GK

GS EBook – 2019
GS EBook – 2019
Table of Contents
1. Physical/SI Unit ........................................................................................................................................ 3

2. Classification of Measuring Instruments ............................................................................................... 10
Mechanical Instruments....................................................................................................... 10
Electrical Instruments .......................................................................................................... 11
Electronic Instruments ......................................................................................................... 11
3. Inventions and Discoveries ..................................................................................................................... 17
4. The Periodic Table ................................................................................................................................... 23
Metals, nonmetals and metalloids ....................................................................................... 26
Long Table ............................................................................................................................. 27
5. Acids, Bases & Salts ................................................................................................................................. 37
6. Optics ....................................................................................................................................................... 45
7. Physics Laws & Principles ....................................................................................................................... 55
8. Organic Matter ........................................................................................................................................ 62
9. Atomic Structure ..................................................................................................................................... 65
10. Ores of Metals ........................................................................................................................................ 73
11. Animal Kingdom .................................................................................................................................... 92
12. Plant Kingdom ....................................................................................................................................... 98
13. Different System Diseases ................................................................................................................... 103
GS EBook – 2019
1. Physical/SI Unit
• It should be well defined.

Measurement of any physical quantity • It should be of suitable size such as
involves comparison with a certain basic, neither too large nor too small in
arbitrarily chosen, internationally comparison to the quantity to be
accepted reference standard called unit. measured.
The result of a measurement of a physical • It should be easily reproducible at
quantity is expressed by a number (or all places.
numerical measure) accompanied by a • It should not change with time and
unit. Although the number of physical from place to place.
quantities appears to be very large, we • It should not change with change
need only a limited number of units for in its physical conditions such as
expressing all the physical quantities, pressure, temperature and so on.
since they are interrelated with one • It should be easily accessible.
another.
Types of Units
Physical Quantities
1. Fundamental Units:
All the quantities in terms of which laws of
physics are described and whose The units for the fundamental or base
measurement is necessary are called quantities are called fundamental or base
Physical Quantities. units.
Unit The quantities that do not depend on any

other physical quantities for their
A unit is defined as a standard or fixed measurement are known as fundamental
quantity of one kind, used to measure quantities. In physics there are seven
other quantities of the same kind. The unit fundamental quantities and fundamental
of physical quantity is the reference units.
standard used to measure it.
Basic Quantity Basic Unit
Properties of units
Mass Kilogram (kg)
Time Second (s) • C.G.S system is the Metric
Temperature Kelvin (K) system in which the basic unit of
Electric Current Ampere (A) length, mass and time are
Luminous Intensity Candela (cd) centimetre, gram and second
Length Meter (m) respectively.
Amount of Substance Mole (mol) • M.K.S system is the Metric
system in which the basic unit of
2. Derived Units: length, mass and time are meter,
kilogram and second
Derived Units are Units which are derived
respectively.
from basic units and bear a constant
relationship with the fundamental units. Length, mass and time are the
The units of all other physical quantities fundamental units in all the systems i.e.
can be expressed as combinations of the F.P.S, C.G.S, M.K.S and SI systems.
base units. Except for 7 fundamental
quantities, all other quantities are derived Derived Units of S.I system
quantities. Example: Volume, velocity,

Quantity Unit Symbol
force, speed, area, density, power, etc.
Area square m2
The International System of Units metre
Volume cubic m3
In earlier time scientists of different metre
countries were using different systems of Density kilogram kg/m3
units for measurement. Three such per cubic
systems, the CGS, the FPS (or British) metre
system and the MKS system were in use Velocity metre per m/s
extensively till recently. The base units for second
length, mass and time in these systems Acceleration metre per m/s2
were as follows: second
per
• F.P.S system is the British
second
system in which the basic unit of
Force Newton N
length, mass and time are foot,
(kg.m/s2)
pound and second respectively.
Pressure, Newton N/m2 deci d 10-1
Stress per square centi c 10-2
metre milli m 10-3
Moment of Newton N.m micro μ 10-6
force metre nano n 10-9
Work, Joule J (N.m) pico p 10-12
Energy, Heat femto f 10-15
Power Watt W (J/s) atto a 10-18
Calorific kilojoule kJ/kg
value per Units and the British Units
kilogram
Quantity SI Unit → British
Specific fuel kilograms kg/kWh
British Unit → SI
consumption per
Unit Unit
kilowatt
Length 1 m = 3.281 1 ft =
hour
ft 0.3048 m
Angles radians rad
Angular radians rad/s
1 km = 1 mile =
speed per
0.621 mile 1.609 km
second
Mass 1 kg = 2.205 1 lb = 0.454
lb kg
Decimal multiples and parts of
Force 1 N = 0.225 1 lbf =
units
lbf 4.448 N
Prefixes Symbol Decimal Power Energy, 1 J = 0.239 1 calorie =
Exa E 1018 work calorie 4.186 J
Peta P 1015
1 kJ = 1 Btu =
Tera T 1012
0.9478 Btu 1.05506 kJ
Giga G 109
Mega M 106 1 kJ = 0.526 1 CHU = 1.9
Kilo k 103 CHU kJ
Hector h 102 Power 1 kW = 1.34 1 hp =
Deca da 101 hp 0.7457 kW
metre m 100 = 1
Temperature • 1 angstrom (Å) = 10-10 m
• 1 astronomical unit (A.U.) = 1.496
Scale Freezing Boiling × 1011 m
point point • 1 amu = 1.66 × 10-23 kg
Centigrade 0°C 100°C
(°C) Pressure
Faranheit 32°F 212°F
• 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
(°F)
• 1 bar = 105 Pa
Kelvin (K) 273 K 373 K
• 1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 1 kgf/cm2 =
Reaumer 0°R 80°R
735.6 mm of Hg
(°R)
• 1 Torr = 133.32 Pa
Electrical Quantities
Area
Electric potential Volt (V)

• 1 cm2 = 100 mm2
Electromotive force Volt (V)
• 1 Hectare = 2.47 acres
Electric current Ampere (A)
Electric Resistance Ohm (Ω) Weight
Specific Resistance Ohm metre (Ωm)
Conductance (Ω-1) Siemens (S) • 1 kgf = 1000 mgf
• 1 Ton = 1000 kgf
Some important conversion factors • 1 Ounce = 28.35 gf
• 1 Pound = 0.454 kgf
Length
• 1 Newton = 105 dynes
• 1 kg wt. = 9.81 N
• 1 inch = 25.4 mm
• 1 gm weight = 980 Dynes
• 1 metre = 39.37 inch
• 1 foot = 0.305 m
Volume
• 1 yard = 0.914 m
• 1 nautical mile = 1852 m • 1 cm3 = 1000 mm3
• 1 geographical mile = 7420 m • 1 litre = 1000 cm3
• 1 light year = 9.46 × 1015 m • 1 Gallon = 4.54 litre
• 1 parsec = 3.084 × 1016 m
• 1 fermi = 10-15 m Angle
• 1 Radian = (180/π) ° • 1 calorie(cal) = 4.184 J
• 180° = π radian
Power
Work/Energy
• 1 W = 1 J/s
• 1 kgf.m = 9.81 J = 9.81 Ws • 1 HP (British) = 746 watts
• 1 J = 1 N.m = 1 Ws • 1 HP (Metric) = 735.5 watts
• 1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J
Physical/SI Units RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1 2.Time
The SI unit of resistance is ________. 3.Brightness
1. Joule 4.Metic force
2.Coulomb
Que. 4
3.Ohm
What is the unit of conductance?
4.Newton
1.joule
Que. 2 2.ohmmeter
A unit of power is called a ________. 3.mho
1.Watt 4.ampere
2.Joule
3.Newton Que. 5
4.Pascal What is the SI unit of Torque?
1.N/m
Que. 3
2.N-m
Parsec is the unit of _______.
3.N-s
1.Distance
4.N/m2 4.Ratio of the volume of water to its
volume
Que. 6
What is the SI unit of resistivity? Que. 9
1.Ohm metre 1 kWh = ________ × 106 J.
2.Ohm metre-1 1.36
3.Ohm-1 2.3.6
4.Ohm metre2 3.6.4
4.64
Que. 7
In which of the following unit is the Que. 10

"intensity of sound" measured?
Physical quantities, which have _______
1.Watt only and no _______ are called scalar
quantities.
2.Faraday
1.direction, magnitude
3.Pascal
2.magnitude, direction
4.Decibel
3.speed, velocity
4.velocity, speed
Que. 8
Solutions
The relative density of a substance is the
Ans.1 Correct Option - 3
_________.
The SI unit of resistance is Ohm (Ω).
1.Ratio of its density to the density of The unit 'Ohm' is named after famous
water German physicist Georg Simon Ohm.
2.Ratio of the density of water to its Ohm is a resistance provided by a body

density when 1 Volt potential difference is applied
3.Product of the density of water to its across it and 1 Ampere of current passes
density through it.

Ans.2 Correct Option - 1 Work Joule (N-m)
Watt is a unit of power.

Energy Joule (N-m)
One watt is defined as the energy
Surface Tension N/m
consumption rate of one joule per second.
1W = 1J / 1s. Impulse N-s
One watt is also defined as the current Pressure Pa (N/m2)

flow of one ampere with a voltage of one
volt.
The resistance offered by a wire of unit
Parsec is the unit of distance.
length and unit area of cross-section is
It is a unit of length used to measure large called resistivity or specific resistance (r).
distances to astronomical objects outside
ρ=RAl=(ohm)metre2metre=ohmmetreρ=
the solar system.
RAl=(ohm)metre2metre=ohmmetre
One parsec is approximately 30 trillion
where, R is the resistance of the wire
kilometres or more than three light-years.
A is the area of cross-section of the
wire
The measure of how easily current can
l is the length of the wire.
flow through a material is termed as
its conductance. Ans.7 Correct Option - 4
Mathematically, it is the reciprocal of Decibel is used to measure sound level

resistance of a given material. denoted as dB.
The unit of Conductance is mho. Various hearing capacity and types.
The SI unit of Torque is Newton-meter

(N-m)
Torque N-m
Ans.8 Correct Option - 1 1 kW = 1000 W
The relative density of a substance is 1 watt(W) = 1 J/sec

the Ratio of its density to the density
Therefore, 1 kW = 1000 J/sec
of water.
And, 1 hour = 3600 sec
A substance with a relative density less
than 1 will float in water. For example, an So, 1 kWh = (1000 J/sec) × 3600 sec
ice cube, with a relative density of about = 3.6 × 106 J.
0.91, will float. A substance with a relative
density greater than 1 will sink.
If a substance's relative density is less than Scalar is a physical quantity which

has only magnitude and no direction.
one then it is less dense than the
reference; if greater than 1 then it is A physical quantity is a physical property
denser than the reference(here water) of a phenomenon, body, or substance that
can be quantified by measurement.
If the relative density is exactly 1 then the
densities are equal; that is, equal volumes On the other hand, the vector quantity has
of the two substances have the same mass. both magnitude and direction.
Kilowatt-hour (kWh) and joules (J) are

units of energy.
2. Classification of Measuring Instruments
Classification of Measuring Mechanical Instruments

Instruments Based on History of
These are very reliable for static and
Development of Instruments
stable conditions. These instruments
We can classify the history of the have moving parts that are rigid, heavy
development of instruments into three and bulky and consequently have a
phases. large mass. Due to this, they are unable
to respond rapidly to measurements of Classification of Measuring
dynamic and transient conditions. Instruments Based on Types of
Instruments
Electrical Instruments
We can classify the instruments into
Electrical methods of indicating the two types:
output of detectors are more rapid
1. Absolute Instruments
than mechanical methods. These
normally depend upon a mechanical • These instruments give the
meter movement as indicating device. magnitude of the quantity
This mechanical movement has some under measurements in terms
inertia and therefore these instruments of physical constants of the
have a limited time response. instrument.
• There is no necessity of
Electronic Instruments calibrating or comparing with
other instruments.
These have the only movement
• Tangent Galvanometer and
involved is that of electrons. Hence the
Rayleigh’s current balance are
response time is extremely small on
examples of this class.
account of very small inertial of
electrons. These are used in most of 2. Secondary Instruments
the scientific and industrial
• These instruments are so
measurements as these types of
constructed that the quantity
measurements requires very fast
being measured can only be
response.
measured by observing the
For example, a cathode ray output indicated by the
oscilloscope (CRO) is capable to follow instrument.
dynamic and transient changes of the • These instruments are
order of few Nano-seconds. calibrated by comparison with

an absolute instrument or any
other secondary instrument
which has already been
calibrated against an absolute electrical quantity being measured at
instrument. the time at which it is being measured.
• A voltmeter, a glass
Example: Ammeter, Voltmeter,
thermometer, and a pressure
Wattmeter
gauge are typical examples of
secondary instruments. Recording Instruments
• Working with absolute These instruments record continuously

instruments for routine work is the variation of any electrical quantity
time-consuming. Therefore, with respect to time. In principle, these
secondary instruments are most are indicating instruments but so
commonly used. Absolute arranged that a permanent continuous
instruments are seldom used record of the indication is made on a
except in standard institutions chart or dial.
and laboratories while
Any electrical quantity like current,
secondary instruments find
voltage can be recorded by a suitable
usage almost in every sphere of
recording mechanism.
measurement.
Example: A potentiometric type of
Classification of Measuring
recorder used for monitoring
Instruments Based on Nature of
temperature records the instantaneous
Operation
temperatures on a strip chart recorder.
Based on their nature of the operation,
Integrating Instruments
instruments can be classified into three
types. These instruments record the
consumption of the total quantity of
Indicating Instruments
electricity, energy etc. during a
These indicate the quantity being particular period of time. These
measured by means of a pointer which instruments give reading for a specific
moves on a scale. These instruments period of time but no indication of
indicate the instantaneous value of the reading for a particular instant of time.
Example: Ampere-hour meter, Energy
meter, kilovolt ampere-hour meter.
Measuring Instruments RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions
Que. 1 Que. 4
The device through which the speed of Why do we use a galvanometer?
flow of liquid is measured is known as
1. For measuring altitudes
________ .
2. For measuring small electrical
1. Hygrometer current
2. Venturimeter 3. For measuring potential difference
3. Udometer between two points
4. Bolometer 4. For projecting pictures on the screen
Que. 2 Que. 5
Bolometer is used to measure Which of the following device is used to
_________. measure humidity?
1. Air pressure 1. Hydrometer

2. Electromagnetic Radiation 2. Hygrometer
3. Height of cloud base 3. Psycho Meter
4. Specific Gravity of liquids 4. Anemometer
Que. 3 Que. 6
Which of the following instruments is used What is an anemometer?
to measure electric current?
1. an instrument used to measure
1. Galvanometer current
2. Ammeter 2. an instrument used to measure
3. Rheostat pressure in the air
4. Voltmeter 3. an instrument used to measure wind

speed
4. None of the above 2. Humidity
3. Electric current
Que. 7 4. Altitude of an aircraft
Which instrument is used to measure the
intensity of an earthquake?
Solution
1. Hydrometer Ans.1 Correct Option – 2
2. Polygraph
3. Barometer Device Function
4. Seismorgraph To measure the speed of

Venturimeter
flow of liquid
Que. 8 The amount of liquid
The instrument to measure Blood Udometer precipitation over a set
Pressure is called ________. period of time
Radiant energy
1. Sphygmomanometer Bolometer
measurement
2. Thermometer
Used to measure the
3. Anemometer
Hygrometer amount of humidity in the
4. Barometer atmosphere
Que. 9 Ans.2 Correct Option – 2

An instrument used to measure the
density of milk?
Instrume
Uses
1. Glucometer nt
2. Lactometer • Used to
Bolomete measure Electromag
3. Calorimeter
r netic radiation
4. Polarimeter
• Used to measure Air

Que. 10 Barometer pressure
Hydrometer is used for the measurement
of ________.
1. Specific gravity
• Used to measure Measures the potential
Height of cloud base Voltmeter difference between two
• Used to measure the points in a circuit
Ceilometer aerosol concentration
within the Ans.4 Correct Option - 2
atmosphere.
The galvanometer is an instrument for
• Used to measure The measuring a small electrical current or a
Densimete specific gravity of a function of the current by deflection of a
r liquid moving coil. The deflection is a
mechanical rotation derived from forces
resulting from the current. An ammeter is
Ans.3 Correct Option - 2 also used for measuring the magnitude of
current.
• Electric current: An electric
current is the flow of electrons Altimeter: It is used for measuring
through a conductor. altitude above a fixed level.
• Current is expressed in Ampere
(A). The charge of an electron Voltmeter: It is used to measure the
is 1.6 x10-19 C. potential difference between two points
• Ampere: One ampere current is
Projector: It is used to project pictures
said to flow in a conductor if one
on the screen.
Coulomb charge flows through it
every second.
Ans.5 Correct Option – 2
Instruments Application
To measure the current Device Use
Ammeter
flowing in the circuit an instrument for
To Hydrometer measuring the density of
Galvanometer measure SMALL electric liquids.
current used for measuring the
To change the resistance as Hygrometer amount of humidity and
Rheostat required and thereby water vapor in the
control the current
atmosphere, in the soil, or such as respiration, blood
in confined spaces. pressure, and pulse.
• A barometer is used to measure
measures the relative
pressure whereas a hydrometer is
Psycho- humidity in the
used to measure the density of a
Meter atmosphere through the
liquid.
use of two thermometers.
Anemometer used for measuring wind Ans.8 Correct Option – 1
Ans.6 Correct Option - 3 Sphygmomanometer Blood pressure

Thermometer Temperature
• Anemometer is a device that is
Anemometer Speed of Wind
used to measure wind speed in the
Atmospheric
atmosphere. Barometer
pressure
• It is commonly used at weather
stations.
• The instrument used to measure Ans.9 Correct Option - 2
current is called ammeter, and that

• Lactometer is used to measure
used to measure atmospheric
the density of milk.
pressure is called barometer.
• Glucometer is used to measure the
Ans.7 Correct Option - 4 approximate concentration of

glucose in the blood.
• A seismograph is an instrument • A calorimeter measures the angle
that is used to detect and measure of Polarization.
the intensity of an earthquake. It • A polarimeter is used to measure
has sensors which translate ground the angle of rotation
motion into electrical signals which
are processed and recorded by the Ans.10 Correct Option – 1
device.
• A polygraph is an instrument Instruments Used for
which is used as a lie detector. It The relative density of
Hydrometer
works by evaluating various liquids/Specific gravity
physiological factors in humans
Hygrometer Humidity
Ammeter Electric Current Altimeter The altitude of an aircraft
3. Inventions and Discoveries
Inventions and Discoveries – Kinetoscope Louis Le -

Prince
Physics Fuel Cell William 1839
Inventions Inventors Year Grove
Air Brake George 1869 Battery Alessandro 1799
Westinghouse Volta
Amplitude Reginald - Steam Charles 1884
Modulation Fessenden Turbine Parson
Anemometer Leon 1450 Transformer William 1885
Battista Stanley
Alberti Electromagnet William 1820
Barometer Evangelista - Sturgeon
Torricelli Large CERN 2008
Cathode Ray Ferdinand 1897 Hadron
Tube Braun Collider
Dynamometer Edme 1798 Gamma Paul 1930
Regnier Rays Villard
Ammeter Friedrich 1884 Mercury Gabriel 1714
Dexler Thermometer Fahrenheit
Calorimeter Antoine 1780 Vernier Pierre -
Lavoisier Caliper Vernier
Inclinometer Rufus - Celsius Anders -
Porter Celsius
Magnetometer Sheldon - Air Evangelista -
Breiner Pressure Torricelli
Telescope Hans - Atomic Ernest 1911
Lippershey Nucleus Rutherford
Microscope Hans 1595 Anode Eugen 1886
Lippershey Rays Goldstein
and Zacharias LCD Friedrich 1888
Janssen Reinitzer
LED Oleg Losev, 1962
Nick
Inventions and Discoveries
Holonyak
Gravity Sir Isaac 1687 – Chemistry
Newton
Hubble NASA 1990
Space (named Inventions Inventors Year
Telescope after Edwin Polythene Eric 1933
Hubble ) Fawcett
Induction Nikola 1885
Motor Tesla
Osmosis Jean 1748 Titanium William 1940
Antoine Kroll
Nollet Radium Marie 1898
Electrons J.J. 1897 Sklodowska-
Thomson Curie and
Neutrons James 1932 Pierre Curie
Chadwick
Protons Ernest 1911
Rutherford Inventions and Discoveries
Inert Sir William 1894 – Biology
Gases Ramsay
Radioactivity Henri 1896
Becquerel
Invention Inventor Year
Periodic Dmitri 1869
Anesthesia Thomas -
Table Mendeleev
Green
Oxygen Carl 1773 Morton
Wilhelm &
Penicillin Alexander 1928
Scheele and 1774
Fleming
Joseph resp.
Aspirin Felix 1899
Priestley
Hoffman
Hydrogen Henry 1766
Automated Lloyd M. 1987
Cavendish
DNA Smith
Atoms John 1803
Sequencer
Dalton
Spiral Linus
Neon Georges 1910
Structure Pauling
Claude
of Protein
& Paris
Bacteria Antonie van 1676
Motor Show
Leeuwenhoek
Acid Albert 1938
Microbes Robert -
Hofmann
Hooke
Ionic Svante 1884
and Antoni
Bonds August
van
Arrhenius
Leeuwenhoek
Covalent Gilbert 1916
BCG Vaccine Albert 1921
Bonds Newton
Calmette
Lewis
and Camille
Aluminum Charles 1886 Guerin
Martin
Blood Karl 1900
Hall
Group Landsteiner
Dynamite Alfred 1867
Calcium Humphry 1808
Nobel
Davy
pH meter Arnold O. 1934
DDT Paul 1939
Beckman
Hermann
Polyvinyl Waldo 1926 Müller
Chloride Semon &
Cholera Waldemar 1892
B. F.
Vaccine Haffkine
Goodrich
Rubella Maurice 1963
Company
Vaccine Hilleman
Synthetic Fritz 1909
Rubber Hofmann
Hepatitis Baruch 1965 Inventions and Discoveries
B Virus Blumberg
Hepatitis –Pablo DT 1986 - Computer
B Vaccine Valenzuela Invention Inventor Year
Polio Jonas - World Wide Tim 1989
Vaccine Edward Web Berners
Salk Lee with
Smallpox Edward 1796 Robert
Vaccine Jenner Cailliau,
Anthrax Louis - Search Alan 10
Vaccine Pasteur Engine Emtage Sept.
Plague Waldemar 1897 1990
Vaccine Haffkine Cable Rouzbeh -
Kidney Willem - Modem Yassini
Dialysis Johan Webcam Quentin 1991
Kolff Stafford
X ray Wilhelm 1895 Fraser and
Rontgen Paul
Vitamin Casimir 1912 Jardetzky
Funk Smartphone IBM 1992
Insulin Frederick - (Simone)
Banting and Walkie- Dan Noble, 1940
JJR Talkie Henryk
Macleod Magnuski,
HIV Luc Marion
Montagnier Bond;
ECG Willem - Lloyd
Einthoven Morris;
Vitamin A Frederick 1912 and Bill
Gowland Vogel.
Hopkins JAVA James -
Vitamin B1 Christiaan 1897 Computing Gosling
Eijkman Language
Vitamin C Albert Szent- Surface Microsoft 2007
Gyorgi Computing
Vitamin E Herbert 1922 Iphone Steve Jobs 2007
McLean TCP/IP Bob Kahn -
Evans and Internet with Vint
Katherine Protocol Cerf
Scott Bishop Email Ray 1971
Vitamin K Henrik Dam 1929 Tomlinson
Homeopathy Samuel - Google Larry Page 1998
and Hahnemann and Sergey
Allopathy Brin
Cell Robert 1665 Supercomputers Seymour 1960
Hooke Cray
Cell Robert - Laptop Adam 1981
Nucleus Brown Osborne
C Programming Dennis 1972 Facebook Mark 2004
Language Ritchie Zuckerberg
Microprocessors Ted Hoff, 1971 Yahoo Jerry Yang 1994
Federico and David
Faggin, Filo
and Stan
Mazor
Python Guido van 1991 Inventions and Discoveries -
Rossum Space Science
C++ Bjarne 1983
Stroustrup
and Orville
Wright
Inventions and Discoveries - Telephone Alexander 1876
Graham
Other Inventions Bell
Radio Guglielmo 1895
Invention Inventor Year Marconi
Newspaper Johann 1609 Calculator Blaise 1642
Carolous Pascal
Printing Johannes 1440 Television Philo 1927
Press Gutenberg Taylor
Electric Thomas 1879 Farnsworth
Bulb Edison
Fan Schuyler 1882
Skaats
Wheeler
Airplane The Wright 1903
Brothers,
Wilbur
Inventions and Discoveries RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions
Que. 1 1. Gases
Who among the following invented 2. Electricity
battery?
3. Planetary motion
1. Rudolf Diesel 4. Magnetism
2. Alfred Noble
3. Alessandro Volta Que. 3
4. John Napier Who among the following discovered
electron?
Que. 2 1. J.J Thomson
J. Kepler is famous for the discovery of 2. Max Born
laws of ______.
3. Antoine Lavoisier
4. Mendeleev Who among the following scientists
invented the Telephone?
Que. 4 1. Alexander Graham Bell
Who invented the first ever safety
elevator? 2. James Watt
3. J.L. Baird
1. Bill Gates
4. C. Sholes
2. Elisha Otis
3. Paul Allan
4. Dave Hyatt Solutions
Que. 5
Who invented the fountain pen? Scientists Invention Nationality
Rudolf
1. Dresser Diesel Engine Germany
Diesel
2. Petrache Poenaru Alfred
Dynamite Sweden
3. Alexander Fleming Nobel
4. Edward Jenner Alessandro Electric battery
Italy
Volta and methane
Que. 6 John Napier Logarithms Scotland
Sir C.V Raman is famous for ________.
1. Raman diagram
2. Gravitational laws • Johannes Kepler created three
3. Law of Refraction laws of planetary motion.
4. Raman effect • The path of the planets about the
sun is elliptical in shape, with the
center of the sun being located at
Que. 7 one focus. (The Law of Ellipses)
Which of the following is NOT correctly • An imaginary line drawn from the
paired? center of the sun to the center of
1. E. Torricelli - Barometer the planet will sweep out equal
areas in equal intervals of time.
2. Neutron - James Chadwick
(The Law of Equal Areas)
3. Penicillin - F. Banting • The ratio of the squares of the
4. Revolver - Samuel Colt periods of any two planets is equal
to the ratio of the cubes of their
Que. 8 average distances from the sun.
Who invented the revolver? (The Law of Harmonies)
1. Edward Jenner Ans.3 Correct Option - 1

