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.SNO NNSY 3900/1 COVER (Rev. 1 1-73)

79 os ~~~o 9 -o3s
 DIS C LAIME R NO T IC E

THIS DOCUMENT IS BEST QUALITY

PRACTICABLE. THE COPY F U RNISH E D
T O DDC CONTAINE D A SIGNIFICAN T
NUMBER OF PAGES WH ICH DO NOT
REPRODUCE L EGIBLY.
 jUi 1~~ 1979
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I :.H~’-
I ~ It see~’a tha t the I orfolk N~wy ThM ha s ea r ue
it~ 3lf a reputation for bui1d.i n Wildca t s . Hach of the
~
~i for
crc !i t for th is re~utat ion is due th o Pr .ttern ao-o ; for

I
u n t i l the pr oEcat 5V~iD~~D ?L~11 DI 1SIO ~T8 FOR IL A!r8,
~ ~~
(C & R o. 2 271 ) was developed in 1936 by Mr. W . S.
* were ~ ~ ~
Dawley , the actual shape aM dimensions of the wheip s
l e f t to the discretion of the Pattern Maker. —
~~

-“-In developing the present standard plan , Mr. Dawley

has devised a graphic method of analy in .g the chain notion
~
as the link ,enter end, leave the pocket . lie has estab—
liah ed, variou s contact planes pa ssing through the link
end. the whelp and. by describing the traces of’ a point on
I the link as i t pa u ses along these planes . he has b een able
I to definitely establish the shapes of the pocket and whelp
and to furni sh the Pattern Maker with accurate dimension s
for making the Pattern .
i
This plan , C & R ~ o. 2ll27l~~~ contains a table of ai-
mansions for use by the Pattern Maker in making a pattern
of a Wildcat for various øizos of Nav y Standar d Cast Ste.l
and Di e-Look Stud Link Cable.

i Th. method for developing the pocket and whelp . as

set forth on this drawing may be used, to develop the pock-
et and whelp. for other sites of chain. Bovever ; it woul d
be difficul t for any one to trac. the various step s involv—
ed in the lay out from thi . drawing inless he were familiar
wi th th. method u sed in making the layout .

Th is handbook has been prepared primarily as a guide

‘

• ~

• to und.r.tand.iag the stan dar d. plan , but ’ it 1. possible to

make the complete layout from tb. Information contained
in this book without referrin g to the standard plan .
An attempt has been made to separate and analyse the
• various step s as they occur in th. layout , and to include
I st ~ep1if ted illustr a tions and to foim-ialat . a few m iss to
aid. one in ths maki ng of a similar layout .

I /~~ 7 N~ , (~s~4Af ~ &f ~ r~ 8iJ .N~ S i ~~~~

0364- ~Q
(

I
I
 The Wildcat as w e know it today, has been devetopin.~ from
the early yc-’ra of the n~neteeuth century , when with the in—
creased si~ o of venu~1s it became nccessary to u~ie heavier
anchors, and. chain bo~an to replace rope hawsers.
At first , the chain was hauled in by rope messen~ers and
then attrvpts were made to haul in the chai n by w’rappin,g it
aroun d the c:
~,statn in the cane a~nner as mope . This led to
the desi gn of cap .tains wi th grips to accommo date chain links.

The early att e~pti to construct chain capatains were so

unreliable and un safe that they began to be called. Wildcat e ’.

The dest~ ners or thete early’ Wildcat, were faced with

the baffling problem of irregularities of chain link mites
end it was not until chain manufacturers were able to produce
chains to accurate d.i’een.ionsand having link s of uni fons
l ent ~ths that a scientific approach coul d, be made to the
desi gn of ~i1dt.ats.

Some of th. early Wildcats resembled a wheel having a

sesiloped perimeter . The scallop. were concav e and provided
a hollow po cket to engage the links. A faimlead was located
on either side of the .iildcat and slightly aft of it. The
chain was led around the aft sides of the fa irl oeds and thu s
held taut against the fo rward fac e of the Wildcat .

Other early design s consi st.d of drums with spikes tha t

engaged, alternate link s .

The pres ent American typ e of Wildcat seems to hav• been

developed from an early American patent . This Wildca t had
pointed whelp . that engaged the flat link , and had a hollow
space for the vertical links.

I.,
I
 ‘4

~~ OY WILD~A~~
TTP

There are three typos of Wildcats in general use, and they

nay ~ e d sti - uie. od by the r nes; AL. JCIJI. 7 GL I N an d JTOPZ. .
~ ~ ~ ~
There seaz s to be r. ch confusion as to the appl ication of thecs ~~
names to any specific typ .of Wildca t and they are used moro or
isse vaguely. l owover ; those r es will se rv e a. well as any
~ ~~
for the pu.rpo us of di stingut shi z g among the three gener al types.
~
1. £~LUCA T Tfl1~ (see pe.ge 5)
The Amsri euu typ e of v .ldca t a-ny be di stingui shed by it o
~
poi nt ed aro h typo of whelp cnd its flat pocket bottoras.
The Wildcat described in thi s book t.of this type .
2. JC
~LI.’~B TYP~ ( ese page 6)
The ~.ng1ish type of Wildca t may be di stingu i shed by i t .
point e d, whelp. with strai ght sides aM the pocket botto n s are
curved outward along a radius about the center of the Wildcat .
3. ZJ P.~OPZAN TT1’~ ( see page 7)
The ~ aropean type of W ildcat ii di stingu i shed by i t s con-
cave pocket . which are formed by an approxi mate radius from a
point ot~ sid.e the Wildcat . The whe]ps are formed. by the inter-
sections of the five arcs describin g the pockets .
Although specific Wttt ats of the ‘ nglt sh aM Nuropean
types hav e been rc ~ or t ed by ~ ~
the ships to hav e given rat isfactory
se rv ice . so many Wildcats of these types h ’iv .be’tn complete
~
failures as to lead the authors to the conclusion tha t they are
of a fau lty basic desi gn.
The ‘~ aropean~ type may have evolved fro m the ch*in wheel ,
an d there is a similarity in the shape. of thei r li nk pockets.
However; the chain wheel 1. designed for close link chain in
which the link s ar e ~~ oh shorter and it contains a greater
number of pockets which decreases th. angl e which the link s
as~ume as they enter or leave the pockets.
Unless the flat links are provided with a flat mirface on
which to lie , there is no positive way of deter mining th.
position they will asmime in the pocket . and so , although it
might be possibl e to develop a Wildcat to the correct pitch ,
there can be no assuranc e that the chain viU opera t. along thi s
pitch ,
The pointed arch typ. of whelp permits a pro gr e.sivs
clearanc, between the face of the whelp and contact point on the
link . It is not possible to obtain a pro gr essive clea.rs.nc.
between the link and whelp Laos in eithe r the 1 gli.h or *zropean
~
type of Wildcat, and so , fr .quent ly the links strike th . tips
of th , whelp. .

I
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A 1 iER1CAN TYPE W ILDCAT

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C ~ C~LI~ ; ; TV F W I LDCAT ’
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FIGURE I FIGURE 2
A FL AT LIN.K MOVES A V E R T iC A L LINK M O V E S
A BOUT THE C E N T E R OF ABOUT THE C E N T E R OF
ITS OWN END SECTION . THE END S E C T I O N OF
THE F L A T LINK
P A S S I N G T H R U IT.

F I G U RE 3
A VERTICAL LINK MAY BE C O N S I D E R E D AS CONNECTING
THE TWO FLAT LINKS THAT PASS THRU I T ,AND
THEREBY ESTABLISHING THE DISTANCE BETWE N TH E
RESPECTIVE END SECTIONS OF THE FLAT LINKS. ~~

