M SC Physics - CSS

MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY
KOTTAYAM
KERALA
M.Sc. PROGRAMME IN PHYSICS

UNDER
CREDIT AND SEMESTER SYSTEM
(2012 admissions onwards)

MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY, KOTTAYAM
Board of Studies in Physics (P G)
1. Dr. N.V. Unnikrishnan, Professor, School of Pure and Applied
Physics, Mahatma Gandhi. University, Kottayam (CHAIRMAN)
2. Dr. Chandu Venugopal, Professor, School of Pure and Applied
Physics, Mahatma Gandhi. University, Kottayam
3. Dr. M. Abdul Khadar, Professor, School of Pure and Applied Physics,
University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvanathapuram
4. Prof. L. Sushama, Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Union
Christian College, Aluva.
5. Prof. Johny Joseph, Associate Professor, Department of Physics, St.
Berchman’s College, Changanassery
6. Dr. P.I. Paulose, Associate Professor, Department of Physics,
Maharaja’s College, Ernakula
7. Prof. Johny Thomas, Associate Professor, Department of Physics,
Kuriakose Elias College, Mannanam
8. Prof. M.N. Gopalakrishnan, Associate Professor, Department of
Physics, Devaswom Board. College, Thalayolaparambu.
9. Dr. B. Syamala Kumari, Associate Professor, Department of Physics,
Maharaja’s College, Ernakulam.
10. Dr. N.V. Joshy, Associate Professor, Department of Physics, St.
Paul’s College, Kalamassery.
11. Prof. V.M. George, Associate Professor, Department of Physics,
Sacred Heart College, Thevara
Acknowledgements
The P.G. Board of Studies puts on record our sincere thanks to the
honorable Vice Chancellor of Mahatma Gandhi University, Dr. Rajan
Gurukkal, for the guidance and help extended to us during the
restructuring of M.Sc. Physics syllabus to suite the Credit and Semester
System. The vision and experience in the realm of higher education that
he shared with us on various occasions have been very helpful and
encouraging.
We thank the Pro-Vice Chancellor of the University, Dr. Rajan
Varghese, for the constant monitoring of the process. His unparalleled
enthusiasm and willingness to hear and acknowledge sincere efforts is
worth mentioning.
The Board of Studies thanks the members of M.G. University
Syndicate for all the help extended to us at various stages of
restructuring of this P G syllabus.
We thank the Registrar of the University, the Academic Section
and the Finance Section for extending their service for the smooth
completion of the syllabus restructuring.
Special thanks are due to the representatives from all the colleges
affiliated to M.G. University, who have actively participated in the
three day work shop. The Board of Studies acknowledges the
contributions from the participants of the workshop. The suggestions
and recommendations of the sub-groups formed in the workshop have

helped us to make the syllabus in the present form. It is heartening to
note the enthusiasm and sincerity shown by the younger generation
teachers from various colleges in the context of syllabus restructuring.
The P.G. Board of studies thanks all the members of the faculty of
School of Pure and Applied Physics (SPAP), M.G. University for
sharing their knowledge and experience in the emerging fields of
physics and technology. Their active participation in the workshop for
syllabus restructuring was of immense help.
Thanks are also due to the research scholars, library and office
staff of SPAP for their cooperation extended during the workshop.
We thank Dr. M.K. Jayaraj, Professor, Department of Physics,
Dr. Johnny Isaac, Professor, Department of Instrumentation, Cochin
University of Science and Technology, Dr. V. Unnikrishnan Nair,
visiting Professor, ISER, Thiruvananthapuram, for the fruitful
discussions in the making of the new syllabus.
We acknowledge the goodwill of our friends in various other
Universities and Institutions in sharing their views in accommodating
some specialized topics in various courses of the syllabus.
Dr. N.V. Unnikrishnan
Chairman, PG Board of Studies,
Mahatma Gandhi University,
Kottayam
Contents
Preface 1
CHAPTER - I
1. General Scheme of the Syllabi 3
1.1 Theory Papers 3
1.2Practicals 3
1.3 Project 4
1.4 Viva Voce 4
1.5 Course Code 4
1.6 Course Structure of M.Sc. Programme 5
1.7 Elective Bunches 7
1.8 Open Elective Bunch 9
1.9 Distribution of Credit 9
CHAPTER - II
2. Grading and Evaluation 11
2.1 Examinations 11
2.2 Internal or In-Semester Assessment 11
2.2.1 Attendance, Assignment and Seminar 12
2.2.2 Project Evaluation 13
2.2.3 General Instructions 14
2.3 External Evaluation (EA) 15
2.3.1 Question Paper Pattern for Theory Courses 16
2.3.2 Directions for question setters 16
2.3.3 Practical, Project and Viva Voce Examinations 17
2.3.4 Reappearance/Improvement 19
CHAPTER – III 20
3. M.Sc. Physics Syllabus 20
3.1 Introduction 20
3.2 Core Courses 20
3.3 Electives 66
3.3.1 Bunch – A: Electronics 66
3.3.2 Bunch – B: Informatics 75
3.3.3 Bunch – C: Material Science 85
3.3.4 Bunch – D: Theoretical Physics 94
3.4 Optional Elective Bunch 101
CHAPTER – IV 113
4. Parallel PGCSS Physics Programmes 113
4.1 Introduction 113
4.2 M.Sc. Applied Physics 115
4.2.1 Course Code 115
4.3 M.Sc. Renewable Energy 165
4.4 M.Sc. Material Science 217

Preface
The P.G. syllabus in Physics is restructured to suit the credit and semester
system to be followed by the affiliated colleges under Mahatma Gandhi
(M.G.) University, Kottayam, from the academic year 2012- 2013. The last
revision of the syllabus was carried out in 2001, when P.G. courses in the
affiliated colleges came under semester system. Now as the continuation of
the credit and semester system being followed in the U.G. courses in the
university, the present restructuring of P.G. curriculum becomes inevitable.
In the restructuring of the P.G. syllabus, the Board of Studies has taken into
account the emerging trends in the various fields of theoretical and
experimental physics. The thrust was given to inculcate in students the spirit
of hard work and research aptitude to pursue higher education in the
nationally/internationally reputed institutions and laboratories.Wide
discussion in this matter was carried out among the physics teaching
community of the M.G. University and experts from various other
universities and institutions across the country. A three day workshop was
conducted on February 22, 23 and 24, 2012 with representatives from P.G.
departments of all affiliated colleges of the university and members of the
faculty of School of Pure and Applied Physics (SPAP), M.G. University,
Kottayam.
In order to accommodate various front running fields in physics, and for the
students to have option to select the courses of their interest, the Board has
decided to present four Elective Bunches and an Open Elective Bunch with
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four courses each in the P.G. syllabus. The elective courses are
accommodated in the third and fourth semesters of the P G programme.
The syllabus of physics practicals is also revised keeping in view of the
advances in various fields of physics and technology. Each semester will
have one practical each with two practical exams at the end of even
semesters. This syllabus is to be followed by all the affiliated colleges under
M.G. University. The syllabi of three parallel M.Sc. programmes run by
three different colleges are also restructured to accommodate in the Credit
and Semester System.
Chapter – I is dedicated to the General Scheme of the Syllabi. The general
M.Sc. programme in physics with the course structures in all four semesters
are also given in this chapter. Grading and Evaluation is discussed in
Chapter – II. The pattern of question papers of theory and practicals and the
respective internal and external evaluation schemes are discussed here. In
Chapter – III, the syllabi of the general M.Sc Physics programme is given.
Chapter – IV is dedicated for the the syllabi of three parallel M.Sc.
programmes.

2

CHAPTER – I
1. GENERAL SCHEME OF THE SYLLABI
1.1 Theory Courses: There are sixteen theory courses spread equally in all
four semesters in the M.Sc. Programme. Distribution of theory courses is as
follows. There are twelve core courses common to all students. Semester I
and Semester II will have four core courses each and Semester III and
Semester IV will have two core courses each. Two elective courses each will
come in Semester III and Semester IV. The fourth Elective course appearing
in Semester IV is the Open Elective Course. There are four Elective Bunches
and an Open Elective Bunch offered in this syllabus. An Elective Bunch has
three theory courses while the Open Elective Bunch has four theory courses.
A college can choose one Elective Bunch and any one course from the Open
Elective Bunch in one academic year.
1.2 Practicals: All four semesters will have a course on laboratory

practicals. The laboratory practicals of Semesters I, II and III are common
courses. The Semester IV laboratory practical course will change, subject to
the Elective Bunch opted by the college. A minimum of 12 experiments
should be done and recorded in each semester. The practical examinations
will be conducted at the respective examination centers by two external
examiners appointed by the university at the end of even semesters only. The
first and second semester examinations of laboratory practical courses will
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be conducted at the end of Semester II while the third and fourth semester
practical examinations will be conducted at the end of Semester IV.
1.3 Project: The project of the PG program should be very relevant and
innovative in nature. The type of project can be decided by the student and
the guide (a faculty of the department or other
department/college/university/institution). The project work should be taken
up seriously by the student and the guide. The project should be aimed to
motivate the inquisitive and research aptitude of the students. The students
may be encouraged to present the results of the project in seminars/symposia.
The conduct of the project may be started at the beginning of Semester III,
with its evaluation scheduled at the end of Semester IV along with the
practical examination as being practiced in the present syllabus. The project
is evaluated by the external examiners. The project guide or a faculty
member deputed by the head of the department may be present at the time of
project evaluation. This is to facilitate the proper assessment of the project.
1.4 Viva Voce: A viva voce examination will be conducted by the two
external examiners at the time of evaluation of the project. The components
of viva consists of subject of special interest, fundamental physics, topics
covering all semesters and awareness of current and advanced topics with
separate weights.
1.5 Course Code: The 12 core courses in the programmme are coded
according to the following criteria. The first two letters of the code indicates
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the name of programme, ie. PH stands for Physics. One digit to indicate the
semester. ie., PH1 (Physics, 1st Semester), letter C to indicate core, lastly
P P
digits 01, 02 …….12 run for twelve core courses. (eg: PH3C11 – Physics, 3rd P P
semester, core course number eleven of the progamme. (Refer Table 1.1)
The elective courses are coded in similar pattern, PH3EA2 with letter E
stands for Elective, while the letter A (it can be B, C, or D) stands for the
Elective Bunch selected by the college, the digit 2 stands for the 2nd course of
P P
the Elective Bunch. (Refer Table 1.2)

The lone Open Elective course appearing in Semester IV is coded as
PH4OE3. The letters OE stand for Open Elective and the digit 3 stands for
the 3rd course of the Open Elective Bunch. (Refer Table 1.3)
P P
Laboratory Practical courses are similarly coded. (Eg: PH3P03 means

Physics, III Sem, Practicals, course number 3) The course code of
project/dissertation is PH4D05. The course code of viva voce is PH4V06.
The letters D and V stand for dissertation of the project and viva voce
respectively. These codes remain the same for all four categories of electives.
1.6 Course Structure of M.Sc. Physics Programme:

This is the PG programme followed by all affiliated colleges under Mahatma
Gandhi University. Apart from this, three affiliated colleges have one more
PG progamme in Physics with different course structures. This is discussed
in Chapter IV. The detailed structure of the Core courses common to all
students of the programme is given in Table 1.1
5

SEM Name of the course with course code No.of No. Total
Hrs/ of Hrs/
week cred SEM.
it
I PH1C01:Mathematical Methods in Physics- I 4 4 72

I PH1C02: Classical Mechanics 4 4 72
I PH1C03: Electrodynamics 4 4 72
I PH1C04: Electronics 4 4 72
I PH1P01: General Physics Practicals 9 3 162
II PH2C05:MathematicalMethodsinPhysics- II 4 4 72
II PH2C06: Quantum Mechanics - I 4 4 72
II PH2C07: Thermodynamics and Statistical 4 4 72
Mechanics
II PH2C08: Condensed Matter Physics 4 4 72
II PH2P02: Electronics Practicals 9 3 162
III PH3C09: Quantum Mechanics - II 4 4 72
III PH3C10: Computational Physics 4 4 72
III PH3P03: Computational Physics Practicals 9 3 162
IV PH4C11: Atomic and Molecular Physics 4 4 72
IV PH4C12: Nuclear and Particle Physics 4 4 72
IV PH4D05: Project/Dissertation Nil 2 Nil
IV PH4V06: Viva Voce Nil 2 Nil
Table 1.1: Structure of PGCSS Physics M.Sc. Common Courses
6

1.7 The Elective Bunches:
There are four Electives Bunches offered in this PGCSS Programme. Each
elective consists of a bunch of three theory courses and one laboratory
course. The first two theory courses of a bunch are placed in the Semester
III, while the third theory course and the laboratory course go to the
Semester IV. An institution can select only one Elective Bunch in an
academic year. The course structure of the Electives Bunches is given in
Table 1.2
The Electives Bunches are named,
(i) Bunch A: Electronics
(ii) Bunch B: Informatics
(iii) Bunch C: Material Science
(iv) Bunch D: Theoretical Physics.
7

Table 1.2: Course Structure of Electives
8

1.8 The Open Elective Bunch: The Open Elective Bunch has four
specialized theory courses. A college has the choice to select any one of
these courses. The 4th theory course of the Semester IV comes from the open
P P
elective bunch. The course structure of Open Elective Bunch is given in

Table 1.3 below. The change of Elective Bunch/Open Elective course is
permitted with proper request application to the relevant body of the
University
SEM Name of the course with course code No. of No. Total
Hrs/ of Hrs./
week credit SEM.
IV PH4OE1:Optoelectronics 4 4 72
IV PH4OE2:Software Engineering 4 4 72
and Web design
IV PH4OE3:Thin films and Nanoscience 4 4 72
IV PH4OE4:General Relativity and 4 4 72

Cosmology
Table 1.3: Open Elective Courses
1.9 Distribution of Credit: The total credit for the programme is fixed at 80.
The distribution of credit points in each semester and allocation of the
number of credit for theory courses, practicals, project and viva is as follows.
The credit of theory courses is 4 per course, while that of laboratory practical
course is 3 per course. The project and viva voce will have a credit of 2 each.
The distribution of credit is shown in Table 1.4. Distribution of the credit
9

remains unchanged for parallel PG programmes in physics, discussed in
Chapter IV.
Table 1.4: Distribution of creditin the PGCSS Programme.
10

CHAPTER - II
2. GRADING AND EVALUATION
2.1 Examinations
The evaluation of each course shall contain two parts such as Internal or In-
Semester Assessment (IA) and External or End-Semester Assessment (EA).
The ratio between internal and external examinations shall be 1:3. The
Internal and External examinations shall be evaluated using Direct Grading
system based on 5-point scale.
2.2 Internal or In-Semester Assessment (IA)
Internal evaluation is to be done by continuous assessments of the following
components. The components of the internal evaluation for theory and
practicals and their weights are as in the Table 2.1. The internal assessment
should be fair and transparent. The evaluation of the components should be
published and acknowledged by students. All documents of internal
assessments are to be kept in the institution for 2 years and shall be made
available for verification by the university. The responsibility of evaluating
the internal assessment is vested on the teacher(s) who teach the course. The
two test papers should be in the same model as the end semester examination
question paper, the model of which is discussed in the Section 2.3. The
duration and the number of questions in the paper may be adjusted judiciously
by the college for the sake of convenience.
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THEORY PRACTICALS
Component Weights Component Weights
Attendance 2 Attendance 2
Assignments 2 Laboratory 2
Involvement
Seminar 2 Test [Best of Two] 2
Test - I 2 Record 2
Test - II 2 Viva 2
Total Weight of Theory = 10 Total Weight of Practicals = 10
Table 2.1: Distribution of weights and components of theory and practical
2.2.1 Attendance, Assignment and Seminar

The split up of Attendance grade and different components of Assignment and
Seminar is given in the Table 2.2. Monitoring of attendance is very important
in the credit and semester system. All the teachers handling the respective
courses are to document the attendance in each semester. Students with
attendance less than 75% in a course are not eligible to attend external
examination of that course. The performance of students in the seminar and
assignment should also be documented.
12

