MAN2120 Module 1 Introduction To OB
MAN2120 Module 1 Introduction To OB
MAN2120 Module 1 Introduction To OB
Module 1: Introduction to Organisational Behaviour
Reading: Chapter 1: What is Organisational Behaviour?
Recommended reading:
Chowdhury, D (2013). Organizational citizenship behavior towards sustainability.
International Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, 2(1), 2853.
Jaroslav Nekoranec. (2013). Management and organizational behaviour. Some basic
aspects. Journal of Defense Resources Management, 4(1), 93.
Key points
Organisational behaviour defined
Contingency approach
Three levels of OB analysis
Managers and OB
What Managers Do?
French industrialist Henri Fayol wrote that all managers perform five management functions:
plan, organise, command, coordinate, and control. Modern management scholars have
condensed this into four functions: Planning, Organising, Leading, and Controlling.
In the late 1960s, Henry Mintzberg studied five executives to determine what managers did
on their jobs. He concluded that managers perform ten different, highly interrelated roles or
sets of behaviours attributable to their jobs. The ten roles can be grouped as being primarily
concerned with interpersonal relationships, the transfer of information, and decision making
(See Table 1.1, page 6).
Robert Katz has identified three essential management skills: technical, human, and
conceptual.
Fred Luthans and his associates asked: Do managers who move up most quickly in an
organisation do the same activities and with the same emphasis as managers who do the best
job?
Surprisingly, those managers who were the most effective were not necessarily promoted the
fastest. They studied more than 450 managers.
They found that all managers engaged in four managerial activities:
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Module 1 – Introduction to Organisational Behaviour
1. Traditional management,
2. Communication,
3. Human resource management
4. Networking.
Introduction What is Organisational Behaviour?
In your introductory management studies, you will have learnt that managers perform four
functions: planning, organising, leading and controlling, while achieving goals through other
people. This process involves certain roles, including interpersonal, informational and
decisional, and managers can no longer rely on their technical skills to succeed in today’s
demanding and competitive workplace. For this reason, managers need to “develop their
people skills if they are going to be effective and successful” (Robbins, et al, 2017, p. 7).
The development and facilitation of people skills is a discipline called organisational
behaviour.
Organisational behaviour is
“A field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structure
have on behaviour within organisations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge
towards improving an organisation’seffectiveness” (Robbins, et al, 2014, p. 8).
“The study of what people think, feel and do in and around organisations” (McShane,
Olekalns, Newman & Travaglione, 2016).
Reflection: What are the common elements of these definitions? How does
organisational behaviour differ from management?
In addition, the finding shows that successful managers do not give the same emphasis to
each of those activities as do effective managers—it almost the opposite of effective
managers.
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Module 1 – Introduction to Organisational Behaviour
This finding challenges the historical assumption that promotions are based on performance,
vividly illustrating the importance that social and political skills play in getting ahead in
organisations.
Until now, you will find that one common thread runs through the functions, roles, skills, and
activities approaches to management: managers need to develop their people skills if they are
going to make an impact as a manager (Chowdhury, 2013).
Activity: What roles would you identify as crucial to being an effective manager? Think
of how you would justify your response.
Content, theories and concepts to assist with OB
Organisational behaviour is an applied behavioural science that is built upon contributions
from a number of behavioural disciplines. The predominant areas are psychology, sociology,
social psychology, and anthropology.
On page 11, Figure 1.3 in your text overviews the major contributions to the field of
organisational behaviour. This includes:
Psychology
Psychology is the science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the
behaviour of humans and other animals (Robbins, et al., 2017, p. 10). Early
industrial/organisational psychologists concerned themselves with problems of fatigue,
boredom, and other factors relevant to working conditions that could impede efficient work
performance (Robbins, et al. 2017). More recently, their contributions have been expanded to
include learning, perception, personality, emotions, training, leadership effectiveness, needs
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Module 1 – Introduction to Organisational Behaviour
and motivational forces, job satisfaction, decision making processes, performance appraisals,
attitude measurement, employee selection techniques, work design, and job stress.
Sociology
Sociology studies people in relation to their social environment or culture (Robbins, et al,
2017 p. 11). Their greatest contribution to OB is through their study of group behaviour in
organisations, particularly formal and complex organisations. Sociology allows us to study
the interactions that occur between human beings which have a direct correlation to
behaviours and outputs of employees (Nekoranec, 2013).