FIGURE 4
 q

~~~~ R~TIC.
l~ofore ~it t : ’ ~pt ~ rg t o lay out the Wildcat , i t is necescary
to conoidor t hu chain a:id chain ~ ot ~.on upon which the dos ~i(’./~
of the Wii ~ c:~ is baseti .
J~ tho ~~~i t he comoec ~it 1ve 1i~~cr in a chain i~re i c l e nt i c 1 .
it will ba o c ~ ary to r~~~i(r ~J ito b t ~~ cn lir .
~~ that are to
l i e f i at i n t chai n poc t and th ’ link s that connect the
~~ ~~
f].at link.. &s the connccting 1.i ~’~~o ~rs a~ swaed to be in a
ver tical plc r.~t on the l~ you t , they nay be desif,nat od, by the
torn ort ic~J ’ .
T’n us tho term s TMVe rticnl Link~ and. “l’l at Link’s will ho
usad, throug~~ ut the explar.at ion of the layout .
Thea . te nse are ap~ lted. in the anne relation oven thct ’ç~h
the shaft of the Wildcat r~s.y be vertical , in which case the
Yortica].Links~ would actually be operating in a horixontal
po sition.
The chain I s al way s considered to be under tension and
each link equal in length to any other link .
Xach link may be consider ed as movable about the end
section of the flat linka and in a vertical plan e passing
through the longitudi nal axi s of the vertical link s, see
figure . 1, 2 and 3.

CW4IN WB5b.1’P~ D ~i~O~Jfl ~ A h3~&1ULAB POLY&O~

Th. next step is t o co n side r t h e chain wrapped aroun d
som e object of uniform shape , s uch as a regular polygon or a
circle.

~atablish a vertical centerline and. locate a vertical

link on it. (Yig. 1~)
Consider this link to be located at the apex of any
r egular polygon .
Lay &n the adjacent flat link s and th en rotate them until
they are parallel with the upper two sides of the polygon .

~~ tend the centerlines of the end sections of the flat

links . They will int ersect on the vertical centerline of the
polygon.
The longitudi nal centers of the flat links Wi ll occur on
the centers of th. sides of the polygon , and ther efor. deter-
min. the lcn:~th o f t he sides of the polygon about which the
chai n can be vrepped . ( see 71g. 5)
If the fiat link s wore to be made to lie on the side s of
a polygon azach as d escribed above , some pr ov io ion woul d hav e
to be made to permi t the vertical lim ~:s to d rop below the sides.
$o a c~ rculcr groove is provided for thi s purpose.

1
(I

GRoOv ~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~
±
-

1
22
FIGURE 5
T H E L E N G T H OF TH E L I N K DET ER M I N ES TH E
LENGT H OF THE POLYGON SIDE.
SEE PAGE 9

FIGURE 8
A PENTAGON INSCRIBED IN A CIRCLE
SEE PAGE II
 n.

W1fT T:

‘.-~ lc ~cr.ta cou ~~ t a d~ i~~ :..~~’t about virtually c~~’ rc~y l ar

polygon , 1.ut the (;roatar th o r~~ib~ r of a~ de~ , t he l r or the
~ ~
~~~~~~ ~~~~~ h:~v~ t~ be. A ~ ‘~ -~ o fll ~ c~ t w~ U.d ~mt onl y re-
qu i r e h:r o r~ toniai , but the offect ~ vo tur ni n~ ruc ~.~us woul d be
gr eat c :d ~~ uld rc~ qlre n~irc ~.f fo rt ~~ the turnir ~ r~nth1nery .

The ponttt ’~on provide s the n~allest practical cY’.~ ?e about

whi ch the chai n c-a~i be wra~~~ i and un-irc.~.pod under tcnciou .
L.&TI~ G OUT TH~ WILLCE~
In the actual layout cud ~~vel opno nt of t he ‘~Jildcat there
are variou s allowances and corrections that ~nist b~ included,
but they are not presented in the f i rst few explanatory steps.
They will be pre sented as they occur and affect the layout.

TBZ PE TAGON

The first step is to lay off a pentagon.

The else of thi a pentag on will hav e no direct hearing on

the rrr ~-1nder of ~.he leycnxt , ~~ t is used onl y to ent ~ b lla~i the
shape. This pent ~~ on shoul d. be fairly large and. i ts actual
size is a matter of jud gement . If the pentago n is to be in-.
scribed in a circle , a radius ual to the length of the link
plus one diameter may be used .
‘C
( Bee Jig. 6)
Draw a circle and. construct the vertical and horizontal
centerlines . To the right of the vert ical centerlin , locate
point ~o. 1, (? rc&lus fron vertical centerline) . Vi th point
No. 1 as a center , describe an arc havini~ a radius equal to
the distance fror~i mint Uo . 1 t o poin t 1~o . 2 ( i n t un c r o t t on of
vertical centerline and circunferenc.) and intersecting the
horizontal centerline at point ho. 3.

The di stance from point No . 2 to point No. 3 viii be equal

to the length of one side of the pentagon and can be mrk ed
off on the circumference at point No. ~4.

The other four si des may then be marked off on the cm-
cuaf.renoe and any inaøcuracy nay be corrected.

r
 L
II
-—
~~~

I I c2/
2 o NO. 2

~~~

c NO. I
i 1
~~

‘21~~~— CENT E~ O F P ENT A GON

FIGUR E 7

NO.

NO NO.%

FIGURE 8
 )3

Es t abli sh the cent er llc~ s th rou ~th tho sides of the pentai~ou
end pnssiug thr ou.-:h the centcr of the )‘~~ tz~~on . (S~ o flg. 7)

The exact pent a ~gon about which a cert m ~in si zo chain will
wrap iiust be establ i ehod.

¼s must be proj octod together along

To do t h i s , t t. ~’ lin ~
their z’r~vuoctlve vcrtlcal centerlines .

Refer to Figures 7 ea S

A. Consider the centerline through the side of the pentagon

—

as p). r~o being the centerlin e of the fiat link to the nl~ h t of
the apex . This ii: .~ will be considered am link No. 1 through-
out the explanation of the layout .

B. — Consider the vertical centerline of the pentagon as al so

being the vertical centerline of the vertical link . This link
will be considered as link No . 2 throughout the explaxietion of
the layout.

The link to the left of tho apex wilt be considere d a s

i
l nk No . 3.

The overall length of the link will be indicated as

The vine diameter will be indicated as 0D’ .

C. — Locate a point to the nig ~ t of the vertical centerlin , by

a distance equal to (
è L - 1 ~ D ) , Jig. 5.
Project a vertical lin e through thi s point .

The centerline through the upper righ t hand sid, of the

pentagon has be en establish ed. Locate a point to the left of
the centerline by a distanc e equal to L— D

Projeot a line through this point paral l el to th. center-

line of the pentagon side.

These two lines will interse ct at a point which locates

the center of the loft hand end section of link N o. 1.

This establ i shes the pent a ~ on about which the chain

woul d wrap If ther . were no cl earance or to ler ances to be
allowed .
lit

+ ~~
- PLR r : ~ V.’IRE. DIA .

DA.
J
FICA. 9

______________
.-
_ _ _ _
i _ _
b_
END PLAY

10
THE WEIGHT OF THE ANCHOR CREATES A ENSI0 N ON THE CHAIN WHICH
~
CAU$E. 3 THE LINKS TO EEAR ON THE AFT FAC E. OF THE W HLLPS
ARDLE.S,5 OF THE DIRC CT I0N OF ROTATION OF THE WILDCAT .
~

INSUFFICIENT
MINUS CLEARANCE
V -
- .

,
- -

FIG. IIA
~~~ ~ .
.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .

0 -
-

__

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\
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-- _
CELI~ ~UL~~~:~ C~~

The c cti ~~l chai n v r .Xj ee in length of sections duo to c~nall

~&ria tIon ~ in the le th o of the ).~ nks .
Thr, p~ :-.~t c n I t lo~~~~ cr ~ ncea for die-loc ’z e ud. li
~ ~~ ~~t’tn is
as follows : (~.oe ~ tt. r ’~ r d . }‘l an for ~tnd. LIL~ (Th.ain C,~ble Die
c~.
-

Lock type — L~~. ~T3~j~ 93).

A r .in.~s toleranc e of 1/ge or a pine tcl~ rn-nce of 3! , per
inch of w h o diaceter in the length of six ~~~~~
~~
~ I ’i , ~ tol er—
ance to be c .~ ckcd ever y third link . (see .11g. 9) .

7”u e t h o tc~ al to ic rance , either plus or ninu s, nay occu r

wi thin the r~ i~~a of t h r e e links. i.~ r cxa ~ p 1c , i t v~uld t e
ib].e to t~cnt.uro the overall 1c;~~th of a p iece of ch h~~ ii
six links, and find. i t s io n~ th to be within the !.Pecified tol— ~i~ .~~

era nce o ith ~-n plus or ~~~~~ ~u t an accurate check of the di-
man sions of each link mii~ht di sclose that t he f ir st thre. link s
were short by the total ninu s toloranc e per ~ Ieaib le fo r t~ix link s
and the renam ing threo link s might be long by the to tal plus
tolerance for six link s .

Ion plu s tolerance , an end. clearanc, must be providcct to

permit free ~Xit of the chain from the ponket. Thi s clearance
Ii called. ~IZtI D PLAX 5 and it it the distanc. between the non-
b earing end. of th. link end the no nbean ing face of the waelp
when the other rn-sd of ].i n~c is bearing on the face of t.~ o
~~~~~~~

whelp at the other end. of the ponket . ( See Zig. 10.)