Attendance Assignments Seminar
%of Grade Components Weig- Components Weig-
Attendance hts hts
A Punctuality 1 Innovation of 1
≥ 90 % Topic
≥ 85 % B Review 2 Review/ 1
and < 90% Reference
≥ 80 % and C Content 4 Content 3
< 85%
≥ 75 % and D Conclusion 2 Presentation 3
< 80%
<75 % E References 1 Conclusion 2
Table 2.2: split up of attendance grade and components of Seminar &
Assignment
2.2.2 Project Evaluation

The internal evaluation of the project is done by the supervising guide of the
department or the member of the faculty decided by the head of the
department. The project work may be started at the beginning of the
Semester III. The supervising guide should keenly and sincerely observe the
performance of the student during the course of project work. The
supervising guide is expected to inculcate in student(s), the research aptitude
and aspiration to learn and aim high in the realm of research and
development. A maximum of three students may be allowed to perform one
project work if the volume of the work demands it.
13

Project evaluation begins with (i) the selection of problem, (ii) literature
survey, (iii) work plan, (iv) experimental / theoretical setup/data collection,
(v) characterization techniques/computation/analysis (vi) use of modern
software for data analysis/experiments (Origin, LABView, MATLAB, …etc)
and (vi) preparation of dissertation. The project internal grades are to be
submitted at the end of Semester IV. The internal evaluation is to done as per
the following general criteria given in Table 2.3
Component Weights
Literature Survey 3
Experimental/Theoretical setup/Data Collection 4
Result and Discussion 3
Table 2.3: Criteria for internal evaluation of Project
2.2.3 General Instructions

(i) The assignments/ seminars / test papers are to be conducted at regular
intervals. The time for conduct of two test papers will be notified by the
university from time to time. These should be marked and promptly returned
to the students.
(ii) One teacher appointed by the Head of the Department will act as a
coordinator for consolidating grade sheet for internal evaluation in the
department in the format supplied by the University. The consolidated grade
sheets are to be published in the department notice board, one week before
the closing of the classes for end semester examinations. The grade sheet
should be signed by the coordinator and counter signed by the Head of the
Department and the college Principal.
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(iii) The consolidated grades in specific format supplied by the university are
to be kept in the college for future references. The consolidated grades in
each course should be uploaded to the University Portal at the end of each
semester as directed by the University.
(iv) A candidate who fails to register for the examination in a particular
semester is not eligible to continue in the subsequent semester.
(v) Grievance Redress Mechanism for Internal evaluation: There will be
provision for grievance redress at four levels, viz,
a) at the level of teacher concerned,
b) at the level of departmental committee consisting of Head of the
Department, Coordinator and teacher concerned,
c) at the level of college committee consisting of the Principal, Head of
the Department and one member of the college council, nominated
by the principal each year,
d) at the university level committee consisting of Pro-Vice Chancellor /
Dean of the Faculty, the controller of examinations and the Convener
of the Standing Committee on Academic Affairs of the Syndicate.
College level complaints should be filed within one week of the publication
of results and decisions taken within two the next two weeks. University
level complaints will be made within the time stipulated by the University
and decisions will be taken within one month of the last date fixed for filing
complaints.
2.3 External Evaluation (EA)
The external examination of all semesters shall be conducted by the university
on the close of each semester. There will be no supplementary examinations.
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2.3.1 Question Paper Pattern for Theory Courses.
All the theory question papers are of three hour duration. All question papers
will have three parts.
Part A: Questions from this part are very short answer type. Six questions
have to be answered from among ten questions. Each question will have
weight one and the Part A will have a total weight of six. A minimum of two
questions must be asked from each unit of the course.
Part B: Part B is fully dedicated to solving problems from the course
concerned. Four problems out of six given have to be answered. Each
question has a weight two making the Part B to have total weight eight. A
minimum of one problem from each unit is required. The problems need not
always be of numerical in nature.
Part C: Part C will have four questions. Two questions of equal standard
must be asked from each unit with internal option. Each question will have a
weight four making the total weight sixteen in Part C
2.3.2 Directions for question setters

(i) Follow the as far as possible the text book specified in the syllabus.
(ii) The question paper should cover uniformly the entire syllabus. For that
the section 2.3.1 should be strictly followed.
(iii) Set Part A questions to be answered in five minutes each, Part B
questions in ten minutes each and Part C questions in twenty five minutes
each.
Weightage to objectives and difficulty levels in the question paper should be
as given in the Table 2.4 below.
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Table 2.4: Weightage to objectives and difficulty levels
Weightage to Objectives Weightage to Difficulty Levels

Objective % Level of Difficulty %
Information 20 Easy 30
Understanding 60 Average 50
Application 20 Difficult 20
2.3.3 Practical, Project and Viva Voce Examinations

Practical Examination: First and second semester practical examinations
are conducted at the end of Semester II and third and fourth semester
practical examinations are conducted at the end of Semester IV. The
practical examinations are conducted immediately after the second and
fourth semester theory examinations respectively. There will be two practical
examination boards every year to conduct these practical exams. All practical
examinations will be of five hours duration. Two examiners from the panel
of examiners of the university will be deputed by the board chairman to each
of the examination centers for the fair and transparent conduct of
examinations. Practical examination is conducted in batches having a
maximum of eight students. The board enjoys the right to decide on the
components of practical and the respective weights.
Project Evaluation: The project is evaluated by the two external examiners
deputed from the board of practical examination. The dissertation of the
project is examined along with the oral presentation of the project by the
candidate. The examiners should ascertain that the project and report are
17

genuine. Innovative projects or the results/findings of the project presented in
national seminars may be given maximum advantage. The supervising guide
or the faculty appointed by the head of the department may be allowed to be
present at the time of project evaluation. This is only to facilitate proper
evaluation of the project. The different weight for assessment of different
components is shown in Table 2.5.
Viva Voce Examination: Viva voce examination is conducted only by the
two external examiners of the board of practical examinations. The viva voce
examination is given a credit two. The examination should be conducted in
the following format shown in Table 2.6 below.
Component Weights
Quality of project under study 1
Presentation of the project 3
Experimental/Theoretical setup/Data Collection 4
Result and Dissertation layout 2
Table 2.5: Components and weights of Project
Type of Questions Percentage Weightage to Difficulty Level

B.Sc/ + 2 level 20 Level of %
Difficulty
M.Sc. Syllabus Based 40 Easy 30
Subject of Interest 25 Average 50
Advanced Level 25 Difficult 20
Table 2.6: Format for viva voce Examination
18

Both project evaluation and viva voce examination are to be conducted in
batches of students formed for the practical examinations.
2.3.4 Reappearance/Improvement: For reappearance / improvement as per

university rules, students can appear along with the next regular batch of
students of their particular semester. A maximum of two chances will be
given for each failed paper. Only those papers in which candidate have failed
need be repeated. Chances of reappearance will be available only during eight
continuous semesters starting with the semester in which
admission/readmission is given to the candidate.
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CHAPTER - III
3. M. Sc. PHYSICS SYLLABUS
3.1 Introduction:
This chapter deals with the Syllabi of all Core courses, Elective courses and
Open Elective courses of the M.Sc. Physics Programme under Credit and
Semester System. The semester wise distribution of the courses is given. In
Semester III and Semester IV, the courses from Elective Bunches and Open
Elective Bunch will come as opted by the colleges concerned. The titles of the
courses with course codes of all categories of courses are discussed in the
Chapter – I.
3.2 CORE COURSES
SEMESTER - I
PH1CO1 MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN PHYSICS – I
Unit I
Vectors and Vector Spaces (18 Hrs)
Integral forms of gradient, divergence and curl, Line, surface and volume
integrals – Stoke’s, Gauss’s and Green’s theorems - Potential theory - scalar,
gravitational and centrifugal potentials. Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates -
gradient, divergence and curl in Cartesian, spherical and cylindrical co-
20

ordinates. Equation of continuity - Linear vector spaces - Hermitian, unitary
and projection operators with their properties- inner product space - Schmidt
orthogonalization - Hilbert space - Schwartz inequality.
Text Books
1. Mathematical Methods for Physicists, G.B. Arfken &H.J. Weber 4th P P
Edition, Academic Press (Chapter 1 & 2)

2. Mathematical Physics, P.K Chattopadhyay, New Age International
(chapter 7)
3. Theory and problems of vector analysis, Murray R. Spiegel
(Schaum’s outline series)
Unit II
Matrices (12 Hrs)
Direct sum and direct product of matrices, diagonal matrices, Matrix
inversion (Gauss-Jordan inversion method) orthoganal, unitary and
Hermitian matrices, normal matrices, Pauli spin matrices, Cayley-Hamilton
theorem. Similarity transformation - unitary and orthogonal transformation.
Eigen values and eigenvectors – Diagonalisation using normalized
eigenvectors. Solution of linear equation-Gauss elimination method. Normal
modes of vibrations.
Text Books
Edition, Academic Press (Chapter 3)

2. Mathematical Physics, P.K Chattopadhyay, New Age International
(Chapter 7)
21

Probability theory and distributions (6 Hrs)
Elementary probability theory, Random variables, Binomial, Poisson and
Gaussian distributions-central limit theorem.
Text Books
1. Mathematical methods for Physics and Engineering, K.F. Riley, M.P
Hobson, S. J. Bence, Cambridge University Press (Chapter 24)
Edition, Academic Press. (Chapter 19)

Unit III
Differential Geometry (16 Hrs)
Definition of tensors, basic properties of tensors. Covariant, contravariant
and mixed tensors. Levi-Civita tensor, Metric tensor and its properties,
Tensor algebra, Christoffel symbols and their transformation laws, covariant
differentiation, geodesic equation, Riemann-Christoffel tensor, Ricci tensor
and Ricci scalar.
Text Books
1. Introduction to Mathematical Physics, Charlie Harper, PHI
2. Vector analysis and tensors, Schaum’s outline series, M.R. Spiegel,
Seymour Lipschutz, Dennis Spellman, McGraw Hill T T
3. Mathematical Physics, B.S. Rajput, Y. Prakash 9th Ed, Pragati

P P
Prakashan (Chapter 10)

4. Tensor Calculus: Theory and problems, A. N. Srivastava, Universities
Press
22

Unit IV
Special functions and Differential equations (20 Hrs)
Gamma and Beta functions, different forms of beta and gamma functions,
evaluation of standard integrals. Dirac delta function, Kronecker Delta -
properties and applications.
Bessel’s differential equation – Bessel and Neumann functions – Legendre
differential equation - Associated Legendre functions- Hermite differential
equation - Laguerre differential equation – Associated Laguerre polynomials.
(Generating function, recurrence relations, and orthogonality condition for
all functions), Rodrigue’s formula
Text Books
Edition, Academic Press

2. Mathematical Physics, B.S Rajput, Pragati Prakashan
Reference Books:
1. Mathematical Physics, B.D. Gupta, Vikas Pub.House, New Delhi
2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, E. Kreyszig, 7th Ed., John Wiley
P P
3. Introduction to mathematical methods in physics, G.Fletcher, Tata

McGraw Hill
4. Advanced engineering mathematics, C.R. Wylie, & L C Barrett, Tata
McGraw Hill
5. Advanced Mathematics for Engineering and Physics, L.A. Pipes & L.R.
Harvill, Tata McGraw Hill
6. Mathematical Methods in Physics, J. Mathew & R.L. Walker, India
Book House.
7. Mathematical Physics, H.K. Dass, S. Chand & Co. New Delhi.
23

PH1C02 CLASSICAL MECHANICS
Unit I
Hamiltonian Mechanics (10 Hrs)
Review of Newtonian and Lagrangian formalisms - cyclic co-ordinates -
conservation theorems and symmetry properties - velocity dependent
potentials and dissipation function - Hamilton’s equations of motion - Least
action principle - physical significance.
Text Book:
1. Classical Mechanics, H. Goldstein, C.P. Poole & J.L. Safko, Pearson,
3rd Ed., (Chap. 1, 2 & 8)
P P
Variational Principle and Lagrange’s equations (6 Hrs)

Hamilton’s principle - calculus of variations – examples - Lagrange’s
equations from Hamilton’s principle.
Text Book:
3rd Ed., (Chapter 2)
P P
Unit II
Mechanics of Small Oscillations (6 Hrs)
Stable and unstable equilibrium - two-coupled oscillators – Lagrange’s
equations of motion for small oscillations - normal co-ordinates and normal
modes - oscillations of linear tri-atomic molecules.
24

Text Book:
1. Classical Mechanics, S.L. Gupta, V. Kumar & H.V. Sharma, Pragati
Prakashan, 2007. (Chapter 8)
Canonical Transformations (7 Hrs)
Equations of canonical transformation- examples of canonical transformation
- harmonic oscillator.
Text Book:
3rd Ed. (Chapter 9)
P P
Poisson brackets - Lagrange brackets - properties- equations of motion in

Poisson bracket form - angular momentum Poisson brackets - invariance
under canonical transformations.
Text Book:
1. Classical Mechanics, J.C. Upadhyaya, Himalaya, 2010. (Chapter 7)
Hamilton-Jacobi Theory (7 Hrs)
Hamilton-Jacobi equation for Hamilton’s principal function - harmonic
oscillator problem - Hamilton - Jacobi equation for Hamilton’s characteristic
function- action angle variables in systems of one degree of freedom -
Hamilton-Jacobi equation as the short wavelength limit of Schroedinger
equation.
Text Books:
3rd Edn. (Chapter 10)
P P
2. Classical Mechanics, J.C. Upadhyaya, Himalaya, 2010. (Chapter 8)
25

Unit III
Central Force Problem (9 Hrs)
Reduction to the equivalent one body problem - equations of motion and first
integrals - equivalent one-dimensional problem and classification of orbits -
differential equation for the orbits – virial theorem - Kepler problem.
Text Book:
3rd Ed.. (Chapter 3)
P P
Rigid Body Dynamics (9 Hrs)

Angular momentum - kinetic energy - inertia tensor - principal axes - Euler’s
angles- infinitesimal rotations - rate of change of a vector - Coriolis force -
Euler’s equations of motion of a symmetric top - heavy symmetric top with
one point fixed.
Text Book:
1. Classical Mechanics, G. Aruldhas, Prentice Hall 2009, (Chapter 8)
Unit IV
General Theory of Relativity (9 Hrs)
Principle of equivalence - principle of general covariance - motion of a mass
point in a gravitational field - the Newtonian approximation - time dilation -
rates of clocks in a gravitational field - shift in the spectral lines – energy-
momentum tensor- Einstein’s field equations and the Poisson approximation.
Text Book:
1. The Theory of Relativity, R.K. Pathria, Dover Pub. Inc.
NY,2003 (Chap 6,7& 8)
26

Classical Chaos (9 Hrs)
Linear and non-linear systems - integration of linear equation: Quadrature
method - the pendulum equation – phase plane analysis of dynamical systems
– phase curve of simple harmonic oscillator and damped oscillator- phase
portrait of the pendulum - bifurcation - logistic map – attractors - universality
of chaos - Lyapunov exponent - fractals - fractal dimension.
Text Book:
1. Classical Mechanics, G. Aruldhas, Prentice Hall 2009, (Chap.11& 12)
Reference Books:
1. Classical Mechanics, N.C. Rana and P.S. Joag, Tata Mc Graw Hill
2. Introduction to Classical Mechanics, R.G. Takwale and P.S. Puranik,
TMGH.
3. Langrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics, M.G. Calkin, World
Scientific Pub.Co Ltd
4. Introduction to General Relativity, R. Adler, M. Bazin, M. Schiffer,
TMGH.
5. An introduction to general relativity, S. K. Bose, Wiley Eastern.
6. Relativistic Mechanics, Satya Prakash, Pragathi prakashan Pub.
7. Chaos in Classical and Quantum Mechanics, M.C.Gutzwiller,
Springer, 1990.
8. Deterministic Chaos, N. Kumar, University Press,
9. Chaotic Dynamics, G.L.Baker & J.P.Gollub, Cambridge Uni. Press,
1996
Edition
27

