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PL/SQL - Constants and Literals

plsql constraint

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102 views

PL/SQL - Constants and Literals

plsql constraint

Uploaded by

Ps Padhu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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4/2/2019 PL/SQL - Constants and Literals

PL/SQL - Constants and Literals


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In this chapter, we will discuss constants and literals in PL/SQL. A constant holds a value
that once declared, does not change in the program. A constant declaration specifies its
name, data type, and value, and allocates storage for it. The declaration can also impose
the NOT NULL constraint.

Declaring a Constant
A constant is declared using the CONSTANT keyword. It requires an initial value and does
not allow that value to be changed. For example −

PI CONSTANT NUMBER := 3.141592654;


DECLARE
-- constant declaration
pi constant number := 3.141592654;
-- other declarations
radius number(5,2);
dia number(5,2);
circumference number(7, 2);
area number (10, 2);
BEGIN
-- processing
radius := 9.5;
dia := radius * 2;
circumference := 2.0 * pi * radius;
area := pi * radius * radius;
-- output
dbms_output.put_line('Radius: ' || radius);
dbms_output.put_line('Diameter: ' || dia);
dbms_output.put_line('Circumference: ' || circumference);
dbms_output.put_line('Area: ' || area);
END;
/

When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following result −

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4/2/2019 PL/SQL - Constants and Literals

Radius: 9.5
Diameter: 19
Circumference: 59.69
Area: 283.53

Pl/SQL procedure successfully completed.

The PL/SQL Literals


A literal is an explicit numeric, character, string, or Boolean value not represented by an
identifier. For example, TRUE, 786, NULL, 'tutorialspoint' are all literals of type Boolean,
number, or string. PL/SQL, literals are case-sensitive. PL/SQL supports the following kinds
of literals −

Numeric Literals

Character Literals

String Literals

BOOLEAN Literals

Date and Time Literals

The following table provides examples from all these categories of literal values.

S.No Literal Type & Example

Numeric Literals

050 78 -14 0 +32767


1
6.6667 0.0 -12.0 3.14159 +7800.00

6E5 1.0E-8 3.14159e0 -1E38 -9.5e-3

Character Literals
2
'A' '%' '9' ' ' 'z' '('

String Literals

'Hello, world!'
3
'Tutorials Point'

'19-NOV-12'

4 BOOLEAN Literals

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4/2/2019 PL/SQL - Constants and Literals

TRUE, FALSE, and NULL.

Date and Time Literals

5 DATE '1978-12-25';

TIMESTAMP '2012-10-29 12:01:01';

To embed single quotes within a string literal, place two single quotes next to each other
as shown in the following program −

DECLARE
message varchar2(30):= 'That''s tutorialspoint.com!';
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(message);
END;
/

When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following result −

That's tutorialspoint.com!

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

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