DRAG COEFFICIENTS FOR FLAT PLATES , SPHERES,

AND CYLINDERS MOVING AT LOW REYNOLDS

NUMBERS IN A VISCOUS FLUID

by

ALVA MERLE JONES

A THESIS
submitte<i to
OREGON STATE COLLEGE

in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE

June 1958
APFROVED T

Redacted for Privacy

In 0hrrg* of laJar

Redacted for Privacy

Redacted for Privacy

Redacted for Privacy

Drtc tbrclr la prrrontr a h'4u.*l*^r-J-;t,r,,.lqql

lfypcd by ftrcdeetr Or Joncr

 i

ACKNOWLEDGEMLNT

The author wishes to express his appreciation to

Dr . J . G. Knudsen for helping with this investi ga tion and
to the Do Chemical Company for aiding this work through
a Research Fellowship .
 ii

TABLE OF CONTEN TS

Pa ge
Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1
Review of Literature . • • • • • • • • • • • 3

Theoretical Po s sibilities . • • • • • • 3

Experimenta l Data • • • • • • • • • • • 11

Analysis of Theoretical Solutions and

Experimental Data . • • • • • • • • • • 12
Literature Containin g Ge neral Theory • 14
Theoretical Considerations . • • • • • • • • 16
Definition of the Dra g Coefficient • • 16
Obtaining Drag Coefficient by
Dimensional Analysis • • • • • • • • • 19
Exact Solutions for Dra g Coeffici ent • 21
Moving Bodies and Moving Fluid • • • • 25
Description of Apparatus • • • • • • • • • • 26
Force Measuring Equipment . • • • • • • 26
Spheres, Cylinders, and Plates • • • • 30

Experimental Procedure • • • • • • • • • • • 35
Viscosity and Density Ca l ibration . • • 35

Velocity Measurements . • • • • • • • • 35

Foree Measurements • • • • • • • • • • 36
Experimental Results . • • • • • • • • • • • 37
 ii i

TA BLE OF CONTf!.N'l'S (CONT .)

Page
Discussion of Results • • • • • • • • • • • • 48
Correction and Accuracy of
Measurements • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 48
Analysis of Results • • • • • • • • • • 50
Comparison of Results with Other Data
and Theoretical Solutions • • • • • • • 53
Summary and Conclusions . • • • • • • • • • • 57
Nomenc lature • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 60

Biblio graphy • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 62
Appendix • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Experimenta l Data • • • • • • • • • • • 64
Density and Viscosity Calibration • • • 89
Sample Calculations • • • • • • • • • • 92
 iv

LIST OF I LLUSTRATI O{S

Fi gure Page
1 Dra g Coefficients for Spheres • • • • 5

2 Dra g Coefficients for Cylinders • • • 6

Dra g Coefficients for Flat Plates ­

Parallel Flow • • • • • • • • • • • • 8

4 Dra g Coefficients for Fl a t Plate s ­

Perpendicular Flow • • • • • • • • •
5 Block Dia gram of Apparatus • • • • • 27
6 Apparatus - Le ft View . • • • • • • • 28

7 Apparatus - Ri gh t View • • • • • • • 29

8 Photograph of Spheres , Cylinders,

and Plates • • • • • • • • • • • • • 33
9 Drag Force on the Wires - Li gh t Oil . 38

10 Dra g Force on the Wires - Heavy Oil . 39

11 Da ta for Spheres • • • • • • • • • • 40

12 Data for Cylinders - L/D :

16, 24, 32 • • • • • • • • • • • • • 41
13 Data for Cylinders ­
L/D c 2 and 4. • • • • • • • • • • • 42
14 Data for Cylinders ­
L/D : 6 , 8 and 12 • • • • • • • • • • 43
15 Data for Fl a t Plates - Parallel Flow 45
16 Data for Flat Plates - Perpendicular
Flow - W/L : 2 • • • • • • • • • • • 46
 v

LI ST OF II.LUSTRI''. TIONS ( CONT . )

Figure Page

17 Data for Flat Plates -

Perpendicular
47
Flow - W/L : 1, 4 • • • • • • • • •
18 Dependence of Viscosity O'!l
'l'empera ture -
Li ght Oil • • • • • • 90
19 Dependence of Viscosity on
'l1empera ture -
He.avy Oil • • • • • • 91
 vi

LIST OF TA BLES

Table Pa ge
I Description of the Sphere s ,
Cylinders , and Plates • • • • • • • 31
II Data for Spheres • • • • • • • • • 64
III Data for Cylinde rs • • • • • • • • 67

IV Data for Flat Pl a tes - Para l lel

Flow • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 77
v Data f or Fl a t Plates ­
Perpendicular Flow • • • • • • • • 82

VI Dependence of Density on
Temperature • • • • • • • • • • • • 89
 DRAG COEFFICIENTS FOR FLAT PLATES , SPHERES,
AND CYLINDERS MOVING AT LOW REYNOLDS
~UMBERS I N A VISCOUS F LUID

L JTRODUCTI ON

The study of laminar flow of very viscous fluids over

immersed bodies is important in many engineerin g problems .
In the field of aerodynamics the study is becomin g in­
creasingly important because as the speed of aircraft in­
creases, there is a tendency for the occurre nce of a re gion
of laminar flow on their surfaces, due to the low density
of the air at the hi gh speeds . Furthermore, the mainte ­
nance of extensive laminar flow is desirable in order to
minimize the friction dra g . Other problems include the
theory of lubricati on and the flow over banks of tubes in
heat exchangers . Many of the polymers formed in the field
of plastics are highly viscous materials and problems,
such as the power requirement for mixers, are encountered
in flow over immersed bodies at low Reynolds numbers .
At present there are only a few theoretical solutions
and approximations and almost no experimental data on flo
over spheres, cylinders, and flat plates in the ran ge of
Reynolds numbers from 0 . 01 to 10.
The force of resistance is related to the r.eometry of
the immersed body and the properties of the fluid by
 2

a non-dimensional drag coefficient which is defined by the

followin g equation:

{1)

The drag coefficient is also a function of the Reynolds

number for geometrically similar bodies. Thus, if the
drag coefficient and the Reynolds number are known, the
force of resistance for flow over immersed bodies or
bodies moving in a fluid can be predicated .
The present investi ga tion involved a determinati n of
the drag coefficient as a function of the Reynolds number
and geometric ratio for spheres , cylinders and flat plates
at Reynolds numbers rangin g from 0 . 01 to 10 . The drag
coefficients were determined by measuring the force of re ­
sistanco and calculating the drag coefficient by the use of
'Equation (1) . For each dra g coefficient a Reynolds number
las calculated . From a plot of the data it was possible to
determine an e xpression relating dra g coefficients , Reynolds
numbers , and L/D and W/L . The data and empirical equations
have been compared to other available data and theoretical
solutions .
 3

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Theoretical Solutions

A lar ge number of investigators have analyzed laminar

flow of a viscous fluid past various immersed bodies .
Their analyses have resulted in expressions for dra g coef ...
ficients and boundary layer velocity profiles . In their
work they have made various assumptions which ac count for
fairly wide discrepancies bet een the results of individual
investigators . In addition, li ttle experimental data are
available to compare with theoretical work.
Stokes (14, p . 55) was one of the first investigators
to study the motion of a very.vfscous fluid over an immersed
body . In 1850 he published the well-known solution for the
motion of a sphere, whereby the force of resistance is
given by the following equation:
F : 6ffA vr (2)
•
By substituting the definition given in Equation (1), the
drag coefficie nt for fluid flowing past a sphere at low
Reyno l ds numbers is
fd - 24 (3)
-re
•
Equati on (3) holds for Reynolds numbers up to nearly 1 . 0 .
Oseen (11, p . 122) improved Stokes' analysis
 4

by linearizing the Navier· Stokes equations . The dra g coef­

ficient of the sphere by Oseen 's analysis is
f 24
d -- Re (1 r1 3Re) . (4)
I6
Equation (4) is good for Reynolds numbers u p to 5 . Vfuile
Oseen's work wa s published in 1910, his method of
linearizing the equations of flow has been used by rece nt
-
investi gators in studying the flow of fluids over elliptic
cylinders and flat plates .
Horace Lamb (8 , p . 112-121) as another early con­
tributor td the study of the flow of viscous fluids over
immersed bodies. He presented a simpler demonstration of
Oseen 's results and further developed their scope and
si gnificance . Also, he a pplie d the same meth od to flow
past a circular cylinder . Lamb's solution for the dra g
coefficient of circular cylinders is
f - 8 ff (5)
d - Re (2.002 - ln Re)
Equation (5) is good only for Reyno lds numbers up to 0 . 5 .
Bairstow, Cave , and Lang (2, p . 383- 432) extended
Lamb ' s solution to eover lar ~.er values of Reynolds numbers .
Their solution is plotted in Fi5~re 2.
Goldstein (3 , p . 225•235) has solve d Oseen's equations
completely for fluid flow at small Reynolds numbers past
spheres. His solution take s into account the hi gher
 5

It
I ·i.
I

. - -· . . ·- .
<· :--·-~ ::i. -- --
~.

. : L! : ~. · _:
I'
STOKES
OSEEN I

LIEBSTER 0 0
I 00 --
i "'"'
I
GOLDSTEIN-·-·-
.:.

"i'.".
-"

50 ~-+~~-+--+~~H-' ,. ~~--~-4~
. ...+
. ~-~
· ·~·~·~-_~HH
I "\ .:·.1:-_·

• •··
-tf'-

! 1"1\. . .. ~ ~. .
- I . • .J!.

I' :
· ~ .

2
t--
i
~--~+-+-~4-4-~-~H---~~~~~~~~~

f .L • l

0.1 .2 .5 1.0 2 5 10
Re

DRAG COEFFICIENTS FOR SPHERES

Fl GURE I
 6

• • WIESELSBERGER
o o INAI
--LAMB
... • • ALLEN a SOUTHWELL

"" .
r.r
- · - TONOTIKA a AOI
- · ­ BAIRSTOW,CAVI a
LAN I
1

'
..
,, - ~·
... - ..
-
'a

e
'' -·

.
...
-=
J ·..:
•
• • J'Io.

I l---,_:-::::_:+-~
.:;__-+--_~..- +-+-+-l-+-+-+--+-+--'H-­
--t:::::::­
---i-7--+-+---t---t--tl­
•·· t-t--t-t--r-t--r.::t
,. • , 1 I,.
-. ~-':-.
.. ...::::::--­
. .r. '1 iffilfl .' if rt:C: =~; ·­
·~-t
"t:t1j

h:: ' .:tn ~ ~ .... :r~ wrw~ ;~ ~ u · ~~ 1~ ·•·• 't l=t f.§ ;s ~
1 o.L-•~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~.o~--~~~~~~~~~,~~~~.o
.2 .e 1
Rt
DRAG COEFFICIENTS FOR CYLINDERS

FIGURE 2
 7

powered terms in the series solution that were omitted by

Oseen . The solution is plotted in Figure 1 . It covers
values of Reynolds numbers up to 10 .
In recent years several people have developed approxi ­
mate solutions of drag coefficients for flow at a low
Reyno l ds number ove r ell iptic cylinders for various ratios
of major and minor axes and angles of incidence . For the
major axis equal to the minor axis, the result is a circu­
lar cylinder . For a ratio of major axis to minor axis of
infinity , the resul t is a flat plate with parallel flow
for a zero anglo of incidence and a f l at plate ith perpen­
dicular flow for an angle of incidence of ninety degrees .
Tomotika and Aoi (15 , p . 290-312) have obtained e xact
ntJm'3rical solutions of Oseen ' s equations for steady flo
past an elliptic cylinder in terms of elliptic coordinates .
When the calculations are based upon Oseen's equations ,
they found that the total dra g can be analyzed into pressure
and friction drag proportional to the axes of the cylinder
for any Reynolds number . Their solutions are plotted in
Figures 2, 3 and 4 and cover Reynolds numbers from 0 . 4 to
4.0 .
Imai (4 , p . 141- 160) has presented a numerical solution
to flow past an inclined elliptic cylinder for Reynolds
numbers of 0 , 1 and 1 . 0 . His method is essentially one of
 f I t '

50 1----+--+-+--+-JU..L

o o INAI
- JANSSEN
•• ••• TONOTIKA a AOI

~ . .. .. . . • ..
. ...
t
....
... •

. ~ .
. ~ .. ~ ...
. ...... . -.....
' ·.
:-=:.. .. :-...!'. .
· ~

.5

,2

' ....... •t. ! .. .

....
•.:J • . • I '
! 1
I I '!" ·;· T p
0 .1
0 .1 .2 .5 1.0 2 10
Re
DRAG COEFFICIENTS FOR FLAT PLATES
PARALLEL FLOW
FIGURE 3
 9

100
I I I
- I I !
I I
I

~0 :l -- -
' --- --+- -r I f-- --;--
- ----
- r-

. - ·-- ~- f--l -· + -- f.- --

-f--·t--
·-t-

I I 0 0 I MAl
. - -- . --- - r-- ' - --r - t-
-- TOMOTIKA a AOI
- - 1-t--

H~
' !
··- f---
I
I I . - - -~

20 -- ' I I
l
I
II
i
I
I
iI
1 )., .......
~
.

I I I t-...
10 ---~--
I
I
I
!
I
" ~
.........
1'-. I
., --

-
-·
I ' '' r-.....
I f'... I

--·~
- - -- ----r-- - l - r---1--t- .......
'
...... ' f----
--r-
f - 1---f-
c·-

' 1 -~-~ - i·-- --l=l-- -- f-.-

: - -
_,__
--- f-.-
- - -- --r- 1---J.
I I I
~-I

H- I
I I I
J --r- I
--
I
- - -1-
I

I
f--1- 1-- r- f-
: I I
I
I
I I
2 I

~-
I I I I
'
I I
I

I
I I I i
0.1 .2 1.0 2 10

Rt
DRAG COEFFICIENTS FOR FLAT PLATES
PERPENDICULAR FLOW

FIGURE 4
 10

successive approximations in poter series of Reynolds

numbers . The solution is shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4 .
Allen and Southwell (1, p . 129-145 ) have used the
relaxation methods to determine the motion of a viscous
fluid past a fixe d circular cylinder . Their solution covers
Reyno l ds numbers from 0.1 to 10 and is plotted in Figure 2.
Blasius (7, p . 66) investi ga ted the laminar flow in
the boundary layer of a thin flat plate immersed in a stream
flowing parallel to the surface of the plate. By making
several assumptions he obtained an exact solution of the
simplified flow equations .
One of the most recent developments in the study of
flow over immersed bodies at low Reyno l ds numbers is that
t y Janssen (6, P • 173-183), who used an analo g computer to
determine drag coefficients for flat plates in parallel
flow . By defining vorticity ( ..<.. ) as
o1... : d v_ J u (6)
d X d Y
and the stream function ( t.f } as
u = d~ ' v = .. Jtf' (7)
d y d X
where u is the velocity in the direction of the x - co•
ordinate and v is the velocity in the direction of the y ­
coordinate, and making the proper substitution in the
Navier-Stokes equation ; he obtained the followin g two
 11

equations :
Vlo(_ • _1 [ - d <f.' d.( ~ ~ d..(]
...J dX d':J J'j dX , (8)

--<..
(9)

These equations have the form of the Poisson equation and

were solved by means of two resistance net orks . His so­
lution covers the range of Reynolds numbers from 0 .1 to 10
and is plotted in Fi gure 3 .
A large amount of work has been done by other investi­
gators for flow over flat plates but their ~ork does not
cover Reynolds numbers of less than 10.

Experimental Data

Very little experimental data has been obtained for

drag coefficients of flat plates, cylinders, and spheres in
the range of Reynolds numbers from .01 to 10.
There is no data for flat plates in perpendicular flow.
Janour (5, p . 1-40) obtained drag coefficie nts for parallel
flow over flat plates. However , his data only covers
Reynolds numbers down to twelve, which is above the range
being considered in the present work. One significant
result of Janour's work is establishing a lo~er limit for
the well-known Blasius formula,
fd : 1.328 1/2 (10)
(Re ) '
 12

of about 2 , 0 4
X 10 • The equation proposed by Janour for
Reynolds numbers of 12 to 2335 is

fd : (""He)
2 . 90
. 601 {11)

Drag coefficients for flow over cylinders ha ve been

experimentally determined by Wieselsberger (16, p. 22),
His data covers Reyno lds numbers from 4 to 100. The data
for very long cylinders is plotted in Fi £Ure 2 . VJiesels­
ber ger also studied the effect of the len gth ~to- diameter

ratio on drag coefficients . He found that the drag coef­

ficient decreases with a decreasing L/D r a tio at a constant
Reynolds number. However , his data for L/D other than
infinity was obtained at Reynolds numbers above 40 .
Relf (13, p . 47-51) measured the resistance of flow
over cylinders but only for Reynolds numbers above ten .
Liebster ( 9 , p . 541-562) measured the resistance of
flow over spheres . His data cove r s the range of Reyno lds
numbers from 0 .13 to 10.1. His data is plotted in Fi £ure 1.