2. Alexander Fleming Sir Joseph John Thomson
3. Albert Einstein was an English physicist and
4. Samuel Colt J.J. Nobel Laureate in Physics,
Thomson credited with the discovery
and identification of the
Que. 9 electron.
Max Born was a German C.V. Raman is famous for ‘Raman
physicist and mathematician Effect’.
Max Born who was instrumental in the • The change in the wavelength
development of quantum of the light that occurs when a
mechanics. beam light is deflated by the
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier molecules isdescribed by the
was a French nobleman who ‘Raman effect’.
Antoine • C.V. Raman discovered Raman
had a large influence on both
Lavoisier effect in the year1928.
the history of chemistry and
the history of biology.
He formulated the Periodic Ans.7 Correct Option - 3
Law, created a farsighted
version of the periodic table of • Penicillin - F. Banting
Mendeleev is NOT correctly paired
elements, and used it to
correct the properties of some • Penicillin was invented
already discovered elements. by Alexander Fleming who was
a Scottish physician,
Ans.4 Correct Option - 2 microbiologist, and
pharmacologist.
• A safety elevator was a
modification of primitive elevators Ans.8 Correct Option - 4
which prevented the platform from
falling in case the cable broke. • Samuel Colt was an American
• It was invented by Elisha Otis in industrialist and businessman who
1852. On 23rd March 1857, the first is credited with the invention of
passenger safety elevator was the revolver.
installed at 488 Broadway in New • Edward Jenner was a British
York. physician who is credited with the
discovery of the smallpox vaccine.
Ans.5 Correct Option - 2 • Alexander Fleming is a Scottish
physician and microbiologist who
Petrache Poenaru is the inventor of a is credited with the discovery of
fountain pen. penicillin.
• Albert Einstein was a German-
born physicist who is known for his
Inventor Invented Nationality theory of relativity.
Petrache Fountain
Romanian Ans.9 Correct Option – 1
Poenaru Pen
Alexander
Penicillin British Scientist Invention
Fleming
Edward Smallpox Alexander Graham
English Telephone
Jenner vaccine Bell
James Watt Steam Engine
Ans.6 Correct Option - 4 J.L. Baird Television
C. Sholes QWERTY keyboard
• Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata
Raman, famously known as Sir
4. The Periodic Table
Periodic Table Atomic Number This image covers details about the
Neutrons, Protons and Electrons.
The Periodic Table has 118 elements which
are organized on the basis of atomic
number and grouped based on similarity
in chemical properties. The first element is
Hydrogen (H) with atomic number 1 and
the last element is Oganesson (Og) with
atomic number 118.
All chemical elements have unique atomic

numbers.
Atomic numbers signify the number of The elements are indexed in order of
protons in its nucleus. Atoms of the same increasing atomic number in the periodic
element having a different number of table. When a new electron shell receives
neutrons in the nucleus are called its first electron, we enter a new row in the
isotopes. table. Electron configurations of the atoms
determine their columns: elements with
Isotopes differ in mass number (n) but
the same number of electrons in a
have the same atomic number. Isotopes
particular subshell fall into the same
are never separated in the periodic table;
columns, eg. Sodium and Potassium.
they are always grouped together under a
Elements in the same group tend to have
single element.
similar chemical properties and
reactivities. Hence, if we know one
element of a group, it is relatively easy to
ascertain the properties of the rest.
Periodic Table History • Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de
Chancourtois published a periodic
• The first attempt at Periodic Table
table in the form of a helix in 1862.
was by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789
• The elements were arranged in a
when he published a list of 33
spiral on a cylinder and were the
chemical elements.
first arrangement to hint at
• He grouped them into gases,
periodicity in the properties.
metals, nonmetals and earth. In
• De Chancourtois indexed the
1829, Johann Wolfgang improved
elements by increasing atomic
this table by observing the
weight and showed that similar
similarities in the chemical
chemical properties were reflected
properties of triads of elements
after regular intervals.
and grouping them, thus giving
• The first edition of the modern
rise to the Law of Triads. Several
periodic table was published by
chemists made revisions to the
Mendeleev in 1871.
table, but no scheme could satisfy
the correct groupings. • Mendeleev’s periodic table had
eight columns, each column
containing elements with similar
properties. The columns were • Elements in the same group tend
numbered I to VIII and also had to show patterns in atomic radius,
empty cells for elements that ionisation energy, and
hadn't been discovered yet, but electronegativity.
Mendeleev predicted they should
The groups are numbered 1 to 18 from left
exist. As chemists discovered more
to right. Earlier, naming conventions
and more elements, these gaps
differed in Europe and America. However,
were filled.
after the IUPAC naming was put in place
• The common or standard form of
in 1988, old names went out of use.
the modern periodic table is
attributed to Horace Groves As we move down a group:
Deming. He published the short
• Atomic radius increases
and medium forms of the table in
• Electronegativity decreases (except
1923 that soon came into
for group 11)
circulation and universal
• Ionization energy decreases
acceptance.
Periodic Table Grouping Method

Groups
• The 18 vertical columns of the

table are called Groups.
• The number of electrons in the
outermost shell of the atom, i.e.
valence shell, is equal for all Periods
elements in the same group.
Vertical rows are called periods of the
• The leftmost group contains alkali
periodic table. Lanthanides and actinides
metals and the rightmost contains
in the f-block display more similarity in
noble gases.
the same period than in the same group.
• Elements in the same column
exhibit similar chemical properties On moving left to right in a period:
and display periodicity with an
• Atomic size decreases due to
increase in atomic number.
stronger nuclear force
• Ionisation Energy increases s-block
• Electronegativity increases Comprises of alkali metals ( group 1 ) and
• Electron affinity increases (except alkaline earth metals ( group 2).
for noble gases) p-block
Blocks Contains groups 13 to 18, including the
metalloids.
Sections of the table are called blocks.
Each block gets its name from the letter of d-block
the outermost subshell that receives an Consists of groups 3 to 12 and has all the
electron. transition metals.
The four blocks are: f-block

Home of the lanthanides and actinides,
these groups don’t have group numbers.
Metals, nonmetals and metalloids On the basis of their physical and chemical
properties, elements are divided into:
Metals Nonmetals
Highly conducting solids that make ionic Colored or colorless solids, liquids or gases
compounds with other elements. They are that undergo covalent bonding with other
also further divided into alkali metals elements. They are usually further
(Group 1), alkaline earth metals (Group 2), classified into polyatomic, diatomic and
lanthanides and actinides (f - block), and monatomic (inert) nonmetals.
post-transition metals. Metals form alloys
with each other. Metalloids
Their properties are a mixture of the
properties of metals and nonmetals.
Long Table
This form is obtained by inserting the f- Benfey’s Spiral Table
block between the s and d blocks, instead
Made by Otto Theodor Benfey, the
of placing the rows at the bottom,
elements are arranged in a continuous

disconnected from the table. It makes the
spiral, with hydrogen at the centre and the
trends and increases in atomic numbers
transition metals, lanthanides, and
easier to see, however is avoided on
actinides occupying peninsulas.
account of difficulty in printing.
Janet’s Left Step Table by physicists. It is congruent with the
order in which electron shells are ideally
Made by Charles Janet, it organizes
filled.
elements according to orbital filling, as
compared to valence, and is widely used
Memory Tips to Learn the Periodic Table
Learning the periodic table can be a hard task. Hence, mentioned below are a few
mnemonics to help you learn some of the important groups:
Group 1 - HeLiNa Ke Rubber Csste Free

Hydrogen (H) -> Lithium (Li) -> Sodium (Na) -> Potassium (K) -> Rubidium (Rb) ->
Caesium (Cs) -> Francium (Fr)
Group 2 - Beta Maange Scooter Baap Raaz
Beryllium (Be) -> Magnesium (Mg) -> Calcium (Ca) -> Strontium (Sr) -> Barium (Br) ->
Radium (Ra)
Group 13 - Baingan Aloo Gajar Indian Thaali
Boron (B) -> Aluminium (Al) -> Gallium (Ga) -> Indium (In) -> Thallium (Tl)
Group 14 - CaSi Geye Shankar Prabhu
Carbon (C) -> Silicon (Si) -> Germanium (Ge) -> Tin (Sn) -> Lead (Pb)
Group 18 - He Never Arrived; Kara Xero Run pe out
Helium (He) -> Neon (Ne) -> Argon (Ar) -> Krypton (Kr) -> Xenon (Xe) -> Radon (Rn)
The Periodic Table RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1
4. 8 groups, 7 periods
The elements in the middle of the periodic
table are called ________.
Que. 3
1. Metalloids Who invented the modern periodic table?
2. Transition elements 1. Faraday

3. Rare earth element 2. Mendeleev
4. Noble gases 3. Newton
4. Bohr
Que. 2
How many groups and periods are present
Que. 4
in the Modem Periodic Table?
Total number of metalloids in the Periodic
Table is ________.
1. 6
2. 7
3. 8 In the Modern Periodic Table, elements
4. 9 are arranged in ________.
1. Decreasing atomic mass number

Que. 5 2. Increasing atomic mass number
Which group in the modern periodic table
3. Increasing atomic number
contains elements that are inert gases?
4. Decreasing atomic number
1. Group 18
2. Group 17 Que. 9
3. Group 15 In Modern Periodic Table, while moving
4. Group 16 left to right across a period, the metallic
character ______.
1. increases
Que. 6
Metals are placed on which side of the 2. decreases
Modern Periodic Table? 3. remain same
1. Top row 4. first increases then decreases
2. Right side
3. Bottom row
Solutions
4. Left side
Que. 7 • In the periodic table of elements,

In the modern periodic table metals, there are seven horizontal rows
metalloids and non-metals are found in of elements called periods. The
which block? vertical columns
of elements are called groups, or
1. s-Block
families.
2. p-block
• The transition metalsmake up the
3. d-block middle block of the periodic table.
4. f-block • The transition
elements or transition
Que. 8 metals occupy the short columns
in the center of the periodic table, table similar to the one used today.
between Group 2A and Group Mendeleev arranged the elements by
3A. They are sometimes called atomic mass, corresponding to relative
the d-block elements, since in this molar mass.
region the d-orbitals are being
filled in, and are also referred to Ans.4 Correct Option - 2
as B-group elements since in most
numbering systems of the columns • The total number of metalloids in
on the periodic table the numerals the Periodic Table is 7.
of these groups are followed by the • The seven metalloids are boron,
letter B. silicon, germanium, arsenic,

antimony, tellurium, and
Ans.2 Correct Option - 3 polonium.
• A metalloid is a chemical element
• There are 18 groups and 7 periods with properties that are
in the modern periodic table. intermediate between those of
• The vertical rows present in the metals and nonmetals.
periodic table are known as
groups. Ans.5 Correct Option - 1
• All groups are named after their
first elements. • In an 18th group of the modern
• Period 1 has two elements periodic table are the noble gases
(Hydrogen & Helium). placed.
• Periods 2 and 3 have 8 each • There are 7 noble gases in the
(Lithium to Argon). periodic table.
• Periods 4 and 5 have 18 elements • They are Helium (He) with atomic
each (Potassium to Xenon). number 2, Neon (Ne) with atomic
• Periods 6 and 7 have 32 elements number 10, Argon (Ar) with atomic
each (Caesium to Oganesson). number 18, Krypton (Kr) with

atomic number, Xenon (Xe) with
Ans.3 Correct Option - 2 atomic number 54, Radon (Rn)
The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev with atomic number 86,
was the first scientist to make a periodic
Ununoctium (Sun)/ Oganesson • In the modern periodic
(Og) with atomic number 118. table metals, metalloids and no
n-metals are found in the p-
Group Elements block which is in the right-hand
It contains side of the chart.
elements from • The periodic table is an
Halogens/Group Flourine (F) to arrangement of the chemical
17 Ununseptium elements based on their electronic
(Uus)/Tennessee configuration and is arranged in
(Ts). the ascending order of their atomic
Nitrogen (N) to number.
Ununpentium
Group 15 Ans.8 Correct Option - 3
(Uup)/
Moscovium (Mc)
In the modern periodic table-
Oxygen (O) to
Group 16 Livermorium • Elements are arranged in
(Lv) an increasing order of their
atomic numbers.
Ans.6 Correct Option - 4 • Vertical columns are called
groups. There are 18 groups. The
• Metals are placed on the left
chemical properties of the
side of the Modern Periodic
elements in the same group show
Table, while the non-metals are
similarity and gradation.
placed on the right side of the
• Horizontal rows are called
table.
periods. There are in all 7
• Semi-metals are placed in between
periods. The properties of
the table.
elements change slowly from one
• The modern periodic table is based
end to the other in a period.
on Dimitri Medeleev’s table. He
invented it in 1869. Ans.9 Correct Option - 2

● The Metallic character decreases as you ● Metallic character is the name given to
move across a period in the periodic table the set of chemical properties associated
from left to right. with elements that are metals. These
chemicals properties result from how
● This occurs since atoms more readily readily metals lose their electrons to form
accept electrons to fill a valence shell cations (positively charged ions).
instead of losing them to remove the
unfilled shell.
Chemical Names RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions
Que. 1
What is the common name of CaOCl2? 1. Calcium Sulphate Dihydrate
1. Baking Powder 2. Carbon Sulphate Dihydrate

2. Baking Soda 3. Copper Sulphate Dihydrate
3. Bleaching Powder 4. Cobalt Sulphate Dihydrate
4. Washing Soda
Que. 4
Que. 2 What is the chemical name of Milk of
What is the chemical name of “Green Magnesia?
Vitriol”?
1. Calcium hydroxide
1. Sodium Thiosulphate 2. Magnesium hydroxide
2. Ferrous Sulphate 3. Magnesium chloride
3. Calcium oxychloride 4. Potassium chloride
4. Ammonium Ferrous Sulphate
Que. 5
Que. 3 What is the chemical name of ‘Plaster of
What is the Chemical name of gypsum? Paris’?
1. Calcium Sulphate Carbonate What is the chemical formula of Marsh
2. Calcium Bicarbonate Gas/Methane?
3. Calcium sulphate Tricarbonate 1. NaCl

4. Calcium sulphate hemihydrate 2. CH4
3. CaO
Que. 6 4. CHCl3
Which among the following is the
chemical name of caustic soda?
Que. 10
1. Sodium Hydroxide Chemical name of Gammexane is
2. Sodium Sulphate ________.
3. Sodium Carbonate 1. Toluene

4. Sodium oxide 2. Benzene hexachloride
3. Chloro benzene
Que. 7 4. Aniline
What is the chemical name of vinegar?
1. Acetic Acid Solutions

2. Citric Acid Ans.1 Correct Option - 3
3. Lactic Acid
• The chemical formula of Bleaching
4. Formic Acid powder is written as CaOCl2. It is a
white powder consisting chiefly of
Que. 8 calcium hydroxide, calcium
What is the chemical name of quick lime? chloride, and calcium hypochlorite
and used as a bleach, disinfectant,
1. Calcium carbonate
or deodorant.
2. Sodium hydroxide
3. Calcium oxide The chemical formula of washing soda or
4. Calcium sulphate sodium carbonate is Na2CO3. The
chemical formula of Baking powder and
Que. 9 baking soda is NaHCO3.

Ans.2 Correct Option - 2 Ans.5 Correct Option - 4
• The chemical name of “Green Calcium sulphate hemihydrate is the

Vitriol” is Ferrous Sulphate. chemical name of ‘Plaster of Paris’; It is
• The hydrated form of Green Vitriol widely used in the construction of
is used medically to treat iron buildings and is also used in sculpturing
deficiency, and also for industrial because of its brittle nature.
applications.
• In horticulture, it is used for Ans.6 Correct Option - 1
treating iron chlorosis.

• The chemical name of caustic
Ans.3 Correct Option - 1 soda Sodium Hydroxide.

• It is a white solid ionic compound.
• The Chemical name of gypsum • Formula: NaOH.
is Calcium Sulphate Dihydrate. • It is soluble in Water, Ethanol,
• Its Chemical formula Methanol
is CaSO4.2H2O.
• Gypsum is a soft sulphate mineral Ans.7 Correct Option - 1
used as a fertilizer.
• Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid
• It is also the main component in
with 90% of water. Acetic Acid is
numerous forms of plaster,
naturally present in vinegar.
blackboard chalk and wallboard.
• The chemical formula of vinegar
Ans.4 Correct Option - 2 (Acetic Acid) is CH3 COOH.

• It is used in medication to treat a
• The chemical name of milk of number of conditions. For
magnesia is magnesium example, as an eardrop, it is used
hydroxide Mg(OH)2 and it is an to treat infections of the ear canal.
inorganic compound which occurs
naturally as the mineral brucite. Ans.8 Correct Option - 3
• It is most commonly used as a

Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as
laxative to relieve constipation and
quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used
ease heartburn and indigestion.
chemical compound. It is a white, caustic,
alkaline, crystalline solid at room • The main process for the
temperature. production of methane is
anaerobic digestion.
• The chemical formula of Marsh
Gas is CH4. The chemical name of • Chemical name of Gammexane is
Marsh Gas is Methane. Benzene hexachloride.
• It is produced when vegetation • It is an organochlorine chemical
decomposes naturally within some and an isomer of
geographical marshes, swamps, hexachlorocyclohexane that has
and bogs. been used both as an agricultural
insecticide and as a pharmaceutical
treatment for lice and scabies
5. Acids, Bases & Salts
Acid
▪ The acid could be a molecule or solvents. A Brønsted or Svante
particle capable of donating a August Arrhenius acid sometimes
nucleon (hydrogen particle H+), contains an atom warranted to a
or, or else, capable of forming a chemical structure that's still
bond with negatron combine (a energetically favorable after the
Lewis acid). loss of H+.
▪ The first category of acids is proton ▪ Aqueous Svante August Arrhenius

donors or Brønsted–Lowry acids. acids have characteristic properties
In the special case of liquid which offer a sensible description
solutions, nucleon donor’s kind the of an acid. Acids of the kind of
hydronium particle H3O+ and are liquid solutions with a bitter style,
called Svante August Arrhenius will flip blue litmus test red, and
acids. react with bases and certain metals
(like calcium) to form salts.
▪ Brønsted and Lowry generalized
the Svante August Arrhenius ▪ The word acid comes from the
theory to incorporate non-aqueous Latin acidus/acēre that means
bitter. A solution of an acid boron atom has a vacant orbital
contains a pH scale but seven and which can form a covalent bond by
is conversationally conjointly sharing a lone pair of electrons on
mentioned as 'acid' (as in an atom in a base, for example, the
'dissolved in acid'), whereas the nitrogen atom in ammonia (NH3).
strict definition refers only to the
solute. A lower pH scale means
that the next acidity, and therefore Ph Levels of different Acids and
the next concentration of positive Their Ranges
element ions within the resolution.
▪ Chemicals or substances having

the property of acid are the same to
be acidic.
▪ Common liquid acids embody acid

(a resolution of acid that is found
in stomachic acid within the
abdomen and activates biological
process enzymes), ethanoic acid
(vinegar could be a dilute aqueous
solution of this liquid), sulphuric
acid (used in automobile batteries),
and acid (found in citrus fruits).
▪ As these examples show, acids (in

the informal sense) are solutions or
pure substances and can be derived
from acids (in the strict sense) that
are solids, liquids, or gases. Strong
acids and a few targeted weak acids
are corrosive, however, there are
exceptions like carboranes and
chemical element acid.
▪ The second class of acids square

measure Lewis acids. An example
is boron trifluoride (BF3), whose
Nomenclature of Acids
▪ In the classical naming system, name of the ionic compound. Thus,

acids are named in keeping with for acid, the IUPAC name would be
their anions. The ionic suffix is liquid acid. The prefix "hydro-" is
born and replaced with a brand additionally provided that the acid
new suffix (and generally prefix), is formed from simply
keeping with the table below. For part|element|gas} and one
example, HCl has chloride as its different element.
ion, that the -ide suffix makes it
take the shape of acid.
▪ In the IUPAC naming system,
"aqueous" is just adding to the
Classical Naming System
Anion Prefix Anion Suffix Acid Prefix Acid Suffix

