The title

Guidelines in writing the title:

1. Generally, the title is formulated before the start of the
research work. It may be revised and refined later if there
is a need.
2. The title must contain;
- The subject matter of the study,
- The locale of the study
- The population involve, and
- The period when the data were gathered or will be
gathered.
3. It must be broad enough to include all aspects of the
subject matter studied or to be studied. Hence, the title
indicates what is expected to be found inside the thesis
report.
4. It must be brief and concise as possible.
5. Avoid using the terms
- “An Analysis of”
- “A Study of”
- “An Investigation of” All these things are understood
to have been done or to be done when a research is
conducted.
 6. If the title contains more than one line, it must be
written like an inverted pyramid, all words in capital
letters.
Examples of a complete title:
THE TEACHING OF SCIENCE IN THE HIGH
SCHOOLS OF PROVINCE A AS PERCEIVED BY THE
SCIENCE TEACHERS AND STUDENTS DURING THE
SCHOOL YEAR 1989-1990
 The contents as required by guidelines no.2:
A. Subject Matter:
The Teaching Science
B. Locale of the Study:
High School of Province A
C. Population Involve:
The Science and Students; and
D. Period of the Study:
School Year 1989-1990
A brief and concise form of the title and a better one follow:
The Teaching of Science in the
High Schools of Province A

It will be noted that the population, the science teachers

and students as well as the period of the study, 1989-1990,
are omitted when writing the second form but they have to
mention in the scope and delimitation of the study.
 Background of the
study
This part of research includes information which would
focus attention on the importance and validity of the problem.
It is the general orientation to the problem are. A brief
rationale to justify the problem must be provided. This is the
present state of knowledge regarding to the problem.
The background of a research study composes of an
overview of the research topic, the area being researched, and
previous studies and relevant information on the topic. The
purpose of this part of the research paper is to demonstrate the
relevance of the research question.
STEPS IN DEVELOPING A RESEARCH
BACKGROUND:
1. CONDUCT PRELIMINARY RESEARCH
In the beginning stages of formulating a thesis, when
many issues are unclear and thought need to be
solidified, and the area of the study and specific topic
will help you to formulate a research question or thesis
statement that will lead to more specific and relevant
research, find and used the preliminary sources like
books and journals and other databases.
2. READ INFORMATION AND DEVELOP A
RESEARCH QUESTION
You will need to take notes and keep accurate track of
the sources that you used up to this point. Be sure to
cite the source of the information on each note so you
don’t forget where each piece of information came from
should you decide to use it in your thesis or research
paper.
3. WRITE A THESIS STATEMENT OR RESEARCH
QUESTION
Think about what you’ve read and look for issues,
problems, or solutions that others have found and
determine your own opinion on the issue. Write your
opinion as an authoritative statement on the issue,
problem or solution.
4. USE YOUR THESIS STATEMENT ND RESEARCH
QUESTIONS AS GUIDE
Complete your research using your thesis statement and
research question as your guide. You will find relevant
sources that will provide insights into your specific
thesis issue or problem. Make sure that your sources
provide details on the history and past researches related
to your research question.
5. CREATE RELEVANT SECTIONS AS YOU WRITE
THE BACKGROUND STUDY
As you evaluate your research and begin to write the
background study, create five separate sections that
cover the key issues, more findings and controversies
surroundings your thesis, as well as sections for
evaluation and conclusion.
6. IDENTIFY ANY FURTHER STUDY THAT NEEDS
TO BE DONE
Conclude your background by identifying any further
study that needs to be done in that area, or provide
possible solutions to the issue that haven’t been
considered before.
7. USE YOUR THESIS STATEMENT ND RESEARCH
QUESTIONS AS GUIDE
Complete several drafts of your work, revising and filing
in information as you go. Each time that you read over
your work, try to leave it better than it was before. It’s
also a great idea to have someone else look it over.
 Selecting relevant
literature and studies
Literature Review- is a major part of any research and it is not
undertaking for its own sake. The primary purpose of the literature
review is to establish the state of current “knowledge” or agreement
about our research topic.
A literature review is not merely a chronicle of who wrote, what, and
when but in depth examination of text to identify and investigate more
critical elements where current understanding is unclear and which the
new research can address.
GOALS OF A LITERATURE REVIEW
1. To demonstrate a familiarity with a body of
knowledge and establish credibility.
A good review increases a reader’s confidence in the
researcher’s professional competence, ability and
background.
2. To show the path of prior research and how a
current project is linked to it.
A good review places a research project in a context and
demonstrates its relevance by making connections to a body of
knowledge.
3. To integrate and summarize what is known in an
area.
A good review points out areas where prior studies agree,
where they disagree and where major questions remain. It also
indicates the directions for future research.
4. To learn from others and stimulants new ideas.
A good review identifies blind alleys and suggest
hypotheses for replication and gain new insights.
PURPOSES OF REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
 A literature review is a comprehensive summary of
previous research on a topic.
- It provides insight into the theoretical and conceptual
background of the study.
- It helps the researcher to gather valuable data and ideas
that can guide the researcher in his own research.
 A literature review creates a “landscape” for the reader,
giving her or him a full understanding of the
developments in the fields.
- Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication
of effort.
- Point the way in fulfilling a need for additional research.
- Locate your own research within the context of existing
FUNCTIONS OF REVIEW OF
LITERATURE AND STUDIES
 To convey to the reader what knowledge and ideas have
been established on the topic, and what their strengths
and weaknesses.
 To provide justification of the study.
 To have basis that will be used to support the findings
of the study
 To identify gaps, problem and need of related.
 TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEW
1. ARGUMENTATION REVIEW
This form examines literature selectively in order to
support an argument, deeply embedded assumption,
or philosophical problem already in the literature.
2. INTEGRATIVE REVIEW
A form of research that reviews, critiques and
synthesizes representative literature on a topic in an
integrated way such that new frameworks and
perspectives on the topic are generated.
3. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
This form consists of an overview of existing evidence
pertinent to a clearly formulated research question,
uses pre-specified and standardized methods to
identify and critically appraise relevant research.
4. HISTORICAL REVIEW
It focuses on examining research throughout period of
time, often starting with the first time an issue,
concept, theory phenomena emerged in the literature
 THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
A theoretical framework is a collection of interrelated
concept, like theory but not necessarily so well worked-
out.
It is a guide to your research, determining what thing you
will measure, and what statistical relationships you will
look for.
PURPOSE OF THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORKS
1. To test theories
2. To make research findings meaningful and generalizable.
3. To stimulate research
4. To predict and control situations
IMPORTANCE OF THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Theories are formulated to explain, predict and understand
phenomena and, in many cases, to challenge and extend existing
knowledge within the limits of critical bounding assumptions.
 Conceptual
framework
A conceptual framework maps out the actions
required in the course of the study given his previous
knowledge of other researcher’s point of view and his
observations on the subject of research.
PURPOSES OF CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
1. To clarify concepts and purpose relationships among
concepts in a study.
2. To explain observations.
3. To provide a context for interpreting the study
finding.
IMPORTANCE OF CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK is important as it gives
the critical, historical perspective of the topic, and indicate the
gap in the research.
 Citation style guide
REFERENCE- is an important part of a research
paper.
REFERENCING- is a method used to demonstrate
to the readers that you have conducted a thorough and
appropriate literature search and reading.
5 KINDS OF CITATION STYLE GUIDE
1. APA (AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION)
It is an author/date based style. This means emphasis is
placed on the author and the date of a piece of work to
uniquely identify it.
A. Book with One Author:
- (In a reference list)
King, M (2000). Wrestling with the angel: a life of Janet
Frame. Auckland, New Zealand: Viking
- (In text citation)
(King, 2000) or King (2000) Frame…
B. Course Handouts/Lecture Notes
- (In a reference list)
Salter, G. (2007). Lecture 3: SPLS205-07A (PowerPoint
slides). Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Walkato.
- (In text citation)
(Salter, 2007)
C. Journal Article- academic/scholarly (internet only-no print
version)
- (In a reference list)
Snell, D. & Hodgetts, D. (n.d.). The psychology of heavy
metal communities and white supremacy.
- (In text citation)
(Snells & Hodgettes, n.d.)