Analysis of
Theoretical Solutions and Experimenta l Data

The data of Liebster ( 9 , p . 548) provides a good check

for the solutions of Stokes (14, p . 55), Oaeen {11, p , 122),
a nd Goldstein (3, p. 234) for flow over spheres at Reyno lds
numbers less than 0.5 . As Figure 1 shows, the results are
 13

in good agreement in that range . As the Reynol ds number

becomes grea ter than 1 . 0 it is known that Stokes' formula
does not hold true . The results of the other workers are
very close up to a Reyno l ds number of 2, so that all of
their data is probably very good in that range . Above a
Reynolds number of 3, Oseenta solution is proba bl y not very
go od since it was only an approximation . At a Reynolds
number of 10 Liebster's data is about 25~ lower than
Goldstein's solution, so the true solution is probably
somelhere between the two values .
Since Lamb's solution (8, p . 112-121) for flow over
a cylinder was based upon the method of Oseen, his solution
is probably very go od for Reyno l ds numbers of less than 1 .
The solutions of Tomotika and Aoi (15, p . 302), Imai
(4, p . 157 ), and Bairstow, Cave, and Lan g (2, p . 404) seem
to substantiate this fact since they all agree with each
other as shown in Figure 2 . The only solution which does
not agree is that _of Allen and Southwell (1, p . 141).
For the range of Reynolds numbers from 1 to 10 the
different results vary considerably . Lamb's solution is
not correct. The results of 'l'omotika and Aoi, and Bairstow,
Cave, and Lang, as shown in Figure 2 are very close. How­
ever, the data of Wieselsberger (16, p. 22), the only
experimental work for cylinders, is 30t below the results
 14

of t he other workers . It is interesting to note that the

s olution of Allen and Southwell coincides with Wiese ls­
bergers data. in this ran ge .
Very little ~ork has been done for flow at low
velocities o ver f l at plates , both paralle l and perpen•
dicular to the flowin g stream . For parallel f low at very
low Reyno l ds numbers , the solutions of Imai ( 4 , p . 157) ,
Tomotika and Aoi (15 • P • 302 ), and Janssen (6, p . 183 ) are
very close as shown in Figure 3 . For Reynolds numbers
near 10, Janssen's solution is below that of Tomotika and
Aoi .
For flat plates perpendicular to flow, there is only
the theoretical data of Tomotika and Aoi (15, p . 302 ), and
I mai (4 , p . 157) . Their solutions , as before , nearl y
coincide.

Litera ture Containing General Theorx

Several excellent books and monographs containing the

general theory of flow over immersed bodies , particul arly
at low Reynolds numbers , are availa ble .
Knudsen and Katz (7, P • 64 ... 105 ) give a good discussi on
of flow turbulent and laminar, pas t thin flat plates ,
circular and ellipti cal cylinders , and spheres . Boundary­
l ayer theory and boundary-layer equations are included .
 15

The Blasius solution is described in detail . There is a

section on drag coefficients with many graphs of different
data . However , most of these do not cover low Reynolds
numbers .
Severa l chapters of the book by Pai (11, P • 100- 260)
pertain to dra g at low Reyno l ds numbers . In addition to
the fundament a l equations of f lui d dynamics , there is
excellent material covering the Navier-Stokes differential
equations, theory of very slow motion , and the boundary­
la yer equations . His description of the Oseen method of
linearization (11 , p . 122) is particularly good .
Prandtl (12, p . 98-196) has several good sections on
flow past immersed bodies . Among these are the sections on
the motion of bodies in viscous fluids (12, p . 105-110)
and the resistance of bodies immersed in fluid (12 , p . 174­
178 ) . There is also a section containing the experimenta l
results of fluid resistance . Included is dra g coefficient
data for sphere s, cylinders, and plates at all Reynolds
numbers ,
Though short , Janour {5 , p . 1-40) has a good discussion
of the general theory of the resista nce of bodies in l aminar
flow .
 16

THEORETIC f\ L CONSIT'ERATI 01\TS

Definition of the Drag Coefficient

The resistance or dra g of a body movin g in a liquid

or gas or exposed to a medium flowin g past it is a compli ­
cated function of the geometric properties of the body and
physical properties of the medium . The resistance depends
upon the size of the body , geometric shape and position,
quality of surface a nd the velocity , viscosity, and de nsity
of the medium .
Newton postulated that the resistance with which a
fluid opposes the motion of a body immersed in it through
the force of its inertia must be proportional to the area
of the section of the body at ri ght angles to the direction
of flow, and also proportional to the density of the fluid
and to the square of its velocity . This result may be
explained by the followin g simple ar~nnent (12, p . 174).
In a unit of time the body must move a mass of flui d

m : f av (12)

out of its way and in doin g so imparts a velocity to each

element of the fluid . This velocity is proportional to
the velocity of the body . The resistance is equal to the
momentum imparted to the fluid and is therefore proportiona l
to
 17

mv : p av2 , (13 )
where a is the proje cted area of the body on a plane
normal to the direction of flow .
In Newton 's theory the laws of collision of elastic
bodies are applied to the resistance of a fluid. Jewton
regarded the medium as consisting of particles fre e to move
but at rest, which are regularly reflected by the moving
body . The detailed results, however, have proved unsound .
The Newt onian concept of fluid resistance has been
replaced by the hydrodynamica l theory; hereby , the re­
sistance consists of the pressure differences and friction
stresses arising from the fluid flo ing around the body .
These resistances are sometime~ referred to as form drag
and surface drag . A fundamental difference between the old
and new theories is that in the former only the shape of ~

front portion is considered; whereas , it is known that the

phenomena giving rise to resistances are largely due to the
shape of the rear portion .
In general the pressure differences predominate and
may be taken as proportiona l to the dynamic pressure
corresponding to the velocity; that is, as proportional to
1/2 f v2 • The resistance, being the product of pressure
differences and the area exposed to it, is proportional to
1/2 f av2 •
 18

There are several methods of defining the drag coef­

ficient . In Germany , the United Sta tea, and most countries
the drag coefficient is defined as

where F -
... force of resistance,
= density of the fluid,
~
ap - projected area,
v : velocity, and
fd - drag coefficient .
This is the definition used in the present work .
In soma countries, particul arly England , the drag
coefficient is defined as

{14 )

where the symbols are the same as defined in Equation (1) .

The data of Tomoti ka and Aoi (15 , p. 302), Goldstein
(3, P• 234), and Bairstow , Cave , and Lang (2, p . 404),
based upon Equation (14), has been changed so that it is
defined as in Equation (1) and can be compared easily with
that of other investigators .
For the flat plates in paralle l flow the dra g coef­
ficient is defined as
 19

F : 1/2 f f aw v 2
go , (15)

where F , , and v are the same as in Equation (1) and

aw : wetted area.

Some investigators define the drag coefficient as

follows
2
F : 1/2 fd f b v (16)
go

where F : force of resistance par unit width , and

b : a characteristic dimension such as diameter for
cylinder and length for a flat plate .
It is easily seen that when Equa tion (16) is multiplied by
the width , it reduces to Equation (1) for cylinde r s and
flat plates in perpendicular flow . Also Equati on (16),
when mul tiplied by the width , reduces to Equation (15) for
the case of flat pl ates in parallel flo 1f only one side
of the plate is being considered.

Obtaining Drag
Coefficient by Dimensional Anal ysis

The drag coefficient may also be obtained by di­

mensional analysis. There are several methods for getting
dimensionless groups butthe meth od used here is the ;r
 20

Theorem described by McAdams (10, p. 30).

The factors involved are b, v, f , F,~ and g 0 • It is
necessary to include gc since both mass and force terms
are involved. If the dimensions are solved in terms of
the dimensionally incompatible factors, the following is
obtained:
L : b , (17)
g - L
v
.. - - -bv , (18)

M : f L3 =f b3 , (19)
F e: F . (20 )

{ g , ~ ),
Each of the remaining factors, 0 must produce a
dimensionless group when its dimensions are eliminated by
one or more of tho above four equations.
Thus ,

gc : ! !!2 -- f b2 v2 (21)
Fe F
and

A : _!_
Le
:: fbv {22 )

Equations {21) and (22 ) yield the following dimensionless

groups :
1T 1 = F g
c - (23)

and
 21

1T 2 : P bv : Re • {24)
.A

If a is substituted for b 2 and 1/2 f v 2 for f v 2 then

Equation {23) is the same as Equation (1). Also one
dimensionless group may be expressed as a function of
another so that
f : ¢ (Re) • (25)
d

Thus , dra g coefficients for constant Reyno lds numbers and

ge ome tric similarity have the same value .
Dimensional analysis lacks the pictoral quality of
dynamic similarity considerations, but it has the ad­
vantages of not usin g the knowled ge of the equations
governing the problem .

Exact Solutions for Drag Coefficient

The possibilities of an exact theoretical solution of

the laminar, steady flow about bodies and the calculation
of the resistance are examined .
The laminar motion of a viscous fluid is governec by
the Na vier-Stol{e s equations , which for two - dimensional,
incompressible flow in the absence of external forces are

- g (2 6 )
.=.c.
f
and
 22

{27)

where x and y : distances in the coordinate direct1oqs,

u and v : velocities in the x and y directions,
respect! vely,
t • time,
p : static pressure, and
2
'\1 : Laplacian opera tor.

For the case of steady flow the terms Ju and dv are

Jt Jt
zero . The Na vier-Stokes equations are supplemented by the,
equation of continuity which for an incompressible fluid is
J u f Jv : 0. ( 28 )
Jx n
Pal (11, p . 37) gives a good de rivation of Equations (26)
and (27) . The follo wing boundary conditions may be applied:
I "' and I
(1) As x approaches
-
y approaches

veloc ity equals a constant, and

- cP the

(2) At the wall, the · normal and tangential components

of the velocity v nish .
A solution to the Navier-Stokea equations would give u, v,
and the pressure distribution . The drag force could be
calculated from these unknown quantities . The equations
are non-linear and their general solution is unknovm
 23
because a superposition of particular so l utions is
impossible . Howeve r, solut ions can be obtained if the
equations are simplified .
If viscosity is assumed zero, the Euler equa t ions of
motion for an ideal f luid
du j. du
d
I v d u: -~ ~ (29)
d t U X c) Y ( Jx
and
(30)

are obtained. The inte gra l of these equations a lon g a

streamline gi ves t he Bernoulli equation, which expresses
the law of the conservation of energy . A streamline is
tangent to the velocity vector at every poin t .
For the case of steady flow Blasius assumed that the
2
thickness of the boundary layer is s ma ll, J
u is less than
I JY!Z
d 2u and that v is less than u . With the s e assumptions the
;r-y;;
followin g equation is obtained:
du f ) u
urx VTY (31)

Equation (3l)t along with the continuity equation,

completely des cribes the flow in the laminar layer. Blasius
obtained an exact solution of these equations.
The non-linearity of the Navier-Stoke s equations lies
in the terms on the left side of the equations . If these
 24

terms are neglected the equations simplify to

2
.AAV u
= g c(JX
~ (32)

and
2
'V v
= gc ~
Jy •
(33)

The solutions of these equations for flow about a sphere

was derived by Stokes (14, P - 55) . Equations (32) and (33)
are good only at very low Reynolds numbers when the viscous
forces are large compared to the omitted inertia forces .
Oseen improved upon the Stokes solution by replacing
the inertia terms u du v du u d v and v d v by the
rx, JY, rx 7Y
approximate terms u du v Ju u Jv and v dv
o rx, o e} y , o ;;rx , o dY
where u and v are the constant value of the velocity
0 0
components, u, and vat an infinite distance from the body .
Near the body where the values of u deviate from u the
0
inertia terms are small compared with the viscosity terms
so that the Oseen equation becomes the Stokes equation .
Thus , for very low Reynolds numbers, high viscosity or
small dimensions, neglecting the inertia forces will give a
good solution to the Navier-stokes equations of flow . In
all cases, this t ype of flow has the property that the
resistance to motion is proportional to the velocity , which
 25

means that the drag coefficient must be inversely pro•

portional to the Reynolds number .

Moving Sodies and Moving Fluid

The question arises as to how the resistance of a

body moving in fluid at rest is related to the force
exerted by a moving fluid on a body at rest . Prandtl
(12, p . 179) explains that as long as the fluid is moving
perfectly uniformly there is no difference between the two
cases, The superposition of a common uniform motion (equal
and opposite to the velocity of the body , so that the latter
is brought to rest) makes no difference to mechanical
phenomena . If flo is not perfectly uniform with respect
to the body or if the flow is turbulent, the resistances
are usually greater for a moving fluid on a body than for
a body moving through a fluid .
 26

DESCRIPTI ON OF APPARATUS

Force Measuring Equipment

The force measuring equipment was connected as shown

in the dia gram in Figure 5 . Figures 6 and 7 are photo•
graphs of the apparatus .
The apparatus is constructed to move various bodies
vertically through a viscous fluid . It consisted of a
1/6 horsepower motor coupled to a Revco speed reducer . A
four -step V-pulley with diameters of 3/4, 1-1/4, l-3/4 and
2-l/4 inches was installed on the speed reducer . The dra g
force as measured by means of a 2-pound spring scale with
1/2 ounce divisions purchased from Scientific Supply
Company . This scale was calibrated on a platform scale
measuring to the nearest 0 . 001 pound . It was connected to
the four step pulley by means of a nylon cord . A capstan
arrangement with a sin gle turn around the pulley as used
to connect the scale to t he pulley . A wei ght was placed ,
as shown in Fi gure 5 , at the end of the cord . Several
different wei ghts were used in order to counterbalance the
varying wei ghts of the cylinders and spheres . With this
arrangement a wider ran ge of velocities was obtained .
A fine wire 0 . 003 inch diameter was used to connect
 27

SPEED REDUCER

MOTOR

WEIGHT

-SPRING SCALE

SPACER -F====t

.-FINE WIRE

I
I
COOLING WATER I
EXIT I I
L ___ J
1PLA1'E 1
L_-- J

I
I OIL DRUM

I
I
I
I
L------'
WATER "'ACKET COOL lNG W•TER
INLET

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF APPARATUS

FIGURE 5
 28

APPARATUS .. LEFT VIEW

FIGU'RE 6
 29

APPARATUS- RIGHT VIEW

FIGURE 7
 30
the plates, cylinders, and spheres to the scale.
Fifteen gal lon oil drums set inside of a 31 gal lon
barrel we~e used for performing the experiment . The oil
drum was set upon a bracket inside the barrel so that cool­
ing water could be circulated all around the oil except for
the top .
Two types of heavy duty gea r oil were used; Shell
SAE 140 and Richfield SAE 250 . Viscosities of the two oils
are shown in Figures 18 and 19 and densities in Table VI .

Spheres, Cylinders, and Plates

The objects for which drag measurements were obtained

are described in Table I . Figure 8, wi th two exceptions,
is a photograph of the spheres, cylinders, and plates
studied in th~ experiment . A 1-1/2 and a 2 inch sphere
were substituted for the 1/4 and 1/2 inch spheres since
the small spheres were too small to register a force on the
scale . Also, the 1 x 2" plate for perpendicular flow is
not shown .
Holes were drilled in the spheres and the ends of the
cylinders . Ordinary household cemen t was used to connect
the 0 . 003 inch diameter wire to the objects . Small holes
were drilled in the corner of the plates and the wires were
tied to the plates . For the plates in parallel flow, three
 31
TA BLE I

Description of t he Spheres, Cylinders, and Plates

s;ehe re s
No . D-in . Material
1 3/4 stee l
2 1 steel
3 1 1/2 steel
4 2 steel

Cylinders

-No . L-in . D-in . Material

1 2 1/4 steel
2 2 1/2 steel
3 2 1 steel
4 2 1 1/2 aluminum
5 4 1/4 steel
6 4 1/2 steel
7 4 1 steel
8 4 1 1/2 aluminum
9 6 1/4 steel
10 6 1/2 steel
11 6 1 steel
12 6 1 1/2 aluminum
13 8 1/4 ste el
14 8 1/2 steel
15 8 1 steel
16 8 1 1/2 aluminum

Flat Plates - Parallel Flow

-No . W•in . L-in . Th-in . Material

la 4 1 3/64 steel
lb 1 4 3/64 steel
2a 4 2 3/64 steel
2b 2 4 3/64 steel
3 4 4 3/64 steel
4a 4 8 3/64 steel
4b 8 4 3/64 steel
 32
Flat Plates - Per12endicular Flow

!.2..:. W-in. L-in . Th-in . Material

1 8 2 7/64 aluminum
2 5 1 1/2 7/64 aluminum
3 4 1 3/64 steel
4 2 1/2 3/64 steel
5 8 4 7/64 aluminum
6 6 3 3/64 steel
7 4 2 3 / 64 steel
8 2 1 3 /64 steel
9 4 4 3 / 64 steel
10 3 3 3/64 steel
11 2 2 3/64 stee l
12 1 1 3/64 steel
 . ~

...
• J~ '

-- __4t

1
I

l -------
,,,, ,11'''" i~..

---·-1""~

II ~
- - - - - - -- - - - - ' ~
FIGURE e- PHOTOGRAPH OF SPHERES, CYLINDERS, AND PLATES
 34

holes were drilled so that each plate could be used for

two geometric ratios by changing the wires . (See , for
example, plates la and lb in Table I}
 35

EXPERI MENTA L PROCEDURE

Viscosity and Density Calibration

A calibrated hydrometer measuring to the nearest

. 0002 was used to measure the density . Table VI shows that
the effect of temperature on density is practically negli ­
gible in the small temperature range used .
A Brookfield Synchro-lectric viscometer was used to
measure the viscosity of both the li ght and heavy oil .
Figures 18 and 19 show the effect of temperature on vis­
cosity . In addition , the viscosity of the li ght oil was
chec ke d using the falling ball method and the equation
--<A: (f s • fl) g D2 (34)
l 8v
The viscometer was calibrated by the National Bureau of •

Standards and was accurate to l ;tb .