Per minus toleran~ e, the di stance between consecutive bear-
ing faces of the whelp . raist be shortened .
Pig. 11—A illustrates a Wildcat havin g in su f f i c i ent minu s
tolerance. Coneider a link b earing on the face of a wh elp at A.
As the Vfldeat rotates , th. next flat link must sea t i t self at B ,
the contact point on the consecutive whelp . If the dietance be-
tween the f cep of the whelp , is too great , the link will be
forced to contact the face of it. whelp too hir~h. The followtn.g
f l a t link Viii. be forced to tak . a still h igher point on its
whelp , and so each consecutive lick woul d be forced to contact
its whelp at a higher point until one of the link , sl ipped over
the tip of a vh.lp .
The chain always b ear s on the a f t aid. of the whelp , both
when bstr~ 1: uil.& in and when being walked out . Thi s fact ii
very rvid ’ ~t on an old . Vtl dcat where the worn fad , of th . whelp
is easily c~ r rar ~ 4 w i t h the unused fec.. T h i s is , of course ,
du o to the w etr.fl olT the anchor creating a tension on the chain
and. when t h e ancho~ is bcir.~ talked. out , the ~t 1dcat a c t s as a
brsks. ~:.us, u ;leas the a~ cnor ~‘~~r Is ri~ red so that tho lc’ad
cr c& t ~ s a t - ~ sion on th , c~ ain in th e o pp o s i t e d i r e~~ t on . onl y
one ft~ce of ~ e wh e1~ ‘:111 wear and. f r o qu c n tly it is p~~ s&b1o
to ezc] ,n’~e the steib’,~ rd en d p ort W ildcats wn r n the w. elp s are
titdly wor:.~ ‘.‘) ~ on ly oi e f a c e .
6

1~ u~ ~c~L:.~w c z

Pi-otably the r.ost ir.rport~ it factor in the desirn of a

.at t s f r ~~t ory ~!i 1L ~~~ Is t h e ? tt t e nt ion ~ t-,-~ :h to th o ~ I~ JS
TOL~ t’.~~.. IN ‘~‘k~~ .PX ~ CII 07 T2 ~.i 1~~ ”~PB. ~rio pi t ch mu st be estab-
lisheci to provide r— 21. clearance for t n ~ ‘ ~~ ort ~ lI” s, for
~,thon th~.. di~ t~i~ c~ t~otwaen the cc~nt~~ t poi~ ts on coni”~ ut ive
whelp, is too groat to permit the shortest links to move free’i y
alo ne the faco of the whelp , th e link s will ‘ride hi~~i ’ and.
eventually slip .
In the operation of a Wildcat , a tight chain becomes mor•
apparent when the c~ aiu is bsir g ‘valkec ’ out . I~ e~’uent 1y,
this itoza is overloc~~ d and the chain sgst be permitted. to ‘run ’
out and thus chazice the possib ility of the anchor striking the
lower portion of the ship ’s hull.

When th. oh&in I. permitted to ‘ run ’ out , the W ildcat exerts

littl. restrai ning force on the l inks and so they are able to
seat themselves In the chain pockets betwe en the vh elps. Howeve r ;
In some cases the chain h&s been known to rise up out of the
pockets when being run’out over a Wildcat of extremely lar ge
pitch for that particui~ar chain.

The hauling in operation seldom ‘ives troubl e due to the

tr emendou s load on the chain tending to force th. link s into th a
pocket , hoiiever , if the pitch of the whelp . is too j~rsat for the
chain , th. links will har e a tendency to stick in the pockets
and it ~ecomes necessary to use a chai n stripper to free them .
When the pitch of the Wildest 1. toe smal l for the cha in ,
or the c’~d.-p1e.yis hnsufficient to permit the links to ii. f lat
in the pocket, the chain has a tsnd.ency to slip on the hau ling
in operation .
In thi s cas. , the link s tend to ‘ride ’ too high on the
whelp , due to the whelp . being too close together. 8.. P ig. llb ,
Page lt ~.

Vli~~ P8

The illustrations so far , have indicated the chair~ as being

cut along i t s vertical cent erline . But it would be tLpossibl e
to mak e a c~ nte~ct on ths fist lt~ks along th i s plane as the vert-
ical 11: ~s occupy the space at the end of the flat link.. .~‘o ro—
fore; in vrdor to ost~~].i~ . ~ a t.~ rin~ on the f l a t links, lugs o:
wh elp. i.roJ ~ o t Ir ~ frcn the ~I~i~ s of th e c~u~in po~ sets zu st be
used , These whel~ s ar. similar to the teeth on a gear or sproc nt .
 ‘7

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ j\ ~ ¼t ~- L—\— -~~~

V I DI I AT Pv B

I
•
‘
•

N
.

flG. 11 C

_ _ _ _ _ _

-
 ___________
~~~~~~~~~~

PLANE A-B-C- D IS REVOLVED

ABOUT CENT E RLINE A-B
E-F S E E FIGURE 1 3-A
G+i S E E FIGURE 13- B

FIGURE 13-A FIGURE 13-B

REFER TO FIG. 2 LINE E-F REFER TO FIG. 12 LINE C-H
PL ANE PASSING TH U THE A PLANE PASSING THRU A
~~
.- ENTE ~~LINE OF A CONE CONE W ITHOUT PASSING THRU
INTERSECTS THE FACE OF THE THE CENTERLINE OF THE CQN
‘ ONE ALONG STRAIGHT LINES. INTERSECTS 11S FAC E ALONG~
CURVED LINES.
 It ~is t be r~~ ’ ~‘~~ od that only the fl t.c link s t ear on the
wholp~ , th .~ v~’r tIcaj . 1’. .. ~ s serv o onl r to cc ~~~ th. flat l inks .
ftXI d. pass i tv
~~ ~ ~ th e t~~ l’o,. ~ •~c~ rot ~ cally, rho ~~rtic~*l
~
never tou’~~ ~~~ ~~~ : . ; tLey p
~~~ t - t ~ een t~ o ~tielps tr~ . there
is ft ~roov~ 1 707 1de& at the bottc~ of the poci~ot with t.r~io
cleerance to prcvont t~ o “ertical li~ke frorn sT;~~ Ing the Vildost .
The i’~;.t’~ of the t~.c1p is
~ crr ~ nod by th o an.4e of it.
f r c ~ end i ~~. .~ius e ’1i~~ ing t~ o t . ~ ce of ~ ptrz ~e knov ~ ,.s the
coz ~~tict pl~~ c . ~ho ~~~~ of the ~ is ~~~~~~~ a porttc.
:~~‘
cc ’i~i and. e~ ~~~~~ p arct ~ thron r- h t~~~ r t4tue ~ of a
-
~ t and the fac e
~

of the whelp, cuts th ’ ~‘z -~~a alor ’ rrIi)tt ~ ( Pig.

~ ~~ ~~~~ 13—A) .
)3ut if thi s )ilrrto d.i t . r ot ass the r - t .s point , it
~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~
woul d inter iu~ot the face of the w~ olp along a curved line ,
(rig. 13-B).

The flr.t link that b c~r., ~‘a in~ t the whein in not parnilel
to a plane passing thro-~çh the r t ~ iu s point 01 th e whelp wht ~
the l ink is in the c~~tiu ponk,t . And so it r.~st contact the
whelp at a point slor ~ a c~ r~ ed line . Thus the point of contact
butt~oen the link and the whelp in the oint of t ’ enoy of the
~ ~
curvtd trace along the fcce of the t~~ lp and th~ trace of the
sane plane pe.s~ et throu gh the li nk . (11g. ., P~~ .33)
~~~~

The poInt of ta~~~’~~ can be

~n~ ed en ~’~~ 1~ nk cud tb~
i
angle of the wh elp face ~~t.so as to contact the link at thi s
point .

If the po int of tangency on the link occur s too far from

the end of th e link , the link will ~~~TS a tendency to wedge it—
self between the wh ip s, and if th3 point occur s too near th e
end. of th. link, the link will bear on th . .d~ e of th . whelp .
Th.point of tangency should occur on th. link at abo ut ki
de~re ea from the end .

Sinoe the lin k is to contac t the whelp alor ,~ a curve d. line ,

the angl . of the whelp faoe vi ii not be the exnzt complement of
the angle of the point of contact on t h e link . ~ he curv e t Etnds
to move the point of contaot on the link farther from the end.

Thus, if the fac e of the whelp is at an anr).e of 5~1 1/2

degrees , th. point of contac t on the link will r~ t occur at
exaotly 35 1/2 degre. . from the end , t nt will be more nearly
at Lii degrees.
ao

/
7
z

— _ _ 9 L~~ONTAC T
_ _ _

FIGURE 14
 ~r i u ~ r;ov& ~rn1ng tho t h ~pe of the whelp ic ~~ter~ ii ~c~.
¶ io
~
by the ~ r:~~t1i of t~ o link s ~~d proxt ~~ teu the path of a p ;i:~t,
on one l~ zJc as it ~~ter s or ]e ~ ies tho c}i~ in poc4 ct .
The layou t is b~~ un with cne flat link beexir~ t.~ n1nst the
right }~ .nd taco o~f the whelp ~t the apex of the pcnt ~~ on , and
the pitch of the tildcat is ~ o such that the nex t fiat la b
will al~ o bear on its whelp .

~1nc o the c~ o-rnt of euct-~~ uy allowed d~eterminos the loca-

tion of the link ~h~n it bcar e n~ainet the whelp , it is an i- ~
portent it e ~. in d.etoiieining th ~ pitch of the wh.lpo .
Thus, the pitch of the wholpe is governed by two factors;
the length of the links and the avaount of end-play .
L0CA~ I1~ ‘~H~ COITTACT PLA~~

The contac t plane i s a plane pass ed throu ,gh the point of

contact of the link end. the whelp . There are two such planes ,
one bein~ a vertical plan. one h,other being a horizontal
plane parallel to the longitudinal centerline of the flat link .
(See Yig. 17, Page 27.).
Unless specifically designated otherwise , the term ‘CONTACT
PIJ3~~ rof or. to the vertical contact plane .
A tine contact plan.may be located by the metho d. shown in
Pig. 114, Page 20.
Draw in the top view of the flat l in k . Draw a line throu~h
the radius canter at the end. of the link at an angle of 141 degrees
to the end of the link . Locate the wire center at the end. of the
link . Dr aw a line at 90 degree. to the longitudinal centerli ne
of the link through this point and let it intersect the 111 degree
line.
This establi shes the contact point and. the contact plane
pass.. through this point .
In order to have sufficien t bear ing strength on th, whelp ,
the di stanc. between the cent er of the ~roo vs and the contact
plane may have to be arbitrar ily increased.
The distanc ,from the center of the groove to the contact
plan. is u sually one wire d.iaaeter except for anall wire ill s.
where it beeom.u ncees.*ry to Increase the distance in order to
have ai.ffioic~ t b~~rtng mater ial between the contac t plan e and
the • • of the croove.
~~
V111U OP T1~i Q~ OOT3 A~ D TH]~ TJ A) 01

The width of the groove is detcrmin.d. by the thickness of

the dc~.sch&clo li.~ ’~s end. kc~~ nr shackl es aM their widths deter—
mine the width of the fl ang. at the bottom of the ~~ cke t .
co i :r~ ),) X YVR
~ ~~~.US ~~~~~~~~~~