Per ate per ic acid
Per ate per ic acid
Hypo ite hypo ous acid
Hypo ide hydro ic acid
Base
▪ In chemistry, bases are unit substances conditions. A soluble base is termed an

that, in solution, unleash hydroxide alkali if it contains and releases OH−
(OH−) ions, are a unit slippery to the ions quantitatively.
bit, will style bitter if an alkali, amends
the color of indicators to blue. ▪ However, it's vital to comprehend that
basicity isn't an equivalent as pH scale.
▪ Examples of bases are unit of the Metal oxides, hydroxides, and
hydroxides of alkali metals and especially alkoxides are basic, and
therefore the metallic element metals conjugate bases of weak acids are weak
(NaOH, Ca(OH)2, etc.—see alkali bases.
hydroxide and metallic element
hydroxide). ▪ A reaction between an acid and a base
is termed neutralization. In a
▪ In water, by fixing the autoionization neutralization reaction, an aqueous
equilibrium, bases yield solutions solution of a base reacts with an
within which the cation activity is less aqueous solution of an acid to produce
than it's in pure water, i.e., the water a solution of water and salt in which
has a pH higher than 7.0 at standard the salt separates into its component
ions. If the solution is saturated with a
given salt substance, any further such ▪ Bases are bitter in taste.
salt precipitates out.
Reactions between Bases and Water
▪ For a substance to be classified as an
The following reaction represents the
Arrhenius base, it should manufacture overall reaction between a base (B) and
hydroxide ions in a solution. Arrhenius water to supply a conjugate acid (BH+)
believed, the base must contain and a conjugate base (OH−):
hydroxide in the formula.
B(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ BH+(aq) + OH−(aq)
▪ An example of this is the reaction The equilibrium constant, Kb, for this
between ammonia and water to reaction can be found using the following
produce ammonium and hydroxide. In general equation:
this reaction, ammonia is the base and Kb = [BH+][OH−]/[B]
as a result of it accepts a nucleon from
the water molecule. In this equation, the base (B) and the
extremely strong base (the conjugate base
▪ Ammonia and different bases like it OH−) compete for the proton. The base is
always have the flexibility to make a weaker when it has a lower equilibrium
bond with a nucleon because of the constant value.
unshared combine of electrons that
▪ However, acid, carboxylic acid, associate
they possess. In the additional general
degreed most alternative Brønsted-Lowry
Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, a
acids cannot create a bond with a
base is a substance that can accept
negatron. Conversely, several Lewis acids
hydrogen cations (H+)—otherwise
aren't Arrhenius or Brønsted-Lowry acids.
known as protons. In the Lewis model,
a base is AN lepton combine donor.
Salts
Properties of Base
▪ Salt could be a mineral composed
General properties of bases include: primarily of common salt (NaCl). Salt
in its natural type as a crystalline
▪ Concentrated or robust bases area unit mineral is known as rock salt or halite.
caustic on organic matter and react
violently with acidic substances. ▪ The open ocean has concerning thirty
▪ Aqueous solutions or liquid bases five grams (1.2 oz) of solids per metric
dissociate in ions and conduct electricity. capacity unit of ocean water, a salinity
▪ Reactions with indicators: bases flip red of 3.5%.
paper blue, acid-base indicator pink, keep
bromthymol blue in its natural color of ▪ Salt is crucial, and saltiness is one
blue, and switch acid-base indicator among the essential human tastes. Salt
yellow. is among the oldest and most present
▪ The pH of a base at customary conditions food seasonings, and seasoning is a
is larger than seven.
very important methodology of food plenty of alternative merchandise. Of
preservation. the annual world production of around
200 million tonnes of salt, concerning
▪ Salt is employed in non secular 6 June 1944 is employed for human
ceremonies and has alternative consumption.
cultural and ancient significance.
Properties of Salts
▪ Salt is processed from salt mines, and
• Salt is generally used in different
by the evaporation of brine (sea salt)
applications like in household
and mineral-rich spring water in
foods and in even in some medical
shallow pools. Its major industrial
specifications.
merchandise square measure
hydroxide and chlorine; salt is • Salts have a chemical formule of
employed in several industrial NaCl (Sodium Chloride).
processes as well as the manufacture
of vinyl resin, plastics, paper pulp and
Acids, Bases & Salts RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1 4. Malic acid
Which of the following acids is called the
king of the acids? Que. 4
1. Carbonic acid Vitamin C is also known as ____.
2. Phosphoric acid 1. Ascorbic acid
3. Nitric acid 2. Tartaric acid
4. Sulphuric acid 3. Malic acid
4. Acetic acid
Que. 2
Acids are always stored in containers Que. 5
made of ______. Acids turn blue litmus paper into which
1. Soil colour?
2. Glass 1. Green
3. Metals 2. Red
4. None of these 3. Pink
4. Colourless
Que. 3
Primarily which kind of acid is present in Que. 6
an apple? Which of the following acids is present in
1. Citric acid sour milk?
2. Lactic acid 1. Formic acid
3. Tartaric acid 2. Lactic acid
3. Citric acid 4. 7.0 to 8.6
4. Tartaric acid
Que. 12
Que. 7 Butyric acid is found in________.
The pH value of acidic solution is 1. Rancid butter
________.
2. Grapes
1. 7 3. Vinegar
2. Less than 7 4. Tomato
3. More than 7
4. 14 Que. 13
Which among the following acids is used
Que. 8 in Lead storage batteries?
The formula for Potassium Permanganate 1. Acetic acid
is ________.
2. Hydrochloric acid
1. KMnO4 3. Sulphuric acid
2. KMn2O4 4. Nitric acid
3. K2Mn2O4 Que. 14
4. K2Mn2O2 What is the chemical name of vinegar?
1. Acetic Acid
Que. 9
Which one of the following is the chemical 2. Citric Acid
formula of Green Vitriol? 3. Lactic Acid
4. Formic Acid
1. FeSO
Que. 15
2. Fe2SO
Which one of the following types of
3. CuSO2 medicines is used for treating indigestion?
4. FeSO4 1. Antibiotic
2. Analgesic
Que. 10 3. Antacid
Which of the following is used to get relief
4. Antiseptic
when you have been stung by a honeybee?
1. Common salt Solutions
2. Baking soda Ans.1 Correct Option - 4
3. Acetic acid
• Sulphuric acid is called the King of the
4. Washing soda
acids.
• One time the annual production of
Que. 11 sulphuric acid (H2So4) was taken as a
The human body works within the pH measure of the degree of
range of: industrialization of the country, and
1. 6.0 to 7.0 earned its name “King of
Chemicals”.
2. 6.0 to 6.8
3. 7.0 to 7.8
• Sulphuric acid is familiar to us as o Trick: Absorb vitamin c daily
the electrolyte in the lead-acid
batteries in automobiles. Ans.5 Correct Option - 2
Ans.2 Correct Option - 2 • The blue litmus paper will turn red
when it comes into contact with an
• Acids are always stored in acidic solution.
containers made of glass. Glass • When a litmus paper is put in a
bottles are ideal for storing most of solution, depending on what the
the acids and bases because of solution is, the indicator will react
their chemical inertness. with the solution and will change
• They cannot be stored in metal its colour.
containers since they will react • On the other hand, red litmus
with the metal and form metal salt paper reacts to alkaline substances
and liberate hydrogen gas. by turning blue.
Malic acid used to found in an Apple. • Lactic acid, an organic compound,

is responsible for sour taste of milk
• Apples are a rich source and causes the fall in pH of milk
of ascorbic and malic acid. from 7.0 to less than 5.
• Soured milk that is produced by
bacterial fermentation is more
Acid Eatables specifically called fermented milk
Citric acid Orange and Lemon or cultured milk.
• Lactic acid, is used as a food
Cheese, Yogurt, Soy preservative, curing agent, and
Lactic acid
Sauce and Meat flavoring agent, is produced
Grapes, Apricot, commercially by fermentation of
Tartaric acid Tamarind, Banana carbohydrates such as glucose,
and Avocado sucrose, or lactose, or by chemical
synthesis.
o Vitamin C, also known
as ascorbic acid, is a vitamin Solutions pH Value
found in fruits like orange, grapes, Acidic Solution Less than 7
lemon, etc. and used as a dietary
supplement. Basic Solution Greater than 7
o Tartaric acid is an organic acid.
It occurs naturally in some fruits Neutral Solution Equal to 7
like Bananas, grapes, tamarinds,
and citrus.
o Malic acid is a dicarboxylic acid Ans.8 Correct Option - 1
and it is used as a food additive.
o Acetic acid, also called ethanoic • Potassium Permanganate is an
acid, is used in making vinegar. inorganic chemical compound
which has KMnO₄ as its chemical • Sodium bicarbonate referred to as;
formula. baking soda is primarily used in;
• It is a salt consisting of K⁺ and baking as a leavening agent.
MnO− ₄ ions. • It reacts with acidic components in
• It is a strong oxidizing agent. batters, releasing carbon dioxide,
• It is used as a medication for which causes expansion of the
cleaning wounds and dermatitis. batter and forms the characteristic
texture and grain in pancakes,
Ans.9 Correct Option – 4 cakes, quick loaves of bread, soda
bread, and other baked and fried
Ferrous Sulphate(FeSO4) is also known as foods.
Green Vitriol. It is a bluish -
green crystalline compound. It is used in Its chemical formula is NaHCO3.
sewage and water treatment and as a
pigment and fertilizer. It also has usage in Ans.11 Correct Option - 3
medicine to treat iron deficiency.
• The pH range is from 0 to 14, with
7.0 being neutral.
• Anything above 7.0 is alkaline,
anything below 7.0 is
considered acidic.
• The human body works within the
pH range of 7.0 to 8.6
• Butyric acid is a short-chain fatty acid

found in Rancid butter. It is also found in
milk and parmesan cheese.
• The acid is an oily, colorless liquid that is

easily soluble in water, ethanol, and ether.
It has an unpleasant smell and acrid taste.
• The structural formula of Butyric acid

CH3CH2CH2-CO-OH.
• Due to its powerful odor, it is used as a

fishing bait additive.

The main active materials required to
• Sodium bicarbonate i.e Baking construct a lead acid battery are Lead
soda is Basic in nature and by peroxide (PbO2), Sponge lead (Pb), and
applying it on the stung area Dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
neutralizes the acidic effect of the
sting of the honeybee Ans.14 Correct Option - 1
• Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid Antacids usually neutralize the acidity of
with 90% of water. Acetic Acid is the stomach which gives relief during
naturally present in vinegar. indigestion.
• The chemical formula of vinegar Antibiotics prevent the growth of bacterial
(Acetic Acid) is CH3 COOH. infections in the body.
• It is used in medication to treat a Analgesic medicines are used to give relief
number of conditions. For from pain.
example, as an eardrop, it is used Antiseptics are used to cure infections or
to treat infections of the ear canal. upper tissues of the body.

6. Optics
The human eye (retina) has the sensitivity Reflection of Light by Spherical
to detect electromagnetic waves within a Mirrors:
small range of the electromagnetic
spectrum. The scope of optics is
subdivided into three categories further:
• Geometrical Optics (Consists of

Reflection and Refraction
Phenomenon, Lenses)
• Physical Optics (Consists of the
The angle of reflection (i.e., the angle
superposition principle, Diffraction
between the reflected ray and the normal
Phenomenon, and Polarization)
to the reflecting surface or the mirror)
• Modern Optics (Consists of Lasers
equals the angle of incidence (angle
and their Working)
between the incident ray and the normal).
Geometrical Optics Also, the incident ray reflected ray and the
normal to the reflecting surface at the
Reflection refers to the bouncing back of
point of incidence lie in the same plane.
the waves of light from the surface that
it strikes from. These laws are valid at every or any
reflective surface whether or not a plane or
falciform.
The normal is to be taken as normal to the

tangent to surface at the point of
Focal Length of Spherical Mirror
We assume that the rays area unit
paraxial, i.e., they're incident at points
getting ready to the pole P of the mirror
and build tiny angles with the optic axis.
The mirrored rays converge at a degree F
on the optic axis of a pouch-like mirror.
For a convex mirror, the reflected rays

appear to diverge from a point F on its
incidence. That is, the normal is along the principal axis.
radius, the line joining the center of
The point F is termed the principal focus
curvature of the mirror to the point of
of the mirror. If the parallel beam of light
incidence.
was incident, making some angle with the
Sign Convention principal axis, the reflected rays would
All distances are measured from the pole converge (or appear to diverge) from a
of the mirror or the optical center of the point in a plane through F traditional to
lens. The distances measured in the same the optic axis. This is referred to as the
direction as the incident light are taken as focal plane of the mirror.
positive and those measured in the
The Mirror Equation
direction opposite to the direction of
The Mirror equation can be viewed as the
incident light are taken as negative.
following mathematical equation.
The heights are measured upwards with
respect to x-axis and normal to the
principal axis of the mirror/ lens are taken
as positive. The heights measured
downwards are taken as negative.
Refraction
When a beam of light encounters another distance of the image from the lens, f= The
transparent medium, a part of the light focal length of the lens.
gets reflected back into the first medium This equation is valid for all types of lenses
while the rest enters the other. like concave or convex lenses and images
formed by it like real or virtual images.
This phenomenon is called refraction of
Physical Optics
light.
The Branch of Physical optics deals with

the different types of the phenomenon
occurring due to the reflection and
refraction phenomenon.
This includes phenomenon's like

1. Superposition Principle.
Refraction by Lenses
2.Diffraction Phenomenon
3.Dispersion and Scattering of the light.
4.Polarization.
1. Superposition Principle
By this either a superimposed wave is

The refraction phenomenon also occurs in obtained or if the two light waves are of
the way lenses are constructed thus to help two opposite magnitude in the same
in the formation of a clear image to be direction, they cancel each other out
viewed by the user. having a zero-resultant wave.
There are certain laws while using the lens When the two waves superimpose over
formula and certain sign conventions. The one another they form a constructive wave
lens formula is formulated mathematically and when they don’t and cancel out each
by applying the sign convention is: other they form a destructive wave.
1/v - 1/u = 1/f The following diagram shows the two
Where, a u=The distance of the object different types of waves that can be
from the focus of the lens., a v=The formed.
2. Diffraction Phenomenon The formation of Rainbows is also due to
Diffraction of a light wave can also be the splitting of the light into its seven
signified as the bending of the light wave different colors. The water droplet acts as
due to certain obstacle covering up its the medium of dispersion of sunlight.
path.
A prism is also used to find the diffraction
The amount of how much the light wave is
of the light waves, that passes through it.
to be deflected depends upon the size of
In a Prism, the white light is the incident
the opening of the surface from which the
on one of its surfaces that then splits into
light waves is to be diffracted.
multiple colors.
The diffraction phenomenon is
unnoticeable through the human naked The following diagram shows the splitting
eye but nature shows up its many of white light into its different colors.
instances of diffraction of light like in the
waves of sunlight or the moonlight passing
through the clouds.
If the water droplets get in the way of the
light wave the light waves become clearer
to the human eye. The following diagram
shows the diffraction of light.
4. Polarization
Polarization refers to the phenomenon of

removing a part of the light of which is
incident on a surface. The Polarization
3. Dispersion phenomenon works on the principle of
Dispersion of light means the splitting of refraction of the light waves.
the light into its seven different A polarized surface is efficient enough to
components. These seven colors are also reflect 90% of the harmful UV light from
known as VIBGYOR or Violet, Indigo, the sun. Polarization is used in the
Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red.
manufacture of different sunglasses and They are also used in a different industrial
windshields in the car. purpose or to guide certain missile take
off.
Thus, a laser Is a much efficient and

reliable source of light as it doesn’t scatter
of its waves down.
The following Image shows the working of

a LASER in detail. The LASER works on
Modern Optics
the phenomenon of Excitation of the
Modern optics include LASER. electrons and when this excitation occurs
the electrons jump on to a higher energy
LASER stands for "Light Amplification by
level and they impart energy.
Stimulated Emission of Radiation".
A laser uses a phenomenon of Optical

Amplification of the light waves through
the lenses that are used in it.
Lasers are not just ordinary sources of

light because they don’t work like the
other light waves. They
focus all of the energy possible in a single

point where needed.
Application of Optical Instruments
The LASER is used in different working
The optical instruments are used in
instruments like in a Hard Disk where the
various types of Industries or for Personal
reading of the data is to be done from the
use or even for Satellite Imaging purpose
memories.
also.
LASERS are also used in DVD writers and
Here are a few optical instruments that are
readers for writing information to the
used and the areas they are made to do so:
disk. The lasers have a wavelength of
around 2700 to 3000 nm. 1. Lenses
The lenses are used in Optometry or
viewing of the images by the human
eye when the muscles are not strong like cells or such microscopic objects
enough to focus on the image clearly, that are not visible to the human eyes.
an optometrist prescribes a pair of
power lenses according to the need of
the patient and that helps in viewing
them easy.
2. Telescope
A telescope works on the principle of

refraction and it works through high
powered lenses combined with one
4. Photographic Instruments
another. There are also many
They include cameras or
observatories that use high powered
videographers which works on the
lenses and LASERS to study different
major principle of reflection of the
planetary movement and their causes.
images after they are viewed through
the lens, A camera works on the
principle of both reflection and
refraction.
5. Atmospheric Refraction
The sun sky or the evening sky appears red
due to the refraction of the light that
passes through the atmosphere and the
red light scatters the most as it has the
3. Microscope
highest wavelength of all.
A microscope is an instrument that is
used to study different human parts
Acids, Bases & Salts RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1 1. longitudinal
Light is a ________ wave. 2. elastic
3. transverse 1. Rarer to denser medium and it occurs
4. mechanical with no loss of intensity
2. Denser to rarer medium and it occurs
Que. 2 with no loss of intensity
Velocity of sound is minimum in 3. Rarer to denser medium and it occurs
_______. with loss of intensity
1. Steel 4. Denser to rarer medium and it occurs
2. Mortar with loss of intensity
3. Mercury
4. Carbon dioxide Que. 6
What is the change in the direction of light
Que. 3 by a mirror called ____
Light can travel in vacuum but not sound, 1. Absorption of light
because 2. Refraction of light
1. speed of sound is very slow than light 3. Reflection of light
2. light waves are electromagnetic in 4. Diffraction of light
nature
3. sound waves are electromagnetic in Que. 7
nature Rainbow is a natural phenomenon of
4. None of these ______ of light.
1. Reflection
Que. 4 2. Refraction
A photocell converts light energy into 3. Diffusion
________. 4. Dispersion
1. Chemical energy
2. Electrical energy Que. 8
3. Potential energy Speed of light is maximum in _______.
4. Kinetic energy 1. Vacuum
2. Solids
Que. 5 3. Liquids
In total internal reflection, the light travels 4. Gases
from ________.
Que. 9
The angle between the __________ and Sound takes some time to travel from one
the incident ray is called the angle of place to another. It will ______.
incidence. 1. always remains constant
1. Surface 2. be maximum during summer
2. Normal 3. be maximum during winter
3. Tangent 4. None of these
4. Reflected ray
Que. 14
Que. 10 Which type of sound is produced by a bat?
Why does a water tank filled with water 1. Subsonic
appear shallower when viewed from the 2. Ultrasonic
top? 3. Supersonic
1. Due to reflection 4. Infrasonic
2. Due to refraction
3. Due to diffraction Que. 15
4. Due to total internal reflection Why is the flash of lighting seen earlier
than the sound of thunder?
Que. 11 1. Thunder is more near than roaring
Sound waves cannot travel through a 2. The light can pass though vacuum
_________. 3. Speed of light is more than speed of
1. Copper wire placed in air sound
2. Silver slab placed in air 4. Speed of sound is more than speed of
3. Glass prism placed in water the light
4. Wooden hollow pipe placed in vacuum.
Solutions
Que. 12
Sound is produced by __________ Ans.1 Correct Option - 3
objects. Light is a transverse wave since the
1. Perpetual components of light vibrate perpendicular
2. Uniform to the direction of propagation. Light has
3. Stable magnetic and electric components, thus it
4. Vibrating is an electromagnetic transverse wave.
Que. 13
A transverse wave is that wave which The Photoelectric effect was explained by
oscillates perpendicular to the direction of Albert Einstein.
propagation.
Ans.2 Correct Option - 4 Total internal reflection refers to the
The velocity of sound is maximum in complete reflection of a ray of light within
solids and minimum in gas. a given medium from the surrounding
Sound is the disturbance of the medium. surface. The ray of light continues to
If the intermolecular distance is small be reflected within the medium (glass,
then disturbance will be faster as the water, etc.) without being refracted off.
molecule is very close to each other and The condition for total internal reflection
the velocity will be more and vice versa. requires the ray to bend away from the
normal till 90 Degree angle is attained. It
Ans.3 Correct Option - 2 happens only when light travels from
Light can travel in a vacuum because light denser to rarer medium. The intensity
waves are electromagnetic in nature, remains the same.
which sound waves are not.
Sound waves require a medium to travel. Ans.6 Correct Option - 3
The speed of sound is faster in solid The process through which light rays
materials, slower in liquids and slowest in falling on the surface of an object are sent
gases. back is called a reflection of light.
The speed of light in a vacuum is Thus, when light falls on the surface of an
commonly given the symbol c. It is a object it sends back the light.
universal constant that has the value c = 3 Reflection of light occurs when the waves
x 108 m/second. encounter a surface or other boundary
that does not absorb the energy of the
Ans.4 Correct Option - 2 radiation and bounces the waves away
A photocell converts light energy into from the surface.
electrical energy. There are mainly three
kinds of photocells, which are Ans.7 Correct Option - 4
photovoltaic, photoconductive, and Dispersion is the phenomenon by which
photoemissive. white light splits into its 7 constituent
colours while moving from one the surface and this bending is called
transparent medium to another. refraction.
The 7 colours are red, orange, yellow, This phenomenon occurs when light
green, blue, indigo and violet. passes from one transparent medium to
Rainbow is formed due to dispersion of another of a different density.
sunlight as it passes through droplets of
water in the air. Ans.11 Correct Option - 4
Sound wave cannot travel through a
Ans.8 Correct Option - 1 wooden hollow pipe placed in vacuum.
The speed of light is maximum in a Sound energy transfer in form of
vacuum. vibrations, these vibrations need matter to
The speed of light in a vacuum is 186,282 travel, absence of matter in vacuum makes
miles per second, which is 299,792 km per these waves impossible to travel.
second.
As per the theory, nothing travels faster Ans.12 Correct Option - 4
than light. The sound is produced when an object
vibrates and causes the medium around it
Ans.9 Correct Option - 2 to vibrate, which travel in longitudinal
The angle of incidence is the angle waves that reach our ear as sound.
between the incident ray on the surface We hear the phone vibrate as the vibration
and the line perpendicular to the surface of the device causes the air around it to
at the point of incidence. vibrate, which then reaches our ear.
This perpendicular point is also called the
normal. Ans.13 Correct Option - 3
Sound travels faster in summer
Ans.10 Correct Option - 2 than winter.
A water tank filled with water appears Because during winter, the air becomes
shallower when viewed from the top cold and cold air is denser.
because of refraction of light. Denser air is a good conductive
Light travels straight in the water, but it of sound and sound does not travel
emerges obliquely into the air from water. faster during winter but rather it
While exiting, it bends downward towards just sounds louder because of the good
conductive denser air. Sound travels
faster in summer than in winter. Ans.15 Correct Option - 3
The flash of lighting is seen earlier than
Ans.14 Correct Option - 2 the sound of thunder because the speed of
Ultrasonic sound is produced by a bat and light is more than speed of sound.
that is why human beings cannot hear the Light at a speed of around 300,000,000
sound. meters per second travels much faster
An ultrasonic sound refers to a sound than sound which moves at 340 meters
which has a frequency above 20 kHz. per second.
Subsonic sound refers to any sound with A person 1 km away from the
speed lower than that of sound whereas thunderstorm hears the thunder about 3
supersonic sound travels faster than the seconds after seeing the lightning flash.
speed of sound.
Infrasonic frequency sounds have below
than the audible sound i.e. under 20 Hz.
7. Physics Laws & Principles
Physics Laws lead and feather fall at the same
• 0.Law of Gravitation: rate in a vacuum.
Objects attract each other with a • 1.Newton’s First law of
force directly proportional to the Motion
product of the masses of the A body continues in its state of
objects and inversely proportional rest, or of uniform motion in a
to the square of the distance straight line, except in so far as it is
between them. Hence, for objects compelled by external impressed
on or near the earth, the mass of forces to change that state. It is
the earth is very much greater than also called Law of Inertia.
the object, and so the gravitational • 2.Newton’s Second Law of