Velocity Measurements

The velocity of movement through the oil was measured

by determining the rate of rotation of the pulleys with a
stop watch . Usually the time for 10 revolutions was
measured at the hi ghe r ve loci ties and for 5 revolutions at
the low velocities . From this information a nd the di ...
amaters of the pulleys, the velocities ere calculated .
 36

The time was measured to the nearest tenth of a second .

Since the measured time was usually between 20 and 40
aeconds 1 the error in ~easuring velocity was considered to
be less tha~ 0 . 5~ .

force Measurements

The object connected to the scale 1 w.as dropped to the

bottom of the oil drum . The motor was started and the scale
was read as the object vms being pulled towards the top of
the drum . Two or three readings were taken for each object
at each velocity . In nearly all cases these readings were
the same .
 37

ti: XPER I MENTAL RE STJLTS

The dra g coefficient and the Reynolds number were

calculated by the use of Equations (l} or (15) for each of
the spheres, cylinders, and plates from the measured
quantities of force and velocity a~d the values of the vis ­
cosity and density corresponding to the temperature of the
oil . It was necessary to ~ubtract from the measured force
the force on the wire . The corrected force measurement was
then used to determine the dra g coefficient . The force on
the wire has been determined as being proportional to the
velocity . A correction curve relating force on the wire
and ve l ocity is plo tted in Fi gure 9 for the li ght oil and
Fi gure 10 for the heavy oil .
The calculated drag coefficients, Reynolds numbers
and velocities along with the measured force for the spheres,
cylinders, flat plates - parallel flow, and flat plates ­
perpendicular flow have been tabulated in Tables II, III,
I V and v, respectively .
The calculated drag coefficients have be en plotted as
a function of the Reynolds numbe r on lo garithic graph paper
with geometric ratios as a paramete r .
Drag coefficients for the spheres are plo tted in
Figure 11 . The data for the cylinders are plotted in
_,CD .03

...•
0
G:
...
0 .02
T­

.01

.10 .20 .30 .410 .50 .60 .70 .80

VELOCITY- FTJSEC.

DRAG FORCE ON THE WIRE-.LIGHT OIL

FIGURE 9
 -i . I --~
I '-,­
I I'
! : I _, . ..-·- ,­' :I -· !: .-- !-­ -1­
'
_ii

_I_ .. - _; . .... ·- !.. LL I l. l t· - ·1.· . . ~- :,- .. - - -+i' ·­ !

!
,...
!
: !
!
I -. -.;.-+-.cl . - ! . l ,.. . .
c,---;- r-··--t··--:-­ _____ I :

--R·--·1' "
1 1 I I!V j
--r--··t·' _L __ --~- --1­ ... , ... ··r-r-·t- 1 -f-f-T- _::..
~ . +-L--1---~- 1--l

~-
~~ ..i.
'
-~~ ~-
' I
-T f .i r­
I - ­ I I-+- l
~-- --­ i- ----~--
' .
,­ -
i
..­
,.

i i
1--- '-·
.
.
.
!- f­· i----1---+-­ - i-·
I ! '
-~+--: .. --~- . --~-- --;--
!
-t+ !
I
I .
I /,'
v-~~ -· . .I
j

: i I -·
1-­ - · --t- 1---t - t----t·­ --~--
. i
'
:
,·
I
'
i-­ _ I
'1!_,,.. ', t·--'! -+-+1-+--li~/.
/. '· +-+--+-+-1-+-'+'-+-+--tc--1-+-t-1.
I 1i

+ ~. -! I ~~j- +
-~ !' , i v i ···

[:!~,:v": +L~ :.r V " I

~t.--- -~-- I +---~-- I f-· --,-1-- ~ -- --!- ) Li --+--+--+-+-+-:+-:-1--+--+---t---4 -1--1--+-+--+-l-i
tl~ I . ' '. IQ Y +l'~~!i -+-++++-·HH-++-+-+-+-'-H--++:: -i.f
t I· i i : 1 ! j _...V I .
1 r-t~-· l--r-t­ -~ 7 ·. 1 -­ ; · ·· .... I

DRAG FORCE ON THE WIRE- HEAVY OIL

FIGURE 10
 40

+­
' l i~<> !~ '• r-r­ ' I ' ' . ; it , ,_l
,
,... fJ-Ct
1 lf-1-1 l+r+ I+
t li 1~t rtH r+l rf-l It llil : I I

l l~£: 11 1..; ~· ~ ~·,t ~ ! It,: lqf. :L '::

t I:!+-:-= :~ r 17: ' -E;'r\ I _; ~ _;:£~- ' §' I:·

I+
r
iU=ff=t! 1+.~ :t_ I "·- ~ .
111=:::: t::"" h=
t= I:E:' .: 1:;:. 1::::
I'"
±~ , .. k±::i!-;;; -STOKE S EQ.
(~ ru:
l h+·
:. H·Hti+H1 1' 1
l t~ ~ ~· ~ ffl ~' :.:
4 ';:,
c l'ffii l;:ri ~h i lt
., I"''
"'
> ......., 1. '.;.,..,
¥~ ·
l+t H+h l+
~ I '!"' IT ~

' i ,.,.j l tfl-l I'·· ft+ ++ l f+' I·· I+ I+

·t •i I 1·1:, I'" ftt-1­ · I ·
Ij ~,.; ' *~ ·.i­ .J F
r 11
1::=: 6'=
,,
I IH
~

=f l~:iit rtti l lit~ I FS

tt. lr 1 ~ 1 -t..,
l:f~ l=i-+
!=l=;:R'
l-11ffi ttl 1ft :.!i-' 1 ~
I+ I

{ ~~ l.f!.lJ
::t I ;lfl: mIF ~!~WFB I Hi'r tt:
L:t

1-+++·
41±811. ft;. i.t:tt± i :" I ~
ffi:tr Hf1 Itt·
' I ~ ...
I (~' ~ l r i ; H-t-r
•
r .I
HHt m''' 11 H++ I
I
1._... ,...,_. F •· I·· t-"- 1-
'T , h iT
f-t+ ftt I+ I l:t
+ "T I·! .... 1
1t , _±
. ·~~ ~-
1:.1'!:­ '!:
?.=a~ 1~ '"-
::;:: =!itf lttti
H I

........., =
DATA FOR SPHERES

FIGURE II
 41

t----+­
I :-1---1:-1-+-.;..-+--Ti-+-------+--:--r-- ­ --r--- -­
! ----4-~---+-f----f--+-f--l--1 I t--­ --t--
+
---+-­
'J-+-~f--'~
~ - __ _l_ ~---
5000
i 1 L~L~-~tr-l----H~4-----~-f----.--+------+-----+----+---+·-t-·-H
~--~--~----;:---+------+-+--+--+- +-~-~---'-----'----'--'-- r
- -1 i: ---
!
~ -~- -+---!---- f--- f-­
LID =16,24, 32
2 0 0 0 1---i------+---,-+---+--,---1---t--+-+ LID =12
I I I
t---"'~1- --­ j _j - - ­+--+-if-++ L/ D= 8
,, I L/ D = 6
~ _0 '!- '\, : ---­ LID=4
1000 I I LID= 2
r--­
r-­
I-­

~00 p

-
""0

I
--+-l-+-1- -+--------+--+---+---4-1-­

10~--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~

.01 .02 .05 .10 .20 .50 1.0

Re
DATA FOR CYLINDERS- LID= 16,24, 32
FIGURE 12
 42

:1:-: • F - t~::.: S:R rtf!:; f$

.,, ....... -~

.• .._ · ­ !±'-! 11. ~

't:' ;± jit 1 ~1 ftl

·.­ . l '"~r I I
'• ~- -J
t-+ t ttt. l+i ti ~ Ill 1111

--1)-0-- L/ 0 • 2
-- o-o­ L/0•4

,..,

.I.;
I

1:ill ie~ ~

:±
.
- lq
-
*'
.t- I I

·r-
I
II

I I

"'
I
..... h4 t:;:!t
l ~j:j IR:: 1:!_ - ~t== 't
It-' n­ tt,~
~

I "'it '
1-h~
I T
£ -'- r-+-'­ .F.­ 7 ~ ...~t·
1ffi
I T"'1
1='r:: - -

*
11
- ·­ ~

--+++ +t, ~ It ti: H

T
Ll··
11111
lt lttn jT'

.02 .05 .ro .20' .50 1.0 2.0

Re
DATA FOR CYLINDERS- L/D= 2 AND 4
FIGURE 13
L_
 43

I
I

' I
~000
I I
I

i
f---' i
~
.. .··•1.
.-
. - •
-~

2000 ;

~ -·
I ••
- --o--o-- L/ D •
LID • 6
8 '
~

,_- --o-0-· L/Dc 12

' 1000
' ·, ,,
_"\.. ,'-..
...
0 \..
;.,.' . :'\.
~00 --
'- ~' p
(
~~' ~ · li
'!.' ~
~cp, ~ ~ Qi"'!y_

.... .-
200 "'
~~0' (~ . -~~
( r:l ~~~
~~ 13
y

~
I
~ f'-~ ..
c );j .. ·-
100
::> r-' "" ::1' !1<•
. -~
•
I> • ~ ... "
- c. ~-
·"- t> 4
,,.,'"' 11 ...l - ~I) •
50
-.
• 'c~"'~
l:i
I" ~
p~
•
.., -::
~

' 1,;.~ ~
~ -~.
~ ...'<! ?,
•
I"'
..... ..,_
t'\ L•
20
1-:::.. .
- .
.
--- .
~.

'-~ ' t !. T
., - '
I' "'r--.,
- ........ .3t m::h.- i ~ - ~ t\~ :
·~ ~

f--- •• .. ~

-........... ~~
t
·- ±::
10 . -
.01 . 0~ .10 .20 .50 1.0 2..0
Re

DATA FOR CYLINDERS - L/D = 6, 8, AND 12

FIGURE I4
 44

Fi gures 12, 13, and 14. The data for L/D values of 16, 24,
and 32 were nearly the s ame and have been plotted to gether
i n Figure 12. In addition, the curves for the other L/D
ratios determined fro m Fi b~res 13 and 14 have been drawn
in Fi gure 12 so that the effect of the length-to-diameter
is clearly shown . Fi gure 13 shows the data for L/D values
of 2 and 4 and the curves determine d from this data .
Fi rure 14 shows the data for L/D values of 6, 8, and 12,
and the curves determined from this data .
The data for flat plates in parallel flow are plotted
in Fi gure 15 . A correction factor for the edge effect has
beon used so that the width-to-length ratio is not a
parameter in this plot . A portion of the data of Janour
(5, p . 31) is also shown in the dia gram .
The data for fla t plates in perpendicular flow is
plotted in Figures 16 a nd 17 . Fi gure 16 shows the data for
W/L values of 2 . Also the curves for the three W/L ratios,
1, 2 and 4, have been drawn in the fi gure . Figure 17 shows
the data for W/L values of 1 and 4 . The curves determined
from the data have also been dravm in the figure .
 45

10~ ~ ~---

l
-­
t=;=Ff1TR=+ iJ+-,-_- _-_---+-+- _-'-r ---"_;-~r-=r~'=.~+:!--=---=---=---=--~'=--=;_~1=:_--:=._~_::;-·~~--+-+-,t~
..:.--+--+-+-- _

1'\. Ll~+--+--' ---jt­ I

~t L,--+ I
I

I r--'--;----+-f------+--+1----+-+-+---J-++-------r-1-+-----'-1-t-+----t---+----:-+1--+--1
P------ _l -- --1---L i
20 ~-- I ~g. ; I --- -: ---+-- : r t L_­ [-rl-' I_ ---+-t---i-~-t-r-t-t--1
--t
--+

' .}' ~ ~B 1,.) I : --o-o- JONES

-' ..., '() - . - ~~ p f---j- -~-- e e JANOU R
c 0 :> ~c
~
?~ ------ JANSSEN

----
I ,.0 I
IO ~2=i~~~~~~a=~~f=:j:= TOM OTIKA • AOI ---t-+--+---t---t-H
l= '' I
~~
n ~~--~~~
~~~o
~~~~~--4-
' " NDCI>tl o ­ ;

~--~~~~~+--+~+--4,-r-~1+-~-·+1~-H--~-~
~ ~-~
~~i-+---t-~-+---r+~
o.s : I i ! i i'-4.
---~T I I ! : ~~. I
f-- t-- li-:----,--~--+-_--+--t-----~~-~::_;+---_-_-._-'-+------+-+;-__ +-[- __ _____-+-i~-t__!l'i;-:-:::111~1.t-,
__+---___+-r-+--H----_+--r--------+­
+_- ----"'~ --t"+t--l
'
!, ----+!-------'-1--+---t-----t--+--++t-+---+-+--+----r----t-----t-t--++i-t------t--------t-----t­
0.2 1---+ 1-t---t--+----r--t"'NN;;
--, --~-~+-~~-~~~4---t----+-++!~~~11~+-f-~~
0. 1L----1.---l___..-J...-.J..-...I....J._I-.L...J....J....-.!-.....L..-.J........l-.l-..L.......L.....I...-I.-'-L-~--L..-'--'---'-......._........~
0. 1 0.2 0.5 2 10 20 50 100
Re
DATA FOR FLAT PLATES- PARALLEL FLOW

FIGURE 15
 46
..... + r -'"~··· .............. .
''- • +"""""""1;. + ' ...... -t-t·. ·~ - .... '.' •

-
• • 0 • •

. . .. . . I·
""

-- W/L =2
W/L: 4
...
..
~
'V
I"'
- - - ­ W/ L• I

h,<6 • '. . • I
I'"'
I ' -~
j-­
..,
•
• .., -
•
~-
•• •
• o­
•••• ...
..,_ ·•• •
... . J.
.., • •
....
•
' ..
+
'

I' . ~ .: : ~ : : ~- :::-:· :. : ...

~ ' l'n ....... .
., ,.C • ·r· . . . . . . . .

,... . r'\.. :'-. . : :._ ~.: :--~ :-;.: . ..::~ . . ··: -· .

- .,... . . , . ~,. y' ::: ~ .. :.. -:::..;: :::::::.:·. . ..

-- 1,.._
1'­ ' I:X ~ .. 11: .. ...
IC . 0\,. ~_;j ·:: ~rf ::·
. .
·: . . . :::: ·::: !--:.
.. . . . . - .

,;..
.v
..
: II" . . . :":""DS
l...
•
· ~~ -..
.,.. ... ' - -­
•
..
..... - - +-­ ...
.... :.. :. :: .:
• • •
... . .
• • • • • •
.. ... -
+

IV . ... . . ......... ,. . ..
. . . . ·-" ......... , . . .

1.:
. .. ... ... ~ . . .. . . .. ~. . ..
• ,.,1., n I an. : - ,~ ::: :;:. ·n. .:. :-::: ·n :
. .. . ....... ,'
.. . . . .
\- ,
. .. . .. .. .
. . -. ............. - ....
...... ....