~~~ i t~~’~ c~trnl ~~~~~~~~ of the Vililcat,

a link that has
boon c r(.tc.~ ~or :~~s toter ~t~ c e to ~ie,d.. The reason car this
t~~, n~ ~~:.. cuoly ~~~~~~~~~ the~t t . o dist ~tnco between conuec ~ittve
~~ t~~ e &io rt c ~~~~ t~ p r o vi c o proper ec~tt ing of th o lin k
ã pr ~ ro ~ t the link from idinj~ ~~ on the
~~~~~
~ 1: ~~
po int ~~ ~~~~~~~~
~~~~~
Th~ lc -~ th of the link to be used will be equal to the
ncnir~’~l l z ~:~~ minus one third of the total minus tolerance per-
mtttM for ~ x l inks .
14O~UL&L Li~ i~B 07 TH~ LIU !P~~L V~lUU S T~~E’J~ O:~~~ L (used)
-

3
£~ D TLJX

The c~iil play to be allowed is a matter of j udaiaent and may

b. a.r ~~ eil to be twice the total plus toleranc e l~or six link s ,
or may be t~k.afroa Standar d Plan (a ~~ R ~ o. 214e716) .
In snaU chain, the end play is u sua lly equal to the wire
etamotor anr~ Li is uc ; ,w ilier In proportion as
~.fl;’ C3~~ vh~ t
the wire öJcaater inoroxies .

In any case, it uu st exceed the total plus tolararic. for

six link s since this total may occur within tnres couseoutiv e
links.
IG ~ 1I * SIDZ8 OP TH~Z P~~ TAOOS (Pig. 15 and 16)
COBUC~ I }
The sides of th. pentagon suet be correcte d for the minu s
toleranc . and so the corrected link is used in the layout. ~2*e
layout is actually started with thi s correc t ed. link , b~ t to pr-
vent confusion and for the purpos. of simplicity of ax~laini ng
the varicus ;te~ s, a link of nominal length was used in pr esent-
ing the previo u s step s of the layout .
]. au st be advanced toward the ipex of the pentagon
LtL I
k
~ o.
by one )‘:~)f of the end play . It r.,~y be d.rt wn in on the previously
indic~.tcd. c enterline parallel to the aid, of the p.ntaton .

The n~xt fis t link, ~o. 3, will occur to the left of the
apex . Its cetto:ltne n~ .t be paisUel to the .id~ of the pent-
agon , a~4 ~?.e ~ . dieteno e from th, center of the p~ atagon as
the centerline o ]. Lz 1o . 1.
 PLAY

WHEN LINK NO. 1 IS M VE D EITHER IN TOWARD

~~
TH E CENTER OR OUTW RD. TH E LONGITUDINAL
CENTERLINE OF LINK NO. 3 MUST BE MOVED
INWARD OR OUT WARD E ( THE SAME AMO UNTS
FIGLRE 15

ADVANCED END A DVANCED END

S ECTIONS OF , S EC T I O N O F
~~
LINK NO. LINK NO. 1

FIGURE 1€
 ~thc v or t I e z ~l u n : . ~7 . 2 , be twe ~ n t hese t wo f l~4 link s ~~v-
e m s t~~ ir ~U ctrtr c~e r~ cr t c~1& so the ce~ t ere of th c ~ r end. p~~~~ . —

tt c i ~ ~~~~ la c’~ .xt ~y a dt ~ t~ nce ~~nd to the oTernil 1en. th of

~
a l ir ~
.k Einu~ t h ri o dioiiotor s .

i t will b3 ~~~ tha t ~~~~~ li nk ro . 1 is ndvo.~ :ed by 1/ 2 the

end-pl ~ y , 11:2: ?“ ~ . 3 is no t ~ ooat ~~.rily adranced by the ~~~~~
~~~~~~ ~~ iu i~ c’~ o to the ct:’~t& ; li~ o ~~s~ 6d thrc~~ h thoir sad
s t t c r ~s not rc . i~ in ~ on c~ horj ,ontn) . Line .

~~~~~~ c~’.a be i~tds to ~~~ ce the sas~o vaount by increasing

or dccreaniz~j the nin e of tho p:A~r~r:on to suit.

If 1Ir1~ ~o . 3 falls short, the ~idec of the pe~ta~on siust be

mov i’~d in tov;~rd the center . Corrorp on) .in~ ly , If link }Zo . 3
advances too far, the sides of the pentago n must be moved outward.

This n~~ be done by trial and error as shown in Pig. l5 but

~ .
the followi ng fori ~ula derive I by Itr . Jn ~ es ~ahadee n may be used
to obtain the exaot dimensions of the pentagon corrected for
end-ploy .
ro uwi~ zoa
~~ Tu~oi cOluuCT~ D 7~~ ~~~~~~~~

( Ce. Pig. 16—A)

S... Pitch of oent& on corrected for end-play
~ ~
L— L~~ .,,U4 of 1iz.~ ~oi-ru :t~ d fcr ninus tolcrc.ace
D- Diameter of chain wire
P- EM-play
+ 11.5275 (L-3D)2 2
8; (L-D)
~ — .5278 P

CE~ CXI ~ 3 ~1tfl LATCtIT TOR PLUS TOL~~A11OZ

After establishing the pentagon corr ected for minus tol-
erance , a check Lust be mad. to determine th.end cl earance in
the cvant of 5lor g link s occuring together.
Aso ~xmo the loft haM end of link ~o . 3 as being fixed.
Determin, the plus tolerr.nc~e per link and , work ing to the
right, icy cut three ~lcr.~~ li~~ s. iha right hand. end of ‘] ong
v short’
lir.~ iio. 2. s~ ~ i.d not ez~~ m~I beyond th e ri~~ t hand of ‘
link ITo.3. by r~re than the total end-play .
If th ~~ r~~ . J. ~oe.s~xr~ .:~ its of t)s chain indicate a poss-
ib i li ty o thi c~tii~ ~eL ~’~ lc~”~, the t.nd—p l ~ ,y ehoul t be in-
ci.c”ood the c_ .~in ~~a ~~~~ent s Indicete that the
~~~~~~~
cbft~ n is n~~~ i.y to L ~~~:nl 1c~~th, t he occ~~ a~ oo cc oc ca to ~~ l
: .
1
1o:,~ U~ ks will r. ~ ~~~~~~ &.~f.ot the operation of the ~fl d.cat.
t
 ‘

, ~~~~~~

FIGURE 16A

s =(L— D)÷1L5278 (L-3D) 5278 P2

H
26

vc ’~~ical ~l~~ o r~ y be p~ cc ~ d. throu-h the point of cont ~~ t

.&
of t h ø 15: ’: t~ o ~~~ip ~~ t his pl’ne, the c~~~ o of tho
~~~~~~~
.

whelp be •

~
.;, d 6 i O l U1 C d .
~ ~~

Tho location of th i s plaw~ i::~st be aot ~ne~~d prii r i iy by

jud.~ ertat . The t~~ p 1ncIr ’L ~~ c tor s t’ tc~ ‘~~n~ iderM are:
~ ~
1. ~~~~ whelp !‘~~:t contt’ .ot the link alon~ it s or cl e uct ion .
This ~~ int of cont :. ’~t rs.tst occur t% t an t.n~ lo of loso than )45
degr cer ir :’:~ the end. of the link . (b e e page 2 1 , Loc~~ icg the
Cont act l~~ r~e)
2 . ¶~~e cont- ~ct plane on the whelp s~uet be far euou,,h from
the edge of the groove to permi t eziple bearing strength on the
whelp .