force between them makes objects Motion
fall towards the earth. That is why The rate of change of momentum is
proportional to the impressed force
and takes place in the direction of
the straight line in which the force transmitted to every part of the
acts. In other words “Force is equal fluid without loss. Hydraulic
to mass multiplied by machines like the hydraulic press
acceleration”. work on this principle.
• 3. Newton’s Third Law of - Atmospheric pressure decreases
Motion with increase in height. The SI unit
To every action there is equal and of pressure is pascal which is
opposite reaction. This is the named after Pascal who
principle behind the recoil felt on established this law.
pulling the trigger of a gun. • 8. Hooke’s Law (1635-1703)
• 4.Newton’s Law of cooling This law states that the extension
The rate at which a body cools or of a spring is proportional to the
loses its heat to its surroundings is tension stretching it. Doubling of
proportional to the excess of mean the tension results in the doubling
temperature of the body over that of the amount of stretch.
of the surroundings, provided this • 9. Bernoulli's Principle
temperature excess is not too large. It states that as the speed of a
• 5. Coulomb’s Law (1738-1806) moving fluid, liquid or gas,
The force between the two electric increases, the pressure within the
charges reduces to a quarter of its fluid decreases. The aerodynamic
former value when the distance lift on the wing of an aeroplane is
between them is doubled. The SI also explained in part by this
unit of electric charge, coulomb, is principle.
named after Charles Augustin de • 10. Boyles's Law
Coulomb who established the law. It states that temperature
• 6. Stefan’s Law (1835-1883) remaining constant, volume of a
The total energy radiated from a given mass of a gas varies inversely
black body is equal to the fourth with the pressure of the gas.
power of its absolute temperature. • 11. Charles's Law
• 7. Pascal’s Law (1623-1662) It states that pressure remaining
- When pressure is applied to a constant, the volume of a given
fluid, the pressure change is mass of gas increases or decreases
by 1/273 part of its volume at 0 densities under similar conditions
degree Celsius for each degree of temperature and pressure.
Celsius rise or fall of its • 16. Archimede's principle - It
temperature. states that a body when wholly or
• 12. Kepler's Law partially immersed in a liquid,
Each planet revolves round the experiences an upward thrust
Sun in an elliptical orbit with the which is equal to the weight of the
Sun at one focus. The straight line liquid displaced by it. Thus, the
joining the Sun and the planet body appears to lose a part of its
sweeps out equal areas in equal weight. This loss in weight is equal
intervals. The squares of the orbital to the weight of the liquid
periods of planets are proportional displaced by the body.
to the cubes of their mean distance • 17. Bernoulli's principle - It
from the Sun. states that as the speed of a moving
• 13. Law of conservation of fluid, liquid or gas, increases, the
energy pressure within the fluid decreases.
It states that energy can neither be The aerodynamic lift on the wing
created nor destroyed but it can be of an aeroplane is also explained in
transformed from one form to part by this principle.
another. Since energy cannot be • 18.Boyles's Law - It states that
created or destroyed, the amount temperature remaining constant,
of energy present in the universe is volume of a given mass of a gas
always remain constant. varies inversely with the pressure
• 14. Tyndall effect of the gas. Thus,
The scattering of light by very PV = K (constant), where, P =
small particles suspended in a gas Pressure and V = Volume.
or liquid. • 19.Gay-Lussac’s Law of
• 15. Graham’s Law combining volumes - Gases
It states that the rates of diffusion react together in volumes which
of gases are inversely proportional bear simple whole number ratios
to the square roots of their to one another and also to the
volumes of the products, if gaseous
— all the volumes being measured We can detect the presence of
under similar conditions of accelerations and measure the
temperature and pressure. relative velocity between two
• 20.Law of Floatation - For a bodies but we cannot measure
body to float, the following absolute velocities.
conditions must be fulfilled: Another way to say the same thing
(1) The weight of the body should is that, if you are not accelerating,
be equal to the weight of the water you are always at rest in your own
displaced. rest frame. In the language of
(2) The centre of gravity of the transformations, all the laws of
body and that of the liquid physics must be invariant under a
displaced should be in the same transformation of the form
straight line. ~x → ~x0 = ~x + R~ + ~vt
• 21.Tyndall effect - The scattering t→t0=t
of light by very small particles
suspended in a gas or liquid. • 2.Law of Planetary Motion:
This law, states that the two
Principles in Physics
planets revolving around each
• 1. Galilean Invariance other provides a gravitational force
This is almost a symmetry of Gm1M2/R^2
classically and becomes a full Where, G is the gravitational
symmetry in the modern language. constant and M1 And M2 are the
First, let’s discuss what the mass of the two planets and R is
transformation is. the distance of the two planets.
There is no experiment that can be
performed that can measure the
velocity of a moving observer.
Physics Laws & Principles Salts RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions
Que. 1 The device through which the speed of
flow of liquid is measured is known as
________ .
1.Hygrometer Which of the following device is used to
2.Venturimeter measure humidity?
3.Udometer
1.Hydrometer
4.Bolometer
2.Hygrometer
3.Psycho Meter
Que. 2
4.Anemometer
Bolometer is used to measure
_________.
Que. 6
1.Air pressure What is an anemometer?
2.Electromagnetic Radiation
1.an instrument used to measure current
3.Height of cloud base
2.an instrument used to measure pressure
4.Specific Gravity of liquids
in the air
3.an instrument used to measure wind
Que. 3
speed
Which of the following instruments is used
4.None of the above
to measure electric current?
1.Galvanometer Que. 7
2.Ammeter Which instrument is used to measure the
3.Rheostat intensity of an earthquake?
4.Voltmeter
1.Hydrometer
2.Polygraph
Que. 4
3.Barometer
Why do we use a galvanometer?
4.Seismorgraph
1.For measuring altitudes
2.For measuring small electrical current Que. 8
3.For measuring potential difference The instrument to measure Blood
between two points Pressure is called ________.
4.For projecting pictures on the screen
1.Sphygmomanometer
2.Thermometer
Que. 5
3.Anemometer
4.Barometer
Ans. 2 Correct Option – 2
Que. 9
An instrument used to measure the Instrument Uses
density of milk? Bolometer • Used to
measure Electromagnetic
1.Glucometer
radiation
2.Lactometer
3.Calorimeter
Barometer • Used to measure Air
4.Polarimeter
pressure
Que. 10 Ceilometer • Used to measure Height of

Hydrometer is used for the measurement cloud base
of ________. • Used to measure the
1.Specific gravity aerosol concentration
2.Humidity within the atmosphere.
3.Electric current
Densimeter • Used to measure The
4.Altitude of an aircraft
specific gravity of a liquid
Solutions
Ans. 3 Correct Option - 2
Device Function • Electric current: An electric

Venturimeter To measure the speed of current is the flow of electrons
flow of liquid through a conductor.
Udometer The amount of liquid • Current is expressed in Ampere
precipitation over a set (A). The charge of an electron
period of time is 1.6 x10-19 C.
Bolometer Radiant energy • Ampere: One ampere current is
measurement said to flow in a conductor if one
Hygrometer Used to measure the Coulomb charge flows through it
amount of humidity in every second.
the atmosphere
Instrument Application Projector: It is used to project pictures
s on the
Ammeter To measure the
current flowing in
the circuit
Device Use
Galvanomete To
r measure SMALL electr Hydrometer an instrument for measuring the
ic current density of liquids.
Rheostat To change the Hygrometer used for measuring the amount
resistance as required of humidity and water vapor in
and thereby control the the atmosphere, in the soil, or in
current confined spaces.
Voltmeter Measures the potential Psycho- measures the relative humidity
difference between two Meter in the atmosphere through the
points in a circuit use of two thermometers.

Anemometer used for measuring wind

The galvanometer is an instrument for
measuring a small electrical current or a • Anemometer is a device that is
function of the current by deflection of a used to measure wind speed in the
moving coil. The deflection is a atmosphere.
mechanical rotation derived from forces • It is commonly used at weather
resulting from the current. An ammeter is stations.
also used for measuring the magnitude of • The instrument used to measure
current. current is called ammeter, and that

used to measure atmospheric
Altimeter: It is used for measuring pressure is called barometer.
altitude above a fixed level.
Voltmeter: It is used to measure the
potential difference between two points • A seismograph is an instrument
that is used to detect and measure
the intensity of an earthquake. It
has sensors which translate ground • Lactometer is used to measure
motion into electrical signals which the density of milk.
are processed and recorded by the • Glucometer is used to measure the
device. approximate concentration of
• A polygraph is an instrument glucose in the blood.
which is used as a lie detector. It • A calorimeter measures the angle
works by evaluating various of Polarization.
physiological factors in humans • A polarimeter is used to measure
such as respiration, blood the angle of rotation
pressure, and pulse.
• A barometer is used to measure Ans. 10 Correct Option – 1
pressure whereas a hydrometer is

used to measure the density of a Instruments Used for
liquid.
Hydrometer The relative density of
Ans. 8 Correct Option – 1 liquids/Specific gravity
Hygrometer Humidity
Sphygmomanometer Blood
pressure Ammeter Electric Current
Thermometer Temperature
Anemometer Speed of Altimeter The altitude of an aircraft
Wind
Barometer Atmospheric
pressure

8. Organic Matter
Organic Matter based compounds found at

intervals natural and built,
• Organic matter, organic material,
terrestrial and aquatic
or natural organic matter (NOM)
environments.
refers to the big pool of carbon-
• It is matter composed of organic • The decomposition of waste
compounds that have return from usually takes from a yearlong to
the remains of organisms like couple of years too. Depending
plants and animals and their waste upon the type of waste to be
product within the setting. decomposed.
• Organic molecules may also be
Source Cycle
created by chemical reactions that
do not involve life. Basic structures • A majority of organic matter not
area unit created from already within the soil comes from
polysaccharide, tannin, cutin, and groundwater. When the
lignin, at the side of different groundwater saturates the soil or
numerous proteins, lipids, and sediment around it, organic matter
carbohydrates. can freely move between the
• Organic matter is very important phases. Groundwater has its own
in the movement of nutrients in sources of natural organic matter
the environment and plays a role in also: "organic matter deposits,
water retention on the surface of such as kerosene and coal. Soil and
the planet. sediment organic matter.
• Organic matter infiltrating into the
Formation
subsurface from rivers, lakes, and
• Organic matter is formed due to marine systems."
decomposition of wastes, they are • One supply of groundwater organic
either the human waste or natural matter is soil organic matter and
waste like plant residues and so on. matter organic matter. The major
• The waste matter when get in methodology of movement into soil
contact with the soil and moisture, is from groundwater, but organic
starts to have chemical reaction matter from soil moves into
between them. groundwater as well.
• This chemical reaction dissolves • Most of the matter in lakes, rivers,
the bond present in between the and surface water areas comes
molecules in the matter. And the from deteriorated material in the
waste starts to decompose.
water and surrounding shores, and biomass migrates, some is quite
some from groundwater. stationary, turning solely over the
• This movement enables a cycle to course of variant years
form. Organisms decompose into • The Diagrammatic representation
organic matter, which is then of organic matter is as shown as
transported and recycled. Not all below:
Water Organic Matter Oxygen Demand and is calculated

as per the requirement.
• The Aquatic/Water Organic Matter
• The BOD also includes the amount
is majorly composed of the amount
of oxygen required to decompose
of oxygen dissolved in the water.
the amount of organic matter as
• The total amount of oxygen
the waste produced and the dad
present in the water is used up by
and decaying matter as produced
the organisms present in the water
• The diagrammatic representation
and the plant present in them.
of the Aquatic Biological Oxygen
• The Organic matter is used up is
Demand is as shown in the figure.
calculated by the BOD or Biological
9. Atomic Structure
Atomic Structure • Neutrons are considered to be the

uncharged particles found within
• An atom consists of 2 regions: the
the nucleus.
nucleus, which is within the center
• An atom is that the smallest unit of
of the atom and contains protons
matter that retains all of the
and neutrons, and also the outer
chemical properties of a
region of the atom.
component.
• Protons and neutrons have more
• Atoms combine to form molecules,
or less a similar mass, about 1.67 ×
which then interact to form solids,
10-24 grams, that scientists outline
gases, or liquids
united mass unit (amu) or one
• Many biological processes area
John Dalton.
unit dedicated to breaking down
• Each lepton includes a charge (-1)
molecules into their part atoms so
up to the electric charge of a
that they may be reassembled into
nucleon (+1).
a a lot of helpful molecule.
• Atomic Particles
• Atoms carries with it 3 basic
particles: protons, electrons, and
neutrons. The nucleus (center) of
the atom contains the protons
(positively charged) and therefore
the neutrons (no charge).
• The outmost regions of the atom
Atomic Mass
area unit known as negatron shells
and contain the electrons • Protons and neutrons have close to a
(negatively charged). similar mass, about 1.67 × 10-24
• Atoms have totally different grams. Scientists outline this quantity
properties supported the of mass together mass unit (amu) or
arrangement and range of their one physicist.
basic particles. • Although similar in mass, protons are
• The atom (H) contains only 1 charged, whereas neutrons don't have
nucleon, one electron, and no any charge. Therefore, the amount of
neutrons. This can be determined neutrons in Associate in Nursing atom
mistreatment the number and contributes considerably to its mass,
therefore the nucleon number of however to not its charge.
the part (see the conception on • Electrons are a lot of smaller in mass
atomic numbers and mass than protons, consideration solely
numbers). nine.11 × 10-28 grams, or regarding
• The detailed structure of an atom 1/1800 of Associate in Nursing mass
is shown in the figure below. unit.
• Therefore, they are doing not
contribute a lot of to Associate in
Nursing element’s overall mass. When
considering mass, it's customary to
ignore the mass of any electrons and
calculate the atom’s mass supported
the amount of protons and neutrons element that have different
alone. numbers of neutrons.
• Electrons contribute greatly to the • The number of electrons may
atom’s charge, as every negatron differ in atoms of a similar part,
includes a charge adequate to the thus producing ions (charged
charge of a nucleon. atoms).
• Scientist around the globe relates or Mass Number:
calls up the charges as “+1” and “-1 in • An element’s {mass
nature”. And in Associate in Nursing variety|nucleon number|mass
uncharged, neutral atom, the amount unit} (A) is the addition of the
of electrons orbiting the nucleus is amount of protons and also the
adequate to the amount of protons number of neutrons. The small
within the nucleus. In these atoms, the contribution of mass from
positive and negative charges cancel electrons is forgotten in calculative
one another out, resulting in Associate the mass unit. This approximation
in Nursing atom with no web charge. of mass often simply calculates
what number neutrons part has by
merely subtracting the amount of
Atomic Number and Mass Number
protons from the mass unit.
Atomic Number: Protons and neutrons each weigh
• Neutral atoms of part contain concerning one mass unit or amu.
associate equal variety of protons Isotopes of a similar part can have
and electrons. The number of a similar number however
protons determines associate part’s completely different mass
number (Z) and distinguishes one numbers.
element from another. • The diagrammatic representation
• For example, carbons have an of Isotopes is shown in the figure
atomic number (Z) of 6, because it below.
has 6 protons. The number of
neutrons will vary to several
numbers of different isotopes,
which are atoms of the same
• J.J Thompsons model of an atom
stated that the shape of an atom is
spherical in nature.
• The Electrons are embedded inside
the atom.
• Positive charge is distributed
uniformly thought the atom.
• The diagrammatic representation
of this model is as shown below.
Rutherford Model of an Atom
• Rutherford model of an atom

states that the atom is a hollow
structure and is of spherical in
Bohr’s Atomic Model
shape.
• Nucleus is also present. • Bohr was the only one to provide
• Electrons revolve around the the correct prediction of the atomic
nucleus like the planets around the model i.
sun. • He stated that the electrons are not
• The diagrammatic representation collided into one specific region,
of this model is shown as below: rather they move along in their
own specific orbits as the planets
around the sun.
J.J Thompsons Model of an Atom
• He named and prescribed each
• He stated that the structure of the orbit as n=1,2,3,4…n
atom is just as the plum pudding • Where n=1 belong to the first orbit
model. of an e-
• He also named the orbitals as • The diagrammatic representation
K,L,M,N orbitals as of this model is as shown below.
n=1,2,3,4,5….n.
• The angle of rotation and its orbital
speed can be calculated as by the
formula given by him which is,
mvr=nh/2(3.147)
• The charge of each electron was
given by En=-13.6/n^2 ev or
electron volts.
Atomic Structure RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions
Que. 1 1. Only protons

What is the Atomic Mass of Hydrogen? 2. Only neutron
1. 1 3. Both protons & neutron
2. 2 4. Proton, electron & neutron
3. 3
4. 4 Que. 4
What is the number of groups and periods
in the modern periodic table?
Que. 2
Amongst the following elements which 1. 18, 7
have the largest atomic size? 2. 18, 8
1. Magnesium 3. 16, 7
2. Phosphorus 4. 16, 8
3. Lithium
4. Sodium Que. 5
Atomic number is always equal to
______.
Que. 3
Sub-atomic particles of atoms are _____. 1. Number of protons
2. Number of neutrons Que. 9
3. Number of electrons Mass number is always equal to
________.
4. Sum of protons and neutrons
1. number of protons
Que. 6 2. number of neutrons
Which of the following has largest atomic 3. sum of number of protons and
radius? number of electrons
1. Li 4. sum of number of protons and
2. Be number of neutrons
3. B
Que. 10
4. O
What is the maximum number of electrons
that the outermost shell can have?
Que. 7
Elements having same atomic numbers 1. 2
but a different mass number are called 2. 6
______. 3. 8
1. isotones 4. None of these
2. isotopes
3. isobar Solutions
4. None of the above
• The Atomic Mass is defined as the

Que. 8 sum of numbers of Neutron and
Which unit is most commonly used to Protons in the nucleus of an atom
measure atomic radius? and the Atomic Mass of
1. Fermi Hydrogen is 1. Hydrogen has
no neutron in its nucleus.
2. Millimetre
Atomic Mass = Total No. of
3. Angstrom
Proton + Total No. of Neutron
4. Micrometre
• Hydrogen is the first element of
the periodic table.
Ans.2 Correct Option - 4 A group is a vertical column of the
periodic table, based on the organization
• Amongst the following elements, of the outer shell electrons. There are a
Sodium has the largest atomic size. total of 18 groups.
• When we move down the group of
the periodic table the atomic radius Ans.5 Correct Option - 1
increases, and on moving left to
right, the atomic radius of the • Atomic number is always equal
elements decreases. to the number of

protons present in the nucleus.
Ans.3 Correct Option - 4 • However, if the atom has no
electrical charge present in it,
• Atom is the smallest unit of matter then the atomic number
and it comprises of protons, is alsoequal to the number of
neutrons and electrons. electrons present since the
• Protons are positively charged and number of protons and electrons
electrons are negatively charged will be the same.
subatomic particles.
• Neutrons are neutral in nature. Ans.6 Correct Option - 1
• While protons and neutrons are
present within the nucleus, Lithium has the largest atomic radius i.e.
electrons are located around the 167pm.
nucleus.
• Whereas, Beryllium – 112 pm,
Ans.4 Correct Option - 1 Boron – 87 pm and Oxygen – 48

pm are smaller than Lithium.
• There are 18 groups and 7 periods • Atomic radius is the measure of the
in the modern periodic table. size of the atom of particular
• A period is a horizontal row of the chemical element.
periodic table. There are seven • Measurement from center of
periods in the periodic table, with nucleus to the boundary of
each one beginning at the far left. surrounded electron.

Elements having same atomic numbers Mass number is always equal to the sum of
but a different mass number are called the number of protons and the number of
Isotopes. neutrons.
• Isotopes have different physical • Mass number determines the

properties and similar chemical Atomic mass of an atom.
properties. • Atomic number of an element is
the number of protons present in
• They are the atoms of the the nucleus of an atom.
same element having the same • Mass Number is denoted by A,
numbers of protons but different while Atomic Number is denoted
numbers of neutrons. by Z.
• They have same chemical • Mass Number = Number of
properties due to the same Protons + Number of Neutrons
electronic configuration but • Number of Neutrons = Mass
different physical properties. Number – Atomic number = A – Z
Ans.8 Correct Option - 3 • It is represented as:
Generally, atomic radius is measured in XA−−−→MassNumberZ−−−→AtomicNu

Angstrom mberXZ−−−→AtomicNumberA−−−→Mas
sNumber
• 1 Angstrom = 10-10 metre.
• The symbol for Angstrom is Å.
• Mass Number (द्रव्यमान संख्या)
• Atomic radius is the total distance
• Atomic Number (परमाणु संख्या)
from the nucleus of an atom to the
outermost orbital of its electron. Ans.10 Correct Option - 3
• Atomic radii can be measured by
X-ray or any other spectroscopic • That is the maximum number of
methods. electrons you can have in the
valence, i.e outermost shell is 8.
Ans.9 Correct Option - 4 • This is due to the filling of
electrons under Aufbau principle
or rule, also known as the diagonal
rule.
10. Ores of Metals
• The naturally occurring substances

in the form of which the metals There are three types of extraction
occur in the earth crust along with of metals from its ores they are
the impurities are called minerals. 1. Pyrometallurgy: Extraction
of metals takes place at a very high
temperature. Cu, Fe, Zn, Sn are
extracted by this method.
2. Hydrometallurgy: In this
method, metals are extracted by
the use of their aqueous solution.
Ag and Au are extracted by this
method.
• The mineral form which the metal 3. Electometallurgical: Na, K,
is Economically and conveniently Li, Ca are extracted from their
extracted is called an ore. molten salt solution through
• All ores are minerals but all electrolytic method.
minerals are not ores.
The following process is involved in
• The scientific process used for
extraction of the metal from its ores.
isolation of the metals from its ores
is known as metallurgy.
•Hydraulic washing (for carbonates and oxides)
•Froth Flotation (for sulphides)
•Electromagnetic sepration( for magnetic substances.)
•Leaching(for Ag, Al, Au)
Powdered Ore
•Calcination(for carbonates and hydroxides)

•Roasting(for sulphides)
•Smelting
Concentrated •Reduction with Mg, Al
•Reduction with H2, water gas
Ore
•Liquation.
•Poling
•Electrorefining
•Zone Refining
•Vapour Phase Refining
Crude Metal.
•Chromatography
• The first step of ore refinery is of

crushing of the ore: In this process,
the big lumps of the ores are
The Pure Metal is obtained crushed into smaller pieces with
after this process. the help of jaw-crushers. The
process of grinding of such ores is
Diagrammatically representing this
called pulverization.
process is as below:
Ore Refinery
• Concentration of Ores: Removal of
unwanted materials like sand,
clays are removed from the ore is
known as ore concentration. It can
be carried out by various ways
depending on the nature of the ore.
• Hydraulic Washing/ Gravity
Separation/ Levigation: The based on preferential wetting of
process by which the heavier ores ore particles by oil and that of
are removed from the lighter ores gangue by water. As a result, the
is called levigation. The lighter ore becomes light and rise to the
impurities are washed away. Thus, top of the forth and the gangue
this method is based on the particles becoming heavy settles
amount of impurity present in down in the base.
different substances.
• Froth Floatation: This method is
based on for the concentration of
sulphide ores. This method is
leaving behind the non-fusible
form.
• 2. Poling: This method is
generally used in when the impure
metal contains impurities of its
own oxides. The molten impurities
is stirred with green wood poles. At
this high temperature wood
liberates gases like CH4 which
reduces oxide present in it.
Chemical Refinery • 3. Electro-Refining: In this
• The chemical refinery involves the

refining of the metal from its ore
by the following methods.
1. Liquation: This method is used
for the refining of metals which
have lower melting points such as
method, impure metal forms the
Sn, Pb, Hg, Bi than the impurities
anode while the cathode is a rod or
as in consideration. The impure
sheet of pure metal. The
metal is placed on the sloping
electrolytic solution consists of
hearth and is gently heated. The
soluble salts of the metal.
metal melts and flows down
• 4. Zone refining: This method is • The diagrammatic representation
based upon the principle of is as shown in the figure below.
fractional crystallization.
Semiconductors like silicon,
germanium, gallium are formed by
this method.
Ellingham
Diagram
• The Ellingham diagram pot shows
the amount of temperature
required for the melting of the
metal and its oxide.
Ores RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1 3. Mercury
Corundum and Cryolite are important ores 4. None of the above
of which of the following metals?
1. Silver Que. 3
2. Iron Heating of sulphide ore to a high

temperature in presence of air ________
3. Aluminium
4. Tin 1. Refining
2. Calcination
Que. 2 3. Roasting
Galena is an ore of which among the 4. Smelting
following metals?
1. Lead Que. 4
2. Tin
Chromite is the ore of which of the 4. silver
following elements?
1. Chromium Que. 8
What are Native ores?
2. Aluminium
1. The ores which consist of oxides or
3. Titanium
oxysalts and silicate of metals
4. Zinc
2. The ores which contain halides of
metals
Que. 5
3. The ores which contain sulphides of
Cinnabar is an ore of which among the
metals
following metals?
4. The ores which contain metals in
1. Mercury their free state
2. Lead
3. Tin Que. 9
4. Antimony Epsom Salt is an ore of which among the
following metals?
Que. 6 1. Magnesium
Which among the following is not an ore 2. Manganese
of Aluminium (Al)?
3. Copper
1. Kaolin 4. Strontium
2. Corundum
3. Cryolite Que. 10
4. Chalcocite 'Pitchblende' is an ore of which of the
following metals?
Que. 7 1. Zinc
Cadmium is almost found in the ore of 2. Mercury
________.
3. Uranium
1. aluminium 4. Tin
2. zinc
3. gold
Solutions presence of air. It is a step in the
Ans.1 Correct Option - 3 processing of certain ores.
• Corundum and Cryolite are the • Smelting is a process of extracting

ores of aluminium. metal from its ore by a process involving
• Ruby and saphires are varieties of heating and melting.
corundum whereas cryolite is used
as pesticide and insecticide. Ans.4 Correct Option - 1
Ans.2 Correct Option – 1 • An ore is a rock from which

an element is isolated. Every
Metals Ores element has a specific ore.
Lead Galena • Chromite is the only ore of

chromium and its chemical
Tin Cassiterite
formuls is: FeCr2O4
Mercury Cinnabar

Metals Ores
• Calcination is a process in which the
Mercury (Hg) Cinnabar
ore is heated below its melting point in the
Lead (Pb) Galena
absence or in a limited supply of air.
Tin (Sn) Cassiterite
Its aim is to drive off moisture, hydrates of
Antimony (Sb) Stibnite
water and organic matter from the ore.
Other processes are defined as:- Ans.6 Correct Option - 4
• Refining is a process of • The ores of Aluminium are -
removing impurities or unwanted Bauxite, Corundum, Felspar,
elements from a substance, typically as Cryolite, Alunite and Kaolin.