PH1C03 ELECTRODYNAMICS
Unit I
Electrostatic fields in matter and Electrodynamics (10 Hrs)
Review of Electrostatics and Magnetostatics, Time varying fields and
Maxwell’s equations, Potential formulations, Gauge transformations,
boundary conditions, wave equations and their solutions, Poynting
theorem, Maxwell’s stress tensor.
Electromagnetic waves (8 Hrs)
Maxwell’s equations in phasor notation. Plane waves in conducting and
non-conducting medium, Polarization, Reflection and transmission
(Normal and Oblique incidence), Dispersion in Dielectrics, Superposition
of waves, Group velocity.
Text Book:
1. Introduction to Electrodynamics, David J. Griffiths, PHI.
Unit II
Relativistic Electrodynamics (18 Hrs)
Structure of space time: Four vectors, Proper time and proper velocity,
Relativistic dynamics - Minkowiski force, Magnetism as a relativistic
phenomenon, Lorentz transformation of electromagnetic field,
electromagnetic field tensor, electrodynamics in tensor notation, Potential
formulation of relativistic electrodynamics.
Text Book:
1. Introduction to Electrodynamics, David J. Griffiths, PHI
28

Unit III
Electromagnetic Radiation (20 Hrs)
Retarded potentials, Jefimenkos equations, Point charges, Lienard-
Wiechert potential, Fields of a moving point charge, Electric dipole
radiation, Magnetic dipole radiation, Power radiated by point charge in
motion. Radiation reaction, Physical basis of radiation reaction.
Text Book:
1. Introduction to Electrodynamics, David J. Griffiths, PHI
Unit IV
Antenna, Wave Guides and Transmission Lines (16 Hrs)
Radiation resistance of a short dipole, Radiation from quarter wave
monopole or half wave dipole. Antenna parameters. Waves between
parallel conducting plane TE, TM and TEM waves, TE and TM waves in
Rectangular wave guides, Impossibility of TEM waves in rectangular
wave guides. Transmission Lines-Principles-Characteristic impedance,
standing waves-quarter and half wavelength lines
Text Books:
1. Electromagnetic waves and radiating systems, E.C. Jordan &
K.G. Balmain PHI, 1968
2. Antenna and wave guide propagation, K. D Prasad, Satya
Prakashan.
Reference Books:
1. Antennas, J.D Kraus, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
2. Classical Electrodynamics, J. D. Jackson, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
29

3. Electromagnetic fields, S. Sivanagaraju, C. Srinivasa Rao, New Age
International.
4. Introduction to Classical electrodynamics, Y. K. Lim, World
Scientific, 1986.
5. Electromagnetic Waves and Fields, V.V. Sarwate, Wiley Eastern Ltd,
New Age Inernational
6. The Feymann Lectures in Physics, Vol. 2, R.P. Feymann, R.B.
Leighton & M. Sands.
7. Electronic Communication Systems, G. Kennedy & B. Davis, TMH.
PH1C04 ELECTRONICS
Unit I
Semiconductor Devices (5 Hrs)
FET devices - structure, characteristics, frequency dependence and
T
applications
Text Book:
1. Fundamentals of Semiconductor Devices, Betty Anderson,
T T
Richard Anderson, TMH. (Chapter 7, 8 and 9)

Op-amp with Negative Feedback (13 Hrs)
Differential amplifier – Inverting amplifier – Non-inverting amplifier -Block
diagram representations – Voltage series feedback: Negative feedback –
closed loop voltage gain – Difference input voltage ideally zero – Input and
output resistance with feedback – Bandwidth with feedback – Total output
offset voltage with feedback – Voltage follower. Voltage shunt feedback
30

amplifier: Closed loop voltage gain – inverting input terminal and virtual
ground - input and output resistance with feedback – Bandwidth with
feedback - Total output offset voltage with feedback – Current to voltage
converter- Inverter. Differential amplifier with one op-amp and two op-amps.
Text Book:
1. Op-amps and linear integrated circuits, R.A. Gayakwad 4th
T P P
Edn. PHI, (Chapter 2 & 3)

T
Unit II
The Practical Op-amp (6 Hrs)
Input offset voltage –Input bias current – input offset current – Total output
offset voltage- Thermal drift – Effect of variation in power supply voltage on
offset voltage – Change in input offset voltage and input offset current with
time - Noise – Common mode configuration and CMRR.
Text Book:
1. Op-amp and linear integrated circuits, R.A. Gayakwad 4th Ed.
T P P
PHI. (Chapter 4)
T
General Linear Applications (with design) (12 Hrs)

DC and AC amplifiers – AC amplifier with single supply voltage – Peaking
amplifier – Summing , Scaling, averaging amplifiers – Instrumentation
amplifier using transducer bridge – Differential input and differential output
amplifier – Low voltage DC and AC voltmeter - Voltage to current
converter with grounded load – Current to voltage converter – Very high
input impedance circuit – integrator and differentiator.
31

Text Book:
T 1 Op-amps and linear integrated circuits, R.A. Gayakwad 4th P P
Ed. PHI. (Chap. 6)

T
Unit III
Frequency Response of an Op-amp (6 Hrs)
Frequency response –Compensating networks – Frequency response of
internally compensated and non compensated op-amps – High frequency op-
amp equivalent circuit – Open loop gain as a function of frequency – Closed
loop frequency response – Circuit stability - slew rate.
Text Book:
T P P
Edn.PHI, (Chap.5)
T
Active Filters and Oscillators. (with design) (12 Hrs)

Active filters – First order and second order low pass Butterworth filter -
First order and second order high pass Butterworth filter- wide and narrow
band pass filter - wide and narrow band reject filter- All pass filter –
Oscillators: Phase shift and Wien-bridge oscillators – square, triangular and
sawtooth wave generators- Voltage controlled oscillator.
Text Book:
T P P
Ed. PHI, (Chap. 7)

T
Unit IV
Comparators and Converters (8 Hrs)
Basic comparator- Zero crossing detector- Schmitt Trigger – Comparator
characteristics- Limitations of op-amp as comparators- Voltage to frequency
32

and frequency to voltage converters - D/A and A/D converters- Peak detector
– Sample and Hold circuit.
Text Book:
1. Op-amps and linear integrated circuits R.A. Gayakwad 4th
T P P
Edn. PHI. (Chap. 8)

T
IC555 Timer (3 Hrs)

IC555 Internal architecture, Applications IC565-PLL, Voltage regulator ICs
78XX and 79XX
Text Book:
1. Op-amps and linear integrated circuits R.A. Gayakwad 4th
T P P
Edn. PHI. (Chap. 10)

T
Analog Communication (7 Hrs)

Review of analog modulation – Radio receivers – AM receivers –
superhetrodyne receiver – detection and automatic gain control –
communication receiver – FM receiver – phase discriminators – ratio
detector – stereo FM reception.
Text Book:
1. Electronic Communication Systems, Kennedy & Davis
4thEd.TMH, (Chap. 6)
P P T T
Reference Books:
1. Electronic Devices (Electron Flow Version), 9/E Thomas L. Floyd,
T T
Pearson
2. Fundamentals of Electronic Devices and Circuits 5th Ed. David A.
P P
Bell, Cambridge.
33

3. Electronic Communications Dennis Roddy and John Coolen, 4th P P
Ed. Pearson.
4. Modern digital and analog communication systems, B.P. Lathi & Zhi
T
Ding 4th Ed., Oxford University Press.

P P
5. Linear Integrated Circuits and Op Amps, S Bali, TMH

T T
PH1P01 GENERAL PHYSICS PRACTICALS
(Minimum of 12 Experiments with Error analysis of the experiment is to be

done)
1. Y, n, σ Cornu’s method (a) Elliptical fringes and (b) Hyperbolic
fringes.
2. Absorption spectrum –KMnO4 solution / Iodine vapour – telescope
and scale arrangement – Hartmann’s formula or photographic method
3. Frank and Hertz Experiment – determination of ionization potential.
4. Hall Effect (a) carrier concentration (b) Mobility & (c) Hall
coefficient.
5. Resistivity of semiconductor specimen–Four Probe Method.
6. Band gap energy measurement of silicon.
7. Magnetic Susceptibility-Guoy’s method / Quincke’s method.
8. Michelson Interferometer - λ and dλ / thickness of mica.
9. Ultrasonic-Acousto-optic technique-elastic property of a liquid.
10. B - H Curve-Hysteresis.
11. Oscillating Disc-Viscosity of a liquid.
12. e/m of the electron-Thomson’s method.
34

15. Characteristic of a thermistor - Determination of the relevant
parameters.
16. Dielectric constant of a non-polar liquid.
17. Dipole moment of an organic molecule (acetone).
18. Young’s modulus of steel using the flexural vibrations of a bar.
19. Verification of Stefan’s law and determination of Stefan’s constant of
radiation
20. Temperature dependence of a ceramic capacitor and verification of
Curie-Wiess law
21. Experiments using GM counter- absorption co-efficient of beta rays
in materials.
22. Multichannel analyzer for alpha energy determination.
23. Zeemann effect setup – measurement of Bohr magnetron
24. Photoelectric effect – determination of Plank’s constant using excel or
origin.
25. Magneto-optic effect (Faraday effect)- rotation of plane of
polarization as a function of magnetic flux density.
26. Linear electro-optic effect (Pockels effect) – half wave voltage and
variation of intensity with electric field.
27. Silicon diode as a temperature sensor.
29. Electrical and thermal conductivity of copper and determination of
Lorentz number.
35

SEMESTER – II
PH2C05 MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN PHYSICS – II
Unit I
Complex Analysis (18 Hrs)
Functions of a complex variable - Analytic functions - Cauchy-Riemann
equation - integration in a complex plane – Cauchy’s theorem-deformation
of contours - Cauchy’s integral formula - Taylor and Laurent expansion-
poles, residue and residue theorem – Cauchy’s Principle value theorem -
Evaluation of integrals.
Text Books:
2. Mathematical methods in Classical and Quantum Physics, T. Dass
& S. K. Sharma, Universities Press (2009)
3. Introduction to Mathematical physics, Charlie Harper, PHI
Unit II
Integral Transforms (18 Hrs)
Introduction to Fourier series and Fourier integral form - Fourier transform -
square wave, full wave rectifier and finite wave train – momentum
representation of hydrogen atom ground state and harmonic oscillator.
Laplace transform –inverse Laplace transform-properties and applications –
Earth’s nutation, LCR circuit, wave equation in a dispersive medium,
damped, driven oscillator, solution of differential equations.
36

Text Books:
1. Mathematical Methods for Physicists, G.B. Arfken &H.J. Weber
4th Edition, Academic Press.
P P
2. Mathematical Physics, H.K Dass & Dr. Rama Verma, S. Chand

&Co.
Unit III
Group theory (18 Hrs)
Introductory definition and concepts of group - point group, cyclic group,
homomorphism and isomorphism-classes, reducible and irreducible
representations- Schur’s Lemmas and Great Orthogonality theorem. Group
character table- C2V, C3V and C4V groups, Lie group, concept of
generators- rotation group SO(2), SO(3), Unitary Group SU(2) and SU(3)
Homomorphism between SU(2) and SO(3) – Irreducible Representation of
SU(2).
Text Books:
1. Elements of Group Theory for Physicists, A.W. Joshi, New Age
India
2. Mathematical Physics, Sathyaprakash, Sultan Chand & Sons, New
Delhi.
3. Group theory- Schaum’s series, Benjamin Baumslag & Bruce
Chandler, MGH.
Unit IV
Partial Differential Equations (18 Hrs)
Characteristics and boundary conditions for partial differential equations.
Nonlinear partial differential equations – separation of variables in Cartesian,
37

cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates. Heat equation, Laplace’s
equation and Poisson’s equation. Nonhomogeneous equation - Green’s
function - symmetry of Green’s function - Green’s function for Poisson
equation, Laplace equation and Helmholtz equation - Application of Green’s
function in scattering problem
Text Books:
1. Mathematical Methods for Physicists, G.B. Arfken & H.J. Weber
4th Edition, Academic Press.
P P
2. Mathematical Physics, B.S Rajput, Pragati Prakashan

Reference Books:
(Given Under PH1C01)
PH2C06 QUANTUM MECHANICS – I
Unit I
Basics of Quantum Mechanics (14 Hrs)
Stern - Gerlach experiment leading to vector space concept, Dirac notation
for state vectors- ket space, bra space, inner products - algebraic
manipulation of operators – unitary operators, eigenkets and eigenvalues –
Hermitian operators-concept of complete set-representation of an operator by
square matrix – matrix elements of an operator - expectation values of
Hermitian and anti-Hermitian operators – generalized uncertainty product ––
change of basis-orthonormal basis and unitary matrix, transformation matrix-
unitary equivalent observables-eigenkets of position-infinitesimal operator
and its properties – linear momentum as generator of translation – canonical
38

commutation relations – properties of wave function in position space and
momentum space - relations between operator formalism and wave function
formalism-momentum operator in position basis – momentum space wave
function – computation of expectation values x, x2, p and p2 for a Gaussian
P P P P
wave packet.
Text Book:
1. Modern Quantum Mechanics, J. J. Sakurai, Pearson Education
(Chapter 1)
Unit II
Quantum Dynamics (18Hrs)
Time evolution operator and its properties-Schrodinger equation for the time
evolution operator - energy eigenkets - time dependence of expectation
values - time energy uncertainty relation - Schrodinger picture and
Heisenberg picture - behaviour of state kets and observables in Schrodinger
picture and Heisenberg picture - Heisenberg equation of motion - Ehrenfest’s
theorem - time evolution of base kets - transition amplitude - energy
eigenket and eigen values of a simple harmonic oscillator using creation and
annihilation operators
Text Book:
1. Modern Quantum Mechanics, J.J. Sakurai, Pearson Education
(Chapter 2)
Identical particles
Identity of particles - spin and statistics-Pauli’s exclusion principle - Helium
atom
39

Text Book:
1. Quantum Mechanics, V. K. Thankappan, New Age International,
1996, (Chapter 9)
Unit III
Angular momentum (20 Hrs)
Commutation relation between infinitesimal and rotation-
infinitesimal rotations in quantum mechanics-fundamental
commutation relations of angular momentum - rotation operator for
spin ½ system - Pauli two component formalism - Pauli spin matrices
- 2x2 matrix representation of rotation operator – commutation
relations for J 2, Jx – eigenvalues of J 2and Jx - matrix elements of
P P B B P P B B
angular momentum operators - representation of the rotation

operator – rotation matrix-properties of the rotation matrix-orbital
angular momentum as a rotation generator - addition of angular
momentum and spin angular momentum - addition of spin angular
momenta and Clebsch-Gordon coefficients for two spin ½ particles
Text Book:
1. Modern Quantum Mechanics, J.J. Sakurai, Pearson Education,
Unit IV
Solutions of Schrodinger equation and Approximation Methods (20 Hrs)
Motion in a central potential - Hydrogen atom WKB approximation - WKB
wave function –validity of the approximation - connection formula (proof
not needed) potential well - barrier penetration variational methods - bound
states – hydrogen molecule ion - stationary state perturbation theory - non
40

degenerate case - anharmonic oscillator - degenerate case -applications - first
order Stark effect and Zeeman effect in hydrogen
Text Book:
1. Quantum mechanics, V.K. Thankappan New Age International
1996 (Chapter 4, 8)
2. Quantum Mechanics, G Aruldhas, PHI, 2002, (Chapter 10)
Reference Books:
1. A Modern approach to quantum mechanics, John S. Townsend, Viva
Books MGH.
2. Basic Quantum Mechanics, A. Ghatak, Macmillan India 1996
3. Quantum Mechanics, an Introduction, W Greiner, Springer Verlag
4. Quantum Mechanics, E. Merzbacher, John Wiley, 1996
5. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, D.J. Griffiths, Pearson.
6. Quantum Mechanics, L.I. Schiff, Tata McGraw Hill
7. A Text Book of Quantum Mechanics, P.M. Mathews & K.
Venkatesan, TMGH.
8. Quantum Mechanics, Concepts and Applications, N. Zettily, John
Wiley & Sons.
9. Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics Y.R. Waghmare, S Chand &
Co.
41