I
DATA FOR FLAT PLATES
PERPENDICULAR FLOW- W/L=2
FIGURE 16
 47

1 . . . _ •• I

T
+1t LL ..J'-t+fi:Ft=;.;:I' I H~ -·­ H- f-J­

±!i -1t~'"-
-ttt+ ~- 'f r.;. f+ ::r=::r:_
•tt i=f- 3:: ~ .
I

ee W/ L =I +·
- -<>-o-- W/L =4
I ..l.
.., + ~
iH-H ·i' T •

~1 •. t :u:: it! I+

~ ri j t++t+t++tft •mH--~+H-t+t-++H-'f+t+~HtttHt •~*H-I.rtt!I-H nH :m I

I I

t" H+t-~ 1-r f'-!tj I

i it 'iT" '
-t ·Ht I I I I Ill II I
~· . ..........,_._ -
'I -
f

t
r ·­ 1 r • - r

i I
~- l:tt++rl=t:U,tt~S-"t+t+++~-++U ~\
-fl~HH}tt:tttnlfH l+t-Tt-'~- ~
+HJ:Jm
;.;..;,
1

r- T --r -1 t -'--t-' -'t­ ...w..,.... ,_.,+ ,_, I-­ ·I

-­ -r- + ... H• H­ ' t-
f H- j.Lj f --r++ -t iHr -1 H-e-.- -t
H rr
I

r t,~ t f f-l -t+tt I 1IT 1 1

'H-rf-I IJftJ J;f.+i+ ~ L
.~ =;=:;,_ = ~· irE:::;. =+­ - t:::.;j­ , :rt.:.·­ ~ -
H 1-J.t I tt' .o:: =;:::t::t: ~-
+ ..,... ~'1. l +f:i!ll 'l\ ±: ~ f±
-'­ + I t-

DATA FOR FLAT PLATES

PERPENDICULAR FLOW- W/L= I, 4
FIGURE 17
 48

DI SCUSS ION OF RESULTS

Correction and Accuracy of Measurements

After a few pre liminary force measurements with the

spheres and a check with Stokes ' law (Equation 2) it was
apparent that the drag force on the wire was appreciable
and needed to be considered . It was decided to take a
series of measurements with the spheres and calculate the
difference between the measured force and the force calcu­
lated from Stokes ' law . The difference in force could then
be attributed to the drag on the wire . If Stokes ' law is
followed , the force on the wire should be proportional to
the velocity .
A series of twenty measurements of the force on the
spheres was taken for each oil and the difference between
the measured force and that c.alcula ted by Stokes 1 law was
determined . For each oil this difference as plo tted vs .
the velocity . The points grouped fairly ell around a
strai ght line nearly passing through the ori gin . The
method of least squares was used to determine the equation
of the line best fittin g the da t a . The equa tion of the
line for the li bht oil tas found to be
Fe • • 05605v - .oooa , (35)

which was determined at about 62 . 7°F . Since the intercept

 49

of the line is very close to zero , it is believed that the

line is a good indication of the drag on the wire . The
equation of the line for the heavy oil was found to be
F -
c ­
. 19llv I . oo2o1, (36 )

which was determined at about 64 . 2° . The intercept of this

line is also quite clo se to zero . These lines plotted in
Fi £ures 9 and 10 were used throughout the investigation
for the correction factor of the drag on the wires . For
the cylinders and flat plates in parallel flow, which were
pulled by two wires , the values determined from Equations
{35) and (36) were doubled . For the plates in perpendi cular
flow pulled by four wires, the correction force was multi­
plied by four .
The spring scale had 1/2 ounce divisions but could be
read to the nearest sixth of an ounce . Some of the measure­
ments of force were under an ounce; hence, a considerable
spread of the measurements was noticed in the pre liminary
data and throughout the experiment . However , sufficient
points were obtained so that it was possible to draw a
reliable curve through the data in all casas . An analysis
was made to determine the average deviation from Stokes'
equati on for the spheres . It raa found that the average
deviation was 15 . 1% for the li ght oil, 16 . 6% for the heavy
oil and 15 . 9% overall . The maximum deviation was 89% .
 50

Inspection of the other data shows that these deviations

are also representative of the cylinders and flat plates .
The force measurement is the least accurate part of the
experiment . Other insignificant errors are introduced by
a small variation in the temperature . This variation was
0
held to about 1 from the temperature of the calibrated
correction curve . The velocity measurements and the
dimensions of the cylinders , spheres , and pl ~ tes are con­
sidered go od enough so tha t no appreciable errors occur .
In order to e l iminate the W/L parameter for flat plates
in parallel f l ow , an additional factor for the effect of
the ed ges was subtracted from the measured force . Janour
( 5, p . 27) presented the fol l owing equation for the edge
corre ction for one ed ge of a flat plate in parallel flow:
F : ~ lv~ • (37 )
ed ge gc

In present work this equation as doubled because both

e dges of the plates were submer ged in fluid . It is assumed
in appl ying this correction that the lowe r limit of a
Reynolds number of 10 proposed by Janour can be extended
close to 0 .1.

Analysis of Results

Forty of the points for the spheres were used to get

 51

the correction factor for the wires . The remaining thirty

points are well erouped about Stokes' law .
The data for cylinders for L/D ratios of 16, 24, and
32 did not seem to be se gregated; therefore, these data
were plotted together . It would seem that in the low range
of Reyno l ds numbers an L/D of 16 and greater can be con ­
sidered an ~.nfini tely long cylinder. The other L/D ratios
of 2, 4, 6, a, 12 provided fairly distinct and separate
lines. The best strai ght lines were drawn through the data
for each of the L/D ratios . It was evident that in eaeh
case a slope of -1 on a lo g-log graph gave the best straight
line , which would indicate that the force varies directly
as the velocity . It was possible to develop an empirical
expression relating dra g coefficient, Reynolds number, and
L/D . The followin g equation was obtained from the straight
line plots of Re vs fd for the various L/D ratios:
( 38 )

Equation (38) applies for Reyno l ds numbers from . 01 to 1.0

and for L/D ratios of 2 to 16 . For L/D ratios greater
than 16
10 (3 9 )
re .
The data for flat plates in parallel flow is plotted
in Figure 15 after the correction factor for tho edge
 52

effect was subtracted . When the ed ge correction is made

no effect of W/L ratio is indicated . This result would be
expected . The data followed a straight line with a slope
of -1 up to a Reynolds number of 2 . After that a curve was
dravm connecting the line to that obtained by Janour . The
equation for the straight section of the curve is
f
-
- 6
Re ,
(40)

which applies for Reynolds numbers of 0 .1 to 2 . 0 . Here ,

a gain, the force is proportional to the velocity . Vfuen
determining dra g force for flat plates in parallel flow,
the force is first calculated from Equations (40) and (15 );
then the ed ge correction is added .
The effect of the geometric ratios is clearly shown in
the data for flat plates in perpendicul ar flow which are
plotted in Figures 16 and 17. As with the other data, the
best strai ght line was drawn through the various points
for eaoh of the W/L ratios . Again , the line had a slope of
-1. The equation relating fd ' Re , and w/L was found t o be
rd : 37 (w) -o . 3o (41)
Ire"'l:,
which applies for Reynolds numbers of about . 05 to 2 . 0 and
W/L ratios of 1 to 4 . It is possible, but it has not been
proved that Equation (41) is suitable for hi gher W/L ratios .
The exponent on W/L in Equation {41) is very close to that
 53

on L/ D i n Equa tio n ( 38 )~ It i s po ss ible t ha t thes e

exponen ts are t he same but this cannot be sho ~~ de£1nitely
until more accura te da ta are available. It would be ex­
pected that a s the Reynol ds number approaches zero t he
effect of geometric ratios would be the s ame for cylinders
and fl a t pla tes in perpendicula r flow.
It is seen in the t a bles of data that occasionally a
ne gative force was obtained because the correction applie d
due to t he wire dra g was greater than the me a sured force .
These points obviously are incorre ct . This occurred only
for the smallest plates in the heavy oil at t he hi ghest
velocities . However , these kno\m bad points occur in less
tha n 5~ of the data .
It is clearl y shown that for cylinders and plates the
fd increases as L/ D or W/ L decreases . This is in direct
contrast to Wiese l aberger ' s investigation . However , his
work is for hi gher Reynolds numbers at which a turbulent
wake forms •

Comparison of Results with

Other Data and Theoretical So l utions

The data for spher e~ a grees , of course , with Stokes '

l aw since that law was used to determine the correction
factor for the wire . Liebster (9 , P• 548 ) has
 54
substantiated Stokes' equation .
There are no experimental data with which to compare
the results of the cylinders . Wieselsberger's minimum
Reynolds number of 4 is above the ran ge covered in the pre­
sent investi gation . The da ta for the hi ghest L/D ratios
(16, 24, and 32) does agree almost exactly wi t h the solution
of Allen and Southwell (1, P • 141) (L/D = 00 ) in the ran ge
of Reynolds numbers from 0 . 1 to 1 . 0 . Allen and Southwell's
solution a greed with the data of Wieselsberger (16, p . 22) .
However, the present data is above the theoretical solutions
of Lamb (8 , p . 112-121) throughout the ran ge of Reynolds
numbers from 0 . 01 to 1 . 0 and above the solutions of
Bairstow, Cave, and Lang (2, p . 404); I mai (4, p . 157); and
Tomotika and Aoi (15, p . 302) for Reynolds numbers of 0 . 1
to 1 . 0 . Allen and Southwell's solution a grees 'dth both
Wieselsber ger 1 s a nd the present data . Their solution and
the present data represent the best means for predicting
drag coefficients for flow over long cylinders for Reynolds
numbers of 0 . 01 to 10 . It should be remembered that the
o t her solutions should a gree with eac h other since they
were all essentially derived by linearizin g the Na vier­
Stokes equation .
The data for flat plates in parallel flo w is
 55
considerably above the theoretical solutions of Janssen
(6, p . 183 ) and Tomotika and Aoi (15, P• 302) . However ,
Fi f~re 15 shows that a smooth transition occurs bet een
the present work and the data of Janour (5 , P • 31) . The
present data considerably extend the experimental infor­
mation previously available for laminar flow para l lel to
flat plates . In the re gion of Reynol ds numbers less than
2 the drag coefficient is shown to be inversely proportional
to the Reynolds number . Janour's data covers a range of
Reynolds numbers from 11 to 1000 . The results of the
present investigation line up with Janour's results which
in turn on extrapolation to higher Reyno l ds numbers
(greater than 1000) make a smooth transition into Blasius '
curve represented by Equation (10) . At Reyno l ds numbers
greater than 20 ,000 the drag coefficient is inversely pro­
portional to the square root of the Reynolds number .
The data for flat plates in perpendicular flow is con­
siderably above the solutions of Tomotika and Aoi
(1 5 , p . 302) and Imai (4, p . 157} . However , their solutions
f or cylinders and plates in parallel flow are also below
the present data . Also , it should be remembered that their
solutions are for infinitely wide plates. If a value of
W/L of above 100 is used in Equati on (41) then the present

data and the solutions of Tomotika and Aoi are fairly close .
 56

The present results indicate that Equation (41~ can be

used with a n ac curacy of 15 to 20% within the limitations
of the equation (W/L: 1 to 4, Re = 0 . 05 to 2) .
 57 ...

SUM RY AND CONCLUSIONS

Only a small amount of work has been done in the past

on the study of laminar flow over immersed bodies . There
are many areas in the chemical process industries and the
field of aeronautics where this information would be very
helpful . The purpose of the present investi gation wa s to
study the almost totally unexplored range of Reynol ds
numbers from 0 . 01 to 10 .
Drag coefficients have been determined for spheres,
cylinders, and flat plates in paralle l and perpendicular
flow . The drag coefficients have been plotted as a
function of the Reynolds number, with dimension ratios as
a parameter, on lo g-lo g graphs . The best straight lines
have been drawn through the data . In all cases these lines
had a slope of -1, hich shows that the dra g coefficient is
inversely proportional to the Reynolds number at very low
Reynolds numbers for all shapes and dimension ratios . The
following equations have been determined from the data.
For cylinders
fd - 27 L -0 . 36 (3 8 )
- Re (!)) ,

which applies for Reynolds numbers of 0 . 01 to 1 and L/D of

2 to 16 . For L/D greater than 16, the equation is
 58
(39) .

For flat plates in parallel flow a correction factor has

been applied to account for the ed ge effect. The equation
which applies for Reyno l ds numbers of 0 .1 to 2 is
f :: 6 (40)
Re.
For flat plates in perpendicular flow
0 30
(w) (41)
f - 37
d - Re t - •
wbieh applies for W/ L of 1 to 4 and Reynolds numbers of
0 .05 to 2 .
It is concluded tha t Equations (38-41) give the best
values of drag coefficients within an accuracy of 20~ for
the ran ge of Reynolds numbers that were considered. Also,
it is evident that the dimension ratios are a n important
factor in determining the drag coefficient for a given
Reynolds number. Furthermore , the drag coefficient in­
creases with decreasing values of L/ D or W/ L for a constant
Reynolds number . The da ta obtained in this investi gation
compare favorably wit h the other experimenta l data and with
some of the theoretical so l utions . It should be remembered
that when comparing the experimental data with theoretical
solutions that practically all of the solutions are for an
infinitely long cylinder or an infinitely wide plate .
It is recommended tha t the present apparatus be
 59

modified so that a force of . 001 pound can be measured .

Also , it would improve tho accuracy to set up a constant
temperature bath so that the temperature of the oil can not
vary over 0.2°F . A few check points on the present data
is all that is necessary to confirm the validity of
Equations (38- 41) . It is also r ecommended that only SAE 140
oil be used and that 2 inches should be the minimum plate
width and cylinder length to be studi3d . These conditions
would help to maintain the accuracy of the correction force
for the wire .
 60

~WMENCI.A TURE

Symbol Dimensions
A area sq . ft .
D diameter ft .
F force lb . f
L length ft .
M mas s lb.
m
Re Reynolds number Dv.f
= -:::<:r
w width ft .
a area sq . ft .
b characteristic le ngth ft .
d diameter ft .
f, fd drag coefficient

gc gra vitation constant l b . mft .

= :32 .17 l b _.rsec .
2
1 length ft .
m mass l b •m
p pressure lb.r/sq.ft .
r radius ft .
t time see .
u velocity ft ./sec .
v velocity ft ./sec .
w width ft .
 61

Symbol Dimensions
X x•coordinate ft .
y y - coordinate ft .
o(, vorticity
time sec .
viscosity lb . m/ ft .-sec ..
kinematic viscosity ft .2/sec .
circumference / diameter = 3 . 1416
density lb . m/ ft . 3
function
stream function
Laplacian operator
infinity

Subscripts
c corrected
f force
1 l iquid
m mass
p projected
s solid
w wetted

}
 62

BI BLIOGRAPHY

1. Allan , D. N. de G. and R. v. Southwell . Re laxation

methods applied to determine the motion , in two di ­
mensions , of a viscous fluid past a fixed cylinder .
Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathe ­
matics 8 :129-145 . 1955 .
2. Bairstow, L., B. M. Cave and E. D. Lang . The re­
sistance of a cylinder moving in a viscous fluid .
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
London, ser . A, 223:383 - 432 . 1923 .
3. Goldstein, Sidney . The steady flow of viscous fluid
past a fixed spherical obstacle at small Reyno l ds
numbers . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,
ser . A, 123:225-235 . 1929 .
4. Imai, I. A new method of solvin g Oseen's equations
and its application to the flow past an inclined
elliptic cylinder . Proceedings of the Royal Society
of London, ser . A, 224 :141-160 . 1954.
5. Janour, Zbynek . Resistance of a plate in paralle l
flow at low Reyno lds numbe rs. Washington, Nov . 1951 .
40 p . {National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.
Te chnica l Memorandum 13 16)
6. Janssen, E . An analo g solution of the Navier-Stokes
equation for the case of flow past a f l at plate at low
Reynolds numbers . In: 1956 Heat Transfer and Fluid
Mechanics Institute (Preprints of Papers) . p . 173-183.
7. Knudsen , James G. and Donal d L. Kat z. Fluid Dynamics
a nd Heat Transfer . Ann Arbor, University of Michi gan,
1953. 243 p . (Michi gan . University . Engineering
Research Bulletin no . 37)
8. La~b ,Horace. On the uniform motion of a sphere
through a visc ous fluid . Philosophical Magazine and
Journal of Science , s~r . 6 , 21:112-121 . 1911.
9. Liebster, H. Uben den widerstrand von kugeln . Annalen
Der Physik , ser. 4, 82 :541 - 562 . 1 927 .
 63
10 . McAdams , William H. Heat transmission . 3d ed . New
York , McGraw- Hill , 1954 . 532 p .
11 . Pai , Shih- I . Viscous f l ow theory . I . Laminar flow .
Princeton, D. Van Nostrand , 1956 . 384 p .
12 . Prandtl• Ludwi g . Es sentials of fluid dynamics .
London, . Blackie & Son, 1954 . 452 p .
13 . Relf , i . F . Discussion of the results of measure ­
ments of the resistance of wires, with some addition ­
al tests of ' the resistance of wires of small dia me ­
ters . In; Technical report of the Advisory Committee
for Aeronautics {London) March 1914 , p . 47 - 51 .
(Report and memoranda no . 102 )
14 . Stokes , George Gabriel . Mathematical and physical
papers . Vol . 3 , Cambridge , University Press , 1922 .
413 p .
15 . Tomotika , s . and T. Aoi . The steady flow of a
viscous fluid past an elliptic cylinder and a flat
plate at smal l Reynolds numbers . Quarterly Journal
of Me chanics and Applie d Ma thematics 6 : 290- 312 . 1953 .
16 . Wieselsbergo r , c. Versuche Ube r der luftwiderstand
gerundeter und kant iger korper . Er gebnisse der Aero ­
dynamischen Versucbsansta l t . Vol . 2 . G~ tti nge n , 1923 .
80 p .
APPENDIX
 EXPERI~ffiNTAL DATA 64

TABLE II
Data For S;Eheres
(1) {2) (3) {4) {5) (6)

Veloci ti Force Temp . Re fd

Measured Corrected

S;Ehere No . 1 Lisht oil

. 2250 . 0230 . 0112 62 . 2 . 384 87 . 3
. 2539 . 0178 . 0044 62 . 2 . 432 25 . 4
. 2892 . 0283 . 0 129 62 . 2 . 493 57 . 0
. 4228 . 0387 . 0158 62 . 2 . 720 33 . 0
. 5919 .0543 . 0219 62 . 2 1.008 23 . 3
. 7610 . 0700 . 0246 62 . 2 1 . 296 15 . 8

Sphere No . 1 - Heavy oil

. 05496 . 01562 . 00311 64 . 3 . 0381 378 . 5

. 0916 . 02604 . 00653 64 . 3 .0635 286 . 2
.1282 . 03646 . 00995 64 . 3 . 0890 222 . 6
.1649 . 04887 . 01535 64 . 3 .114 207 . 6
. 09843 . 03125 . 01043 63 . 6 . 0633 395 . 8
. 1641 . 05208 . 01871 63 . 6 .106 255 . 5
. 2297 .07292 . 02701 63 . 6 .148 188 . 3
. 2953 . 08854 . 03010 63 . 6 .190 127.0

Sphere No . 2 - Light oil

. 09639 . 01050 . 00570 62 . 2 . 219 125 . 8
.1606 . 01600 . 00780 62 . 2 . 365 63 . 4
. 2250 . 01900 . 00720 62 . 2 . 512 30 . 0
. 2892 . 02600 . 0106 62 . 2 . 658 26 . 2
. 2539 .02600 . 0126 62 . 2 . 576 41 . 2
. 4228 .04500 . 02210 62 . 2 . 960 26 . 0
. 5919 . 08900 . 05660 62 . 2 1.344 33 . 9
. 7610 .10400 . 05860 62 . 2 1.730 21 . 3

Sphere No . 2 - Heavy oil

. 05496 . 02083 . 00832 64 . 3 . 0508 570 . 0
. 09160 . 03125 . 01174 64 . 3 . 0848 289 . 7
.1282 . 04687 . 02036 64 . 3 . 119 256 . 3
.1649 . 05208 . 01856 64 . 3 .153 141.3
 65
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Sphere 'No . 3 - Li ght oil

. 09~29 . 01042 . 00599 62 . 3 . 310 65 . 95

. 1555 . 01562 .00770 62 . 3 .519 30 . 51
. 2177 . 03125 . 02005 62 . 3 . 727 40.54
. 2799 . 04167 . 02678 62.3 .935 32 . 76
. 1343 . 01562 .00889 63 . 1 . 463 47 . 22
. 2238 . 03125 . 01951 63 . 1 . 772 37 . 32
. 3134 . 04687 . 03010 63 . 1 1 . 082 29 . 37
. 4029 . 04687 . 02509 63 . 1 1 . 390 14 . 81

Sphere No . 3 - Heavy oil

. 05496 . 03125 . 01874 64 . 3 . 0754 585 . 5

. 09160 . 0~646 . 01695 64 . 3 . 126 190 . 7
. 1282 . 05729 . 03078 64 . 3 . 176 176 . 8
. 1649 . 06250 . 02898 64 . 3 . 226 100 . 6
. 03974 . 01562 . 00602 65 . 8 . 0598 359.9
. 06624 . 02604 . 01139 65 . 8 . 0997 245 . 1
. 09273 . 03125 . 01152 65 . 8 . 140 126 , 5
. 1192 . 03646 . 02479 65 . 8 . 180 77.53
. 09843 . 04687 . 02605 63.6 . 125 253 . 8
. 1641 . 07812 . 04475 63 . 6 . 209 156 . 9
. 2297 . 09896 . 05305 63 . 6 . 292 94 . 90
. 2953 . 10940 . 05096 63 . 6 . 375 55 . 18

Sphere No . 4 - Lit,:ht oil

. 09329 . 01562 . 01119 62 . 3 . 416 68 . 86

. 1555 . 02604 . 01812 62 . 3 . 694 40 . 13
.. 2177 . 03125 . 02005 62.3 . 973 22.65
. 2799 . 03646 .02157 62.3 1 . 249 14 . 75
. 1343 . 02604 . 01931 63 . 3 . 623 57 . 34
.2238 . 03125 . 01951 63 . 3 1 . 040 20 . 86
. 3134 . 04167 . 02490 63 . 3 1 . 454 13.58
. 4029 . 05208 . 03030 63 . 3 1 . 8 70 10 . 00

Sphere No . 4 - HeavY oil

. 05496 . 02083 . 00832 64 . 3 . 101 145 . 3

. 09160 . 03125 . 01174 64 . 3 . 168 73 . 83
. 1282 . 04687 . 02136 64 . 3 . 235 68 . 55
. 1649 . 05208 . 01856 64 . 3 . 302 36 . 01
. 03974 . 02604 . 01644 65 . 8 .oao 549 . 1
. 09273 . 03646 . 01673 65 . 8 . 187 102 . 7
. 06624 . 03125 . 01660 65 . 8 .133 199 . 6
 66
(l) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 )

. 1192 . 03646 . 01167 65 . 8 . 241 34 . 06

. 09843 . 05729 . 03647 63 . 6 .167 1 98 . 6
. 1641 . 08333 . 04996 63 . 6 . 279 97 . 85
. 2297 . 09375 . 04784 63 . 6 . 391 47 . 85
. 2953 . 1 1 460 . 05616 63 . 6 . 502 33 . 98
 67

TABLE III
Data For C;y:linders
{1) (2) (3) (4 ) (5) {6 )

Ve lo cit:t:: Force Temp . He fd

Measured Corrected

Cylinder No. 1 L/D =8 - Light oi l

. 09329 . 02083 . 01197 62 . 7 . 0537 454 . 2
. 1555 . 03125 . 01541 62 .7 . 0895 210 . 3
. 2177 . 04167 . 01 927 62 .7 . 125 134.2
. 2799 . 04167 . 01189 62 . 7 .161 50 . 10
.1343 . 02604 . 01258 62 . 5 . 0765 230 . 2
. 2238 . 04 1 67 . 01819 62 . 5 . 128 119 . 9
. 3134 . 05208 . 01854 62 . 5 . 1'79 62 . 33
. 4029 . 06250 . 01894 62 . 5 . 230 38 . 51

Cylinder No . 1 - Hea~ oil

. 05496 . 03125 . 00623 64 . 8 . 0129 670 . 5
. 09160 . 05208 . 01306 64 . 8 . 0216 506 . 0
.1282 . 06250 . 00948 64 . 8 . 0302 187 . 5
.• 1649 . 08333 . 01629 64 . 8 . 0388 194 . 8
. 03974 •02604 . 00684 65 . 8 . 0101 1409 •
. 06624 . 03125 . 00195 65 . 8 . 0168 144 . 5
. 09273 . 04167 . 00221 65 . 8 . 0235 83 . 58
. 1192 . 05729 . 00771 65 . 8 . 0302 176.4
. 09843 . 05208 . 01094 63 . 6 . 0211 350 . 2
.1641 . 08333 . 01659 63 . 6 . 0352 200 . 3
. 2297 . 11460 . 02278 63 . 6 . 0493 140.4
. 2953 .14060 . 02372 63 . 6 . 0633 88 . 48
Cylinder No. 2 - L/ D =4 Li ght oil
. 09329 . 01562 . 00676 62 . 7 .108 128 .2
. 1555 . 03125 . 01541 62 .7 .180 105 . 2
. 2177 . 03125 . 00885 62 . 7 . 250 30 . 82
.1343 . 02083 . 00737 62 . 5 .153 67 . 43
. 2238 . 04167 . 01819 62 . 5 . 255 59 . 93
. 3134 . 06250 . 02896 62 . 5 . 357 48 . 68
. 4029 . 07292 . 02936 62 . 5 . 460 29 . 85
 68
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Cylinder No . 2 - Heavy oil

. 05496 . 04167 . 01665 64 . 8 . 0258 896 . 0

. 09160 . 05729 . 01827 64 . 8 . 0432 354 . 0
. 1282 . 08333 . 03031 64 . 8 . 0604 299 . 7
,1649 . 09375 . 02671 64 . 8 . 0776 159 . 7
. 03974 . 02083 . 00163 65 . 8 . 0202 1 67 . 8
. 06624 . 04167 . 01237 65 . 8 . 0336 384 . 2
. 09273 . 04687 . 00741 65 . 8 . 0470 140 . 1
. 1192 . 05208 . 00250 65 . 8 . 0604 28 . 60
. 09843 . 05208 . 01044 63 . 6 . 0422 175 . 1
. 1641 . 09375 . 02701 63 . 6 . 0704 163 . 0
. 2297 . 11460 . 02278 63 . 6 . 0986 70 . 2
. 2953 . 14580 . 02892 63 . 6 . 127 53 . 93

Cylinder No . 3 - L/D = 2 - Light oil

. 09329 . 02083 . 01197 62 . 7 . 215 113 . 5

.1555 . 03646 . 02062 62 . 7 . 360 70 . 35
. 217'7 . 04167 . 01927 62 . 7 . 502 33 . 55
. 2799 . 05208 . 02230 62 . 7 . 644 23 . 49
. 1343 . 03646 . 02300 62 . 5 . 306 105 . 2
. 2238 . 06250 . 03902 62 . 5 . 510 64 , 28
. 3134 . 07292 . 03938 62 . 5 . 714 33 . 09
. 4029 . 07292 . 02936 62 . 5 . 920 14 . 92

Cylinder No . 3 - Heayy oi l

. 05496 . 03646 . 01144 64 . 8 . 0517 307 . 8

. 09160 . 06250 . 02348 64 . 8 . 0864 227 . 4
. 1282 . 07812 . 0 2510 64 . 8 . 121 124 . 1
. 1649 . 08854 . 02150 64 . 8 . 155 64 . 27
. 03974 . 0 3 125 . 01205 65 . 8 . 0404 620 . 3
. 06624 . 03646 . 0071 6 65 . 8 . 0672 132 . 6
. 09273 . 05729 . 01783 65 . 8 . 0940 168 . 5
. 1192 . 0625 . 01292 65 . 8 . 121 73 . 87
. 09843 . 06771 . 02607 63 . 6 . 0844 218 . 6
. 1641 . 10940 . 04266 63 . 6 . 141 128 . 7
. 2297 . 1 5100 . 05918 63 . 6 . 197 91 . 14
. 2953 . 16150 . 04462 63 . 6 . 253 41.60

Cylinder No , 4 - L/D :: 2 - Light oi l

. 09329 . 02604 . 01738 62 . 7 . 322 109 . 9
. 1555 . 04167 . 02583 62 . 7 . 538 58 . 75
. 21 77 . 05729 . 03487 62 . 7 . 755 40 . 50
 69
( 1) (2) (3) {4) (5) ( 6)

. 2799 . 05729 . 02751 62 . 7 . 967 19 . 32

. 1343 . 04167 . 02821 62 . 5 . 459 86 . 03
. 2238 . 05729 ,. 03381 62 . 5 . 765 37 . 14
. 3134 . 07292 . 03938 62 . 5 1 . 071 22 . 06
. 4029 . 08854 . 04498 62 . 5 1 . 380 15 . 25

C;y:1inder No . 4 - Hea~ oil

. 05496 . 04687 . 02185 64 . 8 . 0775 39 2 , 0
. 09160 . 06771 . 02869 64 . 8 . 130 185 . 3
. 1282 . 08854 . 03552 64 . 8 . 183 116 . 1
. 1649 . 0 9896 . 03192 64 . 8 . 233 63 . 61
. 03974 . 03125 . 01205 65 . 8 . 0606 413 . 6
. 06624 . 05729 . 02799 65 . 8 . 101 345 . 8
. 09273 . 06771 . 028 25 65 . 8 . 141 178 . 1
. 1192 . 08854 . 038 96 65 . 8 . 181 148 . 6
. 0 9843 . 07812 . 03648 63 . 6 . 127 204 . 0
. 1641 . 12500 . 05826 63 . 6 . 211 117 . 2
. 2297 . 17190 , 08008 63. 6 . 296 82 ,. 29
. 2953 . 20310 •.08622 63 . 6 . 3 80 55 . 95

Cylinder No ~ 5 - L/ D = 16 - Li ght oil

. 09329 . 02083 . 01197 62 . 3 . 0525 227 .1

. 1555 . 03646 . 02062 62 . 3 . 0875 140 . 7
. 2177 . 05208 . 02960 62 . 3 . 123 103 . 3
. 2799 . 6250 ,.03272 62 . 3 . 158 68 . 94
.1343 . 03125 . 01779 62 . 5 , 0765 162 . 7
. 2238 . 04687 . 02339 62 . 5 . 128 143 . 0
. 3134 . 06771 , 03417 62 . 5 . 179 57 . 43
. 4029 . 08854 . 04498 62 . 5 . 230 45 . 74

Cylinder No . 5 - Heavy oil

. 05496 . 03125 . 00623 66 . 7 . 0148 335 . 2

. 09160 . 06250 . 02348 66 . 7 . 0247 454 . 8
. 1282 . 078 12 . 02510 66 . 7 . 0346 248 ,. 2
.1649 . 09375 . 02671 66 . 7 . 0445 159 . 7
•03974 . 03125 . 01205 65 . 8 . 0101 1240 •
. 06624 •04687 . 01757 65 . 8 . 0168 651 . 1
. 09273 . 06250 . 02304 65 . 8 . 0235 435 . 6
. 1192 . 06771 . 01813 65 . 8 . 0302 207 . 4
. 09843 . 06671 . 02607 63 . 6 . 0211 437 . 2
. 1641 . 11980 . 05306 63 . 6 . 0352 320 . 3
. 2297 . 16150 . 06968 63 . 6 . 0493 214 . 7
, 2953 . 18750 . 07062 63 . 6 . 0633 131 . 7
 70
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Cylinder No . 6 - L/D : 8 - Light oil

. 09329 , 02083 , 011 97 62 . 3 . 105 113 . 5

. 1555 , 04167 , 02583 62 .• 3 . 175 88 . 12
. 2177 . 05208 . 02968 62 . 3 , 245 51 , 67
. 2799 . 06250 , 03272 62 . 3 . 315 34 . 47
. 1343 . 04167 . 02821 62 , 5 . 153 129 . 0
. 2238 . 06250 . 03902 62 . 5 , 255 64 . 28
. 3134 . 08333 . 04979 62 . 5 . 357 41 . 83
. 4029 . 06250 . 01894 62 . 5 . 460 9 . 63

Cylinder No . 6 - Rea!:! oil

. 05496 . 03646 , 01144 66 . 7 . 0297 307.8
. 09160 , 0625 . 02348 66 . 7 . 0494 227 , 4
,1282 . 06771 . 01467 66 . 7 , 0692 72 . 64
. 1649 , 08333 . 01629 66 , 7 . 0890 48 . 7
. 03974 , 03125 . 01205 65 , 8 . 0202 620.3
. 06624 ., 04167 , 01237 65 . 8 . 0336 192 . 1
. 09273 . 05208 . 01262 65 . 8 . 0470 119 . 3
. 1192 . 06250 . 01292 65 . 8 . 0604 73 . 87
. 09843 . 07292 , 03128 63 . 6 . 0422 262 . 3
. 1 641 . 11460 , 04786 63 . 6 . 0704 144 . 4
. 2297 . 16150 . 06968 63 . 6 , 0986 107 . 3
. 2953 . 18750 . 07062 63 . 6 . 127 65 . 8

Cylinder No . 7 - L/p : 4 - tieht oil

. 09329 , 03125 . 02239 62 . 8 . 215 131 . 7
. 1555 . 0468 7 . 03103 62 . 8 . 358 52 . 93
. 2177 . 06250 , 04010 62 . 8 , 502 34 . 90
. 2799 . 07292 . 04314 62 . 8 . 646 22 . 72
. 1343 , 04167 . 02821 62 . 5 . 306 64 . 50
. 2238 , 06771 . , 04423 62 . 5 .510 36 . 43
. 3134 , 09375 . 06021 62 . 5 . 714 25 . 29
. 4029 , 09896 . 0554 62 , 5 . 920 14.08
Cylinder No . 7 - Heavy oil

. 05496 . 03646 . 01144 66 . 7 . 0594 153 . 9

. 09160 . 06250 , 02348 66 . 7 . 0988 113 . 7
. 1282 . 07812 . 02510 66 . 7 . 138 62 . 05
. 1649 . 09375 , 02671 66 , 7 . 178 39 . 92
 71

(1) (2) (3} (4) (5) (6 )

. 03974 . 03125 . 01205 65 . 8 . 0404 310 . 1

. 06624 . 05208 . 02278 65 . 8 . 0672 211 . 0
. 09273 . 06771 . 02825 65 . 8 . 0940 133.5
. 1192 . 07292 .02334 65 . 8 . 121 66 . 74
. 09843 , 09375 . 05211 63 . 6 . 0844 218 . 5
. 1641 . 14580 . 07906 63 . 6 . 141 119 . 3
. 2297 . 17710 . 08528 63 . 6 .197 65 . 89
. 2953 . 19270 . 07582 63 . 6 . 253 35 . 35

Cylinder No . 8 - L/p =2 - Li ght oil

. 09329 . 03646 . 02760 62 . 3 . 315 8 7 . 24
.1555 . 06250 . 04666 62 . 3 . 524 53 . 06
. 2177 . 08333 . 06093 62 . 3 . 7 35 35 . 35
. 1343 . 05208 . 03862 62 . 5 . 459 58 . 8 7
. 2238 . 08333 . 05985 62 . 5 . 765 32 . 85
. 3134 . 10420 . 07066 62 . 5 1 . 071 19 . 79
. 4029 . 11460 . 07104 62 . 5 1 . 380 12 . 04

C~linder No . 8 - Hea V:f. oil

. 05496 . 04687 . 02185 66 . 7 . 0891 1 96 . 0

. 09160 . 0 78 12 . 03910 66 . 7 . 148 1 26 . 3
. 1282 . 09896 . 04594 66 .7 . 208 75 . 71
. 1649 . 11980 . 05276 66 .7 . 267 52 . 58
. 03974 . 03646 . 01726 65 . 8 . 0606 296 .1
. 06624 . 05729 . 02799 65 . 8 . 10 1 172 . 9
. 09273 . 07812 , 03866 65 . 8 .141 1 21 . 8
. 1192 . 09896 . 04938 65 . 8 . 181 94 . 14
. 09843 . 10420 . 06256 63 . 6 ,127 174 . 9
. 164 1 . 16670 . 09996 63 . 6 . 211 100 . 6
. 229 7 . 218 10 .12688 63 . 6 . 296 65 . 15

Cylinder No. 9 - L/ D = 24 - Light oil

. 09329 . 03125 . 02239 62 . 7 . 0537 283 . 0

. 1555 . 0468 7 . 03103 62 . 7 . 0895 141 . 1
. 2177 . 06250 . 04010 62 .7 . 125 93 . 05
. 2799 . 07292 . 04314 62 . 7 . 161 60 . 57
. 0544 1 . 0 1 042 . 00592 63 .1 . 0315 220 . 0
. 09068 . 02083 . 01218 63 . 1 . 0528 1 63 . 0
. 1270 . 03125 . 0 1 861 63 .1 . 0738 126 . 9
. 1632 . 03646 . 01976 63 . 1 . 0948 81 . 60
.1343 . 03646 . 02300 62 . 6 . 077 1 40 . 21
 72
(1} ( 2) (3 ) ( 4) (5 ) (6 )

. 2238 . 06250 . 03902 62 . 6 . 1 28 85 , 68

. 3134 . 08854 . 05500 62 . 6 . 179 61 . 60
. 4029 . 09896 . 05540 62 . 6 , 230 37 . 54

Cylinder No . 9 - Heavy oil

. 05496 . 03125 . 00623 66 .7 . 0148 223 . 5
. 091 60 . 05208 .. 01306 66 . 7 . 024 7 168 . 6
.1282 . 07292 .01990 66 .7 .0346 13 1 . 2
. 1649 . 08333 . 01629 66 . 7 . 0445 64 . 93
. 03974 . 02604 . 00684 65 , 3 . 0097 469 . 7
. 06624 . 05208 . 02278 65 . 3 . 0162 466 . 5
. 0 9273 . 06250 . 02304 65 . 3 . 0227 290 . 3
. 1192 . 07292 . 02334 65 . 3 . 0292 177 . 9
. 09843 . 08854 . 046HO 63 . 6 . 0211 524 . 4
. 1641 .13020 . 06346 63.5 . 0352 255 . 3
. 2297 . 17190 . 08008 63.6 . 0493• 1 64 . 6
. 2953 . 21350 . 09662 63 . 6 . 0633 1 20 .1

Cylinder No , 10 - L/D :: 12 - Lirht oil

, 09329 . 03646 . 02760 62 . 7 .108 174 . 5
. 1555 . 05208 , 03624 62.7 .180 82 . 43
. 2177 . 06250 .04010 62 . 7 . 250 46 .. 53
. 2799 . 07292 .04314 62 .7 .. 322 30 . 27
. 054 41 . 02083 . 01633 63 .1 . 0630 303 . 5
. 09068 .03 125 .02260 63 .1 . 106 151 . 2
. 1270 . 03646 . 02382 63 .1 .148 81 . 25
.1 632 . 04167 . 02497 63 .1 . 1 90 51. 58
, 1343 . 04687 . 03341 62 . 6 . 154 1 01 . 9
. 2238 , 07812 .05464 62 . 6 . 256 60 , 0 1
. 3134 .10940 .07586 62 . 6 . 358 42 . 50
. 4029 . 13020 . 08664 62 . 6 . 461 29 . 37

C;y:11nder No . 10 - Heavy oil

. 05496 . 04687 . 02185 66 . 7 . 0282 392 . 0
. 091 60 . 06771 . 2869 65 . 7 . 0469 1 85 . 3
. 1 282 . 09375 . 04073 66 . 7 . 0658 134 . 3
. 1649 . 11980 . 05276 66 . 7 . 0846 105 , 2
. 03974 . 03646 . 01726 65 . 3 . 0 195 592 . 2
. 06624 . 05729 . 02799 65 . 3 . 0329 345 . 8
. 09273 . 07812 . 03866 65 . 3 . 0454 243 . 6
. 1192 . 09375 . 04417 65 . 3 . 0584 1 68 . 5
. 09843 . 09375 . 04164 63 . 6 . 0422 291 . 5
 73

(1) (2) (3) ( 4) . ( 5) (6)

. 1641 . 15100 . 08426 63 . 6 . 0704 169 . 6

. 2297 . 20310 . 11128 63 . 6 . 0986 114 . 3
. 2953 . 23440 . 11752 63 . 6 . 127 73 . 07

Cylinder No . 11 - L/ - 6 Li ght oil

. 09329 . 03125 . 02239 62 . 7 . 215 70 . 75

. 1555 . 05729 . 04145 62 . 7 . 360 47 . 13
. 2177 . 06250 . 04010 62 . 7 . 502 23 . 27
. 2799 . 06771 . 03793 62 . 7 . 644 13 . 32
. 05441 . 01562 . 01112 62 . 8 . 124 103 . 3
. 09068 . 03125 . 02260 62 . 8 . 208 75 . 62
. 1270 . 03646 . 0238 0 62 . 8 . 291 40 . 62
. 1632 . 03646 . 01976 62 . 8 . 374 20 . 40
. 1343 . 05729 . 04383 62 . 7 . 308 66 . 81
. 2238 . 07812 . 05464 62 . 7 . 512 30 . 00
. 3134 . 09896 . 06552 62 . 7 . 716 18 . 35
.4029 . 10940 . 06584 62 . 7 . 922 11 . 16

Cylinder No . 1 1 - He a :Y:il oil

. 05497 . 05208 . 02706 66 . 7 . 0594 242 . 6
. 09160 . 08333 . 04431 66 . 7 . 0988 143 . 1
. 1282 . 09896 . 04594 66 . 7 . 138 75 . 71
. 1649 . 11460 . 04756 66 . 7 . 178 47 . 40

Cylinder No . 12 - L/D : 4 Li ght oi l

. 0 9329 . 05729 . 04843 62 . 7 . 322 102 . 0

. 1555 . 07812 . 06228 62 . 7 . 538 47 . 21
. 2177 . 08854 . 0661 4 62 . 7 . 755 25 . 58
. 2799 . 09896 . 06918 62 . 7 . 967 1 6 .19
.1343 . 07292 . 05946 62 . 7 . 462 60 . 42
. 2238 . 11460 . 09112 62 . 7 . 768 33 . 35
. 3134 . 13540 . 10 1 86 62 . 7 1 . 074 19 . 02
. 4029 . 14580 . 10224 62 . 7 1 . 383 11 . 55

Cylinder No . 12 - Heavy oil

. 05497 . 06250 . 03748 66 . 7 . 0 891 224 . 2

. 09160 . 09375 . 05473 66 . 7 . 148 117 . 8
. 1~ 82 . 10940 . 05638 66 . 7 . 208 61. 95
.1649 . 13540 . 06836 66 . 7 . 267 45 . 41
. 03974 . 05729 . 03809 65 . 3 . 0585 435 . 7
 74

(1) (2) (3) (4) ( 5) (6)

,.06624 . 07812 . 04882 65 . 3 . 0972 201 . 0

. 09273 . 09896 . 05950 65 . 3 . 136 125.0
.1192 ,.13540 ,. 08582 65 . 3 .. 175 109.1

Cylinder No . 13 L/D - 32 - Light oil

. 09329 . 03646 ,. 02760 62 . 7 . 0537 261 . 7
. 1555 . 05729 . 04145 62 .7 ,. 0 .'3 95 141.4
. 2177 , 07812 . 05572 62 . 7 .125 96 ,. 98
. 2799 . 08854 . 05876 62 .7 .161 61 . 89
. 05441 . 01042 . 00572 63 . 0 . 0310 165.0
,. 09068 ,. 02083 . 01218 63 . 0 . 0520 122.2
.1270 ,. 04167 . 02903 63 . 0 . 0728 148.5
.1632 . 04687 . 03017 63 . 0 . 0935 93 . 45
.1343 . 05208 . 03862 62 .7 . 0770 176 . 6
. 2238 ,08333 , 05985 62 .7 .128 98 . 55
. 3134 .11460 .08106 62 . 7 .178 68 .11
. 4029 .13540 ,. 09184 62 .7 . 230 46 . 69

Cylinder No . 1 3 - Heavy oil

. 05497 . 04687 . 02185 66 .7 . 0148 588 . 0

.091 60 . 072£2 ,. 03390 66 .7 . 0247 328 . 4
.1282 . 09375 . 04073 66 .7 , 0346 201. 4
.1649 .10420 . 03716 66,.7 .0 445 111.1
. 03974 . 04167 . 02247 65 . 3 . 0097 1157 .
. 06624 . 05208 . 02278 65 . 3 ,. 0162 422 .0
. 09273 . 07292 . 03346 65 . 3 . 0227 316 .3
.1192 . 08333 . 03375 65 . 3 . 0292 193.0
. 09843 . 09396 ,. 05732 63 . 6 . 0211 480 . 8
,.1641 ,.16 1 50 , 09476 63 . 6 . 0352 286 .0
. 2297 . 22400 .13218 63 . 6 . 0493 203 .7
. 2953 . 26560 .11688 63 . 6 . 0633 138.7

Cylinder No. 14 L/ - 16 Li ght oil

.09329 . 05208 . 04322 62 .7 .108 204 . 9
.1555 . 07292 ,. 05708 62 .7 .180 97 . 37
. 2177 ,08854 . 06614 62 .7 . 250 57 . 56
. 2799 .10420 ,. 07442 62 .7 ,. 322 39 . 20
,. 05441 . 02083 ,. 01633 63 . 0 . 062 227 . 6
. 0~068 . 04167 ,. 03302 63 . 0 .104 16 5 . 7
.1270 .05208 . 03944 63 .0 .146 100 ,. 9
.1632 . 06250 . 04580 63 .0 .187 70 . 95
 75

(1 ) (2 ) (3) (4 } (5 ) ( 6)

. 1343 . 06250 , 04904 62 . 7 . 154 112 . 1

. 2238 . 09375 . 07027 62 . 7 . 256 57 . 88
. 3134 , 12500 . 09146 62 . 7 . 358 38 . 41
. 4029 . 1354 . 091 84 62 . 7 , 461 23 . 34

Cylinder No . 14 - Heavy oil

. 05497 , 05208 . 02706 66 . 7 . 0297 363 . 9

. 091 60 , 08333 . 04431 66 . 7 . 0494 214 . 6
. 1282 . 09896 . 04594 66 . 7 . 0692 1 13 . 6
.1649 . 12500 . 05796 66 . 7 . 0 8 90 86 . 63
, 03974 , 03646 . 01726 65 . 3 . 0195 444 .. 2
. 06624 , 06250 . 033 20 65 . 3 . 0324 307 . 5
. 09273 . 08333 . 04307 65 . 3 . 0454 207 . 3
. 1192 . 1146 . 06502 65 . 3 . 0584 1 86 . 0
. 09843 . 10420 . 06256 63 . 6 . 0422 262 . 3
. 1641 . 16670 . 09996 6~$ . 6 . 0704 150 .. 8
. 2297 .. 22920 . 13738 63 . 6 . 0986 105 . 8

Cylinder No • 15 L/D : 8 Lieht o i l

. 09329 •05208 . 04322 62 . 7 . 21 5 102 . 4
. 1555 . 062f0 . 04666 62 . 7 . 360 39 . 79
. 2177 . 08333 . 06093 62 . 7 . 502 26 . 51
. 2799 . 10420 .. 07442 62 . 7 . 644 19 . 60
. 05441 . 03125 . 02675 63 . 0 .124 186 . 4
. 09068 . 041 67 , 03302 63 . 0 , 208 82 . 84
. 1270 .. 05208 . 03944 63 . 0 . 292 50 . 43
. 1632 . 05729 . 04059 63 . 0 . 374 31 . 4 4
. 1343 . 06250 . 04904 62 . 7 . 308 56 . 06
~ 2238 . 09375 . 07027 62 . 7 . 51 2 28 . 94
. 3134 , 12500 , 09146 62 . 7 ,. 716 19 . 20
,4029 . 13020 , 08664 62 . 7 ,922 11 . 01

Cylinder No . 1 5 - HeayY oil

. 05497 , 06771 . 04269 66 . 2 . 0 576 287 .1

. 09160 . 09896 . 059 94 66 . 2 . 0960 145 . 2
. 1282 .13020 . 07718 66 . 2 . 134 95 . 39
. 1649 . 14580 . 07 876 66 . 2 . 173 58 . 86

Cylinder No. 16 - L/ D : 6 Light oil

. 09329 . 06250 . 05364 62 . 7 . 322 84 ..77

.1555 . 09375 . 07791 62 . 7 . 538 44 . 3 1
 76

(1) (2 ) (3 ) ( 4) (5) (6 )
.
.2177
. 2799
. 10420
. 1 2500
. 08180
. 09522
62 . 7
62 . 7
. . 7 55
.967
23.74
16.72
. 1 343 . 08330 . 06984 62 . 7 . 462 53 . 25
. 2238 . 1 3540 . 11192 62 . 7 . 768 30 . 73
. 3134 . 17710 . 14356 62 . 7 1 . 074 20 . 10

C~11nder No . 16 - Hea~ o~!_

. 05497 . 07812 . 05310 66 . 2 . 0864 238 .1

. 09160 . 11460 . 07558 66 . 2 . 144 122 . 0
. 1282 . 14580 . 09278 66 . 2 . 202 76 . 46
. 1 649 . 17190 . 104 66 . 2 . 259 52 .25
. 03974 . 04687 . 02767 65 . 3 . 0585 237 . 4
. 06624 . 08333 . 05403 65 . 3 . 0972 1 66 . 8
. 09273 . 10940 . 06994 65 . 3 . 136 110 . 2
. 1192 . 14580 . 09622 65 . 3 . 175 91 . 74
 77

TA BLE IV

Data For Flat Plates - Parallel Flow

( 1) (2) (3) (4) {5) {6)

Velocit:,y: Force
.1easured Corrected
Temp .
-Re f

Pla te No . l a - W/ L =4 - Li ght oil

. 09329 . 02083 . 01038 62 . 4 .. 212 24 . 60
.1555 .03125 .01276 62 . 4 . 353 10.88
. 2177 . 0468 7 . 02075 62 . 4 . 494 9 . 03
. 2799 . 06250 . 02794 62 . 4 . 634 7.36
. 05441 . 01562 . 01021 63 . 1 .126 71.14
. 09 068 . 02083 . 01067 63 .1 . 211 26 . 77
. 1270 . 03125 . 01650 63 .1 . 295 21 . 09
.1632 . 04167 . 02225 63 .1 . 379 1 7 . 25
.1343 . 03125 . 01552 62 .7 . 308 17.74
. 2238 ..05208 . 02482 62 .7 . 512 10 . 22
. 3134 . 07292 . 03408 62 . 7 . 716 7 .16
. 402~ . 08333 . 03296 62 .7 . 922 4 .19

Plate No . la - Heav:,y: oil

. 05496 . 03125 . 004 1 2 65 . 8 . 0563 27 . 71
. 091 60 . 04687 . 00433 65 . 8 . 0936 10.49
. 1282 . 06250 . 00455 65 . 8 .... ... - ~2-
• 1649 . 0781 2 . 00474 65 . 8 .168 ..__ 3•54
. 0 9843 .06771 . 02176 64 . 2 . 0885 45 . 63
.164 1 .10420 . 03027 64 . 2 .147 22 . 84
. 2297 .13540 . 03352 64 . 2 . 207 12.92
. 2953 .177 1 . 04729 64 . 2 . 265 11.02

Plate No . lb W/L - 1(4 - Lisht oi l

.09329 . 02083 . 00559 62 . 4 . 848 13.25
.1555 .03125 . 00429 62 . 4 1.412 4 . 08
. 2177 .0 4167 . 0044 1 62 . 4 1. 976 1.92
. 2799 . 05208 . 00318 62 . 4 2 . 536 0 . 84
. 05441 . 01042 . 00238 64 . 0 . 516 16.59
. 09068 . 01562 . 00108 64 . 0 . 865 2 . 72
.1270 . 02083 64 . 0 1.212
.1632 . 03 125 . 00394 64 . 0 1 . 560 3 . 06
. 1343 . 02083 62 .7 1.232
 73
(1) (2 ) (3 ) ( 4) (5 ) (6)

. 2238 . 04167 . 00:306 62 . 7 2 . 048 1 . 26

. 3134 . 06250 . 00776 62 . 7 2 . 864 1 . 63
. 4029 . 07292 . 00211 62 . 7 3 . 68 8 . 27

Plate No . lb - HeaY,I oi l

. 05496 . 03125 65 . 8 . 255

. 09160 . 04167 65 . 8 . 374
. 1282 . 06250 65 . 8 . 524
. 1649 . 07292 65 . 8 . 672
. 09843 . 06250 . 00362 64 . 2 . 354 7 . 59
. 1641 . 09375 64 . 2 . 568
. 2297 . 13540 . 00334 64 . 2 . 828 1 . 29
. 2953 . 15620 64 . 2 1 . 060

Plate No . 2a - WLL : 2 ... Li ght Oi l

. 09329 . 03125 •01920 62 . 4 . 424 2 2 . 75

. 1555 . 04687 . 02572 62 . 4 . 706 10 . 97
. 2177 . 06250 . 03267 62 . 4 . 98 8 7 . 11
. 2799 . 07292 . 03358 62 . 4 1 . 268 4 . 42
. 0544 1 . 02083 . 01452 63 .1 . 252 50 . 59
. 09068 . 0 3125 . 01958 63 .1 . 422 24 . 57
. 1270 . 04167 . 02480 63 . 1 . 590 1 5 . 86
. 1632 . 04687 . 02474 63 .1 . 758 9 . 58
. 1343 . 04167 . 02367 62 . 7 . 616 13 . 53
. 2238 . 0625 . 03146 62 . 7 1 . 024 6 . 48
. 3 1 34 . 08333 . 03919 62 . 7 1 . 432 4 . 11
.4029 . 10420 . 04701 62 . 7 1 . 844 2 . 98

Plate No . 2a - Hea!I oil

. 05496 . 03125 . 00211 65 . 8 . 113 7 .10
. 09160 . 05729 . 01122 65 . 8 .187 13 . 59
.1282 . 07812 . 01524 65 . 8 .. 262 9 . 42
. 1649 . 09375 . 01402 65 . 8 . 336 5 . 24
. 09843 . 07292 . 02266 64 . 2 . 177 23 . 77
. 1641 . 12500 . 033 B9 64 . 2 . 284 12 . 79
. 2297 . 17710 . 06516 64 . 2 . 414 12 . 56
. 2953 . 20830 . 06 556 64.2 . 530 7 . 64

Plate No . 2b - W/L : 1/2 - Li ght oi l

. 09329 . 03125 . 01601 62 . 4 .848 18 . 97

. 1555 . 04167 . 01521 62 . 4 1 . 412 6 . 49
. 2177 . 05208 . 01482 62 . 4 1 . 976 3 . 25
 79

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) ( 6)

. 2799 . 06250 . 01460 62 . 4 2 . 536 1 . 92

. 05441 . 01042 . 00238 64 . 0 . 516 8 . 29
. 09068 . 01562 ,. 00108 64 . 0 ...s&5- 1 . 36 ·
. 1270 . 02083 64 . 0 1 ,. 212
.1632 . 03125 . 00394 64 . 0 1 . 560 1 . 53
.1343 . 03125 . 00871 62 . 7 1 . 232 4 . 98
. 2238 . 05208 ,. 01347 62 . 7 2 . 048 2 . 77
. 0134 ,. 00333 . 02859 62 . 7 2 . 864 3 . 00
. 4029 . 09375 ,. 02294 62 .7 3 . 688 1 . 46

Plate no . 2b - Heavy oil

,. 05496 . 03646 . 002 98 65 . 8 . 225 10 . 02

. 09160
.1282
.1649
. 05208
. 07292
. 08333
... - 65 . 8
65 . 8
65 . 8
. 374
. 524
. 6 72
. 09843 . 0 6 771 . 008 83 64 . 2 . 354 9 ,. 25
. 1641
. 2297
. 10 420
. 15620 . 02414
64 . 2
64 . 2
. 568
. 828
-­
4 . 65

Plate No . 3 ... W/ L =1 - Li g ht oil

. 09329 . 03646 • 02122 62 . 4 . 8 48 12 . 58

. 1555 . 05208 . 02562 62 . 4 1 . 4 12 5 . 46
. 2177 . 07292 . 03566 62 . 4 1 . 976 3 . 88
. 2799 . 08333 . 03443 62 . 4 2 . 536 2 . 27
,. 05441 . 02083 . 01279 64 . 0 . 51 6 22 . 28
. 09068 . 031 25 . 016 71 64 . 0 . 865 10 . 48
.1270 .03646 . 01557 64 . 0 1. 212 4 . 98
.1632 . 04167 . 0 1 436 64 . 0 1. 560 2 ,.78
. 1343 ,. 05208 . 02954 62 . 7 1 . 232 8 . 45
. 2238 . 08333 . 04472 62 . 7 2 . 048 4 . 60
. 3134 . 1146 . 05986 62 . 7 2 . 864 3 . 15
. 4029 . 1354 . 06459 62 . 7 3 . 588 2 . 05

Plate No . 3 - Heavy oil

. 05496 . 05729 ,. 02381 65 . 8 . 225 40 . 05

. 09160 . 07812 . 02500 65 . 8 . 374 1 5 .14
.1282 . 09896 . 02621 65 . 8 . 524 8 .10
.1649 .11980 . 02738 65 . 8 . 672 4 . 74
. 03974 . 03646 , 0108 7 65 ,. 3 . 156 34 . 98
,. 06624 . 06771 . 02776 65 . 3 . 260 32 .15
. 09273 . 08333 . 028 96 65 . 3 . 363 17.10
. 1192 .12500 . 05625 65 . 3 . 468 20 .11
 80

(1) (2 } (3 ) (4) (5) (6)

. 0 £:1843 . 09375 . 03487 64 . 2 . 354 1 8 . 28

.1641 . 1615 ., 06602 64 . 2 . 568 12 . 46
. 2297 . 2292 . 09714 64 . 2 . 828 9 . 35

Plate No . 4a - W/_L : 1/_2 - LiEht oil

. 09329 . 05208 . 03056 62 . 4 1 .. 696 9 . 05
. 1555 . 07292 ., 03584 62 . 4 2 . 824 3 . 82
. 21 77 . 09375 . 04163 62 . 4 3 . 952 2 . 26
. 2799 ., 10420 "03618 62 . 4 5 . 072 1 •.19
. 05441 . 02604 . 01430 63 . 1 1 . 008 1 2 . 46
. 09068 . 04167 . 02094 63 . 1 1 . 688 6 . 57
.1270 . 05729 . 02773 63 . 1 2 . 360 4 . 43
.1632 . 06250 . 02407 63 . 1 3 , 032 2 . 33
. 1343 . 06250 . 03088 62 . 7 2 . 464 4 . 41
. 2238 .10420 . 05046 62 . 7 4 , 096 2 . 60
. 3134 .13540 . 05946 62 . 7 5 . 728 1 . 56
. 4029 .. 15620 . 05814 62 . 7 7 . 376 . 92

Plate No . 4a - Hea:YI oil

. 05496 . 05208 . 01014 65 . 8 . 45 8 , 52
. 091 60 . 08333 . 01611 65 . 8 . '149 4 . 88
. 1282 . 11460 . 02212 65 . 8 1 . 048 3 . 42
. 1649 . 1354 . 01760 65 . 8 1 ., 344 1 . 65
. 03974 . 05208 . 02010 65 . 3 . 312 32 . 34
. 06624 . 07292 . 02232 65 . 3 . 520 12 . 92
. 09273 . 08854 . 01926 65 . 3 . 726 5 . 69
. 1192 . 1250 . 03708 65 . 3 . 935 6 ., 63
. 09843 . 1250 . 04888 64 . 2 . 708 12 . 81
. 1 641 . 20830 . 08408 64 . 2 1 . 136 6 . 46
. 2297 . 26040 . 08810 64 .. 2 1 . 656 4 . 24
. 2953 . 30210 . 08178 64 . 2 2 . 120 2 ., 38

Plate No . 4b - w/_L = 2 ... Light oil

. 09329 . 05729 . 04205 62 . 4 . 848 12 . 46
. 1555 . 08854 . 06208 62 . 4 1 . 412 6 . 62
. 2177 .10940 . 07214 62 . 4 1 . 976 3 . 92
. 2799 . 11980 . 07090 62 . 4 2 . 536 2 . 33
, 05441 . 02604 . 01800 64 . 0 . 5 16 15 . 69
. 09068 . 04687 . 03233 64 . 0 . 865 10 .14
. 1270 . 05729 . 03640 64 . 0 1 . 212 5 . 82
.1632 . 0625 . 03519 64 . 0 1 . 560 3 . 41
. 1343 . 06771 . 04517 62 . 7 1 . 232 6 . 45
 81

(1) {2) {3) ( 4) (5) (6)

. 2238 . 11980 . 08119 62 . 7 2 . 048 4 . 18

. 3134 . 1615 . 10676 62 . 7 2 . 064 2 . 80
. 4029 . 2031 . 13229 62 . 7 3 . 688 2 .10

Plate No . 4b - Heavy oil

. 05496 . 07812 . 04464 65 . 8 . 225 37 . 53

. 09160 .11980 . 06668 65 . 8 . 374 20 .19
. 1282 . 14060 .. 06785 65 . 8 . 524 10 . 48
.1649 .15620 .06378 65 . 8 . 672 5 . 96
. 03974 . 05729 . 03072 63 . 5 . 135 49 . 40
. 06624 . 08854 . 04695 63 . 5 . 225 27 . 17
. 09273 . 1198 0 . 06314 63 . 5 . 315 18 . 66
.1192 . 15100 .08931 63 . 5 . 405 1 5 . 97
. 09843 . 1 5100 . 08712 64 .2 . 354 22 . 84
.1641 . 22400 . 12852 64 . 2 . 568 12 . 10
. 2297 . 2 8650 . 15444 64 . 2 . 828 7 . 43
 82

TABLE 'l

Iata For Flat Plates - Per£endicular Flow

(1) (2) (3) ( 4) (5) (6)

Veloci t:z: Force Temp . Re fd

Measured Corrected

Plate No . 1 - W/L =4 - Light oil

. 09329 . 07812 . 06040 62 . 9 . 432 71 . 60

. 1555 . 13020 . 09852 62 . 9 . 720 42 . 03
. 21?7 . 16150 . 11630 62 . 9 1 . 010 25 . 31
. 2799 . 17180 . 11224 62 . 9 1 . 296 14 . 78
. 05441 . 04687 . 03787 63 . 6 . 255 131 . 9
. 09068 . 06771 . 05059 63 . 6 . 428 63 . 47
. 1270 . 08854 . 05326 63 . 6 . 599 40 . 46
. 1632 . 10940 . 07600 63.6 . 770 29 . 43
. 1343 . 11980 . 09288 62 . 7 . 616 53 . 11
. 2238 . 19270 . 14574 62 . 7 1 . 024 30 . 01
. 3 134 . 25520 . 188 12 62 . 7 1.432 19 . 76

Plate No . 1 - Heavy oil

. 05496 . 11980 . 06976 65 . 7 . 113 234 . 7

.09160 . 18230 . 10426 65 . 7 . 187 126 . 3
. 1282 . 25000 . 14396 65 . 7 . 262 88 . 98
. 1649 . 30730 . 17322 65 . 7 . 336 64 . 73
. 03974 . 10420 . 06580 63 . 5 . 0676 423 . 5
. 06624 . 15620 . 09760 63 . 5 . 112 226 . 0
. 09273 . 20830 . 12938 63.5 . 157 152 . 9
. 1192 . 25000 . 15084 63 . 5 . 202 10'7 . 8
. 09843 . 21870 . 13542 64 . 2 . 177 1 42 . 0
. 1641 . 35420 . 22072 64 . 2 . 294 83 . 28
. 2297 . 42710 . 24346 64.2 . 414 46 . 89

Plate Nv . 2 - W/L • 4 Li ght oil

. 0 9329 . 06250 . 04478 62 . 6 . 319 94 . 37

. 1555 . 09896 . 06728 62 . 6 . 532 51 . 01
. 217'7 . 13020 . 08540 62 . 6 . 745 33 . 04
. 2799 . 15620 . 09664 62 . 6 . 960 22.62
. 05441 . 03646 . 02746 63 . 1 . 188 170 . 1
. 09068 . 06250 . 04538 63.1 . 315 101 . 2
.1270 . 07812 . 05284 63 . 1 . 441 60 . 06
 83

(1) (2) (3) (4 ) (5) (6)

. 1632 . 08854 . 05514 63 . 1 . 566 37 . 97

. 1343 . 07812 . 05120 62 . 7 . 462 52 . 04
. 2238 . 14060 . 09364 62 . 7 . 768 34 . 28
. 3134 . 20310 . 13602 62 . 7 1 . 074 25 . 39

Plate No . 2 .. Heavy oil

. 05496 . 09375 . 04371 65 . 6 . 0825 261 . 3

. 09160 . 1458 0 . 06776 65 . 6 . 1 38 145 . 9
. 1282 . 1 8230 . 07626 65 . 6 . 192 83 . 79
. 1649 . 23960 . 10552 65 . 6 . 248 70 . 10
. 03974 . 06771 . 02931 63 . 5 . 0507 335 . 4
. 06624 . 11980 . 0 6120 63 . 5 . 0843 252 . 0
. 09273 . 15100 . 07208 63 . 5 . 118 151 . 4
. 1192 . 20310 . 10394 63 . 5 . 152 132.1
. 09843 . 16670 . 08342 64 . 2 . 133 1 55 . 5
. 1641 . 27080 . 13732 64 . 2 . 221 85 . 39
. 2297 . 35420 . 17056 64 . 2 . 310 58.40

Plate No . 3 - W/L =4 - Light oil

. 09329 . 04167 . 02395 62 . 6 . 213 113.5

. 1555 . 07292 . 04124 62 . 6 . 355 70 . 34
. 2177 . 09375 . 04 8 95 62 . 6 . 497 42 . 62
. 2799 . 10420 . 04464 62 . 6 . 640 23 . 51
. 05441 . 02083 . 01183 63 . 1 . 125 164 . 9
. 0906 8 . 03125 . 01413 63 . 1 . 210 70 . 91
. 1270 . 04167 . 01639 63 . 1 . 294 41 . 92
. 1632 . 05208 . 01868 63 . 1 . 377 28 . 93
. 1343 . 05208 . 02516 62 . 7 . 308 57 . 52
. 2238 . 08333 . 03637 62 . 7 . 512 29 . 95
. 3134 . 11980 . 05272 62 . 7 . 716 22 . 15
. 4029 . 14580 . 05868 62 . 7 . 922 14 . 91

Plate No . 3 ... Heavy oil

• 05496 . 06250 . 01246 65 . 6 . 0550 167 . 6

. 09160 . 098 96 . 02092 65 . 6 . 0918 101 . 3
. 1282 . 13020 . 02416 65 . 6 . 128 59.72
. 1649 . 16150 . 02742 65 . 6 . 165 40.96
. 03974 . 04687 . 0 0 8 47 63 . 5 . 0338 218 . 0
. 06624 . 07812 . 01952 63 . 5 . 0562 1 80 . 8
. 09273 . 10940 . 03048 63 . 5 . 078 8 144 . 1
. 1192 . 1 3 020 . 03104 63 . 5 . 101 8 8 . 77
. 0 9843 . 1250 . 04172 64 . 2 . 0885 174 . 9
 84

(1) (2) (3) ( 4} (5) ( 6)

.1641 . 20830 . 07482 64 . 2 .147 112 . 9

. 2297 . 27080 . 08716 64 . 2 . 207 67 .13
. 2953 . 33330 . 09954 64 . 2 . 265 46 . 4

Plate No. 4 - W/L =4 - Light oil

. 09329 . 02083 . 00311 62 . 6 .107 58 . 99

.1555 . 04167 . 00999 62 . 6 . 178 68 .17
. 2177 . 06250 . 01770 62 . 6 . 249 61 . 64
. 2799 . 07292 . 01336 62 . 6 . 320 28 .1 5
. 05441 . 01042 . 00142 63 .1 . 0628 79.18
. 09068 . 02083 . 00371 63 .1 .105 74 . 48
.1270 .. 03125 . 00597 63 .1 .147 61 . 09
.1632 . 041 67 . 00827 63 .1 .188 51. 25
.1343 . 03125 . 00433 62 .7 .154 39 . 62
. 2238 . 05208 . 00512 62 .7 . 256 16.86
. 3134 . 07812 . 01104 62 . 7 . 358 19.24
. 4029 . 09375 . 00663 62 .7 . 461 6 . 99

Plate No . 5 - W/L - 2 - Li ght oil

.09329 .14580 .12808 62 . 6 . 852 76.01

.1555 . 20830 .17762 62 . 6 1.420 37 . 88
. 2177 . 23960 .19480 62 . 6 1.988 21 . 20
. 2799 . 281 20 . 22164 62 . 6 2 . 560 14.59
. 05441 . 07292 . 06392 63 . 2 . 508 111.4
. 09068 .1198 .10268 63 . 2 . 852 64 . 40
.1270 .15620 .13092 63 . 2 1.192 41 . 86
,1632 .18230 .14890 63 . 2 1.532 28 . 83
.1343 .1979 .17098 62 .7 1.232 48 . 87
. 2238 . 30210 . 25514 62 . 7 2 . 048 26 . 27

Plate No. 5 - He a~ oil

. 05496 . 19790 . 14786 65 . 6 . 220 248 . 7
. 09160 . 31250 . 23446 65 . 6 . 367 142.0
.1282 . 41 670 . 31066 65 . 6 . 514 96 . 01
. 03974 .16150 .12310 63 . 5 .135 396 .1
. 06624 . 23440 .17580 63 . 5 . 225 203 . 6
. 09273 . 31770 . 23878 63 . 5 . 31 5 141.1

Plate No. 6 - W/L =2 - Light oil

. 09329 . 08333 . 06561 62 . 9 . 648 69 .13

.1555 .12500 . 09332 62 . 6 1. 070 35 . 38
. 2177 .17710 .13230 62 . 6 1.498 25 . 59
 85

(1) (2 ) ( 3) (4) (5 ) ( 6)

. 2799 . 18750 . 12794 62 . 6 1 . 944 14 . 98

. 0544 1 . 05208 . 04308 63 . 6 . 383 133 . 4
. 09068 . 07292 . 05580 63 . 6 . 642 62 . 23
. 1270 . 09375 . 06847 63 . 6 . 899 38 . 92
. 1632 . 10420 . 07080 63 . 6 1 . 155 24 . 37
. 1343 . 12500 . 09808 62 . 7 . 924 49 . 84
. 2238 . 18750 . 14054 62 . 7 1 . 536 25 . 72
. 3134 . 25000 . 18292 62 . 7 2 . 148 17 . 08