D. Magazine Articles- popular/trade/general interest

- (In a reference list)
Goodwin, D.K. (2002, February 4). How I caused that
story. Time, 159(5), 69.
- (In text citation)
(Goodwin, 2002)
E. Newspaper Article (Print version)
- (In a reference list)
Harteveit, J. (2007, December 20). Boy racers. The press,3.
- (In text citation)
(Hartevelt, 2007)
 3. MLA (MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION)
It is most often applied by the arts and humanities, particular
in the USA. It is arguably the most well used of all of the
citation styles.
In text citations:
a. If the author’s name is mention in the sentence, only cite the page
number
b. If the author’s name is not mention in the sentence, cite both the
name and the page number.
c. Font and capitalizations must match in the reference list
d. Long quotations (more than three lines) should be indented.
e. If you are citing more than reference at the same point in a
document, separate the references with semicolon (Example:
Faltado 1110; Pogoy 101)
f. If the work has no author, use the title
g. If two authors have the same surname, use their first initial (H.
Boholano 65)

2. HARVARD REFERENCING GUIDE

It is a style of referencing, primary used by university
students, to cite information sources. It is the preferred
referencing style for many disciplines of study and it is an
author-date referencing style.
The Harvard citation style can vary in minor features such as
punctuation, capitalization, abbreviation and the use of
italics.
In text citations are used when directly quoting or paraphrasing
a source. They are located in the body of the work and contain a
fragment of the full citation.
Reference Lists are located at the end of the work and display
full citations for sources used in the assignment.
 HARVARD EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES BY TYPE
A. Book: Single Author
Holt, DH 1997, Management Principles and practices Prentice-
Hall, Sydney
In text citation: (Holt 1997)
B. Book: More than 3 authors
Bond, WR, Smith, JT, K.L. & George, M 1996, Management of
small firms, McGraw-Hill, Sydney
In text citation: (Bond et al. 1996)