The face of thewhelp is a conical sec t i on and therefore

its generating plane pas ses thro u gh and revolves about a center-
line (~~ t~o rig. 12).A piano passing throu,r.h the flat link
p ar allel t o its ed~ o
intersects the face of the whelp , bnt does
not ~ ase throu’~h the~~neratir~ center of the whelp ( See Pigs.
12, 13-A & 13—b ). The intersoction of this plane and the fa c e
of tho whelp forn s a curv ed. l ine . Thi s will be seen in the
]ttycut .

If this plane passed through the link also passes through

the contact point 01’ the line and the whel~’, the curv e on the
face of the whelp and th.contact curv e on th. link may be de-
veloped .

• These t wo curves must t ouch at the point where the contact

p lan e i n t e r s e c t s thea .

~~aw i n a top v i e~r of link ~ o. 1 projected from the link

advanced l~y one half the end-play. (Pig. 18)

Lay in the edge of the groove , the contact plane, and the
fl ang.line.

Those d.imencions can be t&ken from the Standard Plan .

The contact plane is a vertical plan e passing through the

ast iaed point of contact of the whelp and the link .

The trace of this plan e on the ). in)c ~uet first be estab-

l i s h e i t r d th ~~ , the trace oii the ~~eip can be •~ tabli~ h.d as
a c’urvs~ 1in~ or ie •~~~t of a circle tanigunt to th. t iaoe on
the link .
 L.-

a r.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
“ V ERTICAL’ CONTACT F LANE

TRACE )V HORIZONTAL CONTACT PLAt’~E

~

TRACE ~F ” V ER T)CAL’ CONTACT PLANE

‘HOR I ZON T~~~ CON TAç

~~E
PLA
~~~~ ~

FI G U R E 17
 /
~~/
7

.
~~~~

Top VIEW OF LINK

END PLAY
~~

• _
0
L

I
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

L/M K No. 1
_ _
-

51L) E OF PE I V7AG ON

Et&. (8
k

In the ~~~~~~~~~~~~ v~ r~ of link Tc . 3., draw s ’ ~ arc th ~~~’f ~ the

~~~~ of ’ :j
~~ i1~ ~ ~~~~~ the ‘ t . ’ u s p~ i~ t f the ~ t~. : -~~ ~ c~ ~ :,
’
t~’~d. ~~~~ r 1b ii~~ tb.~ cen t~ r~ i x u of tho
~~~~
¶ is i rc kill i nt c r . &
~~ ~ ~~ the cout :.~ t pla
nc .
i~ av a line t iø’ti . h t c point t ncl the c ;t .- c of the arc ,
~ ~~~ ~
and ~x - t i ts •~~~~~~~u”, - r thr ough t~iis poi n t . )~~nw a circl e
r~ :: :. .:~ti ~ t~~ cr o n e ~~~~~~~~ of t~: ~~~~ at~~’~ . ~h5.s po5r~~.
ho l j ’ .f l i t h- t c ”
~~~~ off fo ur e ~r•~~ . points on
J.fl )
~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

tho c r
~~~ :fcru c ~~. ?rojc ~ t these points par all~ L to the p a r —
p~~~ ic ~.l,.r onto t~;~ cont crli nø of the ~ i ro aectio ~ . o t:
~~~
th oc o po int s at~~~~t tho c~ it or of the r~~ 1~ s of ~~~ link , ai:ct
estc.blieh their intersection points with the contact plane .

Proj ect these point s fron the contact plane to the side
view of th e li’~ :. Prom th ~ cross so~ t ion vi ew of tho wire, the
perpond.icul nr distance s of the four points can be s~ r k•d off on
the proj ected. 1~ r~os and the trace of the contact plane on the
link dvrelopod, with a trench curve.

Using the right ha n d en d section of link No. 3 as a cr-”ter ,

describe an arc tanpent to th. trace of the contact plane on
li nk ~ o . 1. ~aio arc deccribei the ~ tth of a potht on the link
~~~~~~~~ along the contact pian~ . ~~1e is the act’~nl path of
the li: : t~n i th e whalp aust be mate a’.~’.t1er to provide ctoar ~moe
end assur e free entrance of the link into the pocket.

Usiug the center of the end section of link 110 . 1 as a

point , descrlb. an arc through the ccnter of the cud. section of
li nk No. 3. }iotablish a point where thi s arc inter we cts a line
1/ ~1 of the wire diameter below the centerline of link No. 3.
Using thi s point as a center , describe an arc tan~ ant to the
trace of the contact plane on the link ITo. 1. ~-ht. arc will be
th.actual trace of the contaot plane on the whelp.

To develop the traoes of the edge of th. groove and. the

flen~ o line on the whelp , a projection is mad. along a line
norr.
~al to any line passing throu.g~ the center of the arc do—
scribi ng the contact pl ans on the wholp end. intersecting this
.rc.
 30

( )
~ ~~~~~~~~~~~
cc lN~~~~x ~~~~ cT Tr~ \cL ON ~ Jt~[LP -

7 ~ O NThCT T~~~~E ON~ LI

~~~~~~~

• ( )
~~
.
(4-

a ‘V

FIG-U F~E 19
 FLAT CI1? CULAR S E C TI ON
ADDEP 7Q 77 - . ‘ Z04’35

/ ‘I 77:~E)/ PEZOJD5 --

F :c~. CO.
 ~ li;. o throw ’ )pt~~ center of the arc describing the
ccntnct plc-~e on. the ~~~~~~~~
~-nd int eruecting the arc . irec t a
~ thi ~ ~l :o at the point of interccctien . Zetab—
a aorv ’t to thi s r r~ dicu1ar c :~. let it rc~ roscnt the
con tact pl an-j in t h i s ~~~~ ~hrou’~h tuit point of int or section ,
a lir ~ i~t ir :ic c. .’ 5 1/2 d r c e t o the pcrpend.icular
~ ~ ~~
~ ~
.

in the t~pp~ ’ r~ ~ t hau i c~~~ .irant

~

. I.oc..~.o the fl~~ ’;3 line above

th~ contact • and th - c i ’ ‘e of tho (roove below tho contact
~
plane. The 35 1/2 dc-~rco line will intersec t the flang e line
end oO~ e of the groov ~ , ctn~ a line b ctvoen these tw’. ~ oint s
establishe s the face of the ~thclp . pr oj ect the~ o points back
to t}e line throu,i’~i the c~~ tcr of the arc describi ng the cont act
plane on the ~holp . Botato these points about the center of the
arc to establith their tracas on the whelp .

Draw a line parallel to the centerline of link Bo . 1 and.

passing through its point of contact wi th the whelp.

The arcs deecribin (~ the traces of the flange, the contact

plane and the groove respectively, viii intersect this line.
(Pigur, 21).

Project thoir point s nori ~al to th i s line to their inter-

section with tL.ir ror-~.ottvo traces in the top view of link ITo 1.
£ line connecting thes . t ur es points should be a curve anti should
be tangent to an arc about the center of tns end radius of the
link and pasJ.~~ through the intersection of the contact plane
and the proj ~ ction of the contact trace on the whelp .

If this cur v e is not tangent at the proper point , it will

be necessary t~ oetab1is~ ~ t.~itable curv e and project its point s
of intersection back in r.vorse orc3.ur and cstablich the corrected
traces of tho fiang. ant ed~ e of the groove. Th.contact trace
will rsnain the s a c , but the angle previously eetablieh•d as
ill vary . ~.ai e vi ii, of course , change the
35 1/2 d egrees, w
tracs of the groove and the trace of the flange on the whelp , and
so they will 1~avs to b .corrected to suit.

So far the layout has been limited to- the develop~.

nt of a
sectional vicw of the Vild~at tek~u on a plane passing through
the centar of the groove aM parallel to the sides.

Another vi ew ~~ st be d~ eloped , and. it will be taken at the

csutcrlina of the first v iew and looking to th. right.
 ,.~ ,-

FLANGE

P3 /”
- - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

3
..cONIAC L. ~ L~ t~LE _ _ _ _ _ ________

E G E OF GROOV E
‘1

~~~W ILDCAT~ -._ _ _ _ _

CURV ED TRAC E ALONG

FAC E OF WH ELP

FLANG~~~~~~

CONTACT PLA E ~1
G ROOV

I-/

/
FIGUkE 21
I
_ _ _
_ _

FIGURE 22
 suit be pro~ i~oteti to
~he intersection of the wh elp trt.cee
thi s ‘vicw and they ~ii1l ettab1i~ h the p c : t~ of the wh~ 3.p. ° This
peck line will be a strai g~it lin e .