PH2C07 THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL
MECHANICS
Unit I
Fundamental of Thermodynamics (10 Hrs)
Fundamental definitions – different aspects of equilibrium – functions of
state – internal energy – reversible changes – enthalpy – heat capacities –
reversible adiabatic changes in an ideal gas – second law of thermodynamics
– the Carnot cycle - equivalence of the absolute and the perfect gas scale of
temperature – definition of entropy- measuring the entropy – law of increase
of entropy – calculations of the increase in the entropy in irreversible
processes – the approach to equilibrium.
Text Book:
1. Introductory Statistical Mechanics, R. Bowley & M. Sanchez, 2nd P P
Edn. 2007, Oxford University Press, Indian Edition, (Chapter 1 and 2)

Foundations of Statistical Mechanics (8 Hrs)
Ideas of probability – classical probability – statistical probability – the
axioms of probability theory – independent events – counting the number of
events – statistics and distributions – basic ideas of statistical mechanics -
definition of the quantum state of the system – simple model of spins on
lattice sites – equations of state – the second law of thermodynamics.
Text Book:
1. Introductory Statistical Mechanics, R. Bowley & M.Sanchez, 2nd P P
Edn. 2007, Oxford University Press, Indian Edition, (Chapter 3

and 4)
42

Unit II
The Canonical Ensemble (12 Hrs)
A system in contact with a heat bath – the partition function – definition of the
entropy in the canonical ensemble – the bridge to thermodynamics through
partition function – condition for thermal equilibrium – thermodynamic
quantities from partition function – case of a two level system – single particle
in a one dimensional box – single particle in a three dimensional box –
expression for heat and work – rotational energy levels for diatomic
molecules – vibrational energy levels for diatomic molecules – factorizing the
partition function – equipartition theorem – minimizing the free energy.
Text Book:
Edn. 2007, Oxford University Press, Indian Edition, (Chapter 5)

Statistics of Identical Particles (4 Hrs)
Identical particles – symmetric and antisymmetric wavefunctions - bosons –
fermions – calculating the partition function for identical particles – spin –
identical particles localized on lattice sites.
Text Book:

Unit III
Maxwell Distribution and Planck’s Distribution (12 Hrs)
The probability that a particle is in a quantum state – density of states in k
space – single particle density of states in energy – distribution of speeds of
particles in a classical gas – blackbody radiation – Rayleigh-Jeans theory –
43

Planck’s distribution – derivation of the Planck’s distribution – the free
energy – Einstein’s model vibrations in a solid – Debye’s model of
vibrations in a solid.
Text Book:
Edn. 2007, Oxford University Press, Indian Edition. (Chapter 7 and 8)

Grand Canonical Ensemble (8 Hrs)
Systems with variable number of particles – the condition for chemical
equilibrium – the approach to chemical equilibrium – chemical potential –
reactions – external chemical potential – grand canonical ensemble –
partition function – adsorption of atoms on surface sites – grand potential.
Text Book:

Unit IV
Fermi and Bose Particles (6 Hrs)
Statistical mechanics of identical particles – thermodynamic properties of a
Fermi gas – examples of Fermi systems – non-interacting Bose gas.
Text Book:

Phase Transitions (12 Hrs)
Phases – thermodynamic potential – approximation – first order phase
transition - Clapeyron equation – phase separation – phase separation in
44

mixtures – liquid gas system – Ising model – order parameter – Landau
theory- symmetry breaking field – critical exponents.
Text Book:
Edn. 2007, Oxford University Press, Indian Edition, (Chaptr 11& 12)
Reference Books:
1. Statistical Mechanics, R.K. Pathria, & P.D. Beale, 2nd Edn, B-H
P P
(Elsevier) (2004).
2. Introductory Statistical Physics, S.R.A. Salinas, Springer (2000).
3. Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, F. Rief, McGraw
Hill (1986).
4. Statistical Mechanics, Kerson Huang, John Wiley and Sons (2003).
5. Statistical Mechanics, Satyaprakash & Agarwal, Kedar Nath Ram
Nath Pub. (2004).
6. Problems and solutions on Thermodynamics and Statistical
mechanics, Yung Kuo Lim, World Scientific Pub. (1990)
7. Fundamentals of Statistical Mechanics, A.K. Dasgupta, New Central
Book Agency Pub. (2005)
8. Statistical Mechanics: a survival guide, A.M. Glazer and J.S. Wark,
Oxford University Press. (2001).
45

PH2C08 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
Unit I
Elements of Crystal Structure (6 Hrs)
Review of crystal lattice fundamentals and interpretation of Bragg’s
equation, Ewald construction, the reciprocal lattice, reciprocal lattice to SC,
BCC and FCC lattices, properties of reciprocal lattice, diffraction intensity -
atomic, geometrical and crystal structure factors- physical significance.
Text Book:
1. Solid State Physics: Structure and properties of materials, M.A.
Wahab, Narosa 2nd Edn. 2010, (Chapter 8)
P P
Free Electron Theory of Metals (12 Hrs)

Review of Drude-Lorentz model - electrons moving in a one dimensional
potential well - three dimensional well - quantum state and degeneracy -
density of states - Fermi-Dirac statistics - effect of temperature on Fermi-
Dirac distribution - electronic specific heat - electrical conductivity of metals -
relaxation time and mean free path - electrical conductivity and Ohm’s law -
Widemann-Franz-Lorentz law - electrical resistivity of metals.
Text Book:
P P
Unit II
Band Theory of Metals (6 Hrs)
Bloch theorem - Kronig-Penney model - Brillouin zone construction of
Brillouin zone in one and two dimensions – extended, reduced and periodic
46

zone scheme of Brillouin zone (qualitative idea only) - effective mass of
electron - nearly free electron model – conductors - semiconductors -
insulators.
Text Book:
P P
Band theory of semiconductors (10 Hrs)

Generation and recombination - minority carrier life-time - mobility of
current carriers - drift and diffusion - general study of excess carrier
movement- diffusion length.
Text Book:
1. Solid State Physics, S.O. Pillai, New Age International 6th Edn.
P P
2010,(Chapter 10).
Free carrier concentration in semiconductors - Fermi level and carrier
concentration in semiconductors - mobility of charge carriers - effect of
temperature on mobility - electrical conductivity of semiconductors - Hall
effect in semiconductors - junction properties- metal-metal, metal-
semiconductor and semiconductor-semiconductor junctions.
Ref. Text:
P P
Unit III
Lattice Dynamics (14 Hrs)
Vibrations of crystals with monatomic basis – diatomic lattice – quantization
of elastic waves – phonon momentum.
47

Text Book:
1. Introduction to Solid State Physics, C. Kittel, 3rd Edn. Wiley India.
P P
(Chapter 4).
Anharmonicity and thermal expansion - specific heat of a solid - classical
model - Einstein model - density of states - Debye model - thermal
conductivity of solids - thermal conductivity due to electrons and phonons -
thermal resistance of solids.
Text Book:
Wahab, Narosa 2nd Edn. 2010, (Chapter 7 &9)
P P
Dielectric Properties of Solids (6 Hrs)

Review of basic terms and relations, ferroelectricity, hysteresis, dipole theory
- Curie-Weiss law, classification of ferroelectric materials and
piezoelectricity.
Text Book:
1. Solid State Physics, S.O. Pillai, New Age International 6th Edn. P P
2010, (Chapter 11).

Ferroelectric domain, antiferroelectricity and ferrielectricity.
Text Book:
P P
Unit IV
Magnetic properties of solids (10 hrs)
Review of basic terms and relations, Quantum theory of paramagnetism -
cooling by adiabatic demagnetization – Hund’s rule – ferromagnetism -
48

spontaneous magnetization in ferromagnetic materials - Quantum theory of
ferromagnetism –Weiss molecular field - Curie- Weiss law- spontaneous
magnetism - internal field and exchange interaction – magnetization curve –
saturation magnetization - domain model.
Text Book:
P P
2010, (Chapter 9).

Superconductivity (4 Hrs)
Thermodynamics and electrodynamics of superconductors- BCS theory- flux
quantization-single particle tunneling- Josephson superconductor tunneling-
macroscopic quantum interference
Text Book:
1. Introduction to Solid State Physics, C. Kittel, 3rd Edn. Wiley
P P
India. (Chapter 12).

2. Solid State Physics, S.O. Pillai, New Age International 6th Edn.P P
2010, (Chapter 8 ).
Nanotechnology and Metamaterials (Qualitative) (4 Hrs)
Properties of metal, semiconductor, rare gas and molecular nanoclusters-
superconducting fullerene- quantum confined materials-quantum wells,
wires, dots and rings- metamaterials- graphene
Text Book:
1.Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles P Poole and Frank J
Owens, Wiley India (Chapter 4, 5, 9)
49

Reference Books:
1. Solid State Physics, N.W. Ashcroft & N.D. Mermin, Cengage
Learning Pub.11th Indian Reprint (2011).
P P
2. Solid State Physics, R.L. Singhal, Kedar Nath Ram Nath & Co (1981)
3. Elementary Solid State Physics, M. Ali Omar, Pearson, 4th IndianP P
Reprint (2004).
4. Solid State Physics, C.M. Kachhava, Tata McGraw-Hill (1990).
5. Elements of Solid State Physics, J. P. Srivastava, PHI (2004)
6. Solid State Physics, Dan Wei, Cengage Learning (2008)
7. Solid State Physics, A.J. Dekker, Macmillan & Co Ltd. (1967)
PH2P02 ELECTRONICS PRACTICALS

(Minimum of 12 experiments should be done)
1. R C Coupled CE amplifier - Two stages with feedback - Frequency

response and voltage gain.
2. Differential amplifiers using transistors and constant current source -
Frequency response, CMRR.
3. Push-pull amplifier using complementary - symmetry transistors-
power gain and frequency response.
4. R F amplifier - frequency response & band width - Effect of damping.
5. Voltage controlled oscillator using transistors.
6. Voltage controlled oscillator using IC 555
7. R F Oscillator - above 1 MHz frequency measurement.
8. Differential amplifier - using op-amp.
50

9. Active filters – low pass and high pass-first and second order-
frequency response and rolloff rate.
10. Band pass filter using single op-amp-frequency response and
bandwidth.
11. Wein-bridge Oscillator – using op-amp with amplitude stabilization.
12. Op-amp-measurement of parameters such as open loop gain - offset
voltage – open loop response.
13. Crystal Oscillator
14. RC phase shift oscillator
15. AM generation and demodulation
16. Solving differential equation using IC 741
17. Solving simultaneous equation using IC 741
18. Current to voltage and voltage to current converter (IC 741)
19. Temperature measurement using ADC and microprocessor.
20. Op-amp-triangular wave generator with specified amplitude.
21. µp - stepper motor control.
22. µp- measurement of analog voltage.
23. µp-Digital synthesis of wave form using D/A Converter.
24. Analog to digital and digital to analog converter ADC0800 &
DAC0800
51

SEMESTER – III
PH3C09 QUANTUM MECHANICS – II

Unit I
Time Dependent Perturbation Theory (16 hrs)
Time dependent potentials - interaction picture - time evolution operator in
interaction picture - time dependent perturbation theory - Dyson series –
transition probability - constant perturbation - Fermi-Golden rule - harmonic
perturbation - interaction with classical radiation field - absorption and
stimulated emission - electric dipole approximation - photo electric effect –
energy shift and decay width - sudden and adiabatic approximation
Text Book:
1. Advanced Quantum Mechanics, J.J. Sakurai, Pearson Education
(Chapter 5)
2. Quantum mechanics – V. K. Thankappan New Age Int. Pub
1996 (Chapter 8)
Unit II
Scattering (18 hrs)Asymptotic wave function and differential cross section,
Born approximation, Yukawa potential, Rutherford scattering. The partial
wave expansion, hard sphere scattering, S-wave scattering for the finite
potential well, resonances - Ramsaur- Townsend effect
Text Book:
1. A Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics, John S. Townsend,
Viva Books Pvt Ltd, MGH (Chapter 13)Unit III
52

Relativistic Quantum Mechanics (18 hrs)
Need for relativistic wave equation - Klein-Gordon equation - Probability
conservation - covariant notation - derivation of Dirac equation - conserved
current representation - large and small components - approximate
Hamiltonian for electrostatic problem - free particle at rest -plane wave
solutions - gamma matrices - bilinear covariant – relativistic covariance of
Dirac equation - angular momentum as constant of motion.
Text Book:
(Chapter 3)
Unit IV
Elements of Field Theory (20 hrs)
Euler-Lagrange equation for fields - Hamiltonian formulation – functional
derivatives -conservation laws for classical field theory - Noether’s theorem -
Non relativistic quantum field theory - quantization rules for Bose particles,
Fermi particles - relativistic quantum field theory - quantization of neutral
Klein Gordon field - canonical quantization of Dirac field – plane wave
expansion of field operator - positive definite Hamiltonian
Text Book:
1. Field Quantization, W Greiner , J Reinhardt, Springer, (Chapter 2, 3,
4 & 5)
2. Quantum mechanics - V.K. Thankappan, New Age Int. Publishers
Reference Books:
(In addition to books given under PH2C06, the following books are also
recommended)
53

1. Quantum Field Theory, Lewis H. Ryder, Academic
Publishers, Calcutta,1989
2. Quantum Field Theory, Claude Itzykson & Jean Bernard
Zuber, MGH, 1986
3. Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, S.J. Chang, World
Scientific, 1990
4. Quantum Field Theory, Franz Mandl & Graham. Shaw,
Wiley 1990
PH3C10 COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
Unit I
Curve Fitting and Interpolation (20Hrs)
The least squares method for fitting a straight line, parabola, power and
exponential curves with the help of principle of least square fit. Interpolation
- Introduction to finite difference operators, Newton's forward and backward
difference interpolation formulae, Lagrange’s interpolation formula,
Newton's divided difference formula with error term, interpolation in two
dimensions. Cubic spline interpolation end conditions. Statistical tests - Ψ2-P
test and T-test.

P
Unit II
Numerical Differentiation and Integration (16 Hrs)
Numerical differentiation, errors in numerical differentiation, cubic spline
method - finding maxima and minima of a tabulated function - Integration of
a function with Trapezoidal Rule, Simpson's 1/3 and 3/8 Rule and error
54

associated with each. Romberg's integration, Gaussian integration method,
Monte Carlo evaluation of integrals - numerical double integration
Unit III
Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations (20Hrs)
Euler method - modified Euler method and Runge - Kutta 4th order methods -
P P
adaptive step size R-K method, predictor - corrector methods - Milne's

method, Adam-Mouton method.
Numerical Solution of System of Equations
Gauss-Jordan elimination Method, Gauss-Seidel iteration method, Gauss
elimination method and Gauss-Jordan method to find inverse of a matrix.
Power method and Jacobi's method to solve eigenvalue problems.
Unit IV
Numerical solutions of partial differential equations (16Hrs)
Elementary ideas and basic concepts in finite difference method, Schmidt
Method, Crank - Nicholson method, Weighted average implicit method.
Concept of stability.
Text Books:
1. Mathematical Methods, G. Shanker Rao, K. Keshava Reddy,
I.K. International Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd.
2. Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis, S.S. Sastry,
PHI Pvt. Ltd.
Reference Books:
1. An Introduction to Computational Physics, Tao Pang, Cambridge
University Press
55

2. Numerical methods for scientific and Engineering computation M.K
Jain,S.R.K Iyengar, R.K. Jain, New Age International Publishers
3. Computer Oriented Numerical Methods, V. Rajaraman, PHI, 2004.
4. Numerical Methods, E. Balagurusami, Tata McGraw Hill, 2009.
5. Numerical Mathematical Analysis, J.B. Scarborough, 4th Edn, 1958
P P
PH3P03 COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS PRACTICALS
(Minimum of 12 Experiments should be done with C++ as the

programming language)
1. Study the motion of a spherical body falling through a viscous

medium and observe the changes in critical velocity with radius,
viscosity of the medium.
2. Study the path of a projectile for different angles of projection.
From graph find the variation in range and maximum height with
angle of projection.
3. Study graphically the variation of magnetic field B(T) with
critical temperature in superconductivity using the relationship
B(T) = B0 [1 - (T/Tc )2], for different substances.
B B B B P P
4. Discuss the charging /discharging of a capacitor through an

inductor and resistor, by plotting time –charge graphs for a) non
oscillatory, b) critical) oscillatory charging.
56

