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L-29181

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SECOND DIVISON

G.R. No. L-29181 July 9, 1984

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee,

The Solicitor General for plaintiff-appellee.

Miguel B. Lukban for defendants-appellants.

ESCOLIN, J.:

Invoking the constitutional presumption of innocence which the prosecution allegedly failed to overturn, appellants
Nelson Potestas, Agapito Bautista, Buenaventura Tagbacaola and Javier Fernandez seek reversal of the judgment
of the then Court of First Instance of Misamis Occidental, sentencing them to suffer the penalty of reclusion
perpetua for the crime of robbery with homicide and serious physical injuries.

In the evening of October 31, 1966, Gliceria Tolero Rudines, 63, and her granddaughter Gerarda Rudines, 18, were
in their house at Bo. Mangga, Tangub, Misamis Occidental, preparing "bibingka" for the next day, the All Saints Day.
At about 7:00 that night, bursts of gunshots rang outside the house. This was followed by shouts ordering them to
open the door. When the frightened women refused, the door was forcibly opened with an axe. Four men rushed
into the house, even while the firing outside continued. Gliceria ran to the room of her husband, Guillermo Rudines,
but before reaching it, she suddenly slumped on the floor, as she cried out, "Mong, Mong, I am hit."

At this juncture, Guillermo Rudines, 75, went out of his room and was met by four armed men, one of them holding
an axe. When the intruders demanded money from him, he took out the cash he had in his pocket and offered it to
them; but they refused to accept it. Instead, they ordered the old man to lie on the floor face down and tied his
hands behind his back. Then, using the axe, they broke open the trunks in the house and ransacked the same.

Soon after, one of the intruders dropped the axe on Guillermo's back, and demanded more money from him.
Guillermo told them to look in the "aparador" inside his room. While he was lying on the floor, other members of the
group, some armed with pistols and others with long guns, entered the house and joined their companions in
ransacking the house.

The marauders left at about 11:00 that night, after taking away money and jewelry valued at about P5,000.00.

After the robbery, relatives and neighbors of the Rudineses arrived. Gliceria was brought to the poblacion for
medical assistance; but on the way thereto, she expired.

The following day, Dr. Jesus Abad conducted an autopsy of the deceased. The doctor described the victim's injuries
as follows:

1. Gunshot wound

a) Point of entrance at the back of distal third of the right leg.

b) Point of exit at the front of the distal third of the right leg forming a cauliflower wound.

c) The bones of the distal third of the leg were completely fractured.

Cause of death:
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1) Gun shot wound producing shock

2) Hemorrhage. 1

Dr. Abad also examined Guillermo Rudines and found the following wounds sustained by him:

1. Superficial lineal wound about 1 inch long located at the left scapular area.

2. Pain on pressure at the vertebral column at the level of the 10th thorasic vertebral.

3. This certifies further that if without complication, it will heal in two (2) weeks. 2

Upon receiving report of the crime that same night, elements of the Tangub Police Force repaired to the house of
the victims. When asked by Police Chief Andres Enguito as to the Identity of the intruders, neither Guillermo nor
Gerarda could name any of the malefactors. They stated however that they could recognize them if they saw them
again.

The following day, November 1, the Chief of Police went to the house of one Victoriano Rosario, about 50 meters
distant from the victim's residence. Chief Enguito surmised that Rosario, who was a known police character in the
locality, might be able to furnish some information as to the Identity of the malefactors.

When Rosario's wife told the police that her husband had left for Mananao, Tubod, Lanao del Norte on October 28
and would not return home until November 3, the Police Chief became suspicious — he deemed it most unusual for
a head of the family to be absent from home on All Saints Day. He immediately ordered that Rosario be fetched
from Mananao. When the latter was brought to the Tangub Police Station on the following day, November 2, for
investigation, Rosario admitted not only his complicity in the commission of the crime, but also divulged the names
of all his sixteen [16] co-conspirators, viz.: Andres Canumay, Proculo Lemon, Victor Baterna, Buenaventura
Tagbacaola, Nelson Potestas, Benito Saquin, Eduardo Cabahug, Vicente Mondares, Antonio Abatayo, Agapito
Bautista, Ricardo Patihan, Faustino Handugan, Eglecerio Durano, Tente Dimasakay, Javier Fernandez and Jose
Duliente.

All of them, except Dimasakay, who had allegedly gone into hiding in the forest of Lanao del Norte, were taken into
custody. In the ensuing investigation, Andres Canumay readily admitted his participation in the conspiracy and
voluntarily executed an affidavit. 3 At first, Bautista, Lemon, Durano, Mondares, Patihan, Potestas, and Handugan
denied any participation in the crime; but upon being confronted with the statements of Rosario and Canumay, they
too admitted their culpability. They gave statements which were sworn to before Judge Vicente Baz, Jr. of the
Municipal Court of Tangub. However, the five other accused, namely: Victor Baterna, Benito Saquin, Antonio
Abatayo, Buenaventura Tagbacaola and Javier Fernandez refused to give any statement. On November 8, all the
accused were brought to the scene of the incident where they conducted a reenactment of the crime.