To re~oY~e tha L~a1’p corn t~rs, a raô.iut is intro .~ ced into

the whelp in this view . Th iu cha ~~ •s the shape of the whelp
beyond i t o point of contact with the 1it~ , and, when the radius
ha s bc c t establiehed. the fi r r~t view will h ay , to be cor~ eotcd
to ~~~~~~~

The fl ange walls of the pcck.t taper from the botto m of the
pocket outvsrd at an angi e of 9 th gre o s , minutes . ~J~ii is
~~~~

an arbitrary d.inension and na.y be varied to suit conditions.

This slop, ad d.. a tai sred section to the whelp . The top
edg e of the whelp is mad e r~erali.i to the de veloped. p eak , but
du. to the radius introduced, will be lov er than the dev e] op.d
peak . ~i’ii e point whi~re th. top edg. of the whelp intersects the
wa lls , determines th . approzi~ ate outsi de dlam.ter of the
Wildcat .
The fl ange wall s are made up of five trape zoids that inter-
sect at the apex of the penti~ on and, along the centerlines of
the wheips.

A fiat section of a circle a~gst be added to the out er

edge. of the tr a pezoids to provi de a circular periphery to the
Wildcat . The fa.ir ing In of tho~ . surfaces end the outer tip
of the whelp determine s the d.tamster of the Wildcat . ( See
page 3]) .
Th. inner edg. of the tra pesoitis suet be fa ire d. into the
~~b of the Wild.oat.
The r.a..tnd .r of th. layout is standard development of
-

the view s desire d,

lu some cases the flan g. walls of the Wildcat are made

conical . Thi s changes the shape of the whelp.and po ckets
slightly ~ t th.ir line, of intersection with the wa lls. But
the sectional view becomes auch sore sl.pl. to lay out and
some Patt .rn Makers f ind it ea sier to ~&k• the conical section
than to develop th. Siv. trapezo ids.

Th. coni cal walls have no effect on the operation of

the W ildcat .

•A str ai ght line con!te ctt ug the two p oints for med b7 the e&ge
of th.groove trace end fl ~~~-. line trace. T his line will b.
a curve it it al so passes through th . contac t plan. trace.
3G

l’ u to the w r of tbe
~~ ~~~~ th~ li: ’~.s arc liri~d to ~-e
-
thic~~i at th& ~~r o ’r it or s t ~t ’ t +‘ ~e ir ~ l

.
~~~~~~~~ 5idic~ to .
Thcre~ ore , to ~.xo ~ i o for li~~~ ~~~~~ t ~r : - r ( ~ t ~ oar of th e
dt o ~ , t 1~e b,ttc.~ of the ~~~~~ t~ ~~~~~
c
~lt . ~htly lv.~~r in the
c ent ~ . !..hoect ~~ i pockc~ Ic ~ro’- c-~ ~ ..l ow the ~ i~ic ~~od b: t t on
of t h ; yoc ’:ot . the ~~~~~~ t h i s Lix ~o ie t i .rU . y ~~iu about
1/1~ 3owcr tb~.n t~ c deve~~~ ’.~ line r’~~ it ~~~.rall~ l~ the ~e-
v elcp~ d line for a rt ~i~~:~~ ce , (on e c~~e.~eter p1~. e 1/ 2 th e
end— ’lr ~y on ca~~ i sl~tc of t~~o ~ ,e~zet r ~r]&zio) , i~ eii ~~~r
dJ.r~ -:~ icrt and th.r’ ~ .-‘,les v~ to the root of the v~~ i~ at tho
edge of th. groove .
¶ .ho actual ehupe that the ih ,lp n r r i iei beyond it s ar
~ ~ ~~ ~~ of
cont t ~ct with the link is not ~1~~ rs shoy i on the l~ c .ut and is
frequently left to the &iccret~ oti of the ~‘~ittern ~~- -.r ~t ~.ho faires
it into the sides of the po&zot and. provides the neceot~try fillets ,
etc . }!oveverit is very i~ ‘~~r~ int that the fillet at the root of
the whelp be considerably lees t han one ç~~r tcr of t.h* chain
diameter or it may cause th ~ chain to br ~r high along the face of
the whelp.

The Pattern ~L*.ker should ~qke a model chai n of 5 or 6 link s

for testing the Wildcat vattorn . ¶~heso ltr.ks should. tonform to
the din enui ons of the 5 oorrc~ tc~~ link need in the lt.vont, and
shoul d ‘be made to t h e same shr inkage scal e as the b’il&lcat p attern .

The two halves of the ~iidcat pattern £houl d be j oined

together and be coun t ed. on a horisontal t~haft in c’~ch & manner
as to psrnit the pattern to be rotated.

The model chain shoul d then be pla ced in the Wildcat pattern
and. a check ned. to determine the relation between the leri~th of
the link s and the pitch of the wheips . The link s should riake
proper contact with two whelpe when the ~odsl chain is in tension .
Car. s~ist be taken to insure the proper seating of the flat link s
against the vhelps .

Ir equently it Is possibl e to wrap the chain about the wheips

and have three link s contact three vhe3.ps simultaneously.
This conttt lon wm~ld rarely occur in the actual operation of
the Wild cat , but it it good. proof of the accuracy of the design
and pattern. -

Daring the above t.et . it is ts~portsnt that the chai n be

under etiffict.nt tension to c~’intain the correct di stance be-
tween consecutive ends of the flat links, for if ths chain i s
not kept ~r.at , the ,erttcii. 11: ~:s will t d. to drop and cau se
~~
the d.ietanoe between the consecutive end sections of the flat
link s to bicon. shortened,
 J I C ~•UF* E

r - L
~~
-‘

~~ ~~~~~~~~
~
~

\ I I -
~~~~ -

i - ~~’
‘ ‘~~~~ ‘~
\~~~~ ‘

E ’1: : ~N
_ _ _ _ _ __ f L / G ~~

i~ _IFi l ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

—-
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
~ t~ ~

\ /
\L~ - E
~~~~~~
--r ’,
~~~~~~ rc y
•

%‘~~~~~ / ) i) - --—._— ‘]
) ~~ G
~
///~I’/ /
\
~~~~~
I

~ ~~~~ ~ / ( / C’ c ’-~
- ,
-— ,—
—- ~
—~~~~ ~ Or
~~
‘r
//
/ 0•0
~~~
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• O~~ ~q~
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z
~~

:~~~~~ ~
3~

~ho t t thou ld l 3 chc ked. fo: cnd.-pl y i.r ~j cle tr r ’.co of

)~~~. ‘
~ ~ ~ ~
t h ~~ bet ~~~ a the ~~~~~ walls , ~~ 2 the L i ( O ~. a d b o t i c ; : of
li c k
~ ~
t }~~~ ero ove.
It i s i nt ~ restir~:; to ri3t o th e r::’tton of tho flat u n ’: as it
~~~ g a rud ~~s about t_h t ~ aft
c- rt t .crs th ~ ’i- po v e e
~~~~~ t . It fl ~ .t
~ : I ~ sc t io ;t
~ f t.h ~
ii~~~~~ :
~~ ~ : fl a t I~~’ : , ~~~it
t-
~ias to kr~ ~: Ic
a~<~~t i te own ~nd~ 5 O C t l (. L~ &~e i t r~ :c ~1~;e the t~ t t r ~~ of the pocket
~ ft.intt tho contact point on
erIC ~. finilly i i~ cen to ) c : itself c ;
~
the whelp .

In the cv~ n t the Wil ~~~ t p a t t c ~~t is no t i- ~tisfactory, it is

possible to ~ ko corrections . The b ot t om s of the po cke t s ~~y be
e it ~ r tul it up or shav ed.
~~f , on ~ i t t o ~ os~ tblo to r e~ ovo the
wholpu ~ni. c~i:r~ ot ~~~~ or r eplace tLc . Liowcrcr , there t re
~ ~
sevo r~.l thDortant point s to be considered in the corro ctin ,~ of t he
~i3.~ cat pattern.
1. ~~avis~ off the faces of the whelp. near the point of contact
without xakir~ certain other a l t e r a t i o n s, does li t t l e or no good.,
as thi s eere3.y move ,the consecutive contact points to a new
po si tion and. the distance between these points ronains virtually
ths same. The &~d-play, however , would be increased.

2. Th. pitch of the wheips r~ y be increased slightly by placing

liners in th.~ bottom of the pocket. . ~‘hia will cause the link s
to contact the whelp . at a higher point and. so the liners must
be rela~ivCly thin or th ~ wh elpe ~~y loose tho 5r uhold_tn~ cafl—
e.city” nearer their tips. By lining the pockets, the end-play is
slightly incr ~iasod.

3. The pitch ~~~ be reduced slightly by shavi n g off the flats at

the bottom of the pockets. This will , of course , reduce the end.—
play unless the wh.lps are shaved oft at the sam e time .
Theoretically, the actual Wildo~ t might be corrected by
followin~ the saae ets-~s u~ od. for correcttr~ the r attern , but the
doctoring~ of a Wildca t is seldom successful al t hough it is
ooce sional ly attc rpted .
The irregularity of the shapes involved elininates the
practicability of using templates . Thi s makes it impo ssible to
k eep t he alt ~ r at t on s to all w~islps and poch~ .s i d ent ical , and the
only guide to the operations is to continually check the vkielps
and. pockets wi th the actunl chai n to be used..
t im. . the att empt s to ‘doctor 5 a Wildc at are seldom success—
ful enourh to warrant the expenditur e of the time and materials
r cquir cc ~.
It is therefore extrere ely irip~wtan t that eccurate di n a n sio n s
be obtainc4d of the chai n to be ue sd , and. g:oat car e must be
e~ eroiseo in both the layout and th. construction of the pa ttern .
t•; ‘ L
~~