5. VANCOUVER REFERENCING STYLE

It is the preferred referencing style for most faculty of
medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences course.
Reference List in Vancouver Style:
- Arrange your list chronologically
- Number all references
- List the first 6 authors followed by ‘et. al.’ if there are more
than 6 authors
- Use official abbreviations for titles of journals (if available)

4. CHICAGO STYLE CITATION

This style presents bibliography information in notes and
often a bibliography. It accommodates a variety of sources.
Two Basic Documentation System of Chicago:
A. Notes and Bibliography
B. Author-date
 CITING BENEFITS AND BENEFICIARIES
TIPS OUTLINED WHEN CITING BENEFITS AND
BENEFICIARIES:
1. List any academic beneficiaries from the research and give details
on how they will benefit and how the results of the proposed
research will be disseminated.
2. Specific beneficiaries might be:
- Researchers in the investigator’s immediate professional circle
carrying out similar or related research;
- Researchers in other discipline;
- Researchers in other academic institutions.
3. Describe the relevance of the research to its beneficiaries.
- Identify the potentials academic impact of the proposed work;
- Show how the research will benefit other researchers (this might
include the methodological or theoretical advances)
- Identify whether the research will produce data or materials of
benefits to other researchers. Explain how these will be stored,
maintained, and made available.
- Explain any collaboration with other researchers and their role in
the project.
INSTRUCTIONS: One of the reasons why the research studies
are conducted is to contribute to the understanding and explanation
of why things happen in certain ways. In the cases written below,
determine the value of interest and identify the beneficiaries of the
research.
1. A survey on the Presidential preference of the basic sectors
(farmers, fisher folk, indigenous people, laborers, and urban
poor) in the 2018 election.
Answer the following questions:
a. What is the value of the research? Explain.
b. Who are the beneficiaries? Why do you think so?
2. A study on the perception of the urban on housing programs of
the government.
a. What is the value of the research? Explain.
b. Who are the beneficiaries? Why do you think so?
3. A study on the impact of Pantawid Pampamilyang Pilipino
Program (4’s) of DSWD on urban and rural poor household.
a. What is the value of the research? Explain.
b. Who are the beneficiaries? Why do you think so?
ASSIGNMENT:
Stating the Questions/Statement of the Study:
Significant of the Study:
1. Give the briefly explanation of statement of the study
and significance of the study
2. State the research questions and samples.
 Research ethics
It addresses the application of ethical principles or values
to the various issues and fields of research. This includes
ethical aspects of the design and conduct of research, the way
human participants or animals within research projects are
treated, whether research results may be misused for criminal
purposes and it refers also on aspects of scientific misconduct.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH ETHICS
1. MINIMIZING THE RISK OF HARM
2. OBTAINING INFORMED CONSENT
3. PROTECTING ANONYMITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
4. AVOIDING DECEPTIVE PRCTICES
5. PROVING THE RGHT TO WITHDRAW
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL PRACTICE
1. INFORMED CONSENT
2. THERE SHOULD BE NO PRESSURE ON INDIVIDUALS
TO PARTICIPATE
3. RESPECT INDIVIDUAL AUTONOMY
4. AVOID CAUSING HARM
5. MAINTAIN ANONYMITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
6. TAKE PARTICULAR CARE IN RESEARCH WITH
VULNERABLE GROUPS
PLAGIARISM
It is a common (and often misunderstood) problem that is often
the result of a lack of knowledge and skills. Our mission is to support
the education community with a comprehensive set of resources to
help students write with integrity.
All of the following are considered plagiarism:
a. Turning in someone else’s work as your own
b. Copying word or ideas from someone else without giving credit
c. Failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
d. Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
e. Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source
without giving credit.
f. Copying is many words or ideas from a source that it makes up
the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not (see
our section on ‘fair use’ rules)
TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
1. DIRECT PLAGIARISM
It is the word-for-word transcription of a section of
someone else’s work, without attribution and without
quotation.
2. SELF-PLAGIARISM
It occurs when a student submits his or her own previous
work, or mixes parts of previous works, without
permission from all professors involved. For example, it
would be unacceptable to incorporate part of a term paper
you wrote in high school into a paper assigned in a college
course.
3. MOSAIC PLAGIARISM
It occurs when a student borrows phrases from a source
without using quotation marks, or finds synonyms for the
author’s language while keeping to the same general
structure and meaning of the original.
4. ACCIDENTAL PLAGIARISM
It occurs when a person neglects to cite their sources, or
misquotes their sources, or unintentionally paraphrases a
source by using similar words, groups of words, and/or
sentence structure without attribution.