STRENGTH OF MATERIALS CE ELECTIVE 4

STRESS GENERALIZED HOOKE’S LAW

 Normal Stress
𝑷 v, Poisson’s ratio – ratio of lateral strain to the
𝝈=
𝑨 longitudinal strain
 Shearing Stress
𝑽
𝝉=
𝑨
 Bearing Stress
𝑷𝒃
𝝈𝒃 =
𝑨𝒃 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒚 ∆𝒛
 Stresses on Inclined Areas/Sections 𝜺𝒙 = 𝜺𝒚 = 𝜺𝒛 =
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛

 Uniaxial Deformation

𝜺𝒚 𝜺𝒛
𝒗 = − 𝒗 = −
𝜺𝒙 𝜺𝒙

𝝈𝒙 𝝈𝒙
𝜺𝒚 = 𝜺𝒛 = − 𝒗 𝜺𝒙 =
𝑬 𝑬

𝜺𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝜺𝒙 + 𝜺𝒚
𝟐
𝑷 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝜺𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = 𝜺𝒙 + 𝜺𝒚 + 𝜺𝒛
𝝈𝑵 =
𝑨𝒐
 Biaxial Deformation
𝑷 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽
𝝉= 𝟏
𝟐𝑨𝒐 𝜺𝒙 = (𝝈 − 𝒗𝝈𝒚 )
𝑬 𝒙
THIN-WALLED CYLINDERS
𝟏
 Tangential Stress/Circumferential Stress 𝜺𝒚 = (𝝈 − 𝒗𝝈𝒙 )
𝑬 𝒚
𝒑𝑫 𝒗
𝝈𝒕 = 𝜺𝒛 = − (𝝈 + 𝝈𝒚 )
𝟐𝒕 𝑬 𝒙
 Longitudinal Stress  Triaxial Deformation
𝒑𝑫 𝟏
𝝈𝑳 = 𝜺𝒙 = [𝝈 − 𝒗(𝝈𝒚 + 𝝈𝒛 )]
𝟒𝒕 𝑬 𝒙
SPHERICAL SHELL 𝟏
𝜺𝒚 = [𝝈 − 𝒗(𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒛 )]
𝑬 𝒚
𝒑𝑫
𝝈𝑳 =
𝟒𝒕 𝟏
𝜺𝒛 = [𝝈 − 𝒗(𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚 )]
𝑬 𝒛
HOOKE’S LAW
Dilatation of Material
𝝈 = 𝑬𝜺
∆𝑽 = ∆𝒙 + ∆𝒚 + ∆𝒛
STRAIN
𝜹 𝒆 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆𝒚 + 𝒆𝒛
𝜺 =
𝑳
Bulk Modulus or Modulus of Compression
AXIAL DEFORMATION
𝑬
𝑷𝑳 𝑲 =
𝜹 = 𝟑 (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒗)
𝑨𝑬
Shear Modulus
THERMAL STRESS / THERMAL DEFORMATION 𝑬
𝑮 =
𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒗)
𝜹 = 𝑳 𝜶 ∆𝑻
𝝉=𝑮𝜸
𝝈𝑻 = 𝑬𝝐𝑻
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 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS CE ELECTIVE 4
TORSION ON SHAFTS CRITERIA IN THE DESIGN OF BEAMS
1.) Bending/Flexure
𝑻𝝆 𝑴𝒄
𝝉 = 𝝈 =
𝑱 𝑰
For rectangular sections:
𝑻𝒓 𝟔𝑴
𝝉 = 𝝈 =
𝑱 𝒃𝒅𝟐