~~~ inpo rt ance of c)~~ n pi t ch I fr a ~uont ly overloo~ cc’~.

~
~~ of 1~ ko p itch to ueth );rci’
t~ r u!.
~~~~~
~~~ t ear s ~ ~ rl7 ,
thl p i t c . o:
~ ~ chai n ~~~~ be h
t: Ie te i~ j ns as th e pitch of the
on wh i ch i t is to operate .
Vi1c ~ca t e a~td cha in arc relat ively large and clurnecy aM
rc
~ u iro rcla ti ’r .ly 1sr~ e tolerances , b it these tuleinnoos L ist
~
nc ~st ~~tb (icerimination if satisractory opcration is to be
obt ~ tn ~ d .
zinc . ch ~ t a is coxc,o,nl y destgnate i by the wire die.mot or, i t
~
~ hould be not c I that cou ~ ereiaj c~~-J ns have tiire dias.
r ~-xy i~ cn uo:~~~~ l ~i~~c~~sion ~ by plus o r.iirn s u/ i G . Thus it~~~
~~~~~~~~~

~ is
~
i~. -ort iuit t ha t 1ir ~ length s be compared with the wire ~ dia . in
order to properly classify the chai n a, to su e.

£ chain having link s 2-1/ B ’ dia. by 12-5/ 16 ’ long coul d not

properly be consid3rod a r.oninal 2_1/51* ch ain since the ovci all
~
lon ~ th of the i rks would be (/ 16’ sho rt of the r.oml na]. len th ,
~
(l2_ 3/ 1 ~’) . The p i t ch len th of thi s chain ii 1/ 16’ longer tJ an
~
the pi tch loz ~~th cL 2’ d.ia. chain (l2’-2 x 2’ $ ), and the ~
overall len gth is shorter than 2-l/ 16 chain (6 x~2 l/l6’ 12-3/ B ’) .
~ ~
A wildca t designed to operate with thi s 2—1/B ’ by 12—5/3.6 ’
chai n shoul d operate saticfactor j]. y with 2—1/ 16’s ~hatn ; 2’ chai n
~oul d be too tt t
~~ ~ nd vc ~ id tc ~ d to ride up on ~.ho ~hclt :
during walkir~ ou t and woul d stick in the pockets during the
hauling in. A nominal 2-i/s ’ chain would be too long r.ndh-eve
exces sive p lay , causing rapid wear of both chain end wildcat.

Som. manufacturers nnke chain having two typ es of linke

alternated (cast ~t..i link s connected by forged l in k s, etc.).
Fr equently there is a variation between the pitch length of the
two types of links .

In d.esignitig a wi l dcat for thi s typ e of chain , the irvout

can be made assuming all link ,to be of equal pitch , b ut mu~ t
be ch ecked by drawing in both combinations of lir~zs (cast st ~~ 1
link connecting two forged links and then a forged l~inX con-
necting two cast steel link s) to determine the actual fit of the
chain on the wildcat.
 A N c ! : or CHMN T YP E S
A :~6 D P 4 1) ~ LIN!~ S~~ 26 D
~~ 6
OA
FO
OMIN.’ L s iz r s )
~~ ~

—O P E N I N G I N S T U D
( -
~~
--— -.
~~~~~
—~~~~--——-— END RADIUS UNIFORM

0F LI P~
_p NAVY DL. TO NOMINAL SIZE
BALDT D.L.SLIGHTLY SH ORT
—— I
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _
_ _ _

DI E
~~~
-
L0C K

STUD CAST AS INTEGRAL -.

OF’ LINK.
F-~R H i .

END RADIUS UNIFORM

CA S T S T E E L CHAIN I 3
~
UNIFORM IN PITCH LENGTH
AND USUALLY SLIGH T LY
LONGER THAN NOM ft4 AL P
LENGTH. —A --

(
~~~~