5. Analyze a Wheatstone’s bridge with three known resistances.
Find the voltage across the galvanometer when the bridge is
balanced.
6. Study the variation in phase relation between applied voltage
and current of a series L.C.R circuit with given values of L C
Find the resonant frequency and maximum current.
7. A set of observations of π meson disintegration is given. Fit the
values to a graph based on appropriate theory and hence calculate
life time τ of π mesons.
8. Draw graphs for radioactive disintegrations with different decay
rates for different substances. Also calculate the half-life’s in each
case.
9. Half-life period of a Radium sample is 1620 years. Analytically
calculate amount of radium remaining in a sample of 5gm after
1000 years.Varify your answer by plotting a graph between time
of decay and amount of substance of the same sample.
10. Plot the trajectory of a α-particle in Rutherford scattering and
ditermine the values of the impact parameter.
11. Draw the phase plots for the following systems.
(i) A conservative case (simple pendulum)
(ii) A dissipative case (damped pendulum)
(iii) A nonlinear case (coupled pendulums).
12. Two masses m1 and m2 are connected to each other by a spring of
B B B B
spring constant k and the system is made to oscillate as a two
57

coupled pendulum. . Plot the positions of the masses as a function
of time.
13. Plot the motion of an electron in (i) in uniform electric field
perpendicular to initial velocity (ii) uniform magnetic field at an
angle with the velocity. and (iii) simultaneous electric and
magnetic fields in perpendicular directions with different field
strengths.
14. A proton is incident on a rectangular barrier, calculate the
probability of transmission for fixed values of V0 and E (V0 > E)
B B B B
for the width of barrier ranges from 5 to 10 Fermi, and plot the
same.
15. Generate the interference pattern in Young’s double slit-
interference and study the variation of intensity with variation of
distance of the screen from the slit.
16. Analyze the Elliptically and circularly polarized light based on
two vibrations emerging out of a polarizer represented by two
simple harmonic motions at right angles to each other and having
a phase difference. Plot the nature of vibrations of the emergent
light for different values of phase difference
17. Generate the pattern of electric field due to a point charge
18. Sketch the ground state wave function and corresponding
probability distribution function for different values of
dispalcements of the harmonic oscillator.
19. Gauss elimination method for solving a system of linear
equations.
58

20. Solving a second order differential equation using 4th order P P
Runge- Kutta method.

21. Finding the roots of a nonlinear equation by bisection method.
Reference Books:
1. Computational physics, An Introduction, R.C. Verma, P.K.
Ahluwalia & K.C. Sharma, New Age India, Pvt. Ltd.
2. An Introduction to computational Physics, Tao Pang,
Cambridge University Press.
3. Simulations for Solid State Physics: An Interactive Resource
for Students and Teachers, R.H. Silsbee & J. Drager,
4. Numerical Recipes: the Art of Scientific Computing, W.H.
Press, B.P. Flannery, S.A. Teukolsky & W.T.Vettering,
SEMESTER - IV
PH4C11 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
Unit I
Atomic Spectra (18 Hrs)
The hydrogen atom and the three quantum numbers n, l and ml. - electron
B B
spin - spectroscopic terms. Spin-orbit interaction, derivation of spin-orbit

interaction energy, fine structure in sodium atom, selection rules. Lande g-
factor, normal and anomalous Zeeman effects, Paschen–Back effect and
59

Stark effect in one electron system. L S and j j coupling schemes (vector
diagram) - examples, derivation of interaction energy, Hund’s rule, Lande
interval rule. Hyperfine structure and width of spectral lines.(qualitative
ideas only).
Text Book:
1. Spectroscopy, B.P. Straughan & S. Walker, Vol. 1, John Wiley &
Sons
Unit II
Microwave and Infra Red Spectroscopy (18 Hrs)
Microwave Spectroscopy: Rotational spectra of diatomic molecules -
intensity of spectral
lines - effect of isotopic substitution. Non–rigid rotor - rotational spectra of
polyatomic molecules - linear and symmetric top - Interpretation of
rotational spectra.
IR Spectroscopy: Vibrating diatomic molecule as anharmonic oscillator,
diatomic vibrating rotor – break down of Born-Oppenheimer approximation -
vibrations of polyatomic molecules - overtone and combination frequencies -
influence of rotation on the spectra of polyatomic molecules - linear and
symmetric top - analysis by IR technique - Fourier transform IR
spectroscopy.
Text Books:
1. Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy, C.N. Banwell, Tata
McGraw Hill
2. Molecular structure and spectroscopy, G. Aruldhas, PHI Learning
Pvt. Ltd.
60

Unit III
Raman and Electronic Spectroscopy. (18 Hrs)
Raman Spectroscopy: Pure rotational Raman spectra - linear and symmetric
top molecules - vibrational Raman spectra – Raman activity of vibrations -
mutual exclusion principle - rotational fine structure - structure determination
from Raman and IR spectroscopy.
Non- linear Raman effects - hyper Raman effect - classical treatment -
stimulated Raman effect - CARS, PARS - inverse Raman effect
Electronic Spectroscopy: Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules -
progressions and sequences - intensity of spectral lines. Franck – Condon
principle - dissociation energy and dissociation products - Rotational fine
structure of electronic-vibrational transition - Fortrat parabola - Pre-
dissociation.
Text books:
1. Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy, C.N. Banwell, MGH
Pvt. Ltd.
3. Lasers and Non-Linear Optics, B.B Laud, Wiley Eastern
Unit IV
Spin Resonance Spectroscopy (18 Hrs)
NMR: Quantum mechanical and classical descriptions - Bloch equations -
relaxation processes - chemical shift - spin–spin coupling - CW spectrometer
- applications of NMR.
ESR: Theory of ESR - thermal equilibrium and relaxation - g- factor -
hyperfine structure -applications.
61

Mossbauer spectroscopy: Mossbauer effect - recoilless emission and
absorption - hyperfine interactions – chemical isomer shift - magnetic
hyperfine and electronic quadrupole interactions - applications.
Text Book:
Pvt. Ltd.
2. Spectroscopy, B.P. Straughan & S. Walker, Vol. 1, John Wiley &
Sons
Reference Books:
1. Introduction of Atomic Spectra, H.E. White, Mc Graw Hill
2. Spectroscopy (Vol. 2 & 3), B.P. Straughan & S. Walker, Science
paperbacks 1976
3. Raman Spectroscopy, D.A. Long, Mc Graw Hill international, 1977
4. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy, G.M. Barrow, Mc Graw Hill
5. Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, Vol. 1, 2 & 3. G.
Herzberg, Van Nostard, London.
6. Elements of Spectroscopy, Gupta, Kumar & Sharma, Pragathi
Prakshan
7. The Infra Red Spectra of Complex Molecules, L.J. Bellamy,
Chapman & Hall. Vol. 1 & 2.
8. Laser Spectroscopy techniques and applications, E.R. Menzel, CRC
Press, India
62

PH4C12 NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS
Unit I
Nuclear Properties and Force between Nucleons (18 Hrs)
Nuclear radius, mass and abundance of nuclides, nuclear binding energy,
nuclear angular momentum and parity, nuclear electromagnetic moments,
nuclear excited states
Duetron, nucleon-nucleon scattering, proton-proton and neutron-neutron
interactions, properties of nuclear forces, exchange force model
Text Book:
1. Introductory Nuclear Physics, K. S. Krane Wiley, (Chapter 3&4)
Unit II
Nuclear Decay and Nuclear Reactions (18 Hrs)
Beta decay, energy release, Fermi theory, experimental tests, angular
momentum and parity selection rules, Comparative half lives and forbidden
decays, neutrino physics, non conservation of parity
Types of reactions and conservation laws, energetics of nuclear reactions,
isospin, Reaction cross sections, Coulomb scattering, nuclear scattering,
scattering and reaction cross sections, compound-nucleus reactions, direct
reactions, heavy ion reactions.
Text Book:
1. Introductory Nuclear Physics, K. S. Krane Wiley, (Chapter 9&11)
Unit III
Nuclear Models, Fission and Fusion (18 Hrs)
Shell model potential, Spin-orbit potential, Magnetic dipole moments,
Electric quadrupole moments, Valence Nucleons, Collective structure,
63

Nuclear vibrations, Nuclear rotations, Liquid drop Model, Semi-empirical
Mass formula
Characteristics of fission - energy in fission - fission and nuclear structure,
Controlled fission reactions - Fission reactors.
Fusion processes, Characteristics of fusion, Controlled fusion reactors
Text Book:
1. Introductory Nuclear Physics, K. S. Krane Wiley, (Chapter 5, 13
&14)
Unit IV
Particle Physics (18 Hrs)
Types of interactions between elementary particles, Hadrons and leptons-
masses, spin, parity and decay structure. Quark model, confined quarks,
coloured quarks, experimental evidences for quark model, quark-gluon
interaction. Gell-Mann-Nishijima formula, symmetries and conservation
laws, C, P and T invariance, applications of symmetry arguments to particle
reactions, parity non-conservation in weak interactions. Grand unified
theories.
Text Book:
1.Introductory Nuclear Physics, K. S. Krane Wiley, (Chapter 18)
2. Nuclear Physics, D. C. Tayal, Himalaya Publishing House
(Chapter 16)
Reference Books:
1. Introduction to Elementary Particle, D.J. Griffiths, Harper and Row,
NY,(1987)
64

2. Nuclear Physics, R.R. Roy and B.P. Nigam, New Age International,
NewDelhi, (1983).
3. The particle Hunters - Yuval Ne’eman & Yoram kirsh CUP, (1996)
4. Concepts of Nuclear Physics, B.L. Cohen, TMH, New Delhi, (1971).
5. Theory of Nuclear Structure, M.K. Pal, East-West, Chennai, (1982).
6. Atomic Nucleus, R.D. Evans, McGraw-Hill, New York.
7. Nuclear Physics, I. Kaplan, 2nd Edn, Narosa, New Delhi, (1989).
P P
8. Introduction to Nuclear Physics, H.A. Enge, Addison Wesley,

London, (1975).
9. Introductory Nuclear Physics, Y.R. Waghmare,Oxford-IBH, New
Delhi, (1981).
10. Atomic and Nuclear Physics, Ghoshal,Vol. 2, S. Chand & Company
11. Fundamentals of Elementary Particle Physics, J.M. Longo, MGH,
New York, (1971).
12. Nuclear and Particle Physics, W.E. Burcham and M. Jobes, Addison-
Wesley, Tokyo, (1995).
13. Subatomic Physics, Frauenfelder and Henley, Prentice-Hall.
14. Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to Physical Concepts, B. Povh,
K. Rith, C. Scholz and Zetche, Springer (2002)
15. Elementary Particles and Symmetries, L.H. Ryder, Gordon and
Breach, Science Publishers, NY, 1986
65

3.3 ELECTIVES
3.3.1 BUNCH – A: ELECTRONICS
PH3EA1: INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS AND DIGITAL

SIGNAL PROCESSING
Unit I
Integrated Circuit Fabrication and Characteristics (16 Hrs)
Integrated circuit technology – basic monolithic IC – epitaxial growth –
marking and etching – diffusion of impurities – transistor for monolithic
circuit – monolithic diodes – integrated resisters, capacitors and inductors –
monolithic circuit layout - additional isolation methods – MSI, LSI, VLSI
(basic ideas) – the metal semiconductor contact.
Unit II
Basics of Digital Signal Processing (18 Hours)
Signals and representation – classification - continuous time (CT) and
discrete time (DT) signals - standard CT and DT signals - Fourier Analysis
of periodic and aperiodic continuous time signals - convolution and
correlation of DT and CT Signals – classification of systems CT – DT -
causal, noncausal, static and dynamic systems - stable systems - FIR and IIR
systems -frequency domain representation of systems
Unit III
DSP Techniques (18 Hrs)
Frequency analysis of DT signals - discrete Fourier Transform - Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) - Decimation in time and decimation in frequency
algorithm - Z-Transform regional convergence and properties - relation to
66

Fourier Transform - Poles and Zeros of system function - Gibb’s
phenomenon
Unit IV
Digital Filters (20 Hrs)
FIR and IIR Filters - IIR Filter design techniques - Approximation of
derivatives -Impulse invariant method - Bilinear transformation - FIR filter
design techniques - Fourier Series method - Window techniques - FIR filter
using rectangular window - Realisation of IIR systems - Direct form I &
form II realization - Direct form and cascade form realization of FIR systems
- Finite word length affecting digital signal processing.
Text Books
1. Integrated Electronics – Analog and Digital Circuits and Systems, J.
Millmann & C.C. Halkias, TMGH
2. Digital Signal Processing: Theor, Analysis and Digital-Filter Design, B.
Somanathan Nair, PHI (2004)
3. Digital Signal Processing, P. Ramesh Babu, Scitech
4. Digital Signal Processing, Alan V. Oppenheim & R.W. Schafer, PHI
Reference Books:
1. Computer applications in physics, Suresh Chandra, Alpha Science
International (2006)
2. Digital Signal Processing, S. Salivahanan, A. Vallavaraj, C.
Gnanapriya, TMH
3. Signals and Systems, Allan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Willsky, S.H.
Nawab, PHI
4. Digital Signal Processing, John G. Proakis, Dimitris G. Manolakis, PHI
67

5. Digital signal processing, Sanjay Sharma, S.K. Kataria & Sons, 2010
6. Mathematical Methods for Physicists, G.B. Arfken & H.J.
Weber.Elsavier, Academic Press
PH3EA2 MICROELECTRONICS AND SEMICONDUCTOR

DEVICES
Unit I
Basics of Digital Techniques (18 Hrs)
Review of 8085 microprocessor - General organization of a microprocessor
based microcomputer system – memory organization – main memory array –
memory management – cache memory – virtual memory - input/output -
standard I/O – memory mapped I/O – microcomputer I/O circuits – interrupt
driven I/O –DMA – RAM - hard disk - CD – Flash memory.
Unit II
8086 Microprocessor (19 Hrs)
The Intel 8086 - architecture - MN/MX modes - 8086 addressing modes -
instruction set- instruction format - assembler directives and operators -
Programming with 8086 - interfacing memory and I/O ports - Comparison
of 8086 and 8088 - Coprocessors - Intel 8087 - Familiarisation with Debug
utility.
Unit III
Microcontrollers (19 Hrs)
Introduction to microcontrollers and Embedded systems - comparison of
microprocessors and microcontrollers - The 8051 architecture - Register set
68

of 8051 - important operational features - I/O pins, ports and circuits -
external memory - counters and timers – interrupts - Instruction set of 8051 -
Basic programming concepts - Applications of microcontrollers - (basic
ideas) – Embedded systems(basic ideas)
Unit IV
Semiconductor Devices (16 hrs)
Schottky barrier diode - qualitative characteristics – ideal junction properties
– nonlinear effects on barrier height – current voltage relationship –
comparison with junction diode – metal semiconductor ohmic contact – ideal
non rectifying barriers – tunnelling barrier – specific contact resistances –
hetro-junctions – hetro junction materials – energy band diagram – two
dimensional electron gas – equilibrium electrostatics – current voltage
characteristics
Text Books
1. Microprocessors and Microcomputer based system design, H.
Rafiquizzaman, Universal Book stall, New Delhi
2. Microprocessor and Peripherals, S.P. Chowdhury & S. Chowdhury-
SCITECH Publications
3. Microprocessor Architecture Programming and Applications with 8085,
R.S. Gaonkar – Penram int. Pub. Mumbai
4. The 8051 microcontroller, Architecture Programming and Applications,
Kenneth J Ayala- Penram Int. Pub. Mumbai.
5. Semiconductor Physics and Devices, Donald A. Neamen, McGraw Hill
69

Reference Books:
1. 0000 to 8085 Introduction to Microprocessors for Engineers and
Scientists.- P.K. Gosh & P.R. Sridhar, PHI
2. Advanced microprocessors and peripherals, A.K. Ray & K.M. Burchandi
–TMH.
3. Microprocessor and microcontroller, R. Theagarajan- SCITECH
Publications India Pvt. Ltd.
4. Operating system Principles, Abraham Silberschatz & Peter Baer Galvin
& Greg Gagne, John Wiley
PH4EA3 INSTRUMENTATION AND COMMUNICATION

