.

The textile industry (also known in the United Kingdom and

Australia as the Rag Trade) is a term used for industries primarily concerned with the
design or manufacture of clothing as well as the distribution and use of textiles.

Indian textile industry:

The Indian textile industry is one of the oldest and most significant
industries in the country. It accounts for around 4 per cent of the gross domestic product
(GDP), 14 per cent of industrial production and over 13 per cent of the country's total
export earnings. In fact, it is the largest foreign exchange earning sector in the country.
Moreover, it provides employment to over 35 million people.

The Indian textile industry is estimated to be around US$ 52 billion

and is likely to reach US$ 115 billion by 2012. The domestic market is likely to increase
from US$ 34.6 billion to US$ 60 billion by 2012. It is expected that India's share of
exports to the world would also increase from the current 4 per cent to around 7 per
cent during this period.

India's textile exports have shot up from US$ 19.14 billion in 2006-07
to US$ 22.13 billion in 2007-08, registering a growth of over 15 per cent.
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 Key facts of Indian textile:

 Indian Textile Industry is second largest industry in terms of providing vast

employment opportunities, employing around 35 million people in country after
agriculture sector and second largest after China, in terms of spindleage, and
has share of 23% of the world’s spindle capacity.
 The Textile Industry plays vital role in economic development and
contributes 14% to industrial production in the country, around 4% of GDP, 9% of
excise collections, 18% of employment in industrial sector, and has 16 % share
in country’s export.
 Indian is the world’s third-largest producer of cotton and second-largest
producer of cotton yarns and textiles.
 India is the largest exporter of yarn in the international market and has a
share of 25% in world cotton yarn export market.
 India contributes for 12% of the world’s production of textile fibers and
yarn.
 Including textiles and garments, 30% of India's export comes from this
sector.
 After the elimination of quota restrictions and implementation of National
Textile Policy 2000, it is estimated that the industry will grow with rapid rate and
help to strengthen the Indian economy.

Exports in April- Exports in April- Share in April- Share in April-

Dec 2006-07 Dec 2007-08 Dec 2006-07 Dec 2007-08
(US$ Mn) (US$ Mn) (%) (%)
Cotton Textiles 3092.28 3375.63 28.17 28.12
Manmade Textiles 1605.76 2075.85 14.63 17.30
Woolen Textiles 63.07 64.47 0.57 0.54
Cotton Garments 4908.63 5184.66 44.72 43.20
MMF Garments 712.89 621.02 6.49 5.17
Woolen Garments 273.35 286.03 2.49 2.38
Other Textiles 321.62 394.43 2.93 3.29
Total Exports 10977.60 12002.60 100.00 100.00

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 CHAPTER 2:
Major Challenges in Textile
Business Challenges:
 Outperforming foreign competition.
 Maintaining high quality standards and productivity.
 Cost competitiveness.
 Investment in new and efficient technologies.
 Flexibility in labour laws.
 Energy conservation and Environmental Protection.
 Product innovation.
 Cost effective supply chain management.
 Modernization.
Managerial Challenges:
 Operational excellence.
 Motivated work environment.
 Effective strategy formulation and implementation.
 Managerial and technical expertise.
 Transparency in managerial practices and work systems.
 Improving organizational performance.

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 CHAPTER 3:

Indian Textile Industry and its Global Position

 The Indian Textile Industry is the second largest in the world.
 It is the third largest cotton producer.
 It ranks fourth in terms of staple fibre production, and sixth in filament yarn
production.
 India accounts for (circa) 25% of the Global trade in cotton yarn.
 It is the largest producer of Jute, the second largest producer of silk and
the 5th largest producer of synthetic fibre / yarn.

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 CHAPTER 4:

COMPANY PROFILE

THE GROUP

Birla Textile Mills - An ISO 9001:2000 Certified and Star Export House Certified
Spinning Unit - is one of the units of the company Chambal Fertilisers & Chemicals Ltd.
which belongs to the reputed K.K BIRLA Group of Companies - one of the Top 20
business houses in India. Apart from textiles, the group also has dominant presence in
a wide range of industries such as fertilizer, sugar, media, cement, shipping, agro based
industries, food processing, engineering, etc.