CAST STEEL vol ~ -

/

I N S E R T ED
_

EN D RADIUS NOT UNIFORM

_

_ ~~P= A - 2 D~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

7’> O L D LOOSE S T U D
- J ~ ~
 4H
(
~~~ 4~~ :RCI/.~L LOO3~ STUD
A~ 6D (N C M I N A ~ LENGTH) P = 4D (NOMINAL PITCH)
QA 6 LtN S 26 D (NOMINAL)
~~

7 I _ - --——-—-F O R M ED WIRE
~~
( ——--— INSERTED STUD

N
_ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~(V Y

— --A _ -~~~~ TOLERANCES ARE AM. ~~~~~~

AN EXC E ED

BODY OF LINK IS OF
FORMED WIRE.

COMMON TYP ES

STUD INSERTED ~ OOSE OR W ELDED)

LAP WELD

I. FORGED STEEL — JOINT LAP WELDED AT END

BUTT WELDED
— STUD INSERTED & WELDED
( )
~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~
2. ELECTRIC WELD ONE JO1NT BUTT WELDED
—

CONTACT WELDS
—STUD ~~3~ RTED ~ WELDED

3. FLASH .. .LD — TWO

‘ U” SHAPED WiRES CC JIACT C 1
FLASH VW LLDED
 -
.

L0CJ~TIO ~ 01 Ci ~AIJ P IPE

fle c’~.n t t n v e s t t i . r.t ion or un .atisf&ctory operation of ancho r

ht~ e d i r ” c t d attention to the i )ortonoe of the relative
~~ ~
1oc~ t i~ n ~~ i the e:~~in pip e s in regards to the wildcat s.

~ :ne vindl g~ -s .i ~‘afacturerp locate the ch~itn pipe . so that

the ch ~ tn ~ -.1ic in ~ ;J.v~ b line from the crtor si ts of th. wild—
ca t. . ~~~~ is i..ax’ :. J.y done to ) erm it th c chain to ez ter or
~ ~ ~
lo~ve U ch.cin loc ~z~~ f reely.

An ii. ~ or t ant fr.ctor effecting the operation of wildcats is

t he ba l anc~ of fo rces aotin ~ on the chain. ~ hc pull exorted. by
the outl~~:rc ~ por ~ ioa of chai n tends eontituai.ly to c .iso the
~
bsaring link to slip over the uhoip , while the inboard portion
of c~ ~in continually oxert. a pull tending to pr event the b earing
link fro:~ slipping .

£ diagram showing the various forces acting on the bearin,g

link indica t es tha t a very i~nli fo r ce o x r ted by the inboard
~
chai n will over balnnce a r el a t i v e l y large force exerted by the
outbo ard chain. This is , of cours•, lar ely due to the friction
between the whelp and the bearing link , ~

In the k~sricen typ e wildcat , the ehap of the whelp I s such

~
that it would be r.~~ rly b pos ibl o tor the u oar in.g link to be
~ ~
pulled. ovsr the whr ~ - m~.pnorttn~ the lor4 exerted by the ou’sbo ard
chain . The li~~c coul d onl y be ads to s up over the whelp when
the lines of force acting on the link caui cd it to t .lt and the n
~ ~
roll up on the fr ~ o of tha whelp . The f o r c e t ondin ’~ to t i l t the
link acts thrn the wi r e ce n te r a t t h e forwar d end of th. link and
~
since the link ~~.t roil on the face of thc whelp , the length of
the lever terid.in~ to tilt the link is th. norrnal distanc. from
the line of force to the contact point on the link .

Ac the link t i l t s , thi s di stance continually decreases , and

eventu ally becom ec taro when tho longitudinal axi s of the link
l ies in t~ o cam . plans as tn e ].tna of foroó. Of course , as th .
link rolls up on the fa ce of th. whelp , the angl,of contact re-
th~ces cr 1 lee, e f f o r t is r~~~ ired to oy erce ~ie the friction tending
to prevc~ t the lirk from slidi ng over the tip of the whelp . ut
~
as the force ~ncrcnces , th. friction between the whelp end link
also incr c ~ ,iss . h .z• this reatc~n it is nearly tmpossibl.to force
chain to slip over an American type wildcat while it i.not in
mot i on,
 ~n ilo the chain is bein ’~ ~ ~.1~~ed out , the bearti~ ’ link con—
t i~~~.l1~ t ez ~d~ to t i l t r~n i in ‘~~~n~ 50 , T ll s the f l) c ’ing fl a t
~ ~
~~
l~ ;f ~ ~nY ~ i c ~~i ti o n ~~ ich pr .~~~’it e it f ~~• ’~ cntsrin ’~ it s cnain
pocket ‘~ely.
T~~ s link ride s ht ~ h on the face of the whelp and. thu s pre.
-
v r n t t ~ ~~ next flat ) irk fro ~i t ~’.~ .~~— i r ’ ~ its chain pocket . Thi s
fint i~~ k f ~~~-1l~’ c ’ --~~s to a ~ ~~ at t i c n but ~~~~ 1:1 ; on
top of the wheips lAther than Ltthind. t .ite ~ anu the pull of t he
chain c~~ cer thi s ]J.:L to riid ~ eve r the r’~~ips .

A r elat ively ~-ill i~ crr.-~~ in the pull exerted b7 the

inboard portion of tho chain will prevent the bearing link
f rom t i l t in g .

Dy loc~iting the chain pipes bolo~t the centerline of the

wildcat shaf t , a el1~,iit drag on the cnain is created t r.i whi ch
is usually suf f ic ie nt to overco ne th e t ilt i r action of the
bsarin~ç links and thi s prevent s slippa ~ e of the chain , tllrtz the
wildcats . The ov er ~ tr ’~1ng wei~ ht of the inboard chain is al so
an is~ orte.nt factor aM in coma c~t ses the bal ance betwe~~ the
inboard and ou tboard chain pull his been so nearly c-~~ l in
effec t , t~ it the chain onl y .li~~ cd wh en the chain was piled up
high in the locker and reduced t~ o amoun t of overxian.g~.r. ’~ cn.ain.

8tud .iis made of the Ih.ropean type w ildcat indi cate tha t a
similar cond..ition exists. iL~wever, the a.n <le of incli~ :ttion at
the point of contact b eti .sn the bearing iin~ and whsl’o is not
nearly so great as in the A~aertcan t~p s and th. chain c:~n be
mad.. to slide alone the face of the whelp with a relatively
aal i fore. exerted by th. outboard chain.

Once the bearing link begins to slide , it has lost it .

holdi ng power end the follovinc; flat link must begin to support
th. load. Th. line of force acting t hru the fo r ward end of thi s
link tends to t i l t the link , causing it to roll along the fa c e
of the whelp . a the force exerted by th. outboard p~ r t t on
of the chain is v ery great, ther. is a possibility of thiS ltnk
rolling over the tip s of the whelp . and perm itting the chain to
slip thru the wildcat.

This condition would exist in the fliropean type wildcat ,

both while stationary and while rotating so a s to walk the
chain out.
 ~~

P O I N ~ .OF CONTACT L I L5 D t LOv ~J L I N E

OF F OF CE AN
~ ~ LINK TEND5 TO TILT

!iN
~ ~

,:“ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i~ . I
i \
• ~~~~
—

I
-
l

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I

‘
,
.
// ‘ .-
~~
-
DOTTED LINE5 5h0’vI HO\ /
~
T ILTING. LIt’ft CAU iE5 FOLLO\4
)( ~
ING- FL/\T LINK TO LIE ON W HELP
/ RATHER THAN 3EAT N CHAIN
/ POCI- SET A 3 T E~ C)- A ~N F5 I3E NG-
,

~ ~ ~~ ~ ~
‘ / W t\ LIcED OUT. ~
(1 ~
~ ~
I
~ ~L\- -
~~
WITH CHAIN P!P
LOW (~ OF w ILL ~~
LOC1
~~~ ED
L/Vi , Ct 1/\ N ~~
LEAD TEND~ - -TO PREVENT ~ ~
E-

F1D— --
~~
1N G- OF L I N K A N D INCF EA E 5
.j ... D RA G - ON Cl-lAIN A IT ~LEAVE3
~~
~
\ T HE CHAIN LOCI (E T .. -

H’ / /
/ \\j
•\\
~ ~ ~

I’
\./\‘
I I
t

I
~
\ ~\ t’
~
1
‘ -

~
EU R O P F A N Th’PC
-
W I LD C/ ç T - j H Q WN
~
-

-
TO CHAIN PIPE TO CHAIN PIPE
,/ ~LQ C/\ T ED AF1~ LOCf ZT :D ON
~
OF W I L D C AT ~~
OE WL L D C f t T
~~~~~~~~~
~ ~
~
Ti gur ei ~ Page
1 C~ ’~in )(otion 8
2 Chain Motion 8

3 Chain Motion 8
14 CL~ in R otten 6

5 Lc .~gth of ui ~ k deterc~inos length of side 10

6 Pentago n inscribed in a circle 10

7 Length of link dete rm ines size of pentagon 12

8 Length of link determines size of pentagon 12

9 Cha in Tolerances
10 Illustrati n g &~& Play 1~4

h a Illustrating insufficient minus clearance

hib Illustrating insufficient end-play 114
ito Section tbrou,rh whel p 17
12 lace angl.of whelp 18
13a Plan e intersecting wh elp 16

13b Plan e intersecting whelp 18

lIe Locating contac t plane 20

15 Correcting pentagon for minus tolerances 23

16 Correcti n g p entagon for minu s tolerances 23
11 Traces of horizontal and vertical contact planes
on lInk 27
18 Top view of link . 28
3.9 Cont ac t trace of wh elp 30
20 Illustrating trapezoid sides of Wildcat 31
} zt ab liah in g fac.angle of whelp
21 33
22 IllustratIng tapered section of whelp 314

23 Typical Wildcat layout 37

146

Chain L1t ion . .9

Chain l’ipez - Loei~tton of . 142
Oh&iu ?jtch .39
Chai n T~.b1os .148

Chain Tolorenoes 114, 15

Chain ¶A ypo s leo , Iei

Chain ~rc7ped Around a aegutar Polygon 9
Clearance at Pocket Thttom 36
Clearance - Insufficient , Plus an d fi nn s h~4

Contact Curv e 26 , 33
Contact Plane — Location of 20 21, 26
Contact Plane - Trace on Links 27, 28

Contact flan es — Trnc. on Wh eips 30

114. 22

h ang. — Trace. of 29, 32, 35

h ang.Wall s - Circular Section Added 31, 35
hlange — Width of 21

Groove — Illustration 10

Oroov. — Traces of . . . 29, 32

Oro ove — W id th o f . , 29, 21
Historical Notes 3
Link — Clearance at Whelp 30
c Link — Correcting for Minu s Tolerance 22

Link — Traces of Contact Plane 27

Links — Tilting of .

)‘ahadeen Tormuls - Co r r e c t i ng Pentagon . . . . .214, 25

Pentagon - Correcting for Minu s Tolerance . . . 22, 214
Pent a gon I ns cribe d in a Circl e 10, 11
IND l~ Page
Pentagon L en gth of L ink D a t o r r n ee Si z e . . . 12 13
~~
— ,

Pentagon - Reason for • 11

Pocket rotton - Cl c ran c e at
~ 36
Polygon - Length 0? Link Determine s Length of Side . .10

Toleranco — Plus and. Mi nus i6 , 214

Vhelpn - bea r ing Yace iii (its. 10)

Whelp. — Face Angl e lB . 33

Whe]ps — Link Clearance 30
Whelp. - Pitch of and. Mi nu s Tolerance 16, 2].
Whelps - Plane I n t er sec t in g 18

Wheip s - Point of Tangency 19

Whelp. - Radiu . to Remove Sharp Corners 314 , 35
W h e l p s— S e c t i o n mru 17
Wh elp s - Shape of 19
Whelp . - Tapered Section of 314, 35
Whelp. - Trace of Contact Plane 30 , 32
Wildcat - Anerican Type 14, 5
Wildcat - Conical and Trapezoid Sides 31, 35
Wildcat — ‘Doctoring ’ 38
~
W ildcat-Xngl tsh Type 11 , 6

Wildcat - Lropean Type 14, 7

Wildcat
•
- Laying Out 11
Wildcat - Layout - Checking for Plus Tolerance . . .214

Wildcat P a t t e r n - Checking 36
Wildcat Pattern — Correcting 38
Vt1dcat — Pitch of 21

W IL4CA t— Typ e s of 14
Wildcat - Typ ical Layout . . 37
 ) c) : i o C) ’ ) o c) ’ C ) ; ) C ) Q c ) o C ) o Q
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