For solid shafts: 2.) Shearing

𝑽𝑸
𝝅𝒓𝟒 𝝉 =
𝑱 = 𝑰𝒃
𝟐 For rectangular sections:
𝟑𝑽
𝝅𝑫𝟒 𝝉 =
𝑱 = 𝟐𝒃𝒅
𝟑𝟐
3.) Deflection
𝟏𝟔𝑻
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = For simply supported beams with uniformly
𝝅𝑫𝟑 distributed load:
For hollow solid circular shafts: 𝟓𝒘𝑳𝟒
𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟑𝟖𝟒𝑬𝑰
𝟏𝟔𝑻𝑫
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = For simply supported beams with concentrated load
𝝅 (𝑫𝟒 − 𝒅𝟒 )
at midspan:
𝑷𝑳𝟑
Angle of twist: 𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝑻𝑳 𝟒𝟖𝑬𝑰
𝜽 =
𝑱𝑮
SPACING OF BOLTS/RIVETS/NAILS
TORSION ON THIN-WALLED TUBES
𝑰𝑹
𝑻 𝑺 =
𝒒 = 𝑽𝑸
𝟐𝑨𝒐

𝑻𝑳𝑺 COMBINED STRESSES

𝜽 =
𝟒𝑮𝑨𝒐 𝟐 𝒕 𝒇 = 𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 ± 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
Torsional stiffness: 𝑷 𝑴𝒄 𝑴𝒄
𝑻 𝒇= ± [ ] ± [ ]
𝑲 = 𝑨 𝑰 𝒙 𝑰 𝒚
𝜽

POWER 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑴𝒙 = 𝑷𝒆𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑴𝒚 = 𝑷𝒆𝒙

𝑷 MOHR’S CIRCLE
𝑻 = 𝟐𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐𝝅𝒇 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝜽𝟏 =
𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
P in watts
f in rev/sec 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚 𝟐
𝑹 = √( ) + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟐
𝟏𝟏𝟖. 𝟕𝑯𝑷 𝟐
𝑻 =
𝒇
Maximum in-plane stress:
HP in Horsepower
𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒄 =
Strain energy from Torque 𝟐
𝑻𝟐 𝑳
𝝎= 𝝈𝟏 = 𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝈𝒄 + 𝑹
𝟐𝑱𝑮
𝝈𝟐 = 𝝈𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝝈𝒄 − 𝑹
𝑷
𝑻 =
𝝎

ω in rad/s

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 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS CE ELECTIVE 4
MOVING CONCENTRATED LOADS
Important Theorems:

1.) The maximum shear occurs under the support where

the resultant of the loads is closer to it.

2.) The maximum moment occurs under any load when

that load and the resultant of the loads are positioned
equidistant from the center of the simple span.

SHEAR DEFORMATION

𝒗𝒕
𝜹𝒗 =
𝑮𝑨𝒗

𝑨𝒗 = 𝑩𝑳

MODULUS OF RESILIENCE

𝑨𝑷
𝑬𝑹 =
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝒐𝒅

MODULUS OF TOUGHNESS

𝑨𝑷 + 𝑨𝑹
𝑬𝑻 =
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝒐𝒅

FLANGE BOLT COUPLING

𝑻 = ∑ 𝑷𝑪𝑵

If stress is linear
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐
=
𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐

Where:
P1, P2 = capacity of bolt
C1, C2 = radius or distance of bolt from center

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 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS CE ELECTIVE 4
EXAMPLES E5.) A thin-walled cylindrical shell has an internal
E1.) Link AB, of width b = 2 in and thickness t = ¼ in., is diameter of 2 m and is fabricated from plates 20 mm
used to support the end of a horizontal beam. Knowing thick. The tangential strength of the plates is 400
that the average normal stress in the link is -20 ksi and N/mm2. The factor of safety is 6, Young’s modulus is
that the average shearing stress in each of the two pins 200,000 N/mm2, and Poisson’s ratio μ = 0.3
is 12 ksi, determine 8.) Calculate the safe pressure in the shell.
1.) Diameter of the pins
2.) Average bearing stress in the link E6.) As shown, a rigid bar with negligible mass is pinned
at O and attached to two vertical rods. Assume that the
rods were initially stress-free. Allowable stress in steel is
150 MPa and in bronze is 70 MPa.
9.) Solve for the ratio of the elongation of bronze to
steel.
10.) Solve for the value of P without exceeding the
allowable stress in steel in kN.
11.) Solve for the value of P without exceeding the
allowable stress in bronze.