Thereafter, an information for the crime of robbery with homicide and serious physical injuries was filed against the
sixteen [16] accused namely: Victoriano Rosario, Jose Duliente, Andres Canumay, Proculo Lemon, Victor Baterna,
Buenaventura Tagbacaola, Nelson Potestas, Benito Saquin, Javier Fernandez, Eduardo Cabahug, Vicente
Mondares, Antonio Abatayo, Agapito Bautista, Ricardo Patihan, Faustino Handugan, and Eglecerio Durano.

At the trial, the court, on motion of the prosecution, ordered the discharge of the accused Victoriano Rosario and
Jose Duliente to be utilized as state witnesses.

The testimony of Victoriano Rosario is summarized by the Solicitor General as follows:

On October 17, 1966, he (Victoriano Rosario) was asked by the accused Andres Canumay whether
Guillermo Rudines was a "moneyed man", which question he answered in the affirmative; that
Canumay then requested him to be their guide when they would rob Guillermo Rudines (p. 41, t.s.n.,
January 20, 1967); that subsequently, on October 30, 1966, he was brought by Andres Canumay to the
cockpit of Tubod, Lanao del Norte, where, together with other companions, they hatched a plan to
commit the robbery the following day, October 31, 1966; that present in that cockpit conference were
the accused Antonio Abatayo, Vicente Mondares, Eduardo Cabahug, Eglecerio Durano, Tinte
Dimasakay, Ricardo Patihan, and Andres Canumay; that he was told to inform Victor Baterna and
Benito Saquin about the robbery plan and to tell them also to converge in Bo. Silanga at 5:00 o'clock in
the afternoon of October 31, 1966; that accordingly, he notified both Benito Saquin and Victor Baterna
(pp. 42-45, Id.); that the following day, October 31, 1966, at about 4:00 o'clock in the afternoon, he left
for Silanga, Misamis Occidental, together with Dado Handugan, Ventura Tagbacaola and Nelson
Potestas, arriving thereat at around 5:00 o'clock that same evening; that the group of Benito Saquin
later arrived, with the accused Agapito Bautista, Proculo Lemon, and Javier Fernandez; that the last
group, which came from Tubod, Lanao del Norte, and composed of Antonio Abatayo, Andres
Canumay, Vicente Mondares, Eduardo Cabahug, Eglecerio Durano, Ricardo Patihan and Tinte
Dimasakay, arrived at 7:00 o'clock that night; that the men were armed with two Thompsons, an axe,
carbines, pistols and knives (pp. 46-52, Id.); that from Silanga, the band proceeded to the residence of
Guillermo Rudines in Barrio Manga, Tangub, Misamis Occidental; that as they neared the place, he and

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Javier Fernandez were left near the school house building because of the fear of the others that as he
was known to the Rudines, the latter might recognize him (pp. 54-55, Id.); that soon thereafter,
Victoriano heard gunshots coming from the direction of the house of Guillermo as well as the breaking
of the door of the house; that as the firing continued, he and Fernandez went near the house of
Rudines and saw Victor Baterna and Tinte Dimasakay enter said house; that Benito Saquin, Victor
Baterna, Andres Canumay, Antonio Abatayo, Vicente Mondares, Eglecerio Durano, Ricardo Patihan,
Tinte Dimasakay and Eduardo Cabahug went up the house, while the others remained with him
(Victoriano) on the ground (pp. 55-57, Id.); that at about 11:00 o'clock, those who went up the house
came down and all of them proceeded to the school building and partitioned the loot under a mango
tree; that he (Victoriano) did not, however, receive his share, and instead, he was told to go to Tubod
the following day in order to get his share, but when he did, his companions were no longer in Tubod
for which reason he never got his share of the loot (pp. 58-60, Id.); that the next day, November 1,
1966, he was arrested in Barrio Mananaw, Tubod, Lanao del Norte, by a member of the police force of
Tangub, Misamis Occidental, and two PC soldiers; and that he was interrogated twice and he
confessed to his participation in the crime (pp. 56-58, t.s.n., Feb. 14, 1967).

On the bases of the testimonies of said government witnesses, and of Guillermo Rudines, Gerarda Rudines, Dr.
Jesus Abad, Chief of Police Andres Enguito, and Judge Vicente Baz, Jr. of the municipal court of Tangub, as well as
the extrajudicial confessions of the accused, the trial court rendered a decision, the dispositive portion of which
reads:

WHEREFORE, the accused, Andres Canumay, Proculo Lemon, Victor Baterna, Buenaventura
Tagbacaota, Nelson Potestas, Benito Saquin. Javier Fernandez, Eduardo Cabahug, Vicente Mondares,
Antonio Abatayo, Agapito Bautista, Ricardo Patihan, Faustino Handugan Eglecerio Durano, are hereby
found guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime charged in the information. They are hereby
sentenced to suffer the penalty of RECLUSION PERPETUA, with the accessory penalties of the law; to
jointly and severally indemnify Guillermo Rudines in the sum of P5,000,00 and the heirs of Gliceri
Tolero in the sum of P6,000,00, without subsidiary imprisonment in case of insolvency, and to pay the
costs.