The group entered the spinning sector in 1963. Birla textile Mills is the third and the
latest spinning unit of the group and with this the total spindlage of the group has now
become nearly 300,000.

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THE COMPANY
The K.K. Birla Group Company CHAMBAL FERTILISERS AND CHEMICALS LIMITED -
whose one of the units is Birla Textile Mills - was incorporated in May'85. The
company's turnover for the year 2007-2008 was Rs.2,720.13 Crores (US$ 647.6 million
approx.). The company has written many success stories in fertilizers, chemicals, etc.
and now, after establishing Birla Textile Mills at the start of the new millennium, it has
already started to spin a tale of success in the Synthetic Spun Yarn also.

THE UNIT

To meet the challenges of the new millennium, the commercial production started in
Birla Textile Mills in May, 2000. The unit - Birla Textile Mills - is having a state-of-the-art
plant in the beautiful North Indian state of Himachal Pradesh with a total installed
capacity of 40,320 spindles. Another 40,000 spindles are added in the year of 2006
extending total to 83,320.

Birla Textile Mills is backed by a dynamic, dedicated and experienced group of

professionals - technicians, managers and workers. The technical team is competent to
produce products as per the specifications of customers and to plan production so as to
arrange deliveries in the shortest possible time. This committed workforce is the biggest
and most precious asset of the unit.
The unit caters mainly to the export market and is fully committed towards providing
quality products to its International Customers together with strict delivery schedules -
the most important requirement for the Global Market. Complete Customer Satisfaction
is the driving philosophy for Birla Textile Mills from the very first day. The unit will keep

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on innovating and developing new products for the constantly evolving trends and
needs of the International Market.

THE MACHINES
The unit uses the latest technologies through the most advanced machinery models
sourced from reputed textile machinery manufactures. All single yarn produced at Birla
Textile Mills are autoconed and twisted on TFO's. The list of state-of-the-art machinery
includes bale opener from TRUMAC, Blow Room line from LAKSHMI RIETER, LC-300
Cards with chute feed and autoleveller from LAKSHMI RIETER, LK-54 Combers, RSB
851 Draw frames with autoleveller from LAKSHMI RIETER, Speed frames-ZTS 68i from
Zinser, LF1465 & Ring frames-LR6/S from LAKSHMI RIETER and Autoconers from
SAVIO (Italy).

QUALITY CONTROL AND R&D

Strict quality control methods are applied at every stage of production. All the tests are
carried out on the most modern quality checking equipments like UT4, TENSOSTAT,
KEISOKKI CLASSIFAULT CFT-II, KEISOKKI HAIRINESS TESTER LST-II etc.
COMPUTERISED COLOUR MATCHING MACHINE is used for the perfect shade
matching.

Continuous Research and Development is being done so as to match the customer

requirements to the best possible level. Constant innovation is an essential function at
Birla Textile Mills to keep developing newer products from time to time as per the fast
changing tastes of International Consumers.

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 CHAPTER 5:

Major awards

EXPORT PERFORMANCE ENERGY CONSERVATION

AWARD

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 CHAPTER 6:

I.S.O.
ISO (INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR STANDARDISATION)

Introduction

ISO is an independent organization which provides certificates to the firms / organizations

as the award of their better qualities as well as infrastructure.

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This is an organization, which takes care of standardization of various systems all over the
world. It basically came into existence because the Europeans were the most quality
conscious class and demanded that the imports must have consistent quality. To assure
the quality product to the customers and consumers, there came into existence the quality
assurance mode.

It gives the award to a particular firm after observing the machinery, quality norms,
consumer satisfaction, mill’s environment, facility provided to employees, situation of
management & marketing areas.