ELECTRONICS
Unit I
Transducers and Digital Instrumentation (20 Hrs)
Transducers: Classification of transducers - electrical transducer - resistive
transducer - strain gauges- piezo-electric and magnetostrictive transducers -
Hall effect transducers -thermistor inductive transducer - differential output
transducers - pressure transducers - pressure cell - photoelectric transducers -
photo voltaic cell – semi conductor photo diode – thermo electric transducers
– mechanical transducers – ionization transducers – digital transducers -
electro chemical transducers.
70

Digital Instrumentation: Digital counters and timers - digital voltmeter –
RAMP - voltage to time conversion - voltage to frequency conversion -
frequency to voltage conversion - digital multimeter - digital phase meter -
digital frequency meter - time and frequency measurement – tachometer - pH
meter.
Unit II
Measurement of Basic Parameters and Recorders (18 Hrs)
Transistor Voltmeter - amplified DC meter – A.C voltmeters using rectifiers
– precision rectifier – true RMS responding voltmeter – chopper type DC
amplifier voltmeter - milli voltmeter using operational amplifier –
differential voltmeter – Ohm meter – electronic multimeter – commercial
multimeter – output power meters - stroboscope – phase meter – vector
impedance meter – Q meter – RF measurement – transistor testers – CRO
(Basic ideas)
Recorders: Strip chart recorders - XY recorders - digital XY plotters -
magnetic recorders -digital data recording - Storage oscilloscope – Digital
storage oscilloscope
Unit III
Introduction to Communication (18 Hrs)
Bandwidth requirements − SSB technique – radio wave propagation −
Ionosphere − Ionosphere variations − Space waves − Extraterrestrial
communication - Transmission lines − Basic principles − Characteristic
impedance − Losses − Standing waves − Quarter and half wavelength lines.
Television fundamentals − Monochrome transmission − Scanning −
Composite TV video wave form − Monochrome reception − Deflection
71

circuits − Colour Television. Basic ideas of high definition TV – LCD &
LED TV
Unit IV
Digital Communication (16 hrs)
Pulse Communication – Information theory – Coding – Noise – Pulse
modulation – PAM – PTM – PCM – PPM. Digital communication – Data
Communication – Digital codes – Data Sets and interconnection
requirements.
Multiplexing techniques – Frequency division and time division
multiplexing. Microwave generators – Klystron and Magnetron – Satellite
communication. Digital cellular systems GSM, TDMA and CDMA – basic
ideas of GPS
Text Books:
1. Electronic Instrumentation, H.S. Kalsi, TMH (1995)
2. Transducers and instrumentation, D.V.S. Murty, PHI (1995)
3. Monochrome and Colour Television R.R. Gulati, New Age India
4. Electronic communication systems, George Kennedy, TMH
5. Mobile Cellular Telecommunication Systems, William C.Y. Lee,
MGH
Reference Books:
1. Modern electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques,
A.D. Helfric & W.D. Cooper,PHI, (1997)
2. Instrumentation-Devices and Systems 2nd Edn. C.S. Rangan, G.R.
P P
Sarma, V.S.V. Mani, TMH, (1998)
72

3. Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation, M.B. Olive & J.M.
Cage, MGH, (1975)
4. Digital Instrumentation, A.J. Bouwens,TMH, (1998)
5. Elements of Electronic Instrumentation, J. Jha, M. Puri, K.R. Sukesh,
& M.Kovar., Narosa, (1996)
6. Instrumentation Measurement and Analysis, B.C. Nakra & K.K.
Chaudhry, TMH, (1998)
7. Op-amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, R.A. Gaykward, PHI, (1989)
8. Electronic fundamentals and Applications, John D. Ryder, PHI.
9. Satellite communication, Robert M.Gagliardi, CBS Publishers, Delhi.
10. Electric and electronic measurements and instrumentation 10th Edn.
P P
A.K. Sawhney, Dhanpath Rai & Company.
PH4PA4 ADVANCED ELECTRONICS PRACTICALS

(Minimum of 12 Experiments should be done choosing at least 2
experiments from each group)
[A] Microprocessors and Micro Controllers (use a PC or
8086-µp kit)
1. Sorting of numbers in ascending/descending order.

2. Find the largest and smallest of numbers in array of memory.
3. Conversion of Hexadecimal number to ASCII and ASCII to
Hexadecimal number.
4. Multi channel analog voltage measurements using AC card.
73

5. Generation of square wave of different periods using a
microcontroller.
6. Measurement of frequency, current and voltage using
microprocessors.
[B] Communication Electronics
7. Generation PAM and PWM
8. Frequency modulation and demodulation using IC –CD4046.
9. Multiplexer and demultiplexer using digital IC 7432.
10. Radiation characteristics of a horn antenna.
11. Measurement of characteristic impedance and transmission line
parameters of a coaxial cable.
[C] Electronic Instrumentation
12. DC and AC milli-voltmeter construction and calibration.
13. Amplified DC voltmeter using FET.
14. Instrumentation amplifier using a transducer.
15. Generation of BH curve and diode characteristics on CRO.
16. Voltage to frequency and frequency to voltage conversion.
17. Construction of digital frequency meter.
18. Characterization of PLL and frequency multiplier and FM detector.
[D] Optoelectronics
19. Characteristic of a photo diode - Determination of the relevant
parameters.
20. Beam Profile of laser, spot size and divergence.
21. Temperature co-efficient of resistance of copper.
22. Data transmission and reception through optical fiber link.
74

3.3.2 BUNCH – B: INFORMATICS
PH3EBI DATA COMMUNICATION AND INTERNET

WORKING
Unit I
Data Communication (18 Hrs)
Data Communication Terminology – Channel-Baud-Bandwidth-Frequency.
Modes of data transmission – Serial and Parallel - Synchronous,
Asynchronous & Isochronous Communications - Analog & Digital Data
Transmission - Transmission impairments – Attenuation-Delay Distortion-
Noise- Concept of Delays. Transmission Media and its Characteristics –
Magnetic media-Twisted pair-Base band coaxial cable - Broadband Coaxial
cable - Optical Fiber -Comparison between optical fiber and copper wire -
Wireless transmission – Microwave Transmission - Radio Transmission -
Infrared and millimeter waves - Wireless LAN
Unit II
Data Communication (cont..) (18 Hrs)
Multiplexing (FDM, TDM) – Switching paradigms (circuit, packet and cell
switching) – propagation delay – clock synchronization.
Network access control (Centralized, decentralized, distributed) – Overview
of satellite communication – Fourier series & transforms and their
applications to data communication.
75

Unit III
Computer Networks (18 Hrs)
Importance of Networks – Components of Networks - Classification of
Networks – Broad cast networks - Switched networks - Switching
Techniques - Types of Networks – LAN – MAN – WAN.
Networking Models – OSI reference model – TCP/IP reference model -
Network Topology – Bus-Star-Ring-Tree-Mesh-Cellular - Network
Architecture – Client/Server, Peer-to-Peer
Unit IV
The Internet (18 Hrs)
Internet Protocols – Internet Protocol (IP)-Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) - Internet Address – Structure of Internet Servers Address-Address
Space - Internet Infrastructure - Services on Internet – Domain Name
System-SMTP and Electronic mail – Http and World Wide Web-Usenet and
News groups-FTP-Telnet - Network Security – Ideas of secret key
Algorithms and Public key Algorithms-Digital Signature-E-mail Privacy -
Internet Tools – Search Engines-Web browsers
Text Books
1. Data and Computer communication, William Staling, 7th Edn. PHI
P P
2. Computer Networks, A.S. Tanenbaum, PHI

3. Internet and World Wide Web, Harvey M. Deitel, PHI
4. Computer Network, Behrouz. A. Forouzan, Sophia Chung Fegan,
MGH.
Reference Books:
1. Data communication - Reid and Bartskor
76

2. Data networks, D.P. Bertsekas & R.G. Gallager, Pearson.
3. Communication networks, Alberto Leon – Gracia and IndraWidjaja,
MGH, (2003)
4. Introduction to communication systems, Simon S. Haykins, Wiley
5. Analog and digital Communication, Simon S Haykins, Wiley
6. Computer Communications and Networking Technologies, Michal A.
Gallo and William M. Hancock, Thomson Asia 2nd Reprint, 2002.
P P
7. Networks, Tirothy S. Ramteke, 2nd Edn. Pearson Education , New

P P
Delhi, 2004
PH3EB2 JAVA AND LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM
Unit I (18 Hrs)
Fundamentals of Object oriented programming, Java Evolution (basic Ideas
only) (2 hrs)
Over view of Java language – constants, variables, and data types –
Operators and expressions – Decision making and branching – decision
making and looping. (16 hrs)
Text Book:
1. Programming With Java – A Primer, E. Balagurusamy 3rd Edn P P
TMH. (Ch. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 )

Unit II (18 Hrs)
Classes, objects and methods – Arrays, strings and Vectors – interfaces –
Packages
Text Book:
1. Programming With Java– A Primer, E. Balagurusamy 3rd Edn.
P P
TMH. (Ch.8,9,10,11)
77

Unit III (18 Hrs)
Multithreaded programming – Managing errors and exceptions – Applet
programming – Graphics programming
Text Book:
1. Programming With Java – A Primer, E. Balagurusamy 3rd EdnP P
TMH. (Ch.12,13,14,15)
Unit IV
Linux Operating System (18 Hrs)
Features of Linux – Drawbacks of Linux - Components of Linux – Memory
management sub system - Linux process and thread management - File
management sub system - Device Drivers.
Linux Commands and Utilities – Entering the machine - The file system
Linux Utilities and Editor – Useful Commands - Permission modes and
Standard Files - Pipes. Filters and Redirection - Shell Scripts - Graphical
User Interface-Editor
User to User Communication – Online Communication-Offline
Communication - Apache Server Settings-Network Server settings -
DNS,NFS
Popular applications in Linux (open office, python etc…) – Familiarization
of Ubuntu
Text Books:
1. Linux Bible, Christopher Negus, John Wiley & Sons
2. Operating System: Linux – NIIT, Prentice Hall of India
Reference Books:
1. JAVA2, The Complete Reference, Herbert Schidlt, 4th Edn. TMH
P P
78

2. Object Oriented Design in Java (Mitchell Waite Signature Series),
S.Gilbert, B. Mccarty
3. Object Oriented Analysis and Design in Java, Grady Booch
4. http://java.sun.com
HTU UTH
5. UNIX and LINUX, Goel, Ritendra, Jagdamba Publishing Company-

2004
6. http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/linux
HTU UTH
7. http://www.linux.org
HTU UTH
PH4EB3 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN PHYSICS

Unit I
Introduction to MATLAB (18 Hrs)
MATLAB environment – working with data sets – data input/output –
logical variables and operators – array and X-Y Plotting – simple graphics –
data types matrix, string, cell and structure – manipulating of data of
different types – file input –output – matlab files – simple programs.
Unit II
MATLAB Tools (18 Hrs)
Signal processing – toolbox – digital and analog filter design – spectral
analysis – filtering and discrete FFTs – Z-transform – DFT and FFT –
MATLAB tools for wavelet transform – instrument control toolbox – partial
differential equation toolbox – finite element method.
Unit III
Introduction to LABView (18 Hrs)
Introduction – palette, controls & functions palette – data types, conversion.
79

Front Panel: Construction, containers, decorations, vi properties, tabs –
parallel data flow, create indicators/controls/constants indicators, controls –
math operations, booleans, arrays, case structures, sequences – for loops,
while loops, shift registers, clusters.
Unit IV
Interfacing with LABView (18 Hrs)
Error handling, bundle/unbundle sub VI'S - I/O: reading and writing to files,
paths, data taking, charting, graphing timing function, timed loops, event
structures signal generation/processing, waveform types, dynamic data,
Fourier analysis – connecting to hardware – DAQ, Serial, GPIB, TCP/IP
and USB interface.
Reference Books
1. Introduction to Matlab, R.L. Spencer & M. Ware, Brigham Young
University (2010).
2. Learning MATLAB, The Math Works, Inc (1999).
3. Digital Signal Processing Using Matlab, V.K. Lngle & J.G. Proakis,
PWS Publishing Company (1997).
4. Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB, R.C. Gonzalez, R.E.
Woods, & S. L. Eddins, Prentice-Hall (2003).
5. LabVIEW Basics I Course Manual, National Instruments
Corporation.
6. Electronics with LabVIEW, Kenneth L. Ashley, Analog Pearson
Education (2003).
7. Applications of Numerical Techniques with C, Suresh Chandra,
Narosa (2006).
80

PH4PB4 PRACTICALS - INFORMATICS ELECTIVE
1. (a) Write and execute a program to find the summed average of two
numbers using inheritance.
(b). Write and execute a program to multiply two numbers using
polymorphism.
2. (a). Create an Interface having two methods – division and modulus. Create
a class which overrides these methods.
(b). Write a program in java to display the names and register numbers
of students. Initialize the respective array variables for 10 students.
Handle ArrayIndexOutOfBounds Exception so that any such problem
doesn’t cause illegal termination of program.
3. (a) Write a program for generating two threads, one for printing even
numbers and the other for printing odd numbers.
(b). Write a program to read a statement from console, convert it into
upper case and again print on console.
4. Write a program to introduce a ‘text filed’ and ‘text area’ activated by three
buttons.
5. Write a java applet program which reads your name and address in different
text fields and when a button named find is pressed the sum of the
length of characters in name and address is displayed in another text
field. Use appropriate colors and layout to make your applet look good.
6. Write and execute a program in Java to display an ordinary working
calculator on the screen.
81

7. Write and execute an applet in java to display the applet with following
conditions.
(a). There should be a menu with options LINE,RECTANGLE,
CIRCLE, ELLIPSE and EXIT.
(b). If the option ELLIPSE is selected and if the mouse is clicked and
dragged, an ellipse with varying size should be displayed on the screen.
( c). Suitable display should be generated when other options other than
EXIT are selected.
(d). When EXIT is selected the applet should exit from the screen.
8. Write and execute a program to display a round running clock.
Linux experiments for getting an idea of Linux only. You can do

more.
9. Execute the following commands on your operating system and write down
the results and use of each command.
Man
Cd
ls, ls –a, ls -al
cd. & cd..
pwd
ls –al | more
cat passwd
chmod
82

10. Try to explore the file system, write what is there in /bin, /user/bin, /sbin,
/tmp, and /boot. Find and list the devices that are available in your
system.
11. Make your own directories, subdirectories in the root.
12. Create a file using the vi editor. Copy this file to other directories. Change
the permissions of your file.
13. Send a message to all the users.
14. Create a small text file and send it to another user.
15. Write a shell script to display a message on the screen.
16. Experiments using MATLAB/Python for physics applications

17. (a). Create a Web Page With appropriate content and insert an image
towards the left hand side of the page. When the user clicks on the
image it should open another web page.
(b). Create a web page. When the user clicks on the link it should go to
the bottom of the Page.
18. (a). Create a web page having two frames, one containing the links and
when the links are clicked appropriate contents should be displayed in
frame 2
(b). Design a page with a text box called “name” and a button with label
“enter”. When you click on the button another page should open, with
the message “welcome<name>” where the name should be equal to the
name entered in the first page.
19. Design a single page web site for a university containing a description of
the courses offered. It should also contain some general information
83

about the university such as its history, the campus, and its unique
features and so on. The site should be colored and each section should
have a different color.
20. Make out a brief Bio – data of yours and code it as an HTML page. Use
tables to show your academic history.
21. Create a web page showing your personal information using text boxes,
radio buttons, check boxes, Select tag and Pull Down lists. The form
should contain First name, Middle name, Last name, Date of Birth,
Marital status, Gender, Pin code, Country, Education, Annual income,
City, state, Occupation, Industry etc.
22. Create a web page having minimum of 4 pages with home page containing
links to other pages. Use maximum number of tags in the program.
23. Use internet with various Browsers & search engines, create your own E-
mail address, try browsing for your syllabus portions and practice all
the uses of the internet.
24. (a). Write a Java Script code block using arrays and generate the current
date in words. This should include the day, the month and the year.]
(b). Write a java script code that converts the entered text into upper
case.
(c). Write a program to display the multiplication table.
25. (a). Write a Java script code to accept radius and display the area of the
circle.
(b). Write a code to create a Scrolling text in a text box.
(c). Write a program to change the colour of a text randomly.
26. Using Java script create a digital clock.
84