All the accused, except Eduardo Cabahug, interposed an appeal. It appears, however, that Saquin, Mondares,
Lemon, Canumay, Handugan, Baterna, Abatayo, Durano and Patihan subsequently withdrew their appeal; and
since the judgment as to them had already become final, only the appeals of Nelson Potestas, Agapito Bautista,
Buenaventura Tagbacaola and Javier Fernardez remain to be resolved.

We perceive no compelling reason to disturb the judgment of conviction. Appellants were positively Identified by
state witness Victoriano Rosario as co-conspirators in the perpetration of the offense. In accordance with the plot to
rob the Rudines hatched the previous day at the cockpit of Tubod, said appellants went to Silanga where, previously
agreed upon, they and their co-accused met. From there, they all proceeded to the house of the victims at Bo.
Mangga. Appellants Nelson Potestas and Javier Fernandez were armed with pistols, while Buenaventura
Tagbacaola and Agapito Bautista carried hunting knives. At the time of the robbery, the four appellants stood guard
outside the house, while their co-accused entered the victim's dwelling. After the robbery, each of said appellants
received his corresponding share in the loot.

The fact that appellants did not enter the victims' house did not mitigate, much less abate, their criminal
responsibility. By standing guard outside the house, each of them performed an indispensable role in the attainment
of their common objective. This action on their part, performed to ensure the success of their nefarious design,
clearly indicated the existence of conspiracy which justified the lower court in holding each and all of them liable for
the felony committed as well as the consequences thereof.

Appellants lay considerable emphasis on the inconsistencies between Rosario's testimony in open court and the
statements in his affidavits. It is thus poited out that while Rosario stated in his affidavit that he departed for Tubod at
8:00 p.m. of October 30, 1966, in open court he declared that he left his house for Tubod at 1:00 p.m. on October
30. Such discrepancy is too trivial and immaterial to discredit his testimony. It should be pointed out that time
robbery itself was perpetrated on October 31, not on October 30. Thus the time of the witness' departure for Tubod
on October 30, referring as it does to an immaterial matter, does not impair, much less destroy, his testimony.

It is a settled rule that a witness may be impeached only on matters which are material, competent, specific and
relevant; but not on matters which are immaterial and collateral to the real issue. 4 What is important is that this
witness positively affirmed at the trial those portion of affidavit wherein he described the individual participation of all
the accused in the crime in question. 5

Appellants Potestas and Bautista would repudiate their affidavits of confession for having been allegedly extracted
through force and coercion. They claimed that they signed their statements because they were maltreated and
tortured by the chief of police. The records, however, reveal a number of significant circumstances strongly negating
such pretension.

[1] Their confessions were admittedly signed and sworn to before Judge Vicente Baz, Jr. The latter testified that
when he read the contents of the affidavit of Potestas and Bautista, they unhesitatingly affirmed the truth and
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correctness thereof; that he further asked them if there was any mistake therein and both responded in the negative;
and that not one of the confessants complained to him of any maltreatment or torture.

[2] On November 11, all of the accused were brought to Dr. Jesus Abad, municipal health officer of Tangub, for
physical examination. At the trial, the doctor attested to his findings that accused "are all in good physical condition"
and that "there are no signs of physical injuries inflicted on any of them." 6

[3] As noted by the Solicitor General, "the fact that five of the accused, namely, Antonio Abatayo, Buenaventura
Tagbacaola, Victor Baterna, Javier Fernandez, and Benito Saquin did not execute similar confessions disproves the
alleged use of force and coercion by the chief of police in securing the confessions of the other nine accused. Why
indeed should these nine accused (including Potestas and Bautista) be tortured and maltreated, while five of their
co-accused were spared from said maltreatment?"

It has been held that a confessant bears the burden of proving that the admissions in his affidavit are involuntary
and untrue. 7 Appellants Potestas and Bautista have not successfully discharged such burden.

WHEREFORE, the judgment appealed from is hereby affirmed, with the modification that the amount awarded to
the heirs of the deceased Gliceria Tolero Rudines is hereby increased to P30,000.00. Costs against appellants.

SO ORDERED.

Makasiar (Chairman), Aquino, Concepcion, Jr., Guerrero, Abad Santos and Cuevas, JJ., concur.

Footnotes

1 Exh."N", p. 227, Rec., Vol. I.

2 Exh. "C", p. 228, Rec., Id.

3 Exhibit "F".

4 Underhills' Criminal Events, 4th Ed, pp. 848-849.

5 TSN, p. 30, 50, 53, Feb. 14, 1967.

6 Exhibit "P".

7 People v. Manobo, 18 SCRA 30.

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