In order to acquire the certification regarding ISO several rules and regulations are to be
fulfilled by the organization which is essential, provided by ISO in the form of elements. All
the records and internal audits regarding company is judged by ISO after every six month
so as to renewal the ISO certification. A group of members of ISO visit the organization
and it inspects all the assurance modals regarding ISO 9002 modals.

ISO 9001
Quality assurance in design, development, production, installation and
servicing. This model is stringent in the product design and after sales
service and can not deviate from the patterns.

ISO 9002
Quality control in production, installation and servicing. This model has an
imbibed flexibility in it, which assures that the producers can be lithe in
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making their designs. The inspections so provided are at the elementary
shop-floor level.

ISO 9003
Quality assurance in the final inspection and test.

ISO 9004
It provides guidelines for models to select.

CHAPTER 7:

Various departments

The functional areas are classified in following three heads:

a) Technical : The areas under this head are –

1. Production
2. Maintenance
3. Engineering
4. SQC and Research and Development

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b) Commercial : The areas under this are –
1. Accounts
2. Commercial
3. Material and Stores
4. Purchase and Supplies
5. Management Information System

c) Personnel and Administration : The areas under this are –

1. Industrial Relations
2. HRD
3. Administration
4. Public Relations

CHAPTER 8:

Yarn Manufacturing Process

SPINNING
This is the first starting process. In this whole process fibre of different types are used
as input and yarn of different types is taken as output.

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PROCESS:

 RAW MATERIAL

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Common raw materials in synthetic spinning are Polyester and Viscose. These are
received in the form of bales in grey conditions.

o POYESTER FIBRE
o POLYESTER FILAMENT

The Polyester Fibre is supplied by:

S.No. Name of Industry Place

1. Reliance Industries-RECRON Hazira, Patalganga, Bombay, Barabunki

Fibre, Bale of 375 Kg

2. Indo-Rama Industries Nagpur, M.P.

Bale of 350 Kg

3. JCT Hoshiarpur
Bale of 325-350 Kg

4. Orissa Synthetics – Jekester Orissa

5. Swadeshi Polytech – Jaieelene Ghaziabad

Bale of 275 Kg

Polyester fibre is also imported from:

1. Germany,
2. China,
3. Canada, &
4. Indonesia.

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  The Polymer Filament is supplied by:

S.No. Name of Industry Place

1. Reliance Industries –RECRON filament Hazira

2. DCL Polyester Limited Mouda (Nagpur)

3. Asia Polytex Silvassa

4. Silvassa Industries Pvt. Ltd. Silvassa

CHAPTER 9:

Passage of Material:- Godown (Bales)

Blender Passage (Open Form)

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 Layering (Open Form)

Blender Passage (Open Form)

Blow Room (Lap)

Carding (Card sliver)

Draw Frame (D/F Silver)

Speed Frame (Roving)

Ring Frame (Single Yarn)

Autoconer (Cone)

Cheese Winding (Cheese)

T.F.O(cones) Ring Doubler(Ring Doubler Bobbin)

Cone Winding (Cone)

Packing

Passage of Material:-

 MIXING

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Fibres in required ratio are taken opened and blended in Blenders. During blending
water and antistatic agents are sprayed on fibres. In grey mixing tinting colors are also
mixed in the spraying solution to provide identification of the mixing, then material send
to bin room. This mixing is toppled once or twice to ensure proper blending of the fibres.

 BLOW ROOM
The mixing is further opened so wastes like hard chips are removed from the mixing,
the tuft size is reduced and better blending of fibres is achieved. The mixing is
converted into lap to be fed into Cards. In new process Chute feed (Aero feed) system
the opened fibre is directly fed into Cards without lap formation.

A blowroom line is employed for:

1. Opening of base.
2. Cleaning of fibres.
3. Mixing of fibres.
4. For providing feed material for carding either as lap or though aerofeed.

 CARDING
Carding is the Heart of the Spinning Mill. And well card is half spun.
Feeding by lap or in opened stage from chute the fibres are individualized, hard chips
short fibres and entanglements are removed in the form of droppings, fly and flat strip
respectively. The product of this is Card sliver.