E2.) Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded

together at B and loaded as shown. Knowing that d1 =
50 mm and d2 = 30 mm, find the average normal stress
at the midsection of
3.) Rod AB
4.) Rod BC

E7.) A 5-m rod having a uniform cross-sectional area of

1000 square mm is secured between two walls 5 meters
apart. The load on the rod is zero at 27˚C. E = 200 GPa,
α = 11.25 x 10-6 m/m-˚C. When the temperature rises to
57˚C,
12.) Solve for the stress in the rod assuming the walls
are rigid.
13.) Solve for the stress in the rod if the walls spring
together a total distance of 0.5 mm.

E3.) Two wooden members 3 x 6-in uniform rectangular E8.) A rectangular aluminum block is 100 mm long in
cross-section are joined by the simple scarf splice the X direction, 75 mm wide in the Y direction, and 50
shown. Knowing that P = 2400 lb, determine mm thick in the Z direction. It is subjected to a triaxial
5.) Normal stress in the glued splice. loading consisting of uniformly distributed tensile force
6.) Shearing stress in the glued splice. of 200 kN in the X direction and uniformly distributed
compressive forces of 160 kN in the Y direction and 220
kN in the Z direction. If v = 1/3 and E = 70 GPa,
14.) Determine the single distributed loading in the X
direction that would produce the same Z deformation
as the original loading.

E4.) A spherical pressure vessel 400-mm in diameter has

a uniform thickness of 6 mm. The vessel contains gas
under a pressure of 8000 kPa. If the ultimate tensile
stress of the material is 420 MPa,
7.) What is the factor of safety with respect to tensile
failure?

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 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS CE ELECTIVE 4
E9.) A solid steel shaft 60 mm in diameter and 6.5 m E13.) A flanged bolt coupling consists of 6-10 mm Ø
long is subject to a torque as shown. The shaft is steel bolt on a bolt circle 300 mm in diameter and 4-
attached to a rigid support. Modulus of rigidity of steel 10mm Ø steel bolt on a bolt circle of 200 mm in
is G = 83 GPa. diameter.
15.) Solve for the reaction at the rigid support in N-m. 26.) What torque can be applied without exceeding a
16.) Solve for the maximum shearing stress in the shaft shearing stress of 60 MPa in the bolts.
in MPa.
17.) Solve for the total angle of twist at the free end in E14.) A truck and trailer combination with axle loads
degrees. shown, rolls across the simply supported 14-m span
bridge. Compute
27.) Maximum bending moment.
28.) Maximum shear force.

E10.) A wide flange section is formed by bolting

together three planks, each 80 m by 200 mm. Each bolt
can withstand a shearing stress of 40 MPa. It is required
to determine the pitch (spacing) of bolts if the beam is
loaded so as to cause a maximum shearing stress of 1.4
MPa.
18.) Solve for the moment of inertia in mm4.
19.) Solve for the maximum shear on the beam in kN.
20.) Solve for the required spacing of bolts. Bolt dia = 16
mm Ø.

E11.) An Apitong joist 100 mm x 300 mm carries a

uniform load of w under a simple span of length L.
Allowable bending stress Fb = 12.41 MPa and shearing
stress Fv = 0.965 MPa. It is required to determine the
values of L and w such that the allowable bending and
shearing stresses are reached simultaneously.
21.) Solve for the capacity of the section in kN-m.
22.) Solve for the value of L in meters.
23.) Solve for the value of w in kN/m.

E12.) For the cantilever beam shown, calculate the ff.:

24.) Normal stress at B.
25.) Normal stress at C.

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