Principles of Composite Materials - Gibson

PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITE
MATERIAL MECHANICS
PRINCIPLES
OF COMPOSITE
MATERIAL
MECHANICS
Ronald F. Gibson
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Wayne State University
Detroit, Michigan
McGraw-Hill, Inc.
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PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL MECHANICS
Copyright 0 1994 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States
of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part
of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or
stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the
publisher.
234567890DOCDOC90987654
ISBN O -07-023451-5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gibson, Ronald F.
Principles of composite material mechanics/Ronald F. Gibson.
cm.-(McGraw-Hill series in mechanical engineering)
(Mc&aw-Hill series in aeronautical and aerospace engineering)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN o-07-02345 l-5
1. Composite materials-Mechanical properties. I. Title.
II. Series. III. Series: McGraw-Hill series in aeronautical and
aerospace engineering.
TA418.9.C6G53 1994
620.1. ’ 1892-dc20 93-22119
ABOUT THE AUT-HOR
Ronald F. Gibson is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Director

of the Advanced Composites Research Laboratory at Wayne State
University. Dr. Gibson received his B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineer-
ing from the University of Florida, his M.S. in Mechanical Engineering
from the University of Tennessee, and his Ph.D. in Mechanics from the
University of Minnesota. He has held full-time faculty positions at Iowa
State University, the University of Idaho, and Wayne State IJniversity,
and visiting faculty positions at the University of Florida and Michigan
State University. He has been a Development Engineer for Union
Carbide Corporation and a Summer Faculty Fellow at the NASA
Langley Research Center.
Dr. Gibson is an active member of numerous professional societies,
including the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American
Society for Composites, the American Society for Testing and Materials,
the Society for Experimental Mechanics, and the Society for the
Advancement of Material and Process Engineering. He has been the
recipient of the Hetenyi Award for Best Research Paper of the Year
from the Society for Experimental Mechanics and the College of
Engineering Outstanding Faculty Award from the University of Idaho.
The results of his research have been published in numerous scholarly
articles and presented at a variety of national and international meetings.
vii
To MY WIFE Mary Anne,
MY DAUGHTER Tracy,
AN D THE MEMORY OF MY PARENTS,
Jim and Lora Gibson

PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITE
MATERIAL MECHANICS
INTRODUCTION 21
FIGURE 1.19
Filament wound composite power transmission shaft. (Cour~sy of Ford Motor Company.
Research StaJ)
1.4 FABRICATION PROCESSES

Although this book is concerned primarily with mechanics of composite
materials, it is essential for the reader to know how these materials are
made. This is because with composites, we design and build not only the
structure, but also the structural material itself. The selection of a
fabrication process obviously depends on the constituent materials in the
composite, with the matrix material being the key (i.e., the processes for
polymer matrix, metal matrix, and ceramic matrix composites are
generally quite different). In this brief summary of fabrication processes
EFFECllVE MODUL, OF A CONTlNUOlJS FIBER-REINFORCED LAMINA 79
The parallel combination of subregions A and B is now loaded by a

transverse normal stress and the procedure of Sec. 3.2.1 is followed in
order to find the effective transverse modulus of the RVE. The result, of
course, is the rule of mixtures analogous to Eq. (3.20):
(3.48)
Substitution of Eqs. (3.46) and (3.47) in Eq. (3.48) then gives the final
result
A similar result may be found for G,,. The detailed derivation in

Ref. [3.11] also includes the effect of a fhird phase, a fiber/matrix
interphase material, which is assumed to be an annular volume surround-
ing the fiber. Such interphase regions exist in many metal matrix [3.11]
and polymer matrix [3.12] composites. When the fiber diameter is equal
to the interphase diameter, the equation for E2 in Ref. [3.11] reduces to
Eq. (3.49) above. The complete set of equations for effective moduli of
the three-phase model are given in Ref. [3.11].
In separate publications Chamis [3.13,3.14] presented the so-called
“simplified micromechanics equations” (SME), which are based on this
same method of subregions, except that only the terms for subregion B
(see Fig. 3.5) are retained. Thus, the simplified micromechanics equation
for E2 would be the same as that for ES2 in Eq. (3.47), and similar
equations for the other effective moduli are given in Refs. [3.13] and
[3.14]. Also included in these references are tables of fiber and matrix
properties to be used as input to the SME, and these tables are
reproduced here in Tables 3.1 and 3.2. It is important to note that in such
tables the transverse fiber modulus, Ef2, and the longitudinal fiber shear
modulus, Gfr2, are not actually measured but are inferred by substitution
of measured composite properties and matrix properties in the SME. The
inferred properties show that fibers such as graphite and aramid are
highly anisotropic, whereas glass and boron are essentially isotropic.
Similar back-calculations of anisotropic fiber properties using other
analytical models have been reported by Kriz and Stinchcomb [3.15] and
by Kowalski [3.16]. More recently, direct measurement of fiber transverse
moduli has been reported by Kawabata [3.17]. Kawabata’s measure-
ments, based on transverse diametral compression of single graphite and
aramid fibers, show even greater anisotropy than the inferred properties
in Tables 3.1 and 3.2. However, Caruso and Chamis [3.18] have shown
that the SME and the corresponding tables of properties give results .
which agree well with three-dimensional finite element models, as shown
MECHANICAL TESTING OF COMPOSITES AND THEIR CONSTITUENTS 415
in Composite Laminates by the Use of Damping Capacity Measurements,” Role of

Interfaces on Material Damping, 79-93,
ASM International, Materials Park, OH
(1985).
10.77. Mantena, R., Gibson, R. F., and Place, T. A., “Damping Capacity Measurements of
Degradation in Advanced Materials,” SAMPE Quarterly, 17(3), 20-31 (1986).

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What are some of the fabrication processes discussed for composite materials?

What analytical model is discussed for determining effective moduli of continuous fiber-reinforced laminates?

PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITE

PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL MECHANICS

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ronald F. Gibson is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Director

AN D THE MEMORY OF MY PARENTS,

Jim and Lora Gibson

1.4 FABRICATION PROCESSES

The parallel combination of subregions A and B is now loaded by a

A similar result may be found for G,,. The detailed derivation in

in Composite Laminates by the Use of Damping Capacity Measurements,” Role of

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