Objects of Carding:

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√ Fibre to fibre separation.
√ Removal of remaining trash of B/R process.
√ Individualization and partial parallelization of fibres.
√ Conversion of Lap or opened fibre into sliver.

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 DRAW FRAME
The Card sliver is subjected to doubling and drafting process to parallelize the fibres,
removes micro-dust and make a uniform sliver.

 SPEED FRAME
The Draw frame sliver is drafted, slightly twisted and wound on bobbin, called roving.

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 RING FRAME
Spinning of roving into yarn of required count and twist is done here.

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 WINDING
Defect present in the spun yarn are cleared by Electronic Gauges and the cleared yarn is
wound on cones. The yarn is jointed by knots or spliced for getting a knotless yarn.

 CHEESE WINDING
Two or more yarns as required for plying are wound parallels on cheeses.

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 DOUBLING
In doubling twist is imparted to the yarn wound on the cheeses. There are two processes.

(A) TFO: In this process twisting and winding on cones is done simultaneously to
provide knot free yarn.

(B) RING DOUBLING: Here only twist is provided to the parallel wound yarn.
This yarn is then wound on cones at Cone winding. At Cone winding the yarn is cleared
of doubling defects.

 PACKING
All cones after enough checking are packed in cartons or bags as per the established
packing process and sent to yarn godowns.

WASTES:

The wastes produced in spinning have been classified into:

1. Usable wastes
2. Unusable waste
During mixing 5% waste is added in yarn for domestic consumptions.

The usable waste is added during the mixing. It includes:-

1. Lap end

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 2. Card Sliver
3. Draw Frame Sliver
4. Roving
5. Bonda
The unusable waste can not be reused. It includes:
1. Blowroom droppings
2. Card droppings
3. Fan fly
4. Sweepings

CHAPTER 10:

STATISTICAL QUANTITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT:-

The work of the SQC dept is to control the quality of product being manufactured
through extensive testing during intermediate processes and of final product to give
quality assurance to the buyer and to maintain company standards.

The daily jobs performed by this dept are checking of neps, count, hank, U%,
CV%, thin and thick places in silver, roving and yarn (as applicable), lea strength, twist.

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Various machines and their description:-
1. Evenness Tester
Make – star tester
No. of m/c = 2
As the name indicates the evenness tester gives details about the evenness of yarn
i.e. CV%, U% and thin thick places.
2. Hairiness tester:
Hairiness tester gives details about the fibres called hairs based on the photoelectric
principle. The tester gives no. of hairs per unit length and classifies them according to
length.
3. Lea strength :
Model – Kamal metal industries.
It provides information about average yarn strength which is used to calculate the
CSP.
4. Wrap Block :
No. of machines -2
It is used to prepare hanks for testing.

5. Yarn Appearance Board :

It is cardboard having white sermica coating. Yarn is wound with traverse like on wrap
reel. The board is placed horizontally and unevenness in yarn is observed through eye
i.e. manually. These are then ranked by comparing with standard boards.

6. physical balance :
No. of instruments -2
It is used for weigh lea’s etc. for count calculations.

7. Yarn Classifault

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 No. of m/c – 1
Model – KIESOKI Yarn Classifault.
It classifies the faults in groups according to their diameter and length.

8. Twist Tester:
No. of machines -2
i) Star STT
ii) KAYCEE industries Ltd.

9. Stelo-Meter:
No. of instruments – 1
It is used to check the strength of raw materials as well as of fibre after mixing/blending
to check the blend homogeneity.

10. Electronic Balance:

No. of equipment – 1
The balance attached to a computer and gives the count/hank of material directly.

CHAPTER 11:

Title of the Project:

“Sensors in textile industry”

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Sensors
– a device that detects/measures a signal or stimulus
– acquires information from the “real world”

One type of feedback frequently needed by industrial-control systems is the position of

one or more components of the operation being controlled. Sensors are devices used to
provide information on the presence or absence of an object.

Sensors include limit switches, photoelectric , inductive, capacitive, and ultrasonic

sensors. These products are packaged in various configurations to meet virtually any

26
requirement found in commercial and industrial applications. Each type of sensor will be
discussed in detail. At the end of the course an application guide is provided to help
determine the right sensor for a given application.

Technologies :
Limit switches use a mechanical actuator input, requiring the sensor to change its
output when an object is physically touching the switch. Sensors, such as photoelectric,
inductive, capacitive, and ultrasonic, change their output when an object is present, but
not touching the sensor. In addition to the advantages and disadvantages of each of
these sensor types, different sensor technologies are better suited for certain
applications. The following table lists the sensor technologies that will be discussed in
this course.

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 Contact Arrangement

Contacts are available in several configurations. They may be normally open (NO),
normally closed (NC), or a combination of normally open and normally closed contacts.
Circuit symbols are used to indicate an open or closed path of current flow. Contacts
are shown as normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC). The standard method of
showing a contact is by indicating the circuit condition it produces when the contact
actuating device is in the deenergized or nonoperated state. For the purpose of
explanation in this text a contact or device shown in a state opposite of its normal state
28
will be highlighted. Highlighted symbols used to indicate the\ opposite state of a contact
or device are not legitimate symbols. They are used here for illustrative purposes only.

Mechanical limit switches, which will be covered in the next section, use a different set
of symbols. Highlighted symbols are used for illustrative purposes only.

Circuit Example :

In the following diagram a mechanical limit switch (LS1) has been placed in series with
a Run/Stop contact and the “M” contactor coil. The Run/Stop contact is in the Run
condition and the motor is running a process. This could be a conveyor or some other
device. Note that the “M” contacts and the “Run/ Stop” are shown highlighted, indicating
they are normally open contacts in the closed position. LS1 is a normally closed contact
of the mechanical limit switch.
29
When an object makes contact with the mechanical limit switch the LS1 contacts will
change state. In this example the normally closed contacts of LS1 open. The
mechanical limit switch symbol is highlighted. The “M” contactor coil is deenergized,
returning the normally open contacts of the “M” contactor to their normal position,
stopping the motor and the process.

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 CHAPTER 12:

Sensors used in blow room in textile industry :

1.Vetal Scan with Poly Sensor

31
2.Dust & Metal Extraction Machine( Electro Magnetic Detector)

3. Fire Diversion System(Infrared sensors)

ARRANGEMENT OF THESE IN BLOW ROOM

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VETAL SCAN WITH POLYSENSOR
33
One of Vetal's major products is the Vetal Scan Polysenso Integra, a cotton contamination
cleaning machine for colour and polypropylene. It is the successor to best selling VETAL

SCAN.

34
The most effective way of removing foreign particles like feather, color cloth bits
discolored threads, yellow fabric pieces by line Scan cameras and high density
impurities like white/transparent polypropylene, plastic, colored polythene bag
fragments using sonic acoustic / ultrasonic sensing. Detected materials are ejected
through high-speed nozzles by pneumatic air jets.

35
VETAL SCAN INSTALLATION DRAWING- ELECTRICAL

The specifications are as follows:

Supply Voltage: 440V AC, 50 Hz; Power Consumption: Max l Kw; Duct size in mm: 1200 x
100/75; Machine size in mm: 1765 x 1200 x 2175; Compressed Air: 6 - 7 bars.

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SCAN PROCESS

1) COLOUR CONTAMINATION

2) PLOY SENSOR FOR WHITE PROPELENE

3) VETAL SCAN
4) CONTAMINATIONS SEPERATED

(Vetal Scan with Poly Sensor ) – Faq

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1.What is the need?
Contamination in cotton has become a crucial factor along with production and quality.
Removal of contamination has matured into necessity considering the growing demand of
consumer, although safe practices are involved from cultivation to spinning there is much
need to control the level of contamination-cleaning machine has become a critical.