27. Create an HTML form that inputs student details and when submitted
display the same on the HTML page.
3.3.3 BUNCH - C: MATERIAL SCIENCE
PH3EC1 SOLID STATE PHYSICS

Unit I
Crystals and Symmetry Properties (20 Hrs)
Crystalline state – Anisotropy - Symmetry elements – Translational,
Rotational, Reflection – Restrictions on Symmetry elements – Possible
combinations of Rotational Symmetries- Crystal systems - 14 Bravais
lattices.
Stereographic projection and point groups – principles – Constructions -
Construction with the Wulff net - Macroscopic Symmetry elements-
Orthorhombic system- Tetragonal system- Cubic system - Hexagonal system
- Trigonal system - Monoclinic system- Triclinic system - Laue groups -
Space groups.
Unit II
Optical Properties and Crystal Lasers (16 Hrs)
Lattice vacancies – diffusion – colour centres – F-centre and other centres in
alkali halides – ionic conductivity – colour of crystals – excitons in
molecular crystals – model of an ideal photoconductor – traps – space charge
effects – experimental techniques – transit time excitation and emission
Aicalf mechanism – model for thallium activated alkali halides -
electroluminescence.
85

Lasers: Properties of laser beams - temporal coherence - spatial coherence –
directionality – single mode operation - frequency stabilization - mode
locking - Q-Switching - measurement of distance - Ruby laser - four-level
solid state lasers - semiconductor lasers - Neodymium lasers (Nd:YAG,
Nd:Glass) .
Unit III
Semiconductor crystals (18 Hrs)
Classification of materials as semiconductors - band Gap - band structure of
Silicon and germanium - equations of motion - intrinsic carrier concentration
- impurity conductivity- Thermoelectric effects in semiconductors –
semimetals - amorphous semiconductors - p-n junctions.
Plasmons, Polaritons and Polarons: Dielectric function of the electron gas
– plasmons - electrostatic screening- polaritons and the LST relation –
electron - electron interaction - Fermi liquid - electron-phonon interaction -
Polarons- Peierls instability of linear metals.
Unit IV
Imperfections and Dislocations (18 Hrs)
Types of imperfections in crystals - thermodynamic theory of atomic
imperfections – experimental proof – diffusion mechanisms - atomic
diffusion theory – experimental determination of diffusion constant – ionic
conduction – shear strength of single crystals - slip and plastic deformations.
Dislocations - Burgers vectors – edge and screw dislocations – motion of
dislocation – climb - stress and strain fields of dislocation – forces acting on
a dislocation – stress and strain fields of dislocation – forces acting on a
dislocation – energy of dislocation – interaction – between dislocation
86

densities – dislocation and crystal growth – Dislocation – Frank – Read
mechanism - point defects - twinning.
Reference Books
1. Crystallography and crystal defects, A. Kelley, G.W. Groves & P.
Kidd, Wiley
2. Crystallography applied to Solid State Physics, A.R. Verma, O.N.
Srivastava, NAI
3. Solid State Physics, A.J.Dekker, Macmillan, (1967).
4. Lasers Theory and Applications, K.Thyagarajan, A.K. Ghatak, Plenum
Press
5. Lasers and Non-Linear Optics, B B Laud, New Age International.
6. Solid State Physics, S.L. Gupta and V.Kumar, Pragati Prakashan.
7. Introduction to Theory of Solids, H.M. Rosenberg, Prentice Hall.
8. Solid State Physics,J.S. Blakemore, W.B.Saunders & Co. Philadelphia.
9. Solid State Physics, N.W. Ashcroft & N.D. Mermin, Brooks/ Cole
(1976).
10. Crystal Defects and Crystal Interfaces, W. Bollmann, Springer Verlag.
11. A short course in Solid State Physics, Vol. I, F.C Auluck, Thomson
Press ( INDIA) Ltd.
12. Crystalline Solids, Duncan McKie, Christine McKie, Wiley
87

PH3EC2 CRYSTAL GROWTH TECHNIQUES
Unit I
Crystal Growth phenomena (18 Hrs)
The historical development of crystal growth – significance of single crystals
- crystal growth techniques - the chemical physics of crystal growth.
Theories of nucleation - Gibb’s Thompson equation for vapour, melt and
solution- energy of formation of spherical nucleus- heterogeneous nucleation
- kinetics of crystal growth, singular and rough faces, KSV theory, BCF
theory - periodic bond chain theory- The Muller- Krumbhaar model.
Unit II
Crystal Growth from Melt and Solution Growth (18Hrs)
Growth from the melt - the Bridgmann technique – crystal pulling -
Czochralski method- experimental set up - controlling parameters advantages
and disadvantages.- convection in melts – liquid solid interface shape -
crystal growth by zone melting - Verneuil flame fusion technique.
Low temperature solution growth - methods of crystallization - slow cooling,
solvent evaporation, temperature gradient methods - crystal growth system -
growth of KDP, ADP and KTP crystals - high temperature solution growth,
gel growth.
Unit III
Vapour Growth and Epitaxial Growth (18 Hrs)
Physical vapour deposition - chemical vapour transport – definition,
fundamentals, criteria for transport, Specifications, STP, LTVTP & OTP -
advantages and limitations of the technique, hydrothermal growth, design
aspect of autoclave – growth of quartz, sapphire and garnet.
88

Advantages of epitaxial growth, epitaxial techniques - liquid phase epitaxy,
vapour phase epitaxy, molecular beam epitaxy, chemical beam epitaxy and
atomic layer epitaxy
Unit IV
Materials for Semiconductor Devices (18Hrs)
Semiconductor optoelectronic properties - band structure - absorption and
recombination, semiconductor alloys - group III-V materials selection -
binary compounds, ternary alloys, lattice mismatch - lattice mismatched
ternary alloy structures - compositional grading, heteroepitaxial ternary alloy
structure - Quaternary alloys.
Semiconductor Devices - Laser diodes, light emitting diodes (LED),
photocathodes, microwave Field-Effect Transistors (FET).
Reference Books:
1. The Growth of Single Crystal, R.A. Laudise, Prentice Hall, NJ.
2. Crystal Growth: Principles and Progress , A.W. Vere, Plenum
Press, NY.
3. Crystal Growth Processes and methods, P.S. Raghavan and P.
Ramasamy, KRU Publications.
4. A Short course in Solid State Physics, Vol. I, F.C. Auluck,
Thomson Press India Ltd.
5. Crystal Growth, B.R. Pamplin, Pergamon, (1980)
6. Crystal Growth in Gel, Heinz K Henish, Dover Publication
89

PH4EC3 NANOSTRUCTURES AND CHARACTERIZATION
Unit I
Low Dimensional Structures (18hrs)
Preparation of quantum nanostructures - size and dimensionality effects -
size effects - potential wells - partial confinement - conduction electrons and
dimensionality - Fermi gas and density of states - properties dependent on
density of states - excitons - single-electron tunneling - applications -
infrared detectors - quantum dot lasers - superconductivity.
Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) - Nanoelectromechanical Systems
(NEMS) –Fabrication of nanodevices and nanomachines - Molecular and
Supramolecular Switches.
Unit II
Carbon Nanostructures (18hrs)
Carbon Molecules - Nature of the Carbon Bond - New Carbon Structures -
Carbon Clusters -Small Carbon Clusters - Carbon Nano tubes - Fabrication -
Structure – Electrical Properties - Vibrational Properties - Mechanical
Properties - Applications of Carbon Nano Tubes - Computers - Fuel Cells -
Chemical Sensors - Catalysis – Mechanical Reinforcement - Field Emission
and Shielding. Solid Disordered Nanostructures - Methods of Synthesis -
Failure Mechanisms of Conventional Grain sized Materials - Mechanical
Properties – Nano structured Multi layers -Electrical Properties - Porous
Silicon - Metal Nano cluster - Composite Glasses.
90

Unit III
Thermal, Microscopic and Infrared Analysis (18 Hrs)
Thermal analysis – DTA, DSC and TGA – methodology of DTA, DSC and
TGA and Instrumentation.
Microscopy – Electron microscopy – Principles and instrumentation –
resolution limit – scanning tunnelling microscopy – principles – scanning
tunnelling microscope - SEM & TEM. Atomic force microscope –
Instrumentation.
IR spectrophotometers – Theory and Instrumentation- Applications. Fourier
transform techniques – FTIR principles and instrumentation. Raman
spectroscopy – Principles, Instrumentation and Applications. Microwave
Spectroscopy -Instrumentation and Applications
Unit IV
Mass Spectrometry, Resonance Spectroscopy (18 Hrs)
Mass Spectrometry - Principle – Instrumentation – Types of ions produced in
a Mass spectrometer - Interpretation of Mass spectra – Applications.
NMR – Principles and Instrumentation – Chemical shift - Spin-spin coupling
- Applications of NMR - Electron spin resonance spectrometry – Theory of
ESR –Instrumentation - Interpretation of ESR spectra - Applications.
Reference Books:
1. Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles P. Poole, Jr. and Frank J.
Owens, Wiley, (2003)
91

2. MEMS/NEMS: micro electro mechanical systems/nano electro
mechanical systems Volume 1, Design Methods, Cornelius T.
Leondes, Springer, (2006).
3. Instrumental methods of Chemical Analysis, G. Chatwal & Sham
Anand, Himalaya
4. Introduction to Infrared and Raman spectroscopy, Norman D
Colthup, Lawrence H Daly and Stephen E Wiberley, Academic press,
NY.
5. Instrumental methods of analysis, H.H. Willard, L.L. Merrit, J.A.
Dean & F.A. Settle, CBS Pub.
6. Principles of Instrumental analysis, Skoog and West – Hall – Sanders
Int.
7. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis, G W Ewing, MGH
8. Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy, R. Wiesendanger & H.J.
Guntherodt, Springer
9. Thermal Analysis, Wesley W.M. Wendlandt , Wiley.
PH4PC4 MATERIAL SCIENCE PRACTICALS
1. Ultrasonic Interferometer – ultrasonic velocity in liquids

2. Ultrasonic Interferometer – Young’s modulus and elastic constant of
solids
3. Determination of dielectric constant
4. Determination of forbidden energy gap
5. Determination of Stephan’s constant
92

6. Determination of Fermi energy of copper
7. Study of ionic conductivity in KCl / NaCl crystals
8. Thermo emf of bulk samples of metals (aluminium or copper)
9. Study of physical properties of crystals (specific heat,thermal
expansion,thermal conductivity,dielectric constant)
10. Study of variation of dielectric constant of a ferro electric material with
temperature(barium titanate)
11. Study of variation of magnetic properties with composition of a ferrite
specimen
12. Four probe method – energy gap
13. Energy gap of Ge or Si
14. Hall effect – Hall constant
15. Thin film coating by polimerisation
16. Measurement of thickness of a thin film
17. Study of dielectric properties of a thin film
18. Study of electrical properties of a thin film(sheet resistance)
19. Growth of single crystal from solution and the determination of its
structural,electrical and optical properties (NaCl,KBr,KCl,NH4Cl etc.)
B B
20. Determination of lattice constant of a cubic crystal with accuracy and

indexing the Bragg reflections in a powder X-ray photograph of a crystal
21. Observation of dislocation – etch pit method
22. Michelson Interferometer – Thickness of transparent film
23. X-ray diffraction – lattice constant
24. Optical absorption coefficient of thin films by filterphotometry
93

25. Temperature measurement with sensor interfaced to a PC or a
microprocessor
26. ESR spectrometer – g factor
27. Beam profile of diode laser
28. Track width of a CD using laser beam
29. He – Ne laser- verification of Malus law , measurement of Brewster
angle,refractive index of a material
3.3.4 BUNCH - D: THEORETICAL PHYSICS
PH3ED1 ASTROPHYSICS
Unit I
Basic Concepts in Astrophysics (18 Hrs)
A brief history of the universe; big-bang hypothesis; the synthesis of helium;
Gravitational contraction, free fall, hydrostatic equilibrium; equilibrium of a
gas of non-relativistic particles; equilibrium of a gas of ultra-relativistic
particles, equilibrium and the adiabatic index; star formation, conditions for
gravitational collapse, contraction of a protostar, conditions for stardom;
The Hertzsprung – Russell diagram, luminosity and surface temperature
Unit II
Properties of Matter and Radiation (18 Hrs)
Electrons in stars – degenerate electron gas, density-temperature diagram,
electrons in massive stars; Photons in stars – The Photon gas, radiation
pressure in stars, The Saha equation, ionization in stars, stellar interiors,
stellar atmosphere.
94

Unit III
Thermonuclear Fusion and Heat Transfer in Stars (18 hours)
The physics of nuclear fusion, barrier penetration, fusion cross-section,
thermonuclear reaction rates. Hydrogen burning- proton-proton chain,
Carbon Nitrogen cycle, solar neutrinos. Helium burning, carbon production
Heat transfer by conduction by ions and electrons, radiation, convection.
Unit IV
Stellar Structure and stellar evolution (18 hours)
Simple stellar models; pressure, density and temperature inside stars;
modeling the Sun, solar luminosity; minimum and maximum mass of stars.
White dwarfs- mass, central density and radius, collapse of a stellar core, the
onset of collapse, nuclear photodisintegration, electron capture, the
aftermath. Neutron stars- the size of neutron stars, gravitational binding
energy of neutron stars, rotating neutron stars and pulsars, The maximum
mass of neutron star; black holes.
Text Book:
1. The Physics of Stars, A.C Phillips, 2nd Edn. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
P P
(Chapters I to VI)
Reference Books:
1. Stellar Interiors, Hansen and Kawler, Springer Verlag.
2. Astrophysics – Stars and Galaxies, K.D.Abyankar, Universities
Presss.
3. Stars: their structure and evolution, R.J. Taylor, CambridgeUniversity
Press.
95

4. Introduction to Modern Astrophysics, B.W. Carroll & D.A.Ostie,
Addison Wesley.
5. A Course on Theoretical Astro physics, Vol. II, T. Padmanabhan,
Cambridge Uni. Press.
6. AnIntroduction to Astrophysics, Baidyanath Basu, Prentice Hall
India.
PH3ED2 NONLINEAR DYNAMICS

Unit I
Basic Concepts (18 Hrs)
What is Nonlinearity? Dynamical Systems: Linear and Nonlinear Systems-
Linear Superposition Principle - Working Definition of Nonlinearity.
Linear and Nonlinear Oscillators - Linear Oscillators and Predictability -
Damped and Driven Nonlinear Oscillators - Forced Oscillations – Primary
Resonance and Jump Phenomenon (Hysteresis) Secondary Resonances
(subharmonic and superharmonic) Nonlinear Oscillations and Bifurcations
Unit II
Qualitative Features of non-linear systems (18 Hrs)
Autonomous and Nonautonomous Systems - Dynamical Systems as
Coupled First-Order
Differential Equations; Equilibrium Points ; Phase Space/Phase Plane and
Phase Trajectories:
Stability, Attractors and Repellers ; Classification of Equilibrium Points:
Two-Dimensional Case - General Criteria for Stability; Limit Cycle Motion
– Periodic Attractor- Poincaré–Bendixson Theorem.
96

Higher Dimensional Systems - Lorenz Equations ; More Complicated
Attractors - Torus - Quasiperiodic Attractor - Poincaré Map - Chaotic
Attractor ; Dissipative and Conservative Systems -Hamiltonian Systems
Unit III
Chaos in Dissipative Systems (18 Hrs)
Bifurcations and Onset of Chaos in Dissipative Systems: Some Simple
Bifurcations- Saddle- Node Bifurcation -The Pitchfork Bifurcation -
Transcritical Bifurcation - Hopf Bifurcation ; Discrete Dynamical Systems ;
The Logistic Map - Equilibrium Points and Their Stability - Periodic
Solutions or Cycles -Period Doubling Phenomenon - Onset of Chaos –
Lyapunov Exponent - Bifurcation Diagram - exact Solution at a = 4 -
Logistic Map: A Geometric Construction of the Dynamics – Cobweb
Chaos in Dissipative Nonlinear Oscillators and Criteria for Chaos:
Bifurcation Scenario in Duffing Oscillator - Period Doubling Route to Chaos
- Intermittency Transition - Quasiperiodic Route to Chaos - Strange
Nonchaotic Attractors (SNAs) ; Lorenz Equations - Period Doubling
Bifurcations and Chaos ; Necessary Conditions for Occurrence of Chaos -
Continuous Time Dynamical Systems -Discrete Time Systems
Unit III
Chaos in Conservative Systems (18 Hrs)
Poincaré Cross Section ; Possible Orbits in Conservative Systems - Regular
Trajectories - Irregular Trajectories - Canonical Perturbation Theory:
Overlapping Resonances and Chaos; Hénon–Heiles System - Equilibrium
Points - Poincaré Surface of Section of the System - Numerical Results;
Periodically Driven Undamped Duffing Oscillator ; The Standard Map -
97