part of an industrial process. • Chalcocite is an important copper
mineral ore
• Roasting is a process of heating of • The process of extracting metal in
sulphide ore to a high temperature in the pure form from its ore is known as
metallurgy.
Ans.7 Correct Option - 2 • Halide ores - The ores which
contain halides of metals. Eg.
• Cadmium is generally found in the Hornsilver (AgCl), etc.
ore of Zinc. It is almost always
associated with sphalerite ore Ans.9 Correct Option – 1
(ZnS).
• Sphalerite is considered as the Metal Ores
most economically viable zinc Magnesium Magnesite, Dolomite,
mineral. Epsom Salt, Kieserite,
• It commonly keeps little amounts Carnalite
of cadmium as well, which shares Manganese Pyrolusite, Magnite
certain similar chemical Copper Cuprite, Copper Glance,
properties. Copper Pyrites
Strontium Strontianite, Silestine

• Native ores - The ores which
contain metals in their free state.
• Pitchblende (UO2)is an ore
These generally have alluvial
of Uranium (U) and is also
impurities like sand, clay, etc.
known as Uraninite.
Native ores of metals like Silver
• It is called as Pitch blende as it
and Gold can be found.
is black in color and has high
• Oxidized ores - The ores which
density.
consist of oxides or oxysalts and
silicate of metals. Eg. Al2O3.2H2O,
etc.
• Sulphurised ores - The ores which
contain sulphides of metals. Eg.
Galena (PbS), Cinnabar (HgS), etc.
Metals & Non-Metals RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1 An amalgam of metal has which another
element?
1. C Que. 5
2. Au Metallurgy is the process of ______.
3. Ag 1. Extracting metals from the Ore

4. Hg 2. Roasting the Ore
3. Liquefaction of metals
Que. 2 4. Adding metal to the Ore in blast
The process of protecting iron by coating furnace
with Zinc is called _______.
1. Quenching Que. 6
2. Galvanising Which metal melts in the palm?
3. Rusting 1. Potassium
4. Metallurgy 2. Gallium
3. Magnesium
Que. 3 4. Aluminium
Materials having the properties of both
metals and non-metals are called
Que. 7
___________.
Name the reducing agent used in the
1. Alloys reaction to join railway tracks?
2. Metalloids 1. Aluminium
3. Noble Metals 2. Nitrogen
4. Mixtures 3. Carbon
4. Carbon dioxide
Que. 4
________ is a lustrous non-metal. Que. 8
1. Sodium A metal which is a poor conduction of heat
is _____.
2. Iodine
3. Sulphur 1. Lead
4. Phosphorus 2. Gold
3. Zinc
4. Iron
Que. 12
Que. 9 The only non-metal which is liquid at
Metals are generally ______. room temperature is ________.
1. Mercury
I. Ductile
2. Bromine
II. Malleable 3. Chlorine
4. Gallium
III. Poor conductors of heat
1. Only I and II Que. 13
2. Only I and III Acids that contain Hydrogen and other

non-metallic elements, except Oxygen, are
3. Only II and III
called:
4. All I, II and III
1. Strong acids
Que. 10
Which of the following can be beaten and 2. Weak acids
converted into thin sheets?

3. Hydracids
1. Zinc
4. Dilute acids
2. Phosphorus
3. Sulfur
Que. 14
4. Oxygen
Consider the following statements about
non metals and choose the incorrect
Que. 11
statement.
What are the main components of Brass
Alloy? 1. Non metals are neither ductile nor
malleable.
1. Copper and Zinc
2. Nonmetals have high densities.
2. Copper and Strontium
3. At ordinary temperature nonmetals
3. Copper, Zinc and Nickel
occur as solids, liquids and gases
4. Copper and Nickel
4. Non metals are bad conductors of • Metallurgy is a domain of
heat and electricity except graphite. engineering and material science
that studies the chemical and
Que. 15 physical properties of metallic
Non-metal oxides are usually: elements and their alloys.
1. Acidic Ans.3 Correct Option - 2
2. Basic • Metalloids are term given to

those physical elements that
3. Amphoteric exhibit the physical and chemical
properties of both the metals and
4. Neutral
non-metals in them.
Solutions They have a metallic appearance with the

Ans.1 Correct Option - 4 brittle property of non-metals. They show
average conductance and most of their
• The mixture/alloy of mercury (Hg) chemical properties resemble the non-
with any other metal is called an metals.
amalgam.
• Tungsten, Platinum, Iron, and Ans.4 Correct Option - 2
Tantalum are exceptions that do
• Iodine is a lustrous non-metal.
not form an amalgam.
• It shows lustre like metals and has
• Amalgams are extensively used in
lower electronegativity like other
dentistry, mining, and probes.
non-metals.
Ans.2 Correct Option - 2 • It shows the properties of both
metals and non-metals.
• The process of protecting iron by
coating with Zinc is called Ans.5 Correct Option - 1
galvanization.
• Metallurgy is the branch of science
• Rusting is a process of corrosion of
that deals with metals and alloys,
metals.
their features, properties and their • Fe2O3 and Aluminium as
extraction from their ores. reducing agent used in the
• An ore is a part of a rock which reaction to join railway tracks and
contains metals in impure and process is called as
solidified form. aluminothermy.
• Extraction of metals involves
removal of the metals from their Ans.8 Correct Option - 1
ore through the process of mining.

• Lead is a poor conductor of heat.
The extracted metal then
• Lead is a heavy metal with atomic
undergoes different steps for
number 82 and it falls under
its purification.
Group 14 in the periodic table.

It is soft metal that has thermal
• Gallium is a metal which easily conductivity of 35.3 W/(m.K).
melts in the palms as its melting

point is 29.76°C and the average
human body temperature is 37°C. A metal refers to an alloy, compound, or
• It’s atomic number is 31 and it element which is ductile, malleable and
belongs to group 13 of the periodic good conductor of both heat and
table. electricity. The other properties of metals
include:
• They have high boiling and melting

• Reducing agent (also called a
points.
reductant or reducer) is an element
• They are hard and cannot be
(such as calcium) or compound
broken easily.
that loses (or "donates") an
• They are physically lustrous.
electron to another chemical
• They react with non-metals to form
species in a redox chemical
ionic bonds.
reaction. Since the reducing
agent is losing electrons, it is said Ans.10 Correct Option - 1
to have been oxidized.
• Zinc is a metal and is malleable, it (except for H). Some examples are
can be transformed into any shape Iron (Fe), Aluminum (Al), Copper
either by beating or melting. (Cu), Cobalt (Co) and Zinc (Zn).
• Phosphorus, Sulphur, and Oxygen, • Non-metals are elements which
on the other hand, are non-metals give anions (negative ions)
and do not possess such naturally. Some examples are
properties. Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Iodine
(I), Chlorine (Cl) and Fluorine (F).
Brass is an alloy that is made of copper Ans.14 Correct Option - 2
and zinc. Their flow characteristics make it
a relatively easy material to cast. Physical Properties of nonmetals:
1. Density: Nonmetals
have low densities.
Eleven non-metals are gases at room
temperature, including oxygen and 2. Lustre: Nonmetals do not have
chlorine. One non-metal, bromine, is a lustre, except diamond and iodine
liquid at room temperature. The other crystals.
non-metals are solids at room
temperature, including carbon and 3. Brittleness: Solid nonmetals
sulphur. are brittle. Some nonmetals are soft.
Diamond (an allotrope of carbon) is an
Ans.13 Correct Option - 3 exception, which is the hardest natural
substance.
• Acids that contain Hydrogen and
other non-metallic elements, 4. Ductility & Malleability: Non-metals
except Oxygen, are called are neither ductile nor malleable.
Hydracids.
• Chromium, Manganese, 5. Conduction of Heat &
Technetium, Rhenium and Boron Electricity: Non-metals are bad
are examples of Hydracids. conductors of heat and electricity except
• Metals are elements which give graphite.
cations (positive ions) naturally,

6. Physical State: At ordinary • It reacts with water to give a
temperature nonmetals occur as solids, proton and the conjugate base of
liquids, and gases. the oxyacid.
• Non-metal oxides dissolve in water
For example Solids: C, S, to form acid.
P Liquids: Br2 Gases: H2, N2, O2. • Eg. CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 ie.
Carboxylic acid
Ans.15 Correct Option - 1 • Metal oxides are basic because they
react with dilute acids to form salt
• Non-metal oxides are usually
and water.
acidic.
Organic Chemistry RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1 1. hydrocarbons
Chemistry of carbon compounds is known 2. fuel
as ______.
3. fat
1. Biochemistry 4. carbohydrates
2. Physical chemistry
3. Inorganic chemistry Que. 4
4. Organic chemistry Which of the following gases is used for

artificial ripening of green fruits?
Que. 2 1. Ethane
What is the valency of carbon? 2. Acetylene
1. 1 3. Carbon dioxide
2. 2 4. Ascorbic acid
3. 3
4. 4 Que. 5
The natural fibers are made from a simple
molecule that is known as ________.
Que. 3
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen are 1. Plastics
called ________. 2. Cellulose
3. Polymer
4. Monomer Que. 9
Which of the following statements are
CORRECT?
Que. 6
Which of the following are isomers?
I. Esters are sweet smelling substance.
1. Ethane and Propane
II. Esters are used in making perfumes.
2. Methane & Methene
3. Propane & Propene III. Functional group of ester is R-O-R.
4. Butane and Isobutane
1. Only I and II
Que. 7 2. Only I and III
Which of the following is a part of organic 3. Only II and III

impurities of sewage? 4. All I, II and III
1. Phosphate
Que. 10
2. Urea
3. Carbohydrate
CORRECT?
4. None of these
I. Melamine is a thermosetting plastic.
Que. 8
Which of the following statement(s) is/are II. It resists fire.
INCORRECT?
III. It is a poor conductor of heat.
I. Alkenes are fairly unreactive.
1. Only I and II
II. Alkenes burn with blue flame. 2. Only I and III

3. Only II and III
III. Alkanes burn with yellow flame.
1. Only I and II
2. Only I and III Que. 11
3. Only II and III Which of the following statements
4. All I, II and III are CORRECT?

I. The soap molecules form structures II. Boiling and melting points of ethanol
called micelles. are low with respect to water.
II. Soap micelles cannot scatter light. III. Ethanol is used as tincture iodine.
III. Oily dirt gets collected in the centre of 1. Only I and II

the micelle. 2. Only I and III
3. Only II and III
1. Both I and II
2. Both I and III
3. Both II and III
Que. 14
What is the common name of CaOCl2?
1. Baking Powder
Que. 12
Saturated carbon compounds can form 2. Baking Soda
which types of chain structures? 3. Bleaching Powder
4. Washing Soda
I. Straight chain
II. Branched-chain Que. 15

Which is the most abundant organic
1. Only I compound in the terrestrial environment?
2. Only II
1. Lactose
3. Neither I nor II
2. Cellulose
4. Both I and II
3. Fructose
4. Sucrose
Que. 13
Solutions
CORRECT?
I. Ethanol is a good solvent for organic

• Organic chemistry is the study of
compounds.
the structure, properties,
composition, reactions, and
preparation of carbon-containing Ans.3 Correct Option - 1
compounds, which include not
only hydrocarbons but also • Hydrocarbons are the main
compounds with any number of components of petroleum and
other elements such as carbon natural gas which are the chemical
hydrogen etc. compounds
• Organic chemistry is important of Hydrogen and Carbon.
because it is the study of life and all • Hydrocarbons include a great
of the chemical reactions related to variety of chemical compounds
life. which can be used in various
• All organic compounds contain industrial applications.
carbon generally comes under

organic chemistry.
Acetylene gas is used for artificial ripening

of green fruits.
• A carbon atom has four electrons

• It is produced when artificial
in its outermost valence shell. So, it
ripening agent calcium carbide
needs four more electrons to
comes in contact with moisture.
complete. So the valency of carbon
• It has carcinogenic properties. Its
is 4. Carbon is 6th in the periodic
compound formula is C₂H2. It is
table that means it has 6 electrons,
also used in the steel plants for the
according to electronic
purpose of welding and cutting.
configuration 2 electrons are in K
shell and the left 4 are in the L Ans.5 Correct Option - 4
shell.
• Electrons in the last shell are called • The natural fibers are made from a
valence electrons and the number simple molecule that is known as
of these electrons determin the monomer. A monomer is a
valency of the compound this molecule that can be bonded in
means the valency of carbon is 4 long chains. While a polymer is
and carbon’s valency is also called made of thousands of monomers.
co-valency.
• Plastic is a material which consists Chemi PO43- CO(NH Cm(H2O)n
of semi-synthetic or synthetic cal / 2)2
organic compounds which are empiri

malleable and can also be moulded cal
into solid objects. formul
• Cellulose is an organic compound a
and an important structural
component of the primary cell wall Ans.8 Correct Option - 4
in green plants.
• Alkenes, in organic chemistry, are
Ans.6 Correct Option - 4 the unsaturated
hydrocarbons which at least
• Butane and Isobutane are called
contain one carbon-carbon double
isomers.
bond. They are more reactive than
• The organic compounds having
alkanes, burn with a sooty and
the same molecular
smoky flame which is yellow in
formula but a different
color. This indicates incomplete
arrangement of carbon atoms in
combustion due to the presence of
them are called as Isomers.
carbon-carbon double bond.

Alkanes are the saturated
hydrocarbons and burn with a blue flame.
• Organic substances are any
substances which consist of
carbon.
• Organic impurities may include the • Esters are used in making
substances which pollute abiotic perfumes since they are sweet
components like water, soil etc. smelling substances.
• Organic impurities which pollute • Esters are the chemical compounds
water are collectively called as which are derived from any organic
sewage or inorganic acid.
• Its functional group is R-COO-R.
Phosph Urea Carbohyd • R-O-R is the functional group of
ate rate Ether.
• Plastics which when moulded once All I, II, and III

cannot be softened by heating is
known as thermosetting plastic. • Ethanol is commonly known as
• Melamine is a versatile material Ethyl Alcohol.
which can resist fire and tolerate • Its chemical formula is C2H5OH
heat better than other plastics. • Ethanol is a very good solvent.

Many compounds which are
It is used for making floor tiles, insoluble in water are soluble in
kitchenware and fabrics. Ethyl Alcohol.
• It is used in many medicines, such
Ans.11 Correct Option - 2 as tincture iodine, cough syrups,
etc.
The soap molecules form structures called
• The melting point of Ethanol is –
micelles
114° C and boiling point is 78.37° C,
Oily dirt gets collected in the centre of the which is very low with respect to
micelle. water.
Soap micelles can scatter light. Ans.14 Correct Option - 3
Ans.12 Correct Option - 4 • The chemical formula of Bleaching

powder is written as CaOCl2. It is a
Saturated carbon compounds can form white powder consisting chiefly of
Straight and Branched types of chain calcium hydroxide, calcium
structures. chloride, and calcium hypochlorite
and used as a bleach, disinfectant,
• Saturated hydrocarbons are or deodorant.
hydrocarbons that contain only
single bonds The chemical formula of washing soda or
between carbon atoms. sodium carbonate is Na2CO3. The
• Each carbon atom is bonded to as chemical formula of Baking powder and
many hydrogen atoms as possible. baking soda is NaHCO3.
Ans.15 Correct Option - 2 plants and therefore is the main
Organic compounds are those compounds constituent of woods which makes it the
which contain carbon as their main most abundant organic compound on
constituent. Cellulose is mainly found in earth.
11. Animal Kingdom
• Animals are classified based on

their characteristics. The Animal Kingdom can be
• They are eminent from algae, classified into the following
plants, and fungus where rigid cell categories:
walls are absent. Some are • Protozoa
heterotrophic, in general, they
digest their food at intervals the
inner chambers that once more
distinguish them from protoctist
and plants.
• Another elite character of those
species is that they're mobile,
except in certain life stages.
• Protozoa are the different group of

eukaryotic organisms which are
unicellular having some similar
characteristics of animals such as
motility and predation.
• Protozoa take in food by the
process of osmotrophy that is by
engrossing the nutrients through
which are accountable for feeding
and excretion.
• Vertebrates
the cell membranes or also they

feed on phagocytosis.
• Either by the process of engulfing
the particles of the food with the • Vertebrates are the animals
help of pseudopodia.
possessing backbones. Some
include jawed vertebrates and
• Bryozoans jawless fish. For example sharks,
ray fish, and bony fish. A fish
• Bryozoans are normally
named clad conjointly more falls
acknowledged as moss animals.
into the category of amphibians,
• They are filter feeders that sift food
reptiles, mammals, and birds.
particles out of the water
• Extant vertebrates vary in size
employing a crown of tentacles
beginning from the frog species
lined with cilia and most of them
named Paedophryne amanuensis
dwell in wet waters, few in glacial
to the blue whale.
waters and some in marine
• Amphibians square measure
trenches.
species that board the land and
• Most of them square measure
move to water for breeding.
colonial and one genre is solitary.
Reptiles are covered by scutes.
Zooids square measure people in
• Mammals are terrestrial, aquatic
bryozoans and that they don't seem
or aerial. Birds are covered with
to be fully freelance species. All
feathers and have streamlined
colonies have motorcar zooids,
avenues.
Organ Level of Organization where organs define the shape of
functional frameworks and each
Animal tissues comprising of comparable
framework is with a distinct
capability square measure classified into
physiological capacity.
formed organs. Every organ is definite for
• Cellular Level of Organization
particular capacity. For example -
This organization consists of
Platyhelminthes.
animals with cells that square
measure shaped as free cell lumps.
• Tissue Level of Organization:
Animal cells displaying division of Organ Systems Patterns
exercises among themselves.Cells • Circulatory System: They are 2
performing the same function types of the Circulatory framework
cooperate to form tissues. – open type and closed type.
• Organ framework Level of • Open Type: In this type of
Organization: The organ circulatory system the blood is
framework level of organization pumped out of the heart. For
are displayed in those organisms example Mollusca and Arthropods.
• Closed Type: In this type of into indistinguishable left and right
circulatory system the blood flows parts, are known to be known to be
through a progression of vessels bilaterally symmetrical.
that is capillaries, arteries, and • Radial Symmetry: Animals tend
veins. to display spiral symmetry. For
example Coelenterates,
Digestive System: There are 2 types
Echinoderms, and Ctenophores.
of digestive system. Complete and
• Asymmetrical: Asymmetry is the
Incomplete digestive systems.
finished nonappearance of
• Complete Digestive System: In symmetry. That is many animals
this type of digestive system there can't be divided into 2 equivalent
are 2 openings to the outside of the elements together with any plane
body, a rear-end and a mouth. For hunting the concentration of the
instance: Chordates and organism. For example Sponges.
Arthropods.
Animal Tissues
• Incomplete Digestive System:
It consists of only one open to the Animal Tissues
outside of the body a solitary • A tissue could be a cluster of
opening which serves as both rear- connected cells that have Associate
end and mouth. For example - in Nursingalogous|the same}
Platyhelminthes. perform inside an organism.
• There square measure four basic
Body Symmetry
sorts of tissue within the body of all
• There are 3 types of symmetry. animals, together with the shape.
Bilateral, Radial, and These frame all the organs,
Asymmetrical. structures and other contents of
• Bilateral Symmetry: Animals, the body. figure below shows AN
where a body can be partitioned example of every tissue sort.