2. What is the Benefit?

a) Minimizing manual Labour b) Possibility to match equal efficiency c) Simple to
manage d) improvement in consistency of removal

3. How many machines are required?

The Quantity of machines is a crucial question you need at least one machine between
each Blow Room line connected to cards. However improvement in cleaning is possible
with additional machines.

4.Does more machines lead to better clearing?

Certainly! More machines raise the chances of detection since scanning possibility is
increased.
5.What type of contamination it can detect?
The machine responds for White colorless polypropylene or synthetic materials. Colored
contamination like jute, lengthy thread etc.,

6.What is the ideal location for the machine to be installed?

The performance is better after a fine beater whose wide rectangular duct enhances the
separation of cotton in smaller tufts. The contamination that is exposed better offers
maximum clearing.

7.What is the distance required?

38
A minimum of 3750 mm is required between the machines to insert the Vetal scan. A
clearing Headroom height of 3440 mm is required.

8.How the contaminations are collected?

The contaminations ejected out by Air jets are transferred through a suction fan to a bag
along with few cotton lint.

9.What is the production throughput possible?

A production throughput of 1000 kgs is possible.

10.If the second machine has to be installed for improved clearing where it has to
located?
Many customers choose one more additional machine after the first cleaner. Even though
the cotton is not opened well at this point bigger contamination are detected earlier itself.
Here the machine can process 4 different assortments of cotton and change its
parameters on receiving a ‘Cotton flow Change’ information.

Working :

All the cotton is passed through the machine for scanning. Contaminations are exposed to
the cameras / sonic sensors for detection and Air jets for removal. Whenever
contaminations are detected it is effectively presented for elimination by Air jets.

Color sensors are designed to verify the presence of targets that can be differentiated by
color. These sensors project a modulated high intensity white light onto a target and
analyze the reflected light for its constituent RGB (red, green, blue) values. If the readings
of all of the three colors fall within the preprogrammed parameters, the sensor issues a
discrete signal that indicates a color match.

Basic Sensor Operation Procedure.

39
1. First perform an external power on reset. Wait 10us for the reset sequence to be
completed.
2. Write sensor gain registers, CAP_RED, CAP_GREEN, CAP_BLUE and CAP_CLEAR
with values obtained from the previous sensor gain optimization procedure.
3. Write sensor gain registers, INT_RED, INT_GREEN, INT_BLUE and INT_CLEAR
with values obtained from the previous sensor gain optimization procedure.
4. Acquire offsets in normal operating environment. The light source for color sensing
must be turned off. The offsets are acquired by writing 02H to CTRL register. The
offset values are stored in offset data registers (address 72H, 73H, 74H, 75H). By
writing 01H to CONFIG register (address 01H), all digital values of the sensor will
automatically trim the offsets.
5. Now the sensor is ready to read colors. Sensor digital values can be acquired by
writing 01H to CTRL register (address 00H). Read CTRL register. When the value in
CTRL register is 00H, sensor digital values are acquired in sensor sample data
registers.

40
Dust & Metal Extraction Machine
( Electro Magnetic Detector)

41
Electro Magnetic Detector detects small metal impurities covered like broken nails, pins,
scrap, ring travelers etc., in traveling cotton and diverts them into a collection chamber
without disturbing the production much thereby reducing damage caused an spikes,
cleaning rollers and fire generation.

Metal Detection System

(Dust & Metal Extraction Machine) – Faq

Metal impurities can create havoc in a Spinning Mill by Damaging beaters, card wires etc.,
Generate Spark (Fire)

1. I have installed Magnets (Magnetic Elbows) in my mill. Is it sufficient?

Magnets covered certainly remove Metal impurities to some extent. With the advent of
Modern High Speed Blow rooms fitted with Automatic Bale Openers mostly pressed bales
are fed into the process. Here the metals travel along with the Cotton and mostly enclosed
by them.