Linear Stability and Invariant Curves - Numerical Analysis: Regular and
Chaotic Motions; Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser Theorem (qualitative ideas
only).
Text Book
1. Nonlinear dynamics: integrability, chaos, and patterns, M.
Lakshmanan & S. Rajasekar, Springer Verlag, (Chapters 1-5,7)
Reference Books:
1. Deterministic Chaos, N. Kumar, Universities Press.
2. Chaos and Nonlinear Dynamics, RC. Hilborn, Oxford University
Press.
3. Chaotic Dynamics: An Introduction, G.L. Baker, and J.P. Gollub,
CUP, 1993.
4. Deterministic Chaos, H.G. Schuster, Wiley, N.Y., 1995.
5. Chaos in Dynamical System, E. Ott, Cambridge University Press.
6. Encounters with Chaos, D. Gullick, MGH, 1992.
7. Introduction to Chaos and coherence, J. Froyland, IOP Publishing
Ltd.
8. Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos, J.M.T. Thomson& I. Stewart, John
Wiley & Sons.
98

PH4ED3 QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
Unit I
Path Integrals and Quantum Mechanics (18 Hrs)
Review of single particle relativistic wave equations – Klein- Gordon
equation, Dirac equation, Maxwell and Proca equations; Path integral
formulation of quantum mechanics; perturbation theory and the S matrix;
Coulomb scattering; Functional calculus: differentiation, generating
functional for scalar fields. Functional integration
Unit II
Path Integral Quantization of Scalar and Spinor Fields (18 Hrs)
Free particle Green’s functions, Generating functional for interacting field;
φ^4 theory – generating functional, 2-point function, 4-point function;
generating functional for connected diagrams; fermions and functional
methods, The S – matrix and reduction formula, pion-nucleon scattering
amplitude, scattering cross-section
Unit III
Path Integral Quantization of Gauge Field Fields (18 Hrs)
Propagators and gauge conditions in QED; Non-abelian gauge fields and
Faddeev - Popov method; Self-energy operator and vertex functions; Ward –
Takahashi identities in QED, Becchi – Rouet – Stora transformations;
Slavnov – Taylor identities.
99

Unit IV
The Weinberg – Salam Model (18 hours)
Field theory vacuum; the Goldstone theorem; Spontaneous symmetry
breaking of gauge symmetries; superconductivity; Higgs boson; The
Weinberg – Salam model; Experimental confirmation of the models
Text Book
1. Quantum Field Theory, Lewis H. Ryder, 2nd Edn, Cambridge
P P
University Press,(1996), (Chapters 5, 6, 7, 8.),
PH4PD4 SPECIAL COMPTATIONAL PRACTICALS

(The experiments are to be done on the PC by developing the required
algorithm and program including graphical displays. Students may use C++ or
Python.)
1. Trajectory of motion of (a) projectile without air resistance (b)
projectile with air resistance
2. Phase space trajectories of a pendulum- with and without damping.
3. Phase space trajectories of a pendulum – with non-linear term.
4. Trajectory of a particle moving in a Coulomb field (Rutherford
scattering) and to determine the deflection angle as a function of the
impact parameter
5. Trajectory of a ion in the combined Coulomb and nuclear potential
and determine the angle of scattering for different impact parameters
6. Simulation of the wave function for a particle in a box - To plot the
wave function and probability density; Schrödinger equation to be
solved and eigen value calculated numerically.
100

7. Iterates of the logistic map.
8. Bifurcation diagram for the logistic map.
9. Calculation and plotting of the Lyapunov exponents.
10. Plotting of Julia set.
11. Plotting of Mandelbrot set.
12. Creating a fractal by Iteration Function Scheme
Reference Books:
1. Computational Physics- RC Verma, P.K. Ahluwalia & K.C. Sharma-
New Age.
2. Chaos & Fractals- Peitgen, Jurgens & Saupe – Springer.
3.4 OPTIONAL ELECTIVE BUNCH
PH4OE1: OPTOELECTRONICS
Unit I
Semiconductor Science and Light Emitting Diodes (10 hrs)
Semiconductor energy bands - semiconductor statistics – extrinsic
semiconductors – compensation doping – degenerate and non degenerate
semiconductors – energy band diagrams in applied field - direct and indirect
bandgap semiconductors, - p-n junction principles - open circuit- forward and
reverse bias – depletion layer capacitance – recombination life time – p-n
junction band diagram - open circuit - forward and reverse bias – light
emitting diodes – principles - device structures - LED materials,
heterojunction high intensity LEDs – double heterostructure - LED
101

characteristics and LEDs for optical fiber communications - surface and edge
emitting LEDs.
Text Book
1. Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, S.O. Kasap,
Pearson 2009, (Chapter 3)
Fiber Optics (10 Hrs)
Symmetric planar dielectric slab waveguide – waveguide condition – single
and multimode waveguides – TE and TM modes – modal and waveguide
dispersion in the planar waveguide – dispersion diagram – intermodal
dispersion – intramodal dispersion – dispersion in single mode fibers –
material dispersion – waveguide dispersion – chromatic dispersion – profile
and polarization dispersion – dispersion flattened fibers - bit rate and
dispersion – optical and electrical bandwidth – graded index optical fiber -
light absorption and scattering – attenuation in optical fibers.
Text Book:
Pearson (2009), (Chapter 2)
Unit II
Laser Principles (10 hrs)
Laser oscillation conditions - diode laser principles - heterostructure laser
diode – double heterostructure – stripe geometry – buried heterostructure –
gain and index guiding - laser diode characteristics – laser diode equation -
single frequency solid state lasers – distributed feedback –quantum well
lasers - vertical cavity surface emitting laser - optical laser amplifiers.
102

Text Book:
Pearson (2009), (Chapter 4)
Laser Output Control (6 hrs)
Generation of high power pulses, Q-factor, Q-switching for giant pulses,
methods of Q-switching, mode locking and techniques for mode locking.
Text Book:
1. Laser fundamentals, William T. Silfvast, CUP 2nd Edn. (2009),
(Chapter 13)
Unit III
Photodetectors and Photovoltaics (18 hrs)
Principle of p-n junction photodiode - Ramo’s theorem and external
photocurrent - absorption coefficient and photodiode materials - quantum
efficiency and responsivity - PIN-photodiode – avalanche photodiode –
phototransistor - photoconductive detectors and photoconductive gain - noise
in photo-detectors – noise in avalanche photodiode - solar energy spectrum -
photovoltaic device principles – I-V characteristics - series resistance and
equivalent circuit - temperature effects - solar cell materials, device and
efficiencies
Text Book
Pearson (2009), (Chapter 5 & 6)
Unit IV
Optoelectronic Modulators (10 Hrs)
Optical polarization, birefringence, retardation plates, electro-optic
103

modulators – Pockels effect - longitudinal and transverse electro-optic
modulators, Kerr effect, Magneto-optic effect, acousto-optic effect – Raman
Nath and Bragg-types.
Text Books:
1. Fiber optics and Optoelectronics, R.P. Khare, Oxford University
Press, (2004), (Chapter 9 )
2. Optoelectronics: an Introduction, J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes,
PHI, (2000), (Chapter 3)
Non-linear optics(8 Hrs)
Wave propagation in an anisotropic crystal - polarization response of
materials to light - second order non-linear optical processes - second
harmonic generation - sum and frequency generation, optical parametric
oscillation - third order non-linear optical processes - third harmonic
generation - intensity dependent refractive index - self-focusing - non-linear
optical materials, phase matching - angle tuning - saturable absorption -
optical bistability - two photon absorption.
Text Book:
1. Laser fundamentals, William T. Silfvast, CUP 2nd Edn. 2009,
(Chapter 16)
Reference Books:
1. Semiconductor optoelectronic devices: Pallab Bhattacharya, Pearson(2008)
2. Optoelectronics: An introduction to materials and devices, Jasprit Singh,
Mc Graw Hill International Edn., (1996).
3. Optical waves in crystals: Propagation and Control of Laser Radiation, A.
Yariv and P. Yeh, John Wiley and Sons Pub. (2003)
104

PH4OE2 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND WEB DESIGN
Unit I
Software Engineering (18 Hrs)
Introduction to Software Engineering – Software development and Life cycle
– Project Size and its categories – Planning a Software Project – Project
Control – Project team standards-Design of solution strategies-Software cost
estimation and evaluation techniques-Software design-design concepts and
notations-Modern design techniques- Verification and validation methods-
Documentation and implementation procedures-Performance of software
systems.
Unit II
The HTML (18 Hrs)
What is HTML?- Basic Tags of HTML – HTML – TITLE - BODY
Starting an HTML document – The <!DOCTYPE>declaration - setting
boundaries with <HTML> - the HEAD element - the BODY element - the
STYLE element and the SCRIPT element.
Formatting of text – Headers-Formatting Tags - PRE tag - FONT tag - Special
Characters. Working with Images - META tag - Links – Anchor Tag.
Lists – Unordered Lists-Ordered Lists-Definition Lists
Tables – TABLE, TR and TD Tags-Cell Spacing and Cell Padding- Colspan
and Rowspan
Frames – Frameset-FRAME Tag-NOFRAMES Tag
105

Unit III
The HTML (18 Hrs)
Forms – FORM and INPUT Tag - Text Box - Radio Button-Checkbox -
SELECT Tag and Pull Down Lists - Hidden-Submit and Reset.
Some Special Tags – COLGROUP-THREAD, TBODY – TFOOT – blank -
self, parent – top –IRFRAME – LABEL - Attribute for <SELECT> -
TEXTAREA
Style sheets
Introduction to scripting and HTML – purpose of scripting – JavaScript – VB
Script – including scripts in an HTML document
Unit IV
JAVASCRIPT (18Hrs)
JavaScript Variables and Data Types – Declaring Variables-Data Types
Statements and Operators
Control Structures – Conditional Statements-Loop Statements
Object Based Programming – Functions-Executing Deferred Scripts-Objects
Message Box in JavaScript – Dialog Boxes-Alert Boxes-Confirm Boxes-
Prompt Boxes
JavaScript with HTML – Events-Event Handlers
Forms – Forms Array – form validation
Ideas about Dreamweaver or Microsoft Publisher
Text Books
1. Software Engineering, R.S. Pressman, McGraw Hill
2. Software Engineering Concepts, R.E. Fairley, McGraw
Hill
106

3. HTML4, 2nd Edn. Rick Darnell, Techmedia
P P
4. HTML, The Complete Reference, Tata Mc Graw Hill

5. JavaScript Programmers Reference, Cliff Wootton, Wrox
Press Inc.
6. Beginning JavaScrpit, Paul Wilton, Wrox Press Inc. 1st P P
Edn.
Reference Books
1. Software Engineering – A Practitioner’s Approach, R.S.
Pressman, MGH
2. Software Engineering, Ian Sommerville, 6th Edn. Pearson
P P
(2001)
3. Mastering HTML4 – Ray D.S. and Ray E.J. – BPB
4. The JavaScript Bible, Danny Goodman, John Wiley &
Sons Inc.

PH4OE3 THIN FILM AND NANO SCIENCE
Unit I
Thin Film (18 Hrs)
Nucleation – Langmuir theory of condensation – Theories of nucleation –
Liquid like coalescence and growth process – Epitaxial growth – Structural
defects in thin films – Electrical conduction in metallic, semiconducting and
insulator films. Optical properties of thin films.
107

Unit II
Deposition of Films (18 Hrs)
Production of Vacuum, Different types of vacuum pumps, Measurement of
Vacuum Gauges, Working principle, Deposition of thin films, Various
deposition techniques, Thickness measurement – optical methods, thickness
monitors - Thin film applications.
Unit III
Nano materials and Applications (18 hours)
Nano structured Crystals -Natural Nano crystals -Crystals of Metal-Nano
particles –Nano particle Lattices in Colloidal Suspensions -Photonic
Crystals.
Synthesis and purification of carbon nanotubes, Single-walled carbon
nanotubes and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, Structure-property
relationships, physical properties, applications.
Overview of different nano materials available, Potential uses of nano
materials in electronics, robotics, computers, sensors in textiles, sports
equipment, mobile electronic devices, vehicles and transportation. Medical
applications of nano materials.
Unit IV
Synthesis of Nano materials (18hrs)
Top-down techniques: photolithography, other optical lithography (EUV, X-
Ray, LIL), particle-beam lithographies (e-beam, focused ion beam, shadow
mask evaporation), probe lithographies, Bottom-up techniques: self-
assembly, self-assembled mono layers, directed assembly, layer-by-layer
108

assembly. Combination of Top-Down and Bottom-up techniques: current
state-of-the-art.
Pattern replication techniques: soft lithography, nano imprint lithography.
Pattern transfer and enhancement techniques: dry etching, wet etching,
pattern growth techniques (polymerization, directed assembly).
Reference Books:
1. Thin film phenomena, K.L Chopra, McGraw Hill, New York
2. Thin film fundamentals, A. Goswami, New Age International
3. Vacuumm deposition of Thin films, L. Holland, Chapman Hall,
London
4. Handbook of thin film Technology, L.I Maissel and R. Glang,
McGraw Hill
5. Optical Properties of Thin Films, O. S. Heaven, Dover
Publications
6. Nano: the essentials, T. Pradeep, TMH, 2007
7. Nanoscale Materials, L.M. Liz-Marzán & P.V. Kamat, Kluwer
Academic Pub. (2003)
8. Nanoscience, Nanotechnologies and Nanophysics, C. Dupas, P.
Houdy & M. Lahmani, Springer-Verlag , (2007).
9. Nanotechnology 101, John Mongillo, Greenwood Press, (2007).
10. What is What in the Nanoworld A Handbook on Nanoscience
and Nanotechnology, Victor E. Borisenko and Stefano Ossicini ,
WILEY-VCH Verlag, (2008).
109

11. Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles P. Poole, Jr. and Frank
J. Owens, Wiley
12. Semiconductor Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Applications,
Todd Steiner, ARTECH HOUSE, (2004).
13. Nanotechnology and Nano-Interface Controlled Electronic
Devices, M. Iwamoto, K. Kaneto, S. Mashiko Elsevier Science,
Elsevier Science, (2003).
14. Semiconductors for Micro and Nanotechnology—An
Introduction for Engineers Jan G. Korvink and Andreas Greiner,
PH4OE4 GENERAL RELATIVITY AND COSMOLOGY
Unit I
Basic Concepts in relativity and tensor analysis (18 Hrs)
Overview of special relativity - Principles of special relativity - Line
interval, Proper time, Lorentz transformation, Minkowski spacetime,
Lightcones, Relativistic momentum 4-vectors, Lorentz transformation of
electromagnetic field
Conceptual foundations of GR and curved spacetime - Principle of
equivalence, Connection between gravity and geometry, Form of metric in
Newtonian limit, Metric tensor and its properties, Concept of curved spaces
and spacetimes, Tangent space and four vectors, Tensor algebra, Tensor
calculus, Covariant differentiation, Parallel transport, Riemann curvature
tensor Geodesics, Particle trajectories in gravitational field
110

Unit II
Einstein's field equations (18 Hrs)
Einstein's field equations, Definition of the stress tensor, Bianchi identities
and conservation of the stress tensor, Einstein's equations for weak
gravitational fields, The Newtonian limit, Derivation of Schwarzschild
metric, Basic properties of Schwarzschild metric coordinate- systems and
nature of R=2M surface, Effective potential for particle orbits in
Schwarzschild metric, general properties, Precession of perihelