A Literature Review On Global Occupational Safety and Health Practice & Accidents Severity
A Literature Review On Global Occupational Safety and Health Practice & Accidents Severity
A Literature Review On Global Occupational Safety and Health Practice & Accidents Severity
ISSN 1800-6450
Kassu Jilcha 1
Daniel Kitaw A LITERATURE REVIEW ON GLOBAL
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
PRACTICE & ACCIDENTS SEVERITY
Article info:
Received 08.01.2016
Abstract: This literature review focuses on researches
Accepted 27.05.2016
undertaken since 1980s onwards. The purpose of the study is
UDC – 343.532 to identify existing gaps on workplace safety and health
DOI – 10.18421/IJQR10.02-04 management and propose future research areas. The review
adds value to existing electronic database through integration
of researches’ results. To identify existing gaps, a systematic
literature review approach has been used. The reviews were
undertaken through keywords and safety related topics. In the
literature, various characteristics of workplace safety and
health problems were found emanating from the lack of
operational activities of the employees, internal working
environment and external environment those impose hazards
on employee temporarily, permanently and on working
environments. The integration of multidisciplinary approaches
and collaborative model of hub and peripheral industries to
protect workplace safety hazards to develop multilevel model
has been undermined in many researches. The other face of
finding is that knowledge transfer mechanism and industrial
topology factors are left. Some researches finding showed that
they have focused on single problems related to health and
health factors leaving universal improving workplace safety.
In general, this literature reviews compare various studies
output based on their research method and findings to fills gap
and add value to a body of knowledge.
Keywords: Occupational safety and health, safety culture,
safety climate, safety management systems, manufacturing
industries, collaboration, Ethiopia
279
regions for different industries (Dejoy and variables in relation to the exhibition of safe
Southern, 1993). Ahonen et al. (2002) argue work behavior and occurrence of individual-
that different international and national level accidents, injuries, illnesses, and
safety standards provide guidance to help diseases. In order to understand the
organizations develop their safety inadequacies of previous review works, this
management systems (SMS) with respect to research attempts to provide systematic
varied business needs and requirements. literature review on OSH focusing
Despite the fact that people are working and manufacturing industries operation
spend most of their working hours at the perspective. Specifically, the objectives of
workplace, little attention and resources are this literature review are to describe the
accorded to health and safety at work nature of OSH depending on year of
(Michaels et al., 1985). In emerging publication, research contexts, and suggest
economies, workplace safety and health has future research opportunities for each
been overlooked in their industrial research domain of OSH. It also gives
development policy and strategies. They are information to any researchers who need to
mostly focused on the production volume or conduct further studies by refereeing to the
profit undermining the latent effect of identified gaps. Besides this, it adds data to
dissatisfactory working environment. For the scientific electronic database. This study
instance, in Ethiopia, there was no contains the following remaining sections:
workplace safety and health related stringent second section material & methodology,
policy standing alone for the manufacturing third section literature review, fourth section
industries. When it is focused on the results and discussions and last section deals
workplace safety and health it is to mean that with conclusion.
there should be both rules of effective
resource utilization and safe workplace 2. Material and methodology
environment for employees where their
health is considered and insured. Safe Search strategy: Electronic databases
workplaces are profitable workplaces, searched included in MEDLINE (through
whether measured in a company’s bottom PUBMED) EMBASE, Sociological
line, its market share, its broader consumer abstracts, LILACS, EconLit and CINAHL.
reputation, or its ability to attract and retain The search was limited to publication dates
workers, managers, or investors. Healthy from 1980s to 2015s. However, the major
people are expected to contribute more to consideration falls in this range of durations,
productivity and innovation. However, the other which is basic for this desertion has
absenteeism from workplace site causes been also included beyond this interval rage.
productivity loss (Michaels et al., 1985). But they are limited in number as there was
This literature review study helps in finding no more consideration for OSH before
gaps in previous researches on workplace 1980s. Searching mechanism used keywords
safety and health management system from a were used in terms of reflecting OSH
variety of disciplines. The purpose of gap practice in the global condition. The terms
identification is to propose the area which reflecting OSH included like workplace
needs further study toward the improvement safety, safety management system,
of workplace safety and health. Some of the relationship between safety and quality,
gaps were undeveloped multilevel model quality and safety, workplace health,
that affects individual, organizational and industrial health, industrial safety,
national safety performance and safety and occupational safety, employee health, safety,
health outcomes. In addition to these, work, health, manufacturing safety, working
absence of cross-level linkages among environment, safety committee, and
national, organizational, and individual-level workplace. More than these key terms were
Figure 2 indicates that categorical fourth are lean and innovation, knowledge
distribution of research domain (areas) transfer related studies with technology
related to safety & health based on research diffusion (11.52%), safety management
areas. The major areas of previous research system and safety culture (climate) models
works focus on assessment and model related (10.53%) and others like cost related
development of safety (25.00%) takes the researches are the major areas under which
maximum share and the second, third and most studies were conducted.
281
Figure 2. Distribution of Researches Based on research areas
283
and Partanen, 2001; O’Neill, 2000; (Ashford and Caldart, 1996). The traditional
Christiani et al., 1990). A striking workplace-oriented occupational health has
characteristic of occupational health in the proven to be insufficient in the developing
industrialized world, and a message world, and tangible progress in occupational
frequently disseminated in developing health can be achieved only by linking
countries, is the contribution of science to occupational health to the broader context of
progress in occupational health through data social justice and national development
collection, ongoing assessment of problems, (Swuste and Eijkemans, 2002; Joubert, 2002;
and innovative technological solutions Michaels et al., 1985; Mendes, 1985).
The fatality rate in Sub-Saharan African and Stallworthy, 1998). Hence, majority of
countries is 21/100, 000 workers and the African countries have poor health and
accident rate is 16,000/100,000 workers safety culture (RCAR, 2004). The study
(Takala, 1999). In Sub-Saharan African conducted in Tago (Nigeria) found that the
countries about 54,000 fatal and nature of work environment and the
approximately 42 million occupational experience about work environment has a
accidents happen annually that results at great share on low productivity and in
least 3 days absence from work of every developing countries safety management and
workers. In Ethiopia, the fatal occupational measurement is at its infancy (Alkilani et al.,
accidents rate is 5,596 per year with a 2013; Goldstein et al., 2001). Although the
fatality rate of 21.5/100,000 workers and an positive impact of healthy workplaces on
accident rate of 16,426/100,000 workers growth is well known, some companies,
(Takala, 1999) regardless of its poor small enterprises and organizations are still
reporting culture and availability of data facing challenges in adopting preventive
accuracy. Accordingly, if people are not measures of the working place hazards. Most
safety conscious, then no amount of of African countries are noted for poor
gadgetry, fail safe devices and back up occupational health and safety practices
alarms can ensure their safety (Kharbanda (Gyekye 2010).
285
3.2. Safety culture and climate internal, characteristics called as culture.
Culture is defined as the ways of thinking,
The terms ‘safety culture’ and ‘safety behaving and believing that members of a
climate’ are often used interchangeably to social unit have in common (Rousseau,
refer to similar concepts (Bentley and 1988; O’Connor et al., 2011; Glendon and
Tappin, 2010). Safety climate is essentially a Litherland, 2001; Cooper, 2000; Olsen,
snapshot of the safety culture, which, unlike 2010). Culture can be static (unchanging
safety culture, is relatively unstable and value held by organization) and dynamic
subject to change (Wiegmann et al., 2004; (how the organization operates, type of work
cited in Bentley and Tappin, 2010). Safety process it feels comfortable with). Social and
climate described as a superficial construct, cultural differences between countries in
comprising the attitudes and beliefs of working conditions and employment
workers, which guide their subsequent structure can also affect workers exposure to
behavior (Bentley and Tappin, 20110). risk as well as health outcomes.
Every organization has some common
Table 2. Different characteristic and definition of safety culture and climates by different
authors
Definition of Safety culture Definition of Safety climate
the sub-facet of organizational safety culture Organizational safety climate as the shared perceptions
that is thought to affect members’ attitudes [among members of an organization] with regard to
and behavior in relation to an organization’s safety policies, procedures and practices (Zohar, 2008)
ongoing health and safety performance
(Cooper, 2000)
the system of shared values and beliefs about Safety climate, on the other hand, can be seen as a
health and safety which create behavioral temporary ‘state’ of an organization that is changeable,
norms which guide health and safety activities depending on the prevailing organizational and
in the enterprise’ (Kaluza et al., 2012) environmental conditions (Wiegmann et al., 2004)
Safety culture can be viewed as an enduring Safety climate is the construct most commonly
characteristic of an organization (analogous to measured in studies of organizations, with
trait or personality) that is reflected in its psychometric survey items usually related to
ongoing safety activity and priorities perceptions of a range of organizational indicators of
(Wiegmann et al., 2004). safety culture, including management commitment,
communications between management and employees
and environmental conditions (Zohar, 1980)
Five global components or indicators of safety A Safety Climate survey provides a snapshot of the
culture, including: ‘organizational organization’s culture in relation to safety (HSE, 2015;
commitment’, ‘management involvement’, Huang et al., 2012)
‘employee empowerment’, ‘reward Systems’
and ‘reporting systems’ (Wiegmann et al.,
2004).
An organization’s culture can have as big an A safety climate is the sum of employees’ shared
influence on safety outcomes as the safety perceptions of the policies, procedures, and practices
management system. 'Safety culture' is a relating to safety in their work environment (Huang et
subset of the overall organizational or al., 2006).
company culture. Many companies talk about
'safety culture' when referring to the
inclination of their employees to comply with
rules or act safety or unsafely (HSE, 2015).
Safety culture has its own characteristics and The evolution of safety culture recognized as
indicators. This characteristics and indicators no interest (Pathological), reactive,
are the elements for workplace safety and calculative, preventive (proactive) and
health improvements. The researchers generative phase. The author introduced
identified this safety culture characteristics predictive method on the evolutionary safety
and indicators as key issues of successful culture model developed by Hudson (2001).
workplace hazards management tools. Their Nowadays, the evolution is considered to be
detail characteristics elements and indicators at the stage of human behavior as safety
are shown in Table 3. characteristic is dynamic and it varies from
When researchers come to safety culture, time to time depending on the developmental
they agree that there is an evolving change in stages of the economy.
different eras of safety culture development.
287
Table 3. Safety Culture characteristics and indicators
Characteristic Indicators
Commitment Management concern, perception of importance of safety, prioritization of safety,
safety procedures and requirements & personal involvement and responsibility for
safety
Behaviour Employee behaviour with respect to safety, mutual expectations and encouragement,
job satisfaction & adequate equipment
Awareness Attitude towards unreported hazards, awareness of job induced risk & concern for
safety
Adaptability Pro-activity to prevent negative happenings, actions with respect to negative
happenings & employee input
Information Availability of information, communication of work related information, training,
safety issues reporting system, willingness to use the reporting system, consequences of
safety reports, communication of safety related information & information exchange
about safety issues
Justness Evaluation of safety related behaviors, perception of evaluation & Passing of
responsibility
In Figure 6 safety characteristics model has such type of safety model development;
been seen. Here Cooper (2000) has there is absence of considering the external
developed a safety culture model with three environment and inter-collaborative bodies’
interdependent dimensions (environment, role in the safety improvement culture.
person, and behavior). However, there is
In a similar vein Goh et al. (2012) have it needs further research on the hybridization
expressed doubts about the effectiveness of of quality management system (QMS),
OHSMS. Table 4 shows that the environmental management system (EMS),
commonality and difference between QMS, knowledge management system (KMS), and
MS and SMS in any organization trend. Here safety management system (SMS).
289
Table 4. Commonality and difference between Management systems
Commonality among Difference among QMS, EMS,SMS
QMS, EMS,SMS
System requirement Aim
System documentation o QMS aims toward customer satisfaction
Verification o EMS aims toward environmental protection, pollution prevention &
Auditing promoting social economic harmony
Conformity o SMS aims toward occupational risks control to improve safety and
Continuous health related performance
improvements EMS focus on environmental protection and energy conservation
Prevention (Matias and while SMS focus on creating and maintaining safe environment
Coelho, 2002) while protecting and maintaining the good health of the workers
Leadership They possess different traditional mode of operation (Gallagher et
(management al., 2001b)
responsibility) o Logics of managerial control (QMS)
Management of o Logics of accountability and state control (EMS)
resources o Logic of interest representation and bargaining (SMS)
Management of In terms of Implementation
process o QMS applied 100% voluntarily
System o EMS partly voluntarily and partly obligated by legal demands
implementation There is no ISO standards for SMS at present of the two MS. SMS
Monitoring and standards are not globally accepted but QMS standards are easily
measuring adopted (Matais and Coelho, 2002)
Deming principle
(PDCA)
Figure 8. Key elements of successful health and safety management (HSE, 2008)
291
competitive globe, workplace safety training question “how”. In general, they only found
has not been considered yet as essential issue accidents causing factors on the occupational
of the development. From this study, it is safety and health conditions. Therefore, it
grasped that developing countries put needs to develop holistic improvement
policies in place in white and black in the approaches that impact the workplace safety
office without execution plan. This may also and health positively. The overall study of
the result of the globe failed to build ISO this paper discusses some of the following
related to safety like that of quality and gaps.
environment. Environmental Management System, Quality
Management System, Safety Management
4. Result and discussion System and Knowledge Management
System were found to be undermined in the
In the previous literature review discussion previous studies. The first three mainly
section, many research gaps were identified. considered in few studies referring to quality
It was found that manufacturing industries management system (ISO 9000),
have two opposite prospective factors toward environmental management system (ISO
the development. One is the economy driver 14001) and occupational health and safety
and the other is hazard creators on workers. management system (OHSAS 18001) (Fan et
As studies summarized based on their al., 2014). They also added that OHSAS
methodologies, objectives and finding or 18001 is a voluntary OHS management
conclusion, workplace safety has given less system certification introduced in 1999. The
consideration being an issue of globe. The main motivations of integrating management
summery shows that many studies lack systems are to optimize and unify the audits
integration of different disciples and (both internal and external), reduce
management systems (See appendix 1 and documentation and bureaucracy and saving
2). For instance, all the studies being time (Salomone, 2008 cited in Fan et al.,
conducted in Ethiopia considered case 2014). When integrating the management
companies at different location with almost systems firms face difficulties such as lack
the same methodology of the study. Their of human resources, integration guidelines
studies’ objectives, data analysis, research and compatibility among the systems (De
finding results, target industries (textile and Oliveira and Coelho, 2002; Di fan et al.,
garment), recommendations and their 2014), higher cost of simultaneous systems
conclusion more or less similar. Their adoption and change in systems due to
intention was also on the identification of operations change (Fan et al., 2014). The
workplace hazards and accidents causing level of integration is another key focus in
factors. After the identification of the this research domain that needs further
factors, none of them developed integrated studies. Jorgensen et al. (2006) conceptually
systematic models. Almost all of them proposed that there are three levels of
concentrated on medical aspects leaving the integration of the systems, namely, the
working physical environments behind. Few lowest level “corresponding”, the medium
of them raised the safety culture elements, level “coordinated and coherent” and the
management elements and organizational highest level “strategic and inherent”.
cultures (climates), policy and regulations, Bernardo et al. (2010) argued that the
knowledge diffusion and workplace characteristics of the three levels of
innovation characteristics and how to integration through cluster analysis,
approach the hazards in holistic ways. Most empirically. The differences of management
of them had given recommendation saying, system goal, documentation, human
“Special attention has to be given to prevent resources and procedure may determine the
occupational injuries” without answering the levels of integration (Bernardo et al., 2010).
293
this ignorance of multidisciplinary priorities limited to the internal domain of
researches, nowadays occupational safety occupational health. Indeed, workplace
and health is getting worst and becoming interventions such as proper occupational
global issue. hygiene and ergonomic practices have been
The other gaps identified were on safety presented as one of the tools to break the
culture difference. Studies attempted to cycle of poverty, because these improve
identify the largest influential factors on productivity, salaries, and, consequently,
safety culture as management commitment living conditions (O’Neill, 2000; Elgstrand,
and style; employee involvement; training 1985; Khogali, 1982). However, this
and competence; communication; sequence of positive impacts is not clear to
compliance with procedures; and decision makers in most developing
organizational learning (Bentley and Tappin, countries, who still perceive occupational
2010). They also attempted in their study to health as a luxury. Occupational health
see the relationship organizational safety problems in developing countries require
culture, OSH-MS and ergonomics technological innovation (Sass, 2000) plus
intervention. Their relationship is significant institutional and legal
interlocking that each of them imposes developments (LaDou, 2003). Occupational
influences on each other bilaterally. health researchers in developing countries
However, the relationship lacks are not awake up to the potentially negative
consideration of knowledge factors, policy effect of global trade on the health and safety
effort and final goals (strategic plan) of the of poor and marginalized workers
workplace safety improvement approaches. (Loewenson, 2001). The study conducted by
It also overlooks the dynamism of culture Jupp (2010) indicated that existence of
that affects workplace safety negatively policy and research priority at workplace
where it fails to meet that model. safety and health is at its infant stage. There
is no relationship between team innovation
In the literature review it has been found that
climate and organizational culture in
researches results and knowledge diffusion
improving workplace safety. Hence, more
has been considered loosely. Knowledge
researches are required in developing
transfer mechanism to workplace safety has
countries than developed countries.
not also been properly stated in literatures.
How knowledge diffusion is undertaken In the previous studies it was also found that
among organization in line with horizontally smaller businesses differ from their larger
or vertically flows. The workplace safety counterparts in having higher rates of
management system needs to employee occupational injuries and illnesses and fewer
information flow peer-to-peer, vertical to resources for preventing those losses. These
vertical, horizontal to horizontal, peripheral researchers identified that economic
to peripheral organization. The study also constraints are the basic problem of small
found that policy development and continual and medium enterprise. This needs OSH
training approaches are challenges. Zohar initiators at countrywide or enterprise wise
(2010) pointed out that safety policies, with available resources. The overlooked
procedures and practices can be interpreted area of this theme is that how to cope the
differently at different hierarchical levels in challenges exist within this shortage of
an organization. The perceived safety resource in the small business enterprises
climate can therefore depend upon an (manufacturing industries). It is true in the
individual’s position within a company developing countries more of the infancy
(Zohar, 2010). Hence, it requires further stage of industries are micro and small
study. enterprises where high accident rate may
recorded even though accident recording
Researchers conducted studies focusing on
culture is yet infant. Raymond et al.
295
economic results, presence of geographical to further researches to reach on
delocalized activities, and workers consolidated study’s findings. Developing
participation (Podgorski, 2015). While countries should establish safety and health
researches conducted on workplace safety policy while developing industrial expansion
and health spans across disciplines in strategies at the same time as it has been
medicine, public health, engineering, proved from the studies null. Workplace
psychology and business, researches to date safety and health improvement and
have not adopted a multilevel theoretical development cannot be achieved by
perspective that integrates theoretical issues individual researcher but with all
and findings from various disciplines. Most organization members, government, in
of the researches finding results spin around collaboration with universities, research and
health matter by the medical professionals in development institution or top management
spite of engineering controls. It is true that commitment. Comprehensive and
integration of multidiscipline (health matter meticulous research areas in different topics
and engineering controls) is the major gap are very important questions considering the
that exists unconsidered in todays’ research location, economic level, external
areas. The study also ratified that improper environment, employment rate, industrial
resource allocation to the workplace, development trends and social culture for
unavailability of hybridized management developing countries to create awareness to
systems (knowledge, safety, quality, health, the people as the developed countries have
and environment) and weak alliances of done and are doing. There should also be
inter-organizational approaches (external research dissemination channels and media
collaboration of the inter firms) are also (own journals from which researchers or
some challenges those improve the readers easily aces resources playing a big
workplace safety and health if they are taken role in disseminating knowledge) in which
into account. citizens enrich their knowledge.
In general, the authors recommend that
identified gaps and research areas are open
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Dynamics of A system dynamics System the causal loop diagram Goh et al.
safety group model dynamics provides a tool for (2012)
performance and building (GMB) organizations to
culture: A group approach is used to hypothesize the dynamics
model building create a causal loop influencing effectiveness
approach diagram of the of OHS management
underlying factors
influencing the OHS
performance of a
major drilling and
mining contractor in
Australia.
Occupational to evaluate The Positive integration of Podgórski
Health and Safety management investigation was OSHMS and TQM but (2000)
Management in methods applied to conducted in the need more research area
Polish improve working form of to integrate over all MS at
Enterprises conditions in Polish interviews, the enterprise level
Implementing enterprises
TQMS implementing TQM
The Use of Tacit How knowledge reviews literature OSH management system Podgórski
Knowledge in management in on KM (OSH MS) is identified, (2010)
Occupational OSHMS is useful applications in in which knowledge
Safety and Health and integration OSH contributes significantly
Management assessment. to to prevention of
Systems identify and analyses occupational injuries and
KM applications diseases. To date there
has not been any
conceptual model that
would describe and
explain holistically the
role of KM processes
within OSH MS, in
particular those related to
creating, converting and
transferring tacit
knowledge
Different to assess the critical case studies were Results from the current Almeida et
perspectives on success factors carried out based study are highly al. (2014)
management (CSFs) during an on semi- important for
systems integrated structured organizations that plan to
integration management system interviews with implement or integrate
(IMS) the management their management
implementation and system manager subsystems
to identify the
difficulties and
barriers faced by
the organizations
when they
integrate several
management
subsystems, and
the resulting
benefits
Using leading research aims were The study design study argues for Sinelnikov
indicators to to (1) describe the included an continued effort to et al.
measure extent to which OHS expert panel and improve access to (2015)
occupational practitioners a quantitative research and practical
health and safety understand leading survey to explore
performance indicators; (2) the views and
knowledge among
explore experiences of OHS professionals as
organizational OHS well as their executive
practices pertaining practitioners in leaders who seek to
to tracking, relation to demonstrate
analyzing, and leading continuous
applying information indicators improvement of
provided by leading performance
indicators to measurement strategies
improve OHS
performance; and (3)
identify barriers and
factors that enable
the use of leading
indicators
305
Performance To overcome the a Fuzzy an HSE operating Li et al.
assessment shortcomings of Comprehensive performance assessment (2015)
system of health, conventional HSE Evaluation system is designed to
safety and performance (FCE) method is simplify manual and
environment assessment in used in this study complex assessment
based on experts' practical application, by taking process and generate
weights and a combination of experts' weights charts and analysis
fuzzy fuzzy into account reports automatically
comprehensive comprehensive and
evaluation experts' weights
Climate Change To begin such an Literature review Seven categories of Schulte
and Occupational effort, it may be climate-related hazards and Chun
Safety and useful to develop a are identified: (1) (2009)
Health: framework for increased ambient
Establishing a identifying how temperature, (2) air
Preliminary climate change pollution, (3) ultraviolet
Framework could affect the exposure, (4) extreme
workplace; workers; weather, (5) vector-borne
and occupational diseases and expanded
morbidity, mortality, habitats, (6) industrial
and injury transitions and emerging
industries; and (7)
changes in the built
environment. This review
indicates that while
climate change may result
in increasing the
prevalence, distribution,
and severity of known
occupational hazards,
there is no evidence of
unique or previously
unknown hazards
The Relationship to examine how combined role study finds support for a
between employees use theory and social one-factor innovative
innovative work innovative work cognitive theory work behavior and a two-
behavior on work behaviour to achieve with insights factor work role
role performance: performance from the performance. The results
An empirical innovative work show lack of differences
study behaviour and in innovative work
work role behaviour and work role
performance performance based on
literature to gender and education
study employees
in a Malaysian
automotive
organization
307
Tropical Medicine
Volume 2011,
Work related injuries and Kifle et al. To assess the Institution common causes of injury
associated risk factors (2003) prevalence of based cross- were splitting and flying
among iron and steel work related sectional objects, hit by falling
industries workers in injuries and study design, objects and machinery,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, associated risk stratified and Workers were exposed to
Safety Science factors among structured preventable workplace
production questionnaire hazards such as to
Workers, s were used excessive noise, fumes
and dusts and to old and
unguarded machines,
splitting materials and
sparking of metals.
Workers consuming
alcohol during working
days, without spouse,
perceiving their work
highly stressful and not
using personal protective
equipment
Prevalence and factors Tadesse To assess the Institution Most causes of workplace
affecting work-related and Kumie magnitude and based cross- safety were Service
injury among workers (2007) factors sectional duration less than 5 years,
engaged in Small and affecting work study design, working more than 48
Medium-scale industries related injuries stratified and hrs/week, workplace
in Gondar wereda, North structured supervision, sleep
Gondor zone, Amhara questionnaire disorder, job satisfaction,
Regional State, Ethiopia, s were used job categories related to
Ethiopian Journal Of mechanics and welding,
Health Development
Occupational Exposures Sharma et A identifying Workers were suffering
And Related Health al. (2008) questionnaire - potential from shoulder- aches,
Effects Among based survey exposures and back pains, skin related
Construction Workers. was conducted their effects diseases, problems in the
Ethiop. J. Health Biomed on eyes, breathing and noise
Sci. construction irritations.
workers in
Gondar town
of Amhara
region
Predictors of Tafese et to assess the A cross- neck and shoulder
occupational exposure to al. (2014) prevalence and sectional musculoskeletal
neck and shoulder associated risk study, disorders, age group of
musculoskeletal disorders factors of work questionnaire less than 30 years, who
among sewing machine related neck s and had greater than 16 years
operators of garment and shoulder interview of service were about
industries in Ethiopia, musculoskeleta was four times more likely to
l disorders conducted develop neck and
shoulder musculoskeletal
disorders than those who
had short (1–5 years) year
of services, medical
history of systemic
309
310 K. Jilcha, D. Kitaw