MAGNETS DO NOT PICK UP METAL IMPURITIES COVERS INSIDE A BALL OF

COTTON. ELECTRONIC METAL DETECTORS ARE CAPABLE OF DETECTING METAL
IMPURITIES EVEN INSIDE COTTON.

2. How many Metal Detectors you require in a Blow room line?

One Metal Detection system will give good coverage.

3. Where it can be located?

It can be located immediately after the Bale openers.

4. Any Special requirement?

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Yes You need a Straight-line piping distance of 8 meters after the opener. The Metal
Detector should have a safety distance of 1 meter diametrically, around which there
should not be any Metal objects present.

WORKING

Metal detector consists of a detector and pneumatic diverter fitted with a collection tank.
Metal impurities interrupt electromagnetic field generated inside the metal detector when
cotton flows through them. This signal is carried to the diverter when flap diverts the
cotton into a collection tank.

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 Fire Diversion System(Infrared sensors)

Spark detectors coverage of 360 degrees consisting of infra red sensors (camera) detects
ember in the pneumatically conveyed cotton/synthetic fibers inside ducts, trap them and

44
divert them to a Quenching tank through an extra suction motor (Ventilator fan) Coverage
for continuous, Infra Red, Automatic waste evacuation system, fiber compactors, filter
rooms.

Fire Diversion System

(Dust & Fire Extraction Machine) - Faq

1.“I have not had a fire in my blow room in the last 10 years. Can I be confident that it will
not happen for next 10 years“
In tossing a Coin you have got 10 consecutive heads. What is the chance that the next
toss is going to be again heads? Only 50:50 It is a similar situation”

2. Where does it start?

Blow room consists of several openers, cleaners and storage machines, which are
interconnected through ducting materials, is pneumatically conveyed from one machine to
another. A small spark in the opening machines may (Bale plucker) develop into a huge
fire filling into each machine It may also start from a cleaner and cross over to the carding
section filling the chutes.

3. How many points should be better?

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The more the better. There is no limitation. However, considering The Investment and
complexity it can vary from 2 to 5 per lines.

4. Which is the most fire prone part of a spinning mill?

BLOW ROOM is the most affected section in a Spinning mill. Waste collection and dust
collection systems are equally important.

5.Why Fire Diversion System is essential?

Today spinning mill are quality driven and production driven enterprise involving
sophisticated machineries meeting customer demands. While huge investment is made in
machineries building and process material it has become essential to safeguard to reduce
losses in emergence of fire and minimized downtime.

6. How does fire happen in a Spinning Mill?

The cause of fire may be the following:

• Man made
• Electrical short circuits
• Process Fire

While man made fires are controlled adopting strict practices like good housekeeping
avoiding careless smoking, proper handling of hazardous substances. Electrical fires are
controlled by using approved equipments and accessories and involving properly trained
technicians. However process fires are inevitable since cotton or synthetic fires are highly
inflammable when it is passed through high speed machineries or automated lines or hard
substance may generate fire.

7. How can you interrupt?

46
With the Fire Diversion System you detect and trap the fired materials and drive out
through an extra suction fan.

8. Can it be 100% effective?

Frankly FDS is not a Fire Eliminator. Already Fire has happened at a point. Now the
primary objective is to react to it preventing it spreading further and take out the affected
material quickly.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, silicon is very suitable material for fabrication of smart sensors. But still a lot
of research is required to get benefits of the smart sensor, but from the experience of
already existing devices, we can expect that in the coming decade a large number of
successful smart sensors will emerge.

References:

 http://www.vetal.com/
 J. M. Giachino, Smart sensors, Sensors and actuators, 10(1986)
 S. Middelhoer and A.C. Hoogerwerf, Smart sensors when and where, Sensors
and Actuators, 8(1985)

47
 M. Bowen, G. Smith, Considerations for the design of smart sensors, Sensors
and Actuators, A 46-47(1995)
 J.M. Riviere, D. Luttenbacher, M. Robert, J.P. Jouanet, Design of smart sensors:
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