Plate No . 6 - Heavy oil

, 05496 , 12500 . 07504 65 . 6 . 165 224 , 3
. 09160 . 17710 . 09906 65 . 6 . 275 106 . 6
. 1282 . 23960 . 13356 65 . 6 . 385 73 . 38
. 1649 . 31250 . 17842 65 . 6 . 495 59 , 26
. 03974 . 10420 . 06580 63 . 5 . 101 376 . 4
. 06624 . 15620 . 09760 63 . 5 . 169 200 . 9
. 09273 . 21350 . 13458 63 . 5 . 236 141 . 4
. 1192 . 26040 . 16124 63 . 5 . 303 102 . 5
. 09843 . 22920 . 14592 64 . 2 . 266 136 . 0
.1641 . 37510 . 24152 64 . 2 . 441 81.0

. 09329
Plate No . 7

. 04687
-
. 0291 5
W/ L : 2

62 . 9
- Light oil

. 432 69 . 10
. 1555 . 0781 2 . 04644 62 . 9 . 720 39 . 61
. 2177 . 09896 . 05416 62 . 9 1 . 010 23 . 57
.. 2799 .10940 . 04984 62 . 9 1. 296 13 . 12
. 05441 . 02604 . 0 1704 63 . 6 . 255 118 . 7
. 09068 . 03646 . 01934 63 . 6 . 428 48 . 52
. 1270 . 04687 . 02159 63 . 6 . 599 27 . 60
. 1632 . 05729 . 02389 63 . 6 . 770 18 . 50
. 1343 . 06771 . 04079 62 . 7 . 616 46 . 63
. 2238 . 10940 . 06244 62 . 7 1 . 024 25 . 72
. 3134 . 16150 . 09442 62 . 7 1 . 432 19 . 83
. 4029 . 19270 . 10558 62 . 7 1 . 844 1 3 . 42

Plato No . 7 - Hea~ oil

. 05496 . 08333 . 03:329 65 . 7 . 113 223 . 9
. 09160 . 11980 . 04176 65 . 7 . 1 87 101 . 1
. 1 282 . 15100 . 04496 65 . 7 . 262 55 . 56
. 1649 . 18230 . 04822 65 . 7 . 336 36 . 03
. 03974 . 05729 . 01889 63 . 5 . 0676 243 . 1
. 06624 . 10420 . 04560 63 . 5 . 112 211 . 1
 86

(1) (2) (3) (4} (5) (6)

. 092'73 . 14580 . 06688 63 . 5 .157 158 . 0

.1192 ,.17710 . 07794 63 . 5 . 202 111.4
. 09843 .15620 . 07292 64 . 2 .177 1 52 . 9
.164 1 . 25000 . 11652 64 . 2 . 294 87 . 91
. 2297 . 31250 .12886 64 . 2 . 414 49 . 64

Plate ·No . 8 - wi_L =2 - Lifiht oil

.09329 .03 125 . 0 1353 62 . 6 . 21 3 128.3
.1555 . 05208 . 02040 62 . 6 . 355 69 . 60
. 2177 .07292 . 0281 2 62 . 6 . 497 48 . 95
. 2799 ,. 0833:3 . 02377 62 . 6 . 640 25 . 04
. 05441 . 01042 . 00142 63 ,. 2 .127 39 . 54
.09068 . 02083 . 00371 63 . 2 .• 213 37 . 24
. 1270 . 03125 . 00597 6:3 . 2 . 298 30 . 54
.1632 . 04167 . 00827 63 ..2 ,. 383 25 . 62
.1343 . 04467 . 01475 62 . 7 . 308 67 . 46
. 2238 . 06771 . 02075 62 . 7 . 512 34 .18
. 3134 . 09375 . 02667 62 . 7 . 716 22 . 40
,. 4029 .11460 . 02748 62.7 . 922 13.97

Plate No . 8 - Haa!I oil

. 05496 . 05208 . 00204 65 . 6 . 055 54 . 88
.0 9160 . 07292 65 . 6 . 0918
. 1282 .10420 65 . 6
. 03974 ,.03646 -­ 63 . 5
.128
. 0338 -­
. 06624
.09273
. 09843
.1641
. 06250
. 07292
. 09375
.16150
-­
. 00390

. 01843
,.02802
63 . 5
63 . 5
64 .. 2
64 . 2
. 0562
. 0788
. 0885
.147
-­
72 . 21

87 . 47
84 . 59
. 2297 . 21870 . 03506 64 . 2 .207 54 . 02
. 2953 . 26040 . 02664 64 . 2 . 265 24 . 84

Plata No . 9 ... W/ L • l - Li ght oil

. 09329 ,.0'7 292 . 05520 62 . 6 ,. 852 65 . 44
.1555 .12 500 . 09332 62 . 6 1.420 39 . 80
. 2177 .15620 .11140 62 . 6 1.988 24 . 25
. 2799 .16670 .10714 62 . 6 2 . 560 14.11
. 05441 . 04167 . 03267 63 . 2 . 508 113.9
. 09068 . 06771 . 05059 63 . 2 . 852 63 . 47
. 1270 . 08333 . 05805 63 . 2 1 .1 92 37 .12
.1632 . 09375 . 06035 63 . 2 1.532 23 . 38
.1343 . 10420 ,. 07728 62 . 7 1.232 44 .19
. 2238 .16670 . 11974 62 .7 2 . 048 24 . 66
. 3134 . 22920 .16212 62 .7 2 . 864 17.03
 87

( l) (2} (3) (4) ( 5) (6)

Plate No . 9 - !Ieavy oil

• . 05496 . 10940 . 05936 65 . 6 . 220 199 ,6
. 09160 . 16150 . 08346 65 . 6 . 367 101.1
. 1282 . 21350 . 10746 65 . 6 . 514 66~41
. 1649 . 28650 . 15242 65 . 6 . 660 56 . 96
. 03974 . 08854 . 05014 63 . 5 . 135 322,7
. 06624 . 13020 . 071 60 63 . 5 . 225 1 65 . 8
. 09273 .17190 .-09298 63 . 5 . 315 110.0
. 1192 . 21350 . 11434 63 . 5 . 404 81 . 76
.09843 . 21350 . 13022 64 . 2 . 354 136.5
.1641 . 3281 ;19462 64 . 2 . 588 73.43
. 2297 .40100 . 21736 64 . 2 . 828 41 . 8 7

Plate No . 10 - wLL • 1 - LiBht oil

. 09329 . 05208 . 03436 62 . 9 . 648 72.40
. 1555 . 08333 . 05165 62 . 9 1 . 080 39 .17
- 2177 . 10420 . 0 5940 62 . 9 1 . 515 22 . 98
. 2799 .11460 . 05504 62 . 9 1. 944 12 . 88
. 05441 . 03125 . 02225 63 . 6 . 383 137 . 8
. 09068 . 05208 . 03496 63 . 6 . 642 77 . 97
. 1270 . 06250 . 03722 63 . 6 . 899 42 . 31
. 1632 . 06771 . 03431 63 . 6 1.155 23 . 61
. 1343 . 07292 . 04600 62 .7 . 924 46 . 75
. 2238 . 12500 . 07804 62 . 7 1 . 536 28 . 57
. 3134 . 16670 . 09962 62 . 7 2 .148 18 . 61
Plato No . 10 - Heavy oil

. 05496 . 08333 . 03329 65 . 6 . 165 224 . 3

. 091 60 . 12500 . 04696 65 . 6 . 275 101 . 1
.1282 .16670 .06066 65 . 6 . 385 66 . 66
. 1649 . 19790 . 06382 65 . 6 . 495 42 . 40
. 03974 . 06771 . 02931 63 . 5 . 101 335 . 4
. 06624 . 09896 . 04036 63 . 5 . 169 166 . 1
. 09273 . 13540 . 05648 63 . 5 .236 118 . 7
. 1192 .16670 . 06759 63 . 5 . 303 85 . 66
.09843 .15600 . 07272 64 . 2 . 266 13 5 . 6
.164 1 . 25000 . 11652 64 . 2 . 441 78.15
. 2297 . 33330 .14966 64 . 2 . 621 51 . 25

Plate No . 11 - wLL : 1 - L1f3ht oil

. 09329 . 04167 . 02395 62 . 6 . 426 113 . 5
.1555 . 06250 . 03082 62 . 6 . 710 52 . 59
 88

(1) (2) (3 ) (4) ( 5) ( 6)

. 2177 . 09375 . 04895 62 . 6 . 994 42 . 62

. 2799 . 10420 . 04464 62 . 6 1 . 280 23 . 51
. 05441 . 02083 . 01183 63 . 2 . 254 164 . 9
. 09068 . 02604 . 00892 63 . 2 . 426 44 . 76
. 1270 . 04167 . 01639 63 . 2 . 596 41 . 92
. 1632 . 05208 . 01868 63 . 2 . 766 28 . 93
. 1343 . 04687 . 01 995 62 . 7 . 616 45 . 61
. 2238 . 08854 . 04158 62 . 7 1 . 024 34 . 25
. 3134 . 11980 . 05272 62 . 7 1 . 432 22 . 15
. 4029 . 14060 . 05348 62 . 7 1 . 844 13.59

Plate No . 11 - Heavy oil

. 05496 . 05729 . 00725 65 . 6 . 110 97 . 52

. 0 9160 . 09375 . 01571 65 . 6 . 184 76 .10
. 1282 . 11980 . 01376 65 . 6 . 257 34 . 00
. 1649 . 14580 . 01172 65 . 6 . 330 17 . 52
. 03974 . 05729 . 01889 63 . 5 . 0676 486 . 3
. 06624 . 0781 2 . 01952 63 . 5 . 112 180 . 8
. 09273 . 09896 . 02004 63 . 5 .157 94 . 5
. 1192 . 10940 . 01034 63 . 5 . 202 29 . 57
. 0 9843 . 11460 . 03132 64 . 2 . 177 131 . 4
. 1641 .17710 . 04362 64 . 2 . 294 65 . 82
. 2297 . 24480 . 06116 64 . 2 . 414 47 . 12
. 2953 . 30730 . 07354 64 . 2 . 530 34 . 28

Plate No. 12 - W/ L • 1 - Light oil

. 09329 . 03125 .01353 62 . 6 . 213 256 . 6

.1555 . 04167 . 00999 62 . 6 . 355 68 . 17
. 2177 . 05208 . 00728 62 . 6 . 497 25 . 35
. 2799 . 06250 . 00294 62 . 6 . 640 6 . 19
. 05441 . 01042 . 00142 62 . 9 . 125 7 9 . 18
. 09068 . 02083 . 00371 62 . 9 . 210 74 . 48
. 1270 . 03125 . 00597 62 . 9 . 294 61 . 09
. 1632 . 04167 . 00827 62 . 9 . 377 51 . 25
. 1343 . 031 25 . 00433 62 . 7 . 308 39 . 62
. 2238 . 05208 . 00512 62 . 7 . 512 16 . 86
. 3134 . 07292 . 00584 62 . 7 . 716 9 . 81
. 4029 . 08333 62 .7 . 922
 89

DENSITY AND VISCOSITY C LIBRATION

TABLE VI

rependence of Denaitx on Temperature

Temp . • °F Density-lb.m/cu.ft.

Light oil {SAE 140)

60 .0 56 . 2
61 . 4 56 . 2
63 . 6 56 .1
65 . 8 56 .0

Heavy oil (SAE 250)

63 . 4 57 .0
65 .8 57 .0
66 .7 56 . 9
 90

, ' I ! .. J. .. . .--_1---1--+
- __L-9---r--+--,:--- ·:-,·--.-
. 1'\._
. _· . . .
. : : :·· . ' .. .
:· :· r ' ·::~_.;...:·+·~-+-+-4---+-l
~~ ~ :. . . .:. ;·.: ··: ::1 ..;:,.· ..

I
-· .. :. .
_c· "': --+···.
j t-.-+~-:' . ·,:
i
·: :
!·1 .. . .
~t ~:..,.....~!-'-: ':. I·.· D-.'­
· ·: :" . ';.!, •, .• :.: ,·h
. -~ ;. . ,'· .:• ....., ·.; .· .
I.:J··!--;-:-, · ' ,
.-­
· ,,D iJ · ,. ·, ::,.; ,'·

DEPENDENCE OF VISCOSITY ON
TEMPERATURE- LlGHT OIL

FIGURE 18
 i' .
t~ . . ,,, .ir :••; ,.·
... H

..
,
- ~ -
ii'' .. '!li
.

*
I , .....
.v
'-+- -- H-+-c+--f=t-4-+-+~~---+--1- -+-+- --:- -~-- ~ - ~"-"" ~-.+-+-~:.,..·.+· --+.:.:J-_-:f',:..,.:,,:+-c,,-1]'.. ­-+-+-i~-'--1·-,
0
-,L... -'-'- l-+-+++...;..1-1-~ --t~--1-
--~- ~+-· j----:- -~ ,-i- -1-~ -·,. ,-:.·~--+-'-f'-+-+- ~.-- h
1:-+-+-t-+-+--1-+-t-+- L .. ~~ : --~ +- I.·.+,-,
-1- f,~ ----:---t- i­ r .
. T -, --'- r- -~- -,l·-;-- ' -~-~- T .. .po.;..d---l>-1-'-'+-t-+-+-+-t------r·-i
, J , -......1
I
·+-- :~ .e
1
+-- --+- +-+rH-r~'1
I , I
~-~~ 3 t- - . ~- "". -. 6!5 +-
~-
-f- - e1-l --- -· -+-+~•a+;_,_~J·,
i~-t-f-
1 ..

: l ·'
I c.....Lt
-.-­
DEPENDENCE OF VISCOSITY ON TEMPERATURE
HEAVY OIL
FIGURE 19
 92

SAMPLE CA LCULATI ONS

1. Calculation of Drag Force on the Wire

Example : l-in ch sphere (62 . 4°)

1.29 rev ./sec .
3/4 in . pulley
Li ght oil
Velocity - 0 . 196 ft . x 1 . 29 rev . : 0 . 254 ft ,/sec .
rev . sec .
Density - 56 .1 lb.m
cu . ft .
Viscosity • 2 , 06 lb,m
ft .-seo . (Figure 18 )
Diameter - 0 . 0833 ft .
Reynolds number ­
~a 0 , 0833 ft .(. 254 ft ./sec ,)( 56 .1 lb.m) : 0 , 576
.A 2 .06 l b . m
ft 3.
ft.-sec.
Tota l measured force including weight - 0 .156 lb .

Wt . of ball - !( 485- 56 lb.m)(l ft .) 3 : 0 .130 lb .

6 3 12
ft .
Measured drag force on sphere - 0 .156 - 0 . 130 : 0 . 026 lb .

fd (Stokes) - o . ~~S : 41 . 6

Force (Stokes ) ­
2
41 . 6 (56.1 lb . m/ft . 3 )(0 . 254 ft ./sec . t(0 . 00545 ft .) :
2(32 . 2 lb .m ft ./lb . f sec.2

o . ol29 lb.f
 93

Drag force on wire - 0 . 026 lb . - 0 . 0129 lb . : 0 . 0131 lb .

for
F ow)

Example : 4 11 l cylinder, 1/2" dis. .,

0 . 4751 rev./sec .
3/4" pulley
Light oil
Ve locity - (Same method as part 1) : 0 . 09329 ft ./se c.
Density • 56 . 1 lb .m/cu . ft .

Viscosity - 2 . 05 l b . m/ ft . -sec . (Figure 18 )

Diameter - 0 . 0417 ft .
Reyno l ds number - (Same method as part 1) : 0 .105
Measured drag force - 0 . 02083 lb .
Correction force f or wire (Figure 9 ) : 0 . 00886 lb .
Drag force on cylinder - 0 . 02083 1b .-0 . 00886 lb . : 0 . 01197
lb .
fd - o . 01197 l b . r ( 32 . 2 lb.mft ./lb . rsec~}(2)
2
( 56 .1 lb. /cu.rt.) (0 . 09329 ft ./sec .) (0.01389 ft . 2 ):
m

113 . 5

3 . Ca lcul ati on of Dra'

Coefficient for Flat Plate - arallel Flow

Example: 1 in . 1 ., 4 in . w, (62 . 4° )
0 . 4751 rev ./sec .
3/ 4 u pulley
Li ght oil
 94

Ve locity - (Same as part 2) : 0 . 09329 ft . /s e e .

Density - 56 . 1 lb . / cu . ft .
m
Viscosity - 2 . 06 l b . m/ft . - s ec . (Fi gure 18 )
Length - 0 . 0833 ft .
Reynolds nutlber - (Same method as par t l ) : 0 . 212
Measure d drag force - 0 . 02083 lb .
Correction force for wire - 0 . 00886 lb . (Fi gure 9 )
Corre ction force for ed ge effect ­
3 . 2(0 . 09329 ft . /sec . ){0 , 0833 ft.)(2 . 06 l b . m)
2
= 0 , 00159 lb .
(32 . 2 lb . ft . /lb. sec . ) ft . -sec .
m f

Drag force on plate ­

0 . 02083 lb . - 0 . 00886 lb . - 0 . 00159 lb . = 0 . 01038 l b.
fd - 0.01038 (2} (32 . 2 lb. mft ./lb.fsec . 2 )

( 56 . 1 lb . / cu . ft .)( 0 . 09329 ft . /sec . ) ( 0 . 055~6

2
ft . 2 )
--
m

24 . 6