• The four basic types of animal moves the body; and muscular
tissue are: tissue that is found solely within
• Epithelial tissue is formed of the heart.
layers of tightly blood cell that line • Nervous tissue is made up of the
the surfaces of the body for nerve cells (neurons) that together
defense, secretion, and absorption. form the nervous system, including
Examples of epithelium embrace the brain and spinal cord.
the skin, the lining of the mouth • Connective tissue is formed of
and nose, and the lining of the many alternative sorts of cells that
digestive system. square measure all concerned in
• Muscle tissue is formed of cells structure and support of the body.
contain contracted filaments that Bone, blood, fat, and animal tissue
move past one another and alter square measure all connective
the scale of the cell. There square tissues. Connective tissue may be
measure 3 sorts of muscle tissue: densely packed along, as bone cells
swish muscle that is found within square measure, or loosely
the inner linings of organs; muscle,
which is attached to bone and
• Epithelial Tissue: iv) straightforward columnar
epithelium: created of long column-
1. They cowl the body, organs, blood
like cells with typically nuclei at the
vessels and everyone body cavities.
bottom. Present in the lining of
2. The cells area unit thin and lower stomach, intestine, salivary glands.
most layer rest in a very basement Secretory and absorptive in function.
membrane.
2. Stratified epithelium:
3. Basically protective. Could be created of range of layers of cells.
secretory and absorptive in function. Covers the body. Protective in
function.
Types: They are of two types.
3. Muscular Tissue
1. Straightforward (made of one layer • Smooth, Skeletal, and Cardiac

of cells) and Muscles
• What exactly are muscles?
2. Stratified (made up of number of
layers of cells) Muscles like striated muscle that move
the body area unit straightforward to
1. Simple:
feel and see, however they aren’t the
i) Simple epithelium: Made up of sole muscles within the organic
one layer of cells. Depending on the structure. Many muscles are deep
shape of cells, it could be of following within the body.
types.
What Are Muscles?
ii) Simple suamous epithelium:
The muscular system consists of all the
Made up of thin, flattened cells. Form
muscles of the body. Muscles area unit
lining of mouth, lungs and capillaries.
organs composed primarily of muscle
Allow exchange of gases and materials.
cells, which are also called muscle
iii) straightforward cubelike fibers. Each muscle fibre could be a
epithelium: created of cube like cells. terribly long, thin cell that can do
Present in kidney tubules. Secretory something no other cell can do. It can
and absorptive in function. contract, or shorten. smooth, and
muscle tissues. They are shown in
figure below and described
below.cked, as fat (fat cells) square
measure.
12. Plant Kingdom
Plant Kingdom the cell wall. Plants even have a

inexperienced colored pigment
• R.H. Whittaker organized the
known as pigment that's quite vital
organisms into five kingdoms. He
for chemical action.
classified organisms on the premise
• Hence, they have an autotrophic
of cell structure, mode, the supply
mode of nutrition. The kingdom
of nutrition and body style. The 5
Plantae could be a huge group; so,
kingdoms projected by Whittaker
the kingdom is further classified
ar kingdom, Protista, Fungi,
into subgroups. Levels of
Plantae, and kingdom Animalia.
classification are based on the
following three criteria:
Plant Kingdom – Plantae
• Plant body: whether or not the
• Plantae is that the plant
body has well-differentiated
kingdom|kingdom} which has all
structures or not.
plants on the planet. They are
• Vascular system: whether the
multicellular eukaryotes. Typically,
plant has a vascular system for the
they consist of a rigid structure that
transportation of substances or not
surrounds the cell membrane called
• Seed formation: whether or not of them are aquatic. Common examples
the plant bears flowers and seeds or are Spirogyra, Chara, Ulothrix, etc.
not; if it will, then whether or not
it's capsulate at intervals fruits or
Bryophyta
not.
• Bryophyta/Bryophytes: Small, non-
Considering of these factors, the
vascular plants that prefer moist
kingdom Plantae has been divided into
environments
5 subgroups. They are as follows:
• Bryophytes have differentiated
• Thallophyta plant body like stem, leaf
• Bryophyta structures. But they lack a system
• Pteridophyta for the transportation of drugs
• Gymnosperms across the plant body. Bryophytes
• Angiosperms square measure found in each land
• Thallophyta and aquatic habitats, hence are

known as amphibians of the plant
All the plants that lack a well- kingdom. Mosses and Marchantia
differentiated structure belong to the belong to this subgroup.
subgroup Thallophyta.
Thallophytes
Primitive plants wherever the body
isn't differentiated into stem, roots and
leaves.
• Thallophytes unremarkably embrace

members with primitive and easy body Pteridophyta
styles like alga and algae. The majority
• Pteridophytes have well-
differentiated structures like stem,
root, leaves as well as a vascular
system.
Angiosperms-Mango Tree Angiosperms:
Vascular plants that possess special
characteristics such as flowers and fruits
• Angiosperms are seed-bearing

Pteridophyta/Pteridophytes: plants with well-differentiated
Spore-dispersing vascular plants plant body. The word springs from
Greek words: angio: lined and
• Ferns, horsetails, genus Marsilea
sperma: seed. Unlike
square measure some common samples
gymnosperms, seeds of
of Pteridophytes.
angiosperms are enclosed inside
Gymnosperm /Gymnosperms: the fruits. Angiosperms are
Vascular plants that possess “exposed” commonly known as flowering
seeds plants. Examples include the

Mango tree, pomegranate plant,
• Gymnosperms are plants that have etc. Seeds germinate from
well-differentiated plant body, embryonic leaves called cotyledons.
vascular system and they bear • Depending on the quantity of
seeds. The term springs from Greek cotyledons gift in seeds,
words, gymno: naked and sperma: angiosperms are divided into two:
seed. The seeds of gymnosperms monocotyledons or monocots and
square measure naked which dicotyledons or dicots.
suggests they're not encircled inside
a fruit. The perennial, evergreen
woody trees belong to this group.
Pines, deodar, redwood, etc. are a
few examples.
Cryptogams and Phanerogams
• The kingdom Plantae has been

classified into 2 teams ‘cryptogams’
and ‘phanerogams’ supported their the cells to divide into
seed formation ability. Merismatic tissue and
• Cryptogams square measure plants Permanent tissues.
that don't have well-developed or
conspicuous fruitful organs. They
have hidden fruitful organs and
don’t manufacture seeds. The
thallophytes, the bryophytes and
the pteridophytes are ‘cryptogams’.
Reproduction altogether 3 teams
happens through reproductive
structure formation.
Merismatic tissues
• Plants that have conspicuous
fruitful organs and manufacture These consist of a group of cells that have
seeds square measure referred to as the ability to divide. These tissues are
phanerogams. Gymnosperms and small, cuboidal, densely packed cells
Angiosperms belong to the group which keep dividing to form new cells.
phanerogams. These tissues are capable of stretching,
enlarging and differentiating into other
Plant Tissues
types of tissues as they mature.
• A collection of cells performing a Meristematic tissues give rise to
specific function is called tissue. permanent tissues. Merismatic tissues can
Plant tissues are often classified be of three types depending on the region
into plant structure systems every where they are present: Apical meristems,
playing specialised functions. A lateral meristems, and intercalary
plant tissue system is defined as a meristems.
functional unit, connecting all
Permanent tissues
organs of a plant. Plant tissue
system is additionally classified These are derived from the merismatic
into varied tissues supported their tissues and have lost their ability to divide.
functions They have attained their mature form.
• Plant tissues are often generally
classified supported the power of
They are any classified into 2 types: easy • Unlike simple permanent cells
and complicated permanent tissues. which look the same and are made
up of one type of cells, complex
• The permanent tissues form the
permanent tissues are made up of
major portion of the plant.
more than one type of cells. These
Simple Permanent tissues different types of cells coordinate
to perform a function. Xylem and
• Parenchyma– These tissues are
Phloem are complex permanent
found in the soft parts of a plant
tissues and are found in the
such as the roots, stems, leaves,
vascular bundles in the plants.
and flowers. The cells of this tissue
• Xylem- It consists of tracheids,
are loosely packed and contain
vessels, xylem parenchyma and
large intercellular spaces between
xylem fibres.Tracheids and vessels
them. Each cell has a vacuole at the
are hollow tube-like structures that
center. The functions of
help in conducting water and
parenchyma tissues square
minerals. The vascular tissue
measure storage, photosynthesis,
conducts solely in one direction i.e
and to help the plant float on
vertically. The xylem parenchyma
water.
is responsible for storing the
• Collenchyma- square measure
prepared food and assists in the
kind of like parenchyma cells with
conduction of water. Xylem fibres
thicker cell walls. They are meant
are supportive in function.
to provide mechanical support to
• Phloem- It consists of 4 of
the plant structure in parts such as
elements: sieve tubes, companion
petiole of the leaf.
cells, phloem fibres and the
• Sclerenchyma- The cells of this
phloem parenchyma. Unlike the
tissue are dead. They are rigid,
xylem, phloem conducts in both
contain thick and lignified
directions. It is responsible for
secondary walls. Their main
transporting food from the leaves
function is to provide strength and
to the other parts of the plant.
support to parts of the plant.
Phloem contains living tissues
• Complex Permanent Tissue apart from fibres that square
measure dead tissues.
plant like- leaf, stem, and branches
without damaging the plant
Functions of plant tissues:
• The vascular tissue and vascular
• Plant tissues have different tissue tissues facilitate in
functions depending upon their transportation of fabric throughout
structure and location the plants
• Help provide mechanical strength • They divide to produce new cells
to organs. and help in the growth of the
• They help in providing the plants.
elasticity and flexibility to the • They help in various cellular
organs. metabolisms like photosynthesis,
• They help the tissues to bend regeneration, respiration, etc.
simply in varied elements of a
13. Different System Diseases

Circulatory System Diseases. symptoms. Other times, it may cause chest
pain or the sensation of heaviness in the
• High blood pressure
chest.
Blood pressure is that the activity of what
• Heart attacks
proportion force is employed to pump blood
through your arteries. If you have high A attack happens once not enough blood
blood pressure, also called hypertension, it reaches your heart. This can happen due
means the force is higher than it should be. to artery blockage. Heart attacks injury
High force per unit area will injury your the center muscle and square measure
heart and cause cardiopathy, stroke, or medical emergencies.
nephrosis.
Call or have someone else call if you have
There are no symptoms with high blood symptoms such as:
pressure, which is why it’s often called “the
▪ pain within the center or left facet of
silent killer.” For more information, read
the chest that looks like gentle or
about hypertension.
severe discomfort, pressure, fullness,
Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease or compressing
▪ pain that radiates from the jaw,
Atherosclerosis, additionally called
shoulder, arm, or across the back
hardening of the arteries, occurs when
▪ shortness of breath
plaque builds up on the walls of your
▪ sweating
arteries and eventually blocks blood flow.
▪ nausea
Plaque is made of cholesterol, fat, and
▪ irregular heartbeat
calcium.
▪ unconsciousness
Coronary artery sickness indicates that the
Women typically expertise heart attacks a
plaque buildup in your arteries has caused
bit otherwise, with pressure or aching in
the arteries to slender and harden. Blood
their back and chest.
clots can further block the arteries.
Coronary artery disease develops over time. • Heart failure
You can have it but not be aware of any

Sometimes called congestive heart failure, The first sign of issues within the digestive
heart failure occurs when the heart muscle tube usually includes one or additional of
is weakened or damaged. It will now not the subsequent symptoms:
pump the amount of blood required through
• Bleeding
the body. Heart failure unremarkably
• Bloating
happens once you’ve had alternative heart
• Constipation
issues, such as a heart attack or coronary
• Diarrhea
artery disease.
• Heartburn
Early symptoms of heart failure include
• Incontinence
fatigue, swelling in your ankles, and
• Nausea and vomiting
increased need to urinate at night. More
• Pain in the belly
severe symptoms embrace speedy
• Swallowing problems
respiration, chest pain, and fainting. For
• Weight gain or loss
more on heart failure and how to recognize
it, read about congestive heart failure. A biological process unwellness is any
pathological state that happens within
• Strokes
the digestive tube. Conditions may range
Strokes typically occur once a blood blocks from mild to serious. Some common
Associate in Nursing artery within the brain issues embody cancer, irritable bowel
and reduces the blood offer. They can also syndrome, and lactose intolerance.
happen once a vessel within the brain
Other digestive diseases include:
breaks open. Both events keep blood and
• Gallstones, cholecystitis, and
element from reaching the brain. As a
cholangitis
result, elements of the brain square measure
• Rectal issues, such as anal fissure,
possible to be broken.
hemorrhoids, proctitis, and rectal
Digestive System Diseases prolapse
• Esophagus issues, such as stricture
(narrowing) and achalasia and
esophagitis
• Stomach issues, including gastritis, laparoscopy, and open surgery.
gastric ulcers usually caused by Organ transplants can be performed
Helicobacter pylori infection and on the liver, pancreas, and small
cancer intestine.
• Liver issues, such as hepatitis B or • Many health care providers can help
hepatitis C, cirrhosis, liver failure, diagnose and treat digestive
and autoimmune and alcoholic problems. A MD may be a medical
hepatitis man specialist United Nations
• Pancreatitis and pancreatic agency has received further coaching
pseudocyst within the diagnosing and treatment
• Intestinal issues, such as polyps and of the biological process disorders.
cancer, infections, celiac disease, Other suppliers concerned within
Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, the treatment of biological process
diverticulitis, malabsorption, short diseases include:
bowel syndrome, and intestinal • Nurse practitioners (NPs) or
ischemia physician assistants (PAs)
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease • Nutritionists or dietitians
(GERD), peptic ulcer disease, and • Primary care doctors
hiatal hernia • Radiologists
• Tests for digestive problems can • Surgeons
include colonoscopy, upper GI
Respiratory System Diseases
endoscopy, capsule endoscopy,
endoscopic retrograde • Diseases of the respiratory system
cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), • Diseases and conditions of the
and endoscopic ultrasound. systema respiratorium make up 2
• Many surgical procedures square categories: viruses, like contagious
measure performed on the digestive disease, microorganism
tube. These embody procedures respiratory disease,
done exploitation scrutiny, picornavirus metastasis virus;
and chronic diseases, like asthma Lung cancer
attack|respiratory illness|respiratory
• Lung cancer is usually related to
disorder} and chronic preventive
smoking, however the malady will
pulmonic disease (COPD)
have an effect on non-smokers
COPD additionally. Every year, about
16,000 to 24,000 Americans die of
• COPD is that the intersection of 3
carcinoma, even if they need ne'er
connected conditions — bronchitis,
smoke-cured. In 2018, the yank
chronic asthma attack and
Cancer Society estimates there'll be
respiratory illness, Chaisson told
regarding 234,030 new cases of
Live Science. It is a progressive
carcinoma (121,680 in men and
malady that produces it
112,350 in women) and around
progressively troublesome for
154,050 deaths from lung cancer
sufferers to breath.
(83,550 in men and seventy,500 in
Asthma women).
• Diagnosing and treating respiratory
• Asthma may be a chronic
ailments
inflammation of the respiratory
• Pulmonologists treat the respiratory
organ airways that causes coughing,
system, including the lungs,
wheezing, chest tightness or
according to the American College of
shortness of breath, consistent with
Physicians. Because of the essential
Tonya Winders, president of the
nature of the systema respiratorium,
Allergy & Asthma Network. These
pulmonologists work in hospitals as
signs and symptoms could also be
well as in private practice. A
worse once an individual is exposed
pulmonologist should 1st be certified
to their triggers, which might
by the yank Board of medicine and
embody pollution, tobacco smoke,
so get further coaching within the
factory fumes, cleaning solvents,
subspecialty.
infections, pollens, foods, cold air,
exercise, chemicals and medications.
• Common diagnostic tools for • In some cases, certain mineral
diagnosis disease embody chest X- wastes can form kidney stones
rays and a pulmonic perform take a (Figure below). Stones kind within
look at (PFT), according to Merck the kidneys and should be found
Manuals. A PFT measures how well anyplace within the systema
the lungs take in and release air and urogenitale. Often, stones kind once
how well they circulate oxygen. the piddle becomes focused,
• A doctor may additionally perform a allowing minerals to crystallize and
bronchoscopy by inserting a tube stick together. They can vary in size,
with a light-weight and camera into from small stones that can flow
the airways — the trachea and through your urinary system, to
therefore the cartilaginous tube larger stones that cannot. Some
tubes — to look at for bleeding, stones cause nice pain, while others
tumors, inflammation or other cause very little pain. Some stones
abnormalities. A similar procedure might have to be removed by surgery
may be a thoracoscopy, within which or ultrasound treatments.
a doctor uses Associate in Nursing • A kidney stone can form anywhere in
device to look at the surfaces of the the urinary system and can be very
lungs. painful
• A kidney stone. The stones can form
Excretory Diseases
anywhere in the urinary system.
• The urinary system controls the • What are the symptoms of kidney
amount of water in the body and stones? You may have a kidney stone
removes wastes. Any drawback with if you have pain while urinating, see
the systema urogenitale may have an blood in your urine, and/or feel a
effect on several different body sharp pain in your back or lower
systems. abdomen (the area between your
chest and hips). The pain may last
Kidney Stones
for a long or short time. You may
also have nausea and vomiting with
the pain. If you have got a little stone pumping the blood through a
that passes on its own simply, you pretend urinary organ. The filtered
may not experience any symptoms. blood is then returned to the
If you have some of these symptoms, patient’s body.
you should see your doctor. • During dialysis, a patient's blood is
filtered and returned to the body
Kidney failure
• During chemical analysis, a patient’s
• Kidney failure happens once the blood is sent through a filter that
kidneys cannot take away wastes removes waste products. The clean
from the blood. If the kidneys ar blood is returned to the body.
unable to filter wastes from the
Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
blood, the wastes build up in the
body. Kidney failure may be caused • Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are
by Associate in Nursing accident that microorganism infections of any a
injures the kidneys, the loss of plenty part of the tract. When bacterium get
of blood, or by some drugs and into the bladder or urinary organ
poisons. Kidney failure could result and turn out a lot of bacterium
in permanent loss of urinary organ within the piddle, they cause a UTI.
perform. But if the kidneys aren't The most common form of UTI may
seriously broken, they'll recover. be a bladder infection. Women get
• Chronic uropathy is that the slow UTIs more often than men. UTIs are
decrease in urinary organ perform often treated with antibiotics.
which will result in permanent • Most UTIs aren't serious, but some
kidney disease. A person who has infections can lead to serious
lost kidney function may need to get problems. Long lasting urinary
kidney dialysis. Kidney chemical organ infections will cause
analysis is that the method of permanent injury, including kidney
filtering the blood of wastes scars, poor kidney function, high
employing a machine. A dialyzer blood pressure, and other problems.
filters waste from the blood by Some fulminant urinary organ
infections may be life threatening, • pain in your back or aspect below the
especially if the bacteria enter the ribs,
bloodstream, a condition called • cloudy, dark, bloody, or foul-
septicemia. smelling urine,
ever or chills.
What are the signs and symptoms of a
• You should see your doctor if you
UTI?
have signs of a UTI. Your doctor will
• a burning feeling when you urinate, diagnose a UTIs by asking about
• frequent or intense urges to urinate, your symptoms and then testing a
even when you have little urine to sample of your urine.
pass,
Biology Questions Set-1 RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

Que. 1
Deformed bones are associated with which Que. 3
disease? BCG vaccine is used to develop immunity
against which of the following disease?
1. Cholera
2. Scurvy 1. Influenza
3. Anemia 2. Tuberculosis
4. Rickets 3. Jaundice
4. Polio
Que. 2
Night blindness is due to ______. Que. 4
Which of the following disease is caused by
1. Less drinking of water
Viral infection?
2. Excess secretion of pineal gland
1. Cholera
3. Vitamin A deficiency
2. Typhoid
4. Inheritance by X-chromosome
3. Diphtheria
4. Influenza Which one of the following diseases is a
communicable?
Que. 5 1. Marasmus
In Goitre, there is swelling of the
2. Cholera
________.
3. Rickets
1. Eyes
4. Scurvy
2. Jaw's
3. Stomach Que. 9
4. Thyroid gland Which type of pathogen causes the water-
borne disease Ascariasis?
Que. 6 1. Viral
Which of the following diseases is caused by
2. Protozoan
a virus?
3. Bacterial
1. Plague
4. Parasitic
2. Polio
3. Tetanus Que. 10
4. Leprosy Which of the following crop is related to
Tikka Disease?
Que. 7 1. Rice
Who developed polio vaccine?
2. Potato
1. Marie Curie 3. Sugarcane
2. Jonas Salk 4. Groundnut
3. Louis Pasteur
4. Alexander Fleming Que. 11
Sleeping sickness disease spreads due to
Que. 8 which of the following insect?
1. Bedbugs 3. Chromium
2. Louse 4. Mercury
3. Tsetse fly Que. 15
4. Sand fly Which of the following is a genetic disease?
1. Down syndrome
Que. 12 2. Elephantisis
Kwashiorkor is in children who get
3. Asthama
________.
4. Night blindness
1. Low carbohydrate diet
2. Low vitamin diet Que. 16
3. Low mineral diet Cholesterol is related to ________.
4. Low protein diet 1. Fats
2. Starch
Que. 13
3. Proteins
Anaemia is caused by the deficiency of
4. Minerals
which of the following element?
1. Cobalt
Que. 17
2. Iron Which one of the following items is not a
3. Sodium source of Vitamin C?
4. Calcium 1. Potato
2. Tomato
Que. 14
3. Guava
Which metal is responsible for Itai-Itai
4. Egg
disease?
1. Cadmium
Que. 18
2. Nickel A balanced diet has ______.
1. Only nutrient
2. Only water Que. 22
Calcium deficiency mainly occurs in the
3. Only roughage
absence of which vitamin?
4. All options are correct
1. Vitamin D
Que. 19 2. Vitamin B
The energy produced by 1 g of carbohydrate 3. Vitamin C
is ______. 4. Vitamin A
1. 4.8 calorie
2. 4.2 kilo calorie Que. 23
Which of the following vitamins is
3. 27 joules
responsible for blood clotting?
4. 18 kilocalorie
Que. 20 1. Vitamin C
For immediate energy production in cells 2. Vitamin D

one should take ________. 3. Vitamin E
1. Glucose 4. Vitamin K
2. Vitamin K
Que. 24
3. Vitamin C
About 70% of a human body’s energy
4. Roughage
requirements should be met by ________.
Que. 21 1. Amino acids
Anti scurvy vitamin is ________. 2. Fats

3. Lipids
1. K
4. Carbohydrates
2. B12
3. B2
Que. 25
4. C
The function of vitamin K is in ______.
1. Regulation of calcium and phosphorus I. Oils containing unsaturated fatty acids
metabolism should be used for cooking.
2. Blood clotting
II Animal fats have saturated carbon chains.
3. respiration
4. Carbohydrate metabolism III. Saturated fatty acids are generally
harmful for health
Que. 26
1. Only I and II
The first step of process of nutrition is the
breakdown of glucose into three-carbon 2. Only I and III
molecule called _________. 3. Only II and III

1. Pyruvate 4. All I, II and III
2. Propanol
3. Propane Que. 29
4. methanol Which is NOT an example of organism that

takes in whole food material and breaks it
down inside its body?
Que. 27
1. Mushrooms
Pepsin is an enzyme that digests
________. 2. Fish
3. Snake
1. Proteins
4. Lizards
2. Starch
3. Carbohydrate
Que. 30
4. Fats
Match the following.
Digestive Input Output
Que. 28
I. Proteins 1. Glycerol
Which of the following statement(s) is/are
II. Carbohydrates 2. Amino acids
CORRECT?
III. Fats 3. Glucose
1. I – 2, II – 3, III – 1
2. I – 1, II – 3, III – 2
3. I – 2, II – 1, III – 3 Ans.2 Correct Option - 3
4. I – 3, II – 2, III – 1
• Night blindness is a type of vision
impairment which happens because
Solutions of the deficiency of Vitamin A.
Ans.1 Correct Option – 4 • People with night blindness
experience poor vision at night or in
Diseases Symptoms Causes dimly lit environments.
Cholera It causes Infection by • Less drinking of water causes
severe the dehydration.
diarrhea bacterium
Vibrio Ans.3 Correct Option – 2
cholerae
Scurvy Weakness, Lack of Vaccine Application
feeling tired, vitamin C BCG Develop immunity
and sore (ascorbic vaccine against Tuberculosis.
arms and acid) Influenza Flu vaccines
legs Jaundice Hepatitis A, B vaccine
Anemia Fatigue, skin Decrease in Polio Poliomyelitis vaccine
pallor, the total
shortness of amount of Ans.4 Correct Option - 4
breath, light- RBCS or
headedness hemoglobin Influenza, also called flu or grippe,
in the blood an acute viral infection of the upper or lower
Rickets Softening Lack of respiratory tract that is marked by fever,
and vitamin D chills, and a generalized feeling of weakness
weakening and pain in the muscles, together with
of bones in varying degrees of soreness in the head and
children abdomen.
In Goitre, there is swelling of the thyroid • Cholera is a communicable disease.

gland. • It is transmitted from person to
person by infected fecal matter
• A goiter is a swelling in entering the mouth through
the neck caused due to an contaminated food or water with
enlarged thyroid gland. Vibrio cholerae bacteria.
• Around 90% of goiter cases are
caused due to iodine deficiency. Diseases Effects
• A goiter is linked Marasmus It occurs in children during
with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroi severe malnutrition.
dism.
It is caused by having
Ans.6 Correct Option - 2 contaminated water and
Cholera food with a bacterium
• Polio is a disease that is caused by
called Vibrio cholera.
the polio virus.
Rickets It occurs due to lack of
• All the other disases are caused by
Vitamin D in children in
bacteria.
legs.
Ans.7 Correct Option - 2 Scurvy It occurs due to lack of

Vitamin C, which leads to
• Jonas Salk developed the first polio weakness, anemia, gum
vaccine which came into commercial disease, and skin problems.
use in 1955.
• It was an attenuated type of vaccine Ans.9 Correct Option - 4
and was given by injection.
• The first oral polio vaccine came into Key facts about pathogen and the diseases
use in 1961 and was developed by caused by it:
Albert Sabin.
• Parasitic type of pathogen causes the humans. It is caused by Tsetse flies which
water-borne disease Ascariasis. are found only in rural Africa.
• It is a roundworm organism found in
the small intestine mostly occurs in Ans.12 Correct Option - 4
children.
• The infection takes place by eating Kwashiorkor is a malnutrition disease,
food or drink contaminated water chiefly of children, caused by severe protein
with Ascaris eggs from human and vitamin deficiency and characterized by
excreta. retarded growth, changes in pigmentation,
• Abdominal pain, Abdominal potbelly, and anaemia.
swelling, shortness of breathing,

fever and diarrhoea are the main
symptoms of this disease.
Cobalt Numbness in hands
Ans.10 Correct Option - 4 Deficiency and legs, fatigue