Social Psychology
Social psychology blends the concepts of psychology and sociology and it focuses on the
influence of people on one another (Robbins, et al. 2017). Social psychology focuses mainly
on change, specifically how to implement it and how to reduce barriers to its acceptance.
Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities
(Robbins, et al. 2017). Anthropologists work on cultures and environments; for instance, they
have helped us understand differences in fundamental values, attitudes, and behaviour among
people in different countries and within different organisations. This includes understanding
how different people from different cultures engage with one another.
Activity: Explain why OB is such a multi disciplinary in nature? Is there any stand out
behavioural science that you think applies? Justify your answer.
Challenges and Opportunities for OB
There are a lot of challenges and opportunities for managers today to use OB concepts.
Responding to economic pressures
Responding to globalisation
Working with People from Different Cultures
Managing workforce diversity
Improving customer service
Improving people skills
Stimulating innovation and change
Temporary climates
Networked organisations
Work LifeBalance
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Module 1 – Introduction to Organisational Behaviour
Improve Ethical Behaviour
OB Model
A model is an abstraction of what actually happens in the workplace. It provides a very
simple representation of a concept or theory.
There are three levels of analysis in OB.
Individual
Group
Organisational system level
As you develop an understanding for each of the preceding levels, you build upon your
knowledge of the organisation of its traits and characteristics which expand as you move
from Individual > Group > Organisational system level.
Dependent Variable and Independent Variables
Dependent Variable is a response that is affected by an independent variable. It is the key
factor that you want to explain or predict and that is affected by some other factors.
Productivity
Absenteeism – frequent/regular days absent (Mondays or Fridays)
Turnover – retention of staff
Deviant Workplace Behaviour
Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) – going above and beyond job
requirements
Job Satisfaction
Pay – Performance based rewards
Job design – person/job fit
Newcomer – specialisation practices
Independent Variable is the presumed cause of some change in a dependent variable. The
three levels take a transitional stance in understanding what the presumed cause of the change
is. Each one building on the complexity of the other.
IndividualLevel Variables
Group Level Variables
Organisation systemslevel Variables
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Module 1 – Introduction to Organisational Behaviour
Ongoing: At the end of each chapter your text book features a summary and implications
for managers section. For Chapter 1 this is on page 22. After you read each chapter, consider
the implications in light of the readings.
Conclusion
Understanding organisational behaviour in organisations has never been more important.
There is a spectrum of issues that affect the working environment, define a working
environment, and even dictate how business is done. No one organisation has their
organisational culture embedded in stone. It is in a fluid state that with the correct guidance
can be mutually beneficial to the individual, group and organisation. This can be acquired
from tapping into the knowledge that is available from understanding concepts, theories and
models. This is information that is at a manager’s disposal.
The parameters of the working environment has changed over the last half century at an
accelerated pace. Employees are getting older and multigenerational cohorts share the same
work space. There is more diversity in the workplace, and there are more temporary staff
employed. Your text book identifies globalisation and the changing workforce as major
trends in organisational behaviour. Managers must use the tools that are available to them to
develop and maintain a sustainable organisation. It is the manager’s responsibility.
At the end of each week you will need to take the time to reflect on what content and subject
matter has been covered. You must ensure that you have completed both the required reading
and attempted the activities for the module undertaken. It is advisable that you review the
learning objectives set out for each week as prescribed in your study guide and check off each
learning objective as you cover them. If any content is unclear to you, that you go back and
review the subject matter.
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Module 1 – Introduction to Organisational Behaviour
5. What are the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB?
6. Why are there few absolutes in OB?
7. What are the challenges and opportunities for the manager in using OB concepts?
8. What are the three levels of analysis in this book’s OB model?
Exercises
1. Why study OB? From your understanding covered in the material for this module,
document key points as to why the study of OB is important? How relevant is OB to
the day to day functions of a manager? What components would you utilise if you
were a manager of a regional branch with twenty employees?
2. Find a news or magazine article depicting an organisation either undergoing
success/growth or one that is in turmoil/dissolution. Identify if OB has utilised by the
organisation that eventually resulted in their success/demise