Sodium Hyponatremia
• The causal organism for the tikka Deficiency
disease of ground nut is Cercospora Calcium Hypocalcaemia
personata and Cercospora
arachidicola. Ans.14 Correct Option – 1
• The Symptoms caused by the two
pathogens will differ. Itai Itai, which literally translates to ‘it
• This disease is also called Leaf spot hurts, it hurts’ is the name given to
of Ground nut because it causes leaf cadmium poisoning. The name was given
spots on the leaves. after the mass poisoning that happened in
1912 in Japanese town. Cadmium poisoning
is characterised by softening of bones,
kidney failure and unbearable pain.
Sleeping Sickness, also known as African
trypanosomiasis is a parasitic diseases in
People who inherit an unbalanced Ans.18 Correct Option - 4
translocation involving chromosome 21 may
have extra genetic material from • A balanced diet has an equal or
chromosome 21, which causes Down proper quantity of nutrients, water,
syndrome. Like trisomy 21, mosaic Down and roughage necessary to maintain
syndrome is not inherited. It occurs as a good health.
random event during cell division early in • There are six main components of a
fetal development. balanced diet – carbohydrates,

protein, fats, protein, vitamins,
Ans.16 Correct Option - 1 minerals and water.
• Organic compounds that do not Ans.19 Correct Option - 2
dissolve in water but are soluble in

• Carbohydrates and Protein both
non-polar solvents like benzene,
contain 4 kilocalories per gram,
turpentine, etc. are called lipids.
while Fat provides 9 kilocalories
• Fats and cholesterol are related to
per gram.
each other as these are both types of
• Basically, the energy is measured in
lipids.
kilojoules (KJ) or kilocalories (Kcal)
• They differ in structure and function.
[1 kilo calorie equals to 4.2
While cholesterol is an important
kilojoules].
constituent of the cellmembrane in
animals, fats are macronutrients Ans.20 Correct Option - 1
which are rich in energy.
For immediate energy production in cells,
Ans.17 Correct Option - 4 one should take glucose.
The egg is not the source of Vitamin c. • Glucose is a simple sugar having
molecular formula C6H12O6.
• Eggs contain the protein and fat with
• Glucose circulates in the blood of
the exception of vitamin C.
animals in the form of blood sugar.
• Eggs also contain natural Vitamin D.
• Glucose is stored as a polymer. • Calcium deficiency mainly occurs in
• In plants, it is stored as starch and in the absence of vitamin D.
animals as glycogen. • Lack of vitamin D also causes
• Vitamin K – is for clotting of blood Osteomalacia in pregnant women
• Vitamin C – is for protection against and rickets in children.
cardiovascular diseases, immune • Deficiency of Vitamin B6 causes
system deficiencies, eye disease etc. Seborrhoeic dermatitis.
• Roughage – is for regulating • Deficiency of Vitamin C causes
digestion. scurvy.
• Deficiency of Vitamin A causes night
Ans.21 Correct Option - 4 blindness.
• Scurvy means the disease of pirates. Ans.23 Correct Option - 4

• It is caused by lack of vitamin C
• Hence, vitamin C is called Anti Vitamin K is responsible for the coagulation
Scurvy vitamin which is useful to of blood also known as blood clotting.
recover scurvy.
• Vitamin K helps in the process of
blood coagulation as it acts as a
cofactor for the enzymes which are
Vitamin Helps complete the synthesis required for maintaining the blood
K of proteins clotting factors, namely Protein C, S,
Vitamin Cobalamin: Involved in and factors VII, IX,and X.
B12 metabolism of every cell of the • Vitamin K is found in the following
human body foods: Green leafy vegetables, such
Vitamin Riboflavin: maintain healthy as kale, spinach, turnip greens,
B2 blood cells. collards, Swiss chard, mustard
greens, parsley, romaine, and green
Ans.22 Correct Option - 1 leaf lettuce.

• Energy requirement is the amount of • Pepsin is an enzyme found in the
food energy which is needed for gastric juice that digests proteins.
balancing energy expenditure in • Pepsin was found by German
order to maintain body size, body physiologist Theodor Schwann.
composition and a level of necessary • Pepsin affects only partial
and desirable physical activity degradation of proteins into smaller
consistent with long-term good units called peptides which are
health. absorbed by the intestines or broken
• The Dietary Guidelines recommends down further by the pancreatic
that carbohydrates should enzymes.
comprise of 70% of total calories and
a limit on added sugars to no more Ans.28 Correct Option - 4
than 10% of total calories for a

Saturated fats are simply fat molecules that
healthy diet.
have no double bonds between carbon
Ans.25 Correct Option - 2 molecules because they are saturated with

hydrogen molecules. Saturated fats are
• The function of vitamin K is in typically solid at room temperature. Some
blood clotting. food items that contain saturated fats are
• Without vitamin K, blood fatty beef, pork, lamb etc.
coagulation is seriously impaired,
and uncontrolled bleeding occurs. Ans.29 Correct Option - 1
Ans.26 Correct Option - 1 Mushroom is NOT an example of organism

that takes in whole food material and breaks
Glucose breaks down into a three-carbon it down inside its body.
molecule, called Pyruvate, which is the first
step of process of nutrition. • The process by which living
organisms (except green plants)
Ans.27 Correct Option - 1 obtain their food from different
sources is known as the
heterotrophic mode of nutrition. into simple food material by the
These organisms are called as process of digestion. [This is also
heterotrophs. known as Holozoic nutrition] Eg.
• These organisms have a different Amoeba, frog, fish, snake, lizard, cat,
mode of obtaining their food. dog, man, etc.
For example: Ans.30 Correct Option – 1
• If the food source is fixed, like Digestive Input Output

grasses: cows, buffalo, goats, etc.
Proteins Amino acids
graze on grasses
• If the food source is mobile or Carbohydrates Glucose
movable, like deer: lions, tigers, etc. Fats Glycerol
have to hunt and run to catch their
prey to feed themselves. • The large biomolecules consisting of
• If Food is broken outside the body one or more long chains of amino
for consumption, like decaying acid residues is called as Protein.
organic food: the organisms • A biomolecule consisting
breakdown the complex food outside of carbon, hydrogen
and then intake it. Eg. Rhizopus, and oxygen atoms with an atom ratio
Yeast, Mushroom, etc. of the hydrogen-oxygen atom as 2 :
• If Food is taken as a whole and 1, is called as Carbohydrate.
broken inside the body: the • Also known as triglycerides, Fats
organism take whole complex food are esters of three fatty acid chains
inside their body and break down and the alcohol glycerol.

Que. 1 1. 30.5°C
What is the normal temperature of the 2. 37°C
human body?
3. 98.4°C
4. 97.4°C Que. 5
The alimentary canal is a long tube that
Que. 2 extends from ________.
What is produced from the Pancreas? 1. Mouth to stomach
1. Insulin 2. Stomach to large intestine
2. Bile 3. Small intestine to anus
3. Blood 4. Mouth to anus
4. Urine
Que. 6
Que. 3 Rings of ______ are present in the throat
Where is the pituitary gland located? to ensure that the air passage does NOT
collapse.
1. Brain
1. Bone
2. Kidney
2. Tendon
3. Liver
3. Ligament
4. Intestine
4. Cartilage
Que. 4
Which of the following protects the inner Que. 7
lining of the stomach from the action of the What is regulated by the sphincter muscle in
hydrochloric acid under the normal the stomach?
conditions? 1. Exit of the food from the stomach
1. Villi 2. Entry of food in the stomach
2. Mucus 3. Mixing of food in the stomach
3. Saliva 4. Exit of food from the large intestine
4. Digestive Juices
Que. 8
Which of the following is NOT a waste 1. Thyroxine
material removed from blood in the kidney? 2. Auxins
1. Ammonia 3. Cytokinins
2. Carbon dioxide 4. Thymosin
3. Urea
4. Uric acid Que. 12
Which of the following is NOT a function of
kidneys?
Que. 9
What are the organs similar in basic 1. Regulation of acidity of body fluids
structure/ shape, modified to perform 2. Removal of urine
different functions called?
3. Secretion of antibiotics
1. Analogous organs 4. Regulation of blood pressure
2. Homologous organs
3. Heterogeneous organs Que. 13
4. Homogeneous organs Which is the second largest gland of Human

body?
Que. 10 1. Liver
Which of the following is the largest gland 2. Large Intestine
in human body?
3. Thorax
1. Thyroid 4. Pancreas
2. Liver
3. Kidney Que. 14
4. Pancreas The gland which secretes bile, a digestive

fluid is ________.
Que. 11 1. Pancreas
What is the name of the hormone produced 2. Liver
by thymus gland?
3. Thyroid Which of the following glands is associated
4. Testes with Diabetes?
1. Pituitary gland
Que. 15 2. Thyroid gland
Which of the flowing glands is also known
3. Pancreas
as “Master Gland”?
4. Thymus
1. Hypothalamus
Que. 19
2. Thyroid Which is the smallest gland in the human
3. Adrenal body?
4. Pituitary 1. Pancreas
2. Thyroid Gland
Que. 16
3. Thymus
Which of the following enzymes digests fat?
4. Pineal Gland
1. Amylase
2. Lipase Que. 20
3. Protease The glands in the human body are present
4. Sucrase in the ________ layer of the human skin.
1. Epidermis
Que. 17 2. Dermis
Blood pressure is controlled by _______.
3. Subdermis
1. adrenal gland 4. Hypodermis
2. thyroid gland
3. thymus Que. 21
4. corpus luteum The colour of human skin is produced by
_________.
Que. 18 1. Hemoglobin
2. Insulin
3. Adrenaline Que. 25
The yellow colour of the urine is due to the
4. Melanin
presence of which pigment?
Que. 22 1. Melanin
Which among the following membranes 2. Rhodopsin
covers the kidneys? 3. Urochrome
1. Pleural Membrane 4. Haemoglobin
2. Pericardium
3. Renal Capsule Que. 26
Which amongst these is not a function of the
kidney?
Que. 23 1. Detoxifying blood and breaking down

What is the outer layer of the kidney known substances
as? 2. Maintain volume of extracellular fluid
1. Cortex 3. Excrete toxic metabolic by-products

such as urea, ammonia, and uric acid
2. Medulla
4. Maintain pH and osmotic
3. Pelvis
concentration of the extracellular fluid
4. Glomula
Que. 27
Que. 24
The blood vessel which supply blood to the
Where is the blood filtered in the kidney?
kidney is ________.
1. Renal Artery
1. The hepatic artery
2. Ureter
2. The carotid artery
3. Bowman's Capsule
3. The pulmonary artery
4. Pituitary Gland
4. The renal artery
• The body temperature also varies by
Que. 28 person, age, activity and time of day.
What protects the skin from the ultraviolet
rays of the sun? Ans.2 Correct Option - 1
1. Rhodopsin
• ‘Insulin’is produced from the
2. Carotene
endocrine gland namely ‘Pancreas’.
3. Melanin • Insulin is a hormone made by the
4. Hemoglobin Pancreas that helps the body to
store and use the glucose.
• Insulin helps to keep the blood sugar
Que. 29 level in control, from getting too
The 'Waterproof part' of the skin is known high or too low.
as ________. • Deficiency of ‘insulin’ leads to
‘diabetes’.
1. Epidermis
2. Sensory Cells
• The pituitary gland is a gland which
3. Receptors
is located at the base of the brain,
4. Pupil
right behind the bridge of the nose.
• It is a small, hormone-producing
Solutions
gland(endocrine) whose secretions
are essential for everyday living.
• It is also known as the master gland
The normal temperature of the human body
as its secretions stimulate other
is 37°C or 98.6°F.
glands.
• A temperature over 100.4°F (38°C)
is considered as fever which is
caused by an infection or illness.
• The stomach consists of a lining of Tendon It connects muscles to
mucus cells which protect the lining the bone but it is
of the stomach from the action of inelastic in nature
hydrochloric acid. Ligament It is a connective tissue
• The mucus cells are destroyed and which joins bone to
produced everyday, by protecting the bone.
lining of the stomach from the action Bone It is very hard whitish
of HCl. and makes up the
skeleton.

• The alimentary canal is the
The exit of food from the stomach is
connected tube consisting of organs
regulated by the sphincter muscle in the
like the mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach. The muscle releases the food in
stomach, small intestine, large
small amounts into the small intestine.
intestine, and anus.
• It is the path that food takes from
ingestion to digestion and finally
excretion out of the body
Carbon dioxide is NOT a waste material
removed from blood in the kidney.
• Blood carrying CO2 enters the Heart

• Rings of cartilage are present in the
through Vena Cava and is sent along
throat to ensure that the air passage
the pulmonary arteries to the lungs
does NOT collapse.
to release CO2 from the body.Carbon
• Cartilage is a flexible tissue which is
dioxide is removed from the lungs
present in the windpipe or trachea.
when we breathe out.
It helps the windpipe to move while
breathing. It does not contain blood
vessels or nerves.
A homologous organ, system, or body part • The primary function of the kidney
that shares a common ancestry in multiple is to make urine and purify the
organisms. Organs such as bat's wing, wings blood.
of birds, seal's flipper, forelimb of a horse, • Kidney also regulates minerals and
and human arm have a common underlying chemicals like sodium, potassium,
anatomy that was present in their last hydrogen and maintains normal
common ancestors; therefore their composition of body fluid.
forelimbs are homologous organs. • Kidney produces different
hormones which help regulate water
Ans.10 Correct Option - 2 and salt in the body thereby keeping
blood pressure under control.
• The liver helps in digestion by
secreting bile juice mainly along with Ans.13 Correct Option - 4
making proteins and metabolizing
drugs. The pancreas is the second largest gland in
• It is the largest gland in the human the human body and plays an important
body. part in the digestive process. It is

responsible for the production of insulin
Ans.11 Correct Option - 4 and it secretes pancreatic juice into
duodenum. The liver is the largest gland in
Thymosin is the hormone produced by the the human body.
thymus gland. It is responsible for
stimulating the development of disease Ans.14 Correct Option - 2
fighting T cells. Thymus gland is active only
till puberty, post which it slowly shrinks and Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish
gets replaced by fat. brown fluid, produced by the liver of most

vertebrates that aids the digestion of lipids
Ans.12 Correct Option - 3 in the small intestine. In humans, bile is
produced continuously by the liver (liver
bile), and stored and concentrated in the
gallbladder.
Ans.15 Correct Option – 4 Thyroid • It is present in
the front part of
Gland Functions the lower neck.
Pituitary • It is present at • It is shaped like
the base of the a butterfly or a
brain. bow tie.
• It is also known • It releases
as “Master thyroxine and
Gland” triiodothyronin
• It releases e
growth
hormone, Adrenal • It is present on
Oxytocin. top of both

kidneys.
• It has two parts
– a) adrenal
Hypothalamu • It is present at cortex
s the lower
central part of b) adrenal medulla
the brain.
• It releases
• It links the
endocrine hormones like
system and the cortisol,
nervous system Adrenaline etc.
• Lipase is an enzyme which is

secreted by the pancreas and is
responsible for digesting fat.
• It breaks down fat into fatty acid and • The thymus gland is a part of the
glycerol which are small, energy-rich immune system whereas corpus
molecules that can be easily taken up luteum is a temporary, hormone-
by the cells. secreting mass of cells that is formed
• Amylase breaks down complex in the female ovaries and is therefore
carbohydrates into simpler sugars concerned with the reproductive
while protease is responsible for the system.
digestion of proteins.
• Sucrase is secreted by the small Ans.18 Correct Option - 3
intestine which hydrolyzes sucrose

• Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic
into glucose and fructose.
disorder in which the pancreas
Ans.17 Correct Option - 1 either produces no insulin or the

cells of the body cannot utilize the
• Aldosterone, a type of corticosteroid insulin that is produced.
is a hormone that is secreted by the • Insulin is the hormone that is
adrenal gland and it regulates the secreted by the pancreas and is
salt balance in the blood which in responsible for enabling the cells of
turn helps control the blood the body to take up glucose which is
pressure. subsequently used to generate
• Also known as the suprarenal gland, energy.
an adrenal gland is a small,
triangular structure that is attached Ans.19 Correct Option - 4
at the top of each kidney.

• Located near the centre of the brain,
• Located in the neck, the thyroid
the pineal gland is the smallest gland
gland mainly secretes thyroxine and
in the human body with a length of
triiodothyronine and is responsible
about 5-8 mm.
for regulating brain development,
• The gland produces melatonin and
muscle control, metabolism rate and
serotonin and is, therefore,
heart and digestive functions.
responsible for modulating the sleep Ans.22 Correct Option - 3
patterns.
• Renal capsule is made up of thick
Ans.20 Correct Option - 2 fibers.
• It protects the vital tissues of
• All the vessels, glands, follicles, hair Kidneys from injury.
roots, sensory nerve endings, • Pleural Membrane is present in
muscular tissues are present in the Lungs.
dermis layer of the human skin. • The pericardium is the membrane of
• The dermis layer in the human skin Heart.
is present beneath the epidermis
layer of the skin and it consists of the Ans.23 Correct Option - 1
papillary and reticular layers.
• The epidermis is the outermost layer • The outer layer of the kidney is
of the skin, while the hypodermis is known as the renal cortex.
the innermost and thickest layer of • It contains the renal tubules and
the skin. renal corpuscles except for the parts

of the loop of Henle which descend
Ans.21 Correct Option - 4 into the renal medulla. It also
contains cortical collecting ducts and
• The color of the skin is produced by blood vessels. It is that part of the
the pigment Melanin. It is produced kidney where ultrafiltration occurs.
within the skin by cells called • The innermost part of the kidney is
Melanocytes. known as the renal medulla.
• Haemoglobin gives the red color to • The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped
blood and helps in the transport of dilated part of the ureter in the
oxygen. Insulin controls the level of kidney.
sugar in the blood. • The glomerulus is a network of
• Adrenaline is a stress hormone capillaries.
released from the adrenal glands.
• The blood is filtered in the • The kidneys are bean-shaped organs
Bowman's Capsule in the kidney. which maintain the volume of
• The Bowman's capsule is a cup-like extracellular fluid, excrete toxic
structure situated in the nephrons in metabolic by-products such as urea,
the kidney. Within it, is a coiled ball ammonia, and uric acid, and
of capillaries known as a maintain pH and osmotic
glomerulus. concentration of the extracellular
• Renal arteries are those which carry fluid.
blood to one or both the kidneys.
• The pituitary gland is a tiny organ Ans.27 Correct Option - 4
which is found at the base of the

• Renal artery is the branch of
brain.
abdominal aorta that carries blood
Ans.25 Correct Option – 3 to kidney. It enters in the kidney

through the hilum part.
The urine is yellow due to the presence of • Pulmonary artery is the only artery
the pigment Urochrome. It is a breakdown that carries deoxygenated blood. It
product of haemoglobin from worn out carries deoxygenated blood from
RBCs. The urine gives a foul odour due to right ventricle to lungs.
the conversion of urea into ammonia by • Hepatic artery is a blood vessel that
bacteria. supplies oxygenated blood to the

liver, duodenum, pancreas, and
Ans.26 Correct Option - 1 gallbladder.

• Carotid arteries are major blood
• The liver carries out the vessels in the neck that supply blood
detoxification of blood, one example to the brain, neck, and face.
is that it makes urea from ammonia
in the blood. It also breaks down Ans.28 Correct Option - 3
alcohol and other such substances in

the blood.
• Melanin is responsible for Ans.29 Correct Option - 1
protecting the skin from the
ultraviolet rays of the sun. • The waterproof part of the skin is
• Melanin is a pigment that gives color known as the 'Epidermis'.
to the human skin, hair, and eyes • Epidermis acts as a barrier against
accordingly. the germs and keeps the human skin
• Rhodopsin is a light-sensitive healthy and intact.
receptor protein which is involved in • Sensory cells are those which detect
visual phototransduction. information through receptors on
• Carotene is a term used for several their surface.
related saturated • A receptor is a molecule which
hydrocarbon substances which have receives chemical signals from
the formula C40Hx. outside the cell.
• A red protein responsible for

The pupil is a hole in the center of the iris
transporting oxygen in the blood is
which allows light to strike the retina.
known as haemoglobin.

Que. 1
Which one of the following is connected Que. 2
with the transport of water in plants? Which part of the plant helps in holding the
plant firmly in the soil?
1. Phloem
1. Leaves
2. Xylem
2. Fruits
3. Epidermis
3. Stem
4. Cambium
4. Roots
Que. 3 Que. 6
The source of O2 liberated in photosynthesis

The classification of the group ‘algae’ is
is _____.
based on ______.
1. Sunlight
1. Nature of shape
2. Carbohydrate
2. Nature of pigment
3. Water
3. Nature of length
4. Carbon dioxide
4. None of these
Que. 4
Que. 7
Which among the following is NOT a
Which type of plants is very tall and have a
micronutrient for plants?
hard and thick brown stem?
1. Boron
1. Trees
2. Copper
2. Herbs
3. Iron
3. Shrubs
4. Nitrogen
4. None of these
Que. 5
Que. 8
What is thick vein present in the middle of
the leaf called? Bone in most big animals is an example of
which of the following tissues?
1. Midrib
1. Muscular tissues
2. Leaf venation
2. Connective tissues
3. Reticulate
3. Epithelial tissues
4. Parallel venation
4. Nervous tissues 4. None of these
Que. 9 Que. 12
Which tissue provides support to plants and Under which branch of the Science is the
also stores food? study of bones done?
1. Parenchyma 1. Orology
2. Collenchyma 2. Osteology
3. Sclerenchyma 3. Serology
4. Aerenchyma 4. Geology
Que. 10 Que. 13
Which of the following is not a constituent Yeast and mushrooms are the organisms of
of phloem? which kingdom?
1. Sieve tubes 1. Fungi
2. Companion cells 2. Monera
3. Tracheids 3. Plantae
4. Phloem parenchyma 4. Protista
Que. 11 Que. 14
The large carnivores are also called On what basis Greek thinker Aristotle
______. classified the animals for the first time?
1. Primary consumers 1. Habitat
2. Secondary consumers 2. Size
3. Tertiary consumers 3. Locomotion

4. Food
Que. 15 Que. 18
At which level of the food chain do the Which of the following is a cold-blooded
herbivores or the primary consumers exist? animal?
1. First 1. Ape
2. Second 2. Mouse
3. Third 3. Snake
4. Fourth 4. Wolf
Que. 16 Que. 19
The smallest blood vessels which are one- Which among the following is the habitat of
cell thick, are called ______. 'Dog fish'?
1. Vena cava 1. River
2. Arteries 2. Sea
3. Veins 3. Lake
4. Capillaries 4. Marsh
Que. 17 Que. 20
_______ is the largest phylum of Animalia Adamsia (Sea anemone) and Pennatula
which includes insects. (Sea-pen) are examples of which Phylum?
1. Annelida 1. Coelenterata
2. Chordata 2. Platyhelminthes
3. Arthropoda 3. Annelida
4. Platyhelminthes 4. Arthropoda
Que. 24
Que. 21 Crabs belongs to the phylum ________.
Animals in which the cells are arranged in 1. Mollusca

two embryonic layers are called ________.
2. Cnidaria
1. Diploblastic
3. Arthropoda
2. Extoderm
4. Platyhelminthes
3. Tripoblastic
4. Endoderm
Que. 25
Que. 22
Spiders belong to which class of animals?
Arboreal Ateles is the scientific name of
1. Arachnids
_____ .
2. Aves
1. Squirrel
3. Gastropods
2. Sparrow
4. Anthozoa
3. Lizard
4. Spider monkey
Que. 26
How does a Unicellular Organism

Que. 23
reproduce?
Earth-worms belongs to the phylum
1. Cell division
_______.
2. Cell reproduction
1. Protozoa
3. Cell synthesis
2. Cnidaria
4. Fragmentation
3. Annelida
4. Mollusca
Que. 27
___________ is the second largest animal 4. Oxidation of carbon dioxide to
phylum. carbohydrates
1. Mollusca
2. Chordata Solutions
3. Coelomates
4. Anneldia o Xylem is connected with the

transport of water in plants.
o The components of Xylem tissues,
Que. 28 i.e. vessels and tracheids help in
the transport of water.
What is the botanical name of a wheat
plant?
1. Oryza sativa
• Roots of the plant help in holding
2. Triticum aestivum the plant firmly in the soil.
3. Zea mays • Roots suck water and nutrients from
the soil and transfer the same into
4. Nelumbo Nucifera
the plants.
• Roots also help in holding the soil
Que. 29 together.
• Roots are generally of two
Which among the following is NOT an types- Tap Roots and Fibrous
event during the photosynthesis process? Roots.
1. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll Ans.3 Correct Option - 3
2. Conversion of light energy to chemical

• Photolysis of water is the source of
energy
oxygen liberated in photosynthesis.
3. Splitting of water molecules into • Photosynthesis is the process
hydrogen and oxygen through which green plants
manufacture food by converting
solar energy into chemical energy. In
this process, water and carbon o When the veins present within the
dioxide react in the presence of leaves are arranged parallel to each
sunlight to give off oxygen and other it is called Parallel venation.
glucose molecules.
Trick: From the options, midrib itself
Ans.4 Correct Option - 4 mentioned mid, from which we can say
middle of the leaf.
• Nitrogen is not a micronutrient
for plants from the options listed Ans.6 Correct Option - 2
above.
• Micronutrients are those elements • Different group of algae have
that are required by the plants in different type of pigments and
small quantities for their proper the classification of algae is
functioning. primarily based upon
• Nitrogen is a macronutrient, characters of pigments.
which means it is required in much • Algae, which were formerly classified
larger quantities. as plants, contain the photosynthetic
• It is a major component of pigments Chlorophyll of different
chlorophyll, which is the pigment types like Chlorophyll A, B, C and D.
responsible for photosynthesis. It is • There are 10 classes of Algae
also a part of amino acids which according to their colour which is
are sub-blocks of proteins in plants. imparted by the pigment present in

them.
o The midrib is a thick vein seen in
the middle of the leaf. Trees are very tall and have a hard and thick
o Venation is the arrangement of veins brown stem.
in a leaf. The venation is called

Plants Characteristics
Reticulate when this arrangement is
Herbs They are short
net-like on both sides of the midrib.
green plants with
the tender stem.
Shrubs Their stems are Aerenchyma Permanent tissue that
hard but not very helps the aquatic plants to
thick. float.
Trees They are very tall Collenchyma Elongated cells which have
and have a hard irregular thick cell walls to
and thick brown provide structure and
stem. support
Sclerenchyma Strengthening tissue in a
plant which is formed
from thick walls.
• Bone in most big animals is an
example of Connective tissues. Ans.10 Correct Option - 3
• Connective tissue (CT) is one of
the four basic types of animal tissue Tracheids is not a constituent of phloem.
along with epithelial tissue, muscle
tissue, and nervous tissue. Phloem:-
• Connective tissue is found in

between other tissues everywhere in
the body, including the nervous
system.
• Parenchyma is the living tissue of

plants. It is found in plants and
animals.
• It is a functional tissue which works
as a support to the plants and it
stores food for the plants. Difference between Phloem and Xylem:-
Type of tissue Function Characteris Xylem Phloem

tic
Conduction Water and Prepared are the apex predators at the top of
minerals Food from the food chain.
from root to leaves to
body parts body parts Ans.12 Correct Option - 2
Strength Provides Donot

• The branch of science which deals
mechanical provide
with the study of bones is known
strength mechanica
as ‘Osteology’.
l strength
• The study of mountains is termed
Elements live Xylem Sieve
as ‘Orology’.
parenchyma tubes,
• The study of serum and other
only companio
body fluids is termed as
n cell and
‘Serology’.
phloem
• The study of Earth (its features,
parenchy
structures, materials, etc.) is termed
ms
a ‘Geology’.
Conduction Unidirectio Bidirectio
direction nal nal Ans.13 Correct Option - 1
Conducting Tracheids Sieve
channel tubes • Fungi are not capable of producing
their own food, so they get their
nourishment from other sources and
appear like plants but are closely
related to animals.
• Large Carnivores are quaternary
• They live everywhere. In water, on
consumers
land, in the soil, and on or in plants
• An example is a hawk that eats owls.
and animals.
Each food chain end with a top
• The organisms in kingdom fungi
predator, and animal with no natural
include mushrooms, yeasts, molds,
enemies.
rusts, smuts, puffballs, truffles,
• Quaternary consumers are predators
morels, and molds etc.
who eat a lot of prey, but are usually
not preyed upon themselves. They
Greek thinker Aristotle classified the Ans.17 Correct Option - 3
animals on the basis of Habitat.
Phylum Animals
• Aristotle classified animals Annelida Earthworms,
according to whether they lived in Leeches
water, on land or in the air. Chordata Fish, Birds,
• Aristotle (384-322 BC) was an Reptiles
ancient Greek philosopher and Arthropoda Insects, Arachnids
scientist. Platyhelminthes Tapeworm,
• He was born in the city of Stagira, Faltworm
Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical

Greece. Ans.18 Correct Option - 3
• Along with Plato, he is considered
Cold-blooded animals become hotter and
the "Father of Western Philosophy".
colder, depending on the temperature
Ans.15 Correct Option - 2 outside. Generally cold-blooded animals are
reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Here, Snake
• At second level of the food chain the is one such cold-blooded animal.
herbivores or the primary
consumers exist.
• A herbivore is an animal eating plant
• The Dogfish is mostly found in
materials. For example Horses.
shallow waters and further offshore
in most parts of the world.
• Spiny dogfish in the northern Pacific
The smallest blood vessels which are one- ocean has recently been re-evaluated
cell thick, are called Capillaries. Their main and found to constitute a separate
function is to enable the exchange of species known as pacific spiny
substances between the blood and dogfish.
surrounding tissues. They provide nutrients
and oxygen to tissues and remove the
byproducts of cellular reactions, such as
carbon dioxide and water.
Coelenterata/Cnidaria Corals, Hydra, Annelids are a large phylum that contain
Jellyfish, Sea more than 17000 species of ringed or
Pen segmented worms that have adapted to
Platyhelminthes Flatworms, different marine environments including
Earthworms freshwater systems to moist terrestrial
Annelida Leech environments. The earthworm is a tube-
Arthropoda Spider, Crab, shaped, segmented worm that belongs to
Scorpion this phylum. They mostly live in the soil and
feed on dead organic matter.
• Coelenterata is also known
as Cnidaria.
• Crabs belong to the phylum

arthropod.
The term diploblastic refers to animals • An arthropod is an invertebrate
which have a body derived from only two animal having an exoskeleton, a
embryonic cell layers, the ectoderm and the segmented body, and jointed
endoderm. Examples of diploblastic animals appendages.
are – jellyfish, corals, sea anemone, etc. The • Arthropods from the phylum
bodies of more complex animals are Arthropoda, which includes insects,
triploblastic, having developed from arachnids, myriapods, and
mesoderm as well as endoderm and crustaceans.
ectoderm germ layers.
Arboreal Ateles is the scientific name of Spiders belong to a class of animals called
spider monkey. Sciuridae is the scientific the arachnids. These are characterised by
name of Squirrel. Passeridae is the scientific joint legged which are eight in number and
name of Sparrow. Lacertilia is the scientific are invertebrates.
name of Lizard.
• Common Name: Spiders
Ans.23 Correct Option - 3 • Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Arthropoda
• Class: Arachnida
• Order: Araneae • Common wheat (Triticum aestivum),
also known as bread wheat, is a
Ans.26 Correct Option - 1 cultivated wheat species. About 95%
Single-celled organisms which use asexual of the wheat produced is common
reproduction can do so very rapidly simply wheat, which is the most widely
by dividing into two equal halves. This is grown of all crops and the cereal
called binary fission. This is the very with the highest monetary yield.
common process of cell division.

Photosynthesis is the process by which
• The first largest phylum is phylum green plants prepare their own food. The
Arthropoda and the second is events during photosynthesis are:
phylum Mollusca including oysters,
snails, clams and squid of whom 1) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
there are about 100,000 living
2) Conversion of light energy to chemical
species.
energy and splitting of water molecules into
• Phylum Chordata is the third largest
hydrogen and oxygen.
phylum in the animal kingdom.
3) Reduction of carbon dioxide into

carbohydrates.

Que. 1 Que. 2
Which among the following is not a part of Percentage of O2 present in inhaled air in
the small intestine? human is about ________.
1. Duodenum 1. 21%
2. Jejunum 2. 78%
3. Ileum 3. 41%
4. Myocardium 4. 2%
Que. 3 3. sternum
The energy produced by 1 g of carbohydrate 4. scapula
is ______.
1. 4.8 calorie Que. 7
2. 4.2 kilo calorie The olfactory receptors in human beings

detect ________.
3. 27 joules
4. 18 kilocalorie 1. taste
2. smell
Que. 4 3. touch
We usually get all the minerals we need 4. hear
from ______.
1. Only roughage Que. 8
2. Only mineral water Gastric digestion takes place efficiently in

________.
3. Only mineral tablets
4. Food 1. Acidic medium
2. Basic medium
Que. 5 3. Neutral medium
Chief function of bile is ________. 4. None of these
1. To digest roughage
2. To emulsify fat for digestion Que. 9
Which type of pathogen causes the water-
3. To eliminate urine
borne disease dysentery?
4. To regulate the process of digestion
1. Algal
Que. 6 2. Parasitic
In humans, ribs are attached to 3. Protozoan
________. 4. Bacterial
1. clavicle
2. ileum Que. 10
Which type of pathogen causes the water- 4. fats
borne disease Ascariasis?
1. Viral Que. 14
Which is NOT an example of organism that
2. Protozoan
breaks down the food material outside the
3. Bacterial
body and then absorb it?
4. Parasitic
1. Bread moulds
2. Yeast
Que. 11
Which organ is the main digester and 3. Mushrooms
absorber of food? 4. Snake
1. Stomach
Que. 15
2. Liver
The process of acquiring oxygen from
3. Colon
outside the body and to use it in the process
4. Small intestine of breakdown of food sources for cellular
needs is commonly called ________.
Que. 12
1. respiration
Pancreatic juice requires which medium for
2. nutrition
their action?
3. digestion
1. Acidic
4. transportation
2. Basic
3. Neutral
Que. 16
4. All options are correct.
Which of the following is/are the function(s)
Que. 13 of bile juice released from the liver?
Salivary amylase breaks down ________.
I. Make the food coming from stomach
1. protein alkaline.
2. water
II. Conversion of proteins into amino acids.
3. starch
III. Break down of fats into smaller globules. 4. Pancreatic juice
1. Only I
Que. 20
2. Only II and III Which is the longest part of alimentary
3. Only I and III canal?
1. Oesophagus
2. Small intestine
Que. 17
3. Large intestine
In which of the following part of Neuron the
4. Buccal cavity
information is transmitted in the chemical
form?
Que. 21
1. Dendrite
AIveoIi are balloon like structures within
2. Cell body the ______.
3. Axon
1. Iungs
4. No option is correct.
2. kidney
3. liver
Que. 18
4. heart
The saliva in human body contains which
enzyme?
Que. 22
1. Pepsin
The exit of food from the stomach is
2. Salivary Amylase regulated by a _____ muscle.
3. Rennin
1. Cardiac
4. Trypsin
2. Sphincter
3. Skeletal
Que. 19
Trypsin is present in which of the following?
1. Bile juice
Que. 23
2. Gastric juice Breaking down of fats from large globules to
3. Saliva
smaller globules by Bile juice is similar to 4. kidney
which of the following?
1. Emulsification of soaps Que. 27
2. Esterification of alcohol Brain receives and sends signals in the form
3. Fermentation of glucose of ________.
4. Eutrophication of water 1. Chemical impulses

2. Magnetic impulses
Que. 24 3. Mechanical impulses
Pepsin digests ______.
4. Electrical impulses
1. Proteins in stomach
2. Carbohydrates in mouth Que. 28
3. Fats in duodenum How many canine teeth are there in adult
human?
4. Minerals in ileum
1. 2
Que. 25 2. 8
In which part of the human body fat is 3. 6
completely digested?
4. 4
1. Small Intestine
2. Liver
Que. 29
3. Stomach
4. Large Intestine Where is Stapes bone found in human
body?
Que. 26
1. Fingers
Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat
2. Nose
from ______.
3. Ears
1. lungs
4. Thumb
2. intestine
3. stomach
Que. 30
The original function of the vertebrate by 21% of Oxygen
stomach was_____. and 0.04% of Carbon dioxide.
• Human Being breathes oxygen from
1. Storage
their mouth into their lungs. The
2. Digestion
chest cavity containing the lungs
3. Bile juice secretion expand and contract with the
4. Mixing of food diaphragm as it moves down and
up.
Solutions
• Carbohydrates and Protein both

• Glochidium is not a part of the
contain 4 kilocalories per gram,
small intestine rather it is
while Fat provides 9 kilocalories
microscopic larval stage of some
per gram.
mussels
• Basically, the energy is measured in
• The small intestine is divided into
kilojoules (KJ) or kilocalories (Kcal)
three sections: Duodenum,
[1 kilo calorie equals to 4.2
Jejunum, Ileum.
kilojoules].
• The duodenum is the first section of
the small intestine and is
the shortest part of the small
intestine. • All the mineral requirement of
• The jejunum is the middle section of the human body is fulfilled by food.
the small intestine. • Nutrients and Minerals are
• The ileum is the final section of the essentials for the human body to
small intestine. work properly.
• Foods in which minerals are found
are in large amount are:
• Human Being inhales 21% of

• Brown rice, wholemeal bread, nuts
O2 (Oxygen) present in the air.
and pulses.
• Nitrogen makes to 78%of the air
• Yoghurt and Milk
which human breathes in, followed
• Green leafy vegetables, sweet corn • Olfactory receptors are proteins that
and peas. exist as clusters at the back of the
nasal cavity and interact with the
Ans.5 Correct Option - 2 odor molecules thus playing a role in
smelling.
• Bile is a fluid produced by the liver
which increases the absorption of Ans.8 Correct Option - 1
fat.
• Bile is dark green to yellowish brown • Digestion is the breakdown of large
fluid and it is stored in the insoluble food molecules into small
gallbladder. water-soluble food molecules so that
• The chief function of bile is to they can be absorbed into the
emulsify the fat for digestion. watery blood plasma.
• Gastric juice in the stomach
Ans.6 Correct Option - 3 starts protein digestion. Gastric juice
mainly contains hydrochloric
• In the human body, the ribs are
acid and pepsin,thus gastric
attached to the sternum in the front
digestion takes place best in acidic
and 12 thoracic vertebrae at the back
medium.
thus making up the ribcage.
• Acidic gastric juice, exhibits
• The ribcage provides support to the
enzymatic activities, pronounced
chest and protection to vital organs
antibacterial properties, and a
like the heart and lungs.
capacity to denature cell structures.
• There are a total of 12 pairs of ribs
out of which, the first 7 pairs is Ans.9 Correct Option - 4
called ‘true ribs’ followed by 3 pairs
of ‘false ribs’ and 2 pairs of ‘floating Key facts about bacteria and the diseases
ribs’. caused by it:
Ans.7 Correct Option - 2 • Bacterial type of pathogen causes the

water-borne disease dysentery.
• The olfactory receptors in human • It is an inflammatory disease of the
beings detect the smell. intestine mostly in the colon which
prompts to diarrhoea and abdominal • It consists of three parts namely -
pains. Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum.
• It is caused by various types of
infectious pathogens such as Duodenum - It is the first part of small
bacteria, viruses and parasites. intestine. It helps in the digestion of chyme
• Its most common symptoms are in the food.
fever and dysentery.

Jejunum - It is the second part of small
Ans.10 Correct Option - 4 intestine. Most of the nutrients take place in

it.
Key facts about pathogen and the diseases
caused by it: Ileum - It is the third part of small
intestine. It absorbs nutrients that did not
• Parasitic type of pathogen causes the get absorbed by the jejunum.
water-borne disease Ascariasis.
• It is a roundworm organism found in • Colan is the part of large intestine
the small intestine mostly occurs in and Liver is the part of the digestive
children. gland in the stomach.
• The infection takes place by eating

food or drink contaminated water
with Ascaris eggs from human • Pancreatic juice is a liquid which is
excreta. secreted by the pancreas which contains
• Abdominal pain, Abdominal variety of enzymes including chymotrypsin,
swelling, shortness of breathing, elastase, carboxypeptidase, trypsinogen,
fever and diarrhoea are the main nucleases, amylase and pancreatic lipase. It
symptoms of this disease. helps in proper digestion.
Ans.11 Correct Option - 4 • They are alkaline/basic in nature due to

high concentration of the bicarbonate ions.
Key facts about small intestine:
The bicarbonate is useful in neutralising the
• The small intestine is the main acidic gastric acid which allow for the
digester and absorber of the food. effective enzymic changes.

Ans.13 Correct Option - 3 in the process of breakdown of food
sources for cellular needs is
• Salivary amylase is an enzyme commonly called as respiration.
present in the human saliva which is • Nutrition is the process of getting all
produced by the salivary glands. the necessary nutrients for growth
• It helps in the process of digestion as and health through food and water.
it breaks down complex • Digestion is the process of breaking
carbohydrates such as starch into down of food that we eat into small
simpler sugars like glucose and water-soluble food molecules so that
maltose. the required nutrients can be
absorbed by the blood.
• Transportation is the process of
• Those organisms that break down transporting something from one
the organic food material outside place to another.
their body by the secretions of

hydrolytic enzymes are called
decomposers. Bile makes the food coming from stomach
• These decompose the complex alkaline.
organic food into the simpler
inorganic substances and then Break down of fats into smaller globules.
absorb them.
• Bread mould, Yeast, Mushrooms are • The liver secretes Bile. When bile
Fungi. These are decomposers. leaves the liver, it gets stored in the
• Snake take holozoic nutrition in gallbladder, before being released
which the food is digested in the into the duodenum.
body. • When it gets released from the
• Hence, the correct answer is Snake. gallbladder, it breaks large fat

globules into smaller particles. This
Ans.15 Correct Option - 1 is known as emulsification.
• As Bile is alkaline in nature, it
• The process of acquiring oxygen neutralizes acidic food coming from
from outside the body and to use it the stomach to provide the alkaline
conditions needed in the small • Duodenum (‘C’ shaped)
intestine. • Jejunum (a long coiled
middle portion)
Ans.17 Correct Option - 4 • Ileum (highly coiled)
• 90 percent of the absorption and
No option is correct.
digestion occurs in the small
At synapses of the Neuron, the information intestine.
is transmitted in the chemical form, called

as Neurotransmitter.
Ans.18 Correct Option - 2 AIveoIi, balloon like structures are tiny air
sacs within the lungs. The respiratory
• Salivary amylase is an enzyme that is system comes into direct contact with the
found in the human saliva. circulatory system through them. They pass
• It is responsible for the breakdown carbon dioxide in the blood to the lungs
of starch into simpler sugars. while oxygen in the lungs is passed into the
• It is produced by the salivary glands. blood.
Ans.19 Correct Option - 4 Ans.22 Correct Option – 2
Trypsin is found in the digestive system. It

A sphincter is a circular muscle that
hydrolyzes proteins. It is present in the
normally maintains constriction of a natural
pancreatic juice and formed in the small
body passage or orifice and which relaxes -
intestine.
as required by normal physiological
Ans.20 Correct Option - 2 functioning. Sphincters are found in many

animals.
The small intestine is the longest part of the
alimentary canal. Ans.23 Correct Option - 1
• The small intestine is also the largest Breaking down of fats from large globules to
part of the alimentary canal. smaller globules by Bile juice is similar to
• The small intestine is divided into Emulsification of soaps.
three regions:
• The liver secretes Bile. When bile droplets that are easier for the lipase
leaves the liver, it gets stored in the enzymes to work on.
gallbladder, before being released
into the duodenum. When it gets Ans.26 Correct Option – 2
released from the gallbladder, it

breaks large fat globules into smaller Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat
particles, in the same way as soap from intestine. It also returns excess
breaks fat particles into small interstitial fluid to the blood. The most
globules that are suspended in water important function of lymphatic system is to
and gets washed away. This is known defend our body against invading
as emulsification. It is important microorganisms and diseases.
because fats are not soluble in water,

yet the reaction of digestion must Ans.27 Correct Option – 4
take place in a water solution.

• The process in which one liquid gets The basic unit of the brain is neuron and
dispersed in a second immiscible liq neurons exchange signals in the form of
uid is called Emulsification. electrical impulses through axons and
• The cleansing action of soap is due dendrites.
to emulsification.
A normal adult has 32 teeth: incisors (8),
Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down Canines (4), premolars (8) and molars (12).
proteins into smaller peptides (that is, a Normal adult's 32 teeth is an upgrade form
protease). It is produced in the stomach and of a 20 piece "milk teeth" version.
is one of the main digestive enzymes in the
digestive systems of humans. Types of Functions
teeth
Ans.25 Correct Option - 1 Incisors Used for cutting food
into small chewable
Digestion of fat is completed in the small
pieces
intestine which is helped by bile, made in
Canines Grip and tear food
the liver. Bile breaks the fat into small
Premolars Tear and crush food
Molars Chew, crush and grind

food
• Stapes bone is found in the middle

ear of the human body.
• It is one of the three tiny bones
located in middle ear known as
ossicles. Malleus and incus are other
two bones.
• The stapes is a stirrup-
shaped bone and the smallest in
the human body.
The Stomach primary function is storage of

food.

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GS EBook – 2019

1. Physical/SI Unit ........................................................................................................................................ 3

• It should be well defined.

Unit The quantities that do not depend on any

quantities. Example: Volume, velocity,

Electric potential Volt (V)

Physical/SI Units RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

The SI unit of resistance is ________. 3.Brightness

1. Joule 4.Metic force

A unit of power is called a ________. 3.mho

4.Pascal What is the SI unit of Torque?

What is the SI unit of resistivity? Que. 9

1.Ohm metre 1 kWh = ________ × 106 J.

2.Ohm metre-1 1.36

4.Ohm metre2 3.6.4

In which of the following unit is the Que. 10

2.Ratio of the density of water to its Ohm is a resistance provided by a body

density through it.

Watt is a unit of power.

1W = 1J / 1s. Impulse N-s

One watt is also defined as the current Pressure Pa (N/m2)

Mathematically, it is the reciprocal of Decibel is used to measure sound level

The unit of Conductance is mho. Various hearing capacity and types.

Ans.5 Correct Option - 2

The SI unit of Torque is Newton-meter

The relative density of a substance is 1 watt(W) = 1 J/sec

If a substance's relative density is less than Scalar is a physical quantity which

Ans.9 Correct Option - 2

Kilowatt-hour (kWh) and joules (J) are

2. Classification of Measuring Instruments

Classification of Measuring Mechanical Instruments

For example, a cathode ray output indicated by the

oscilloscope (CRO) is capable to follow instrument.

dynamic and transient changes of the • These instruments are

order of few Nano-seconds. calibrated by comparison with

• Working with absolute These instruments record continuously

Measuring Instruments RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

1. Air pressure 1. Hydrometer

4. Voltmeter 3. an instrument used to measure wind

4. Seismorgraph To measure the speed of

Que. 8 The amount of liquid

The instrument to measure Blood Udometer precipitation over a set

Pressure is called ________. period of time

Que. 9 Ans.2 Correct Option – 2

• Used to measure Air

Anemometer used for measuring wind Ans.8 Correct Option – 1

Ans.6 Correct Option - 3 Sphygmomanometer Blood pressure

current is called ammeter, and that

Ans.7 Correct Option - 4 approximate concentration of

3. Inventions and Discoveries

Inventions and Discoveries – Kinetoscope Louis Le -

Inventions and Discoveries RRB NTPC Most Asked Questions

1. Edward Jenner Ans.3 Correct Option - 1

All chemical elements have unique atomic

Periodic Table Grouping Method

• The 18 vertical columns of the

The four blocks are: f-block

elements are arranged in a continuous

Memory Tips to Learn the Periodic Table

Group 1 - HeLiNa Ke Rubber Csste Free

Group 2 - Beta Maange Scooter Baap Raaz

Group 13 - Baingan Aloo Gajar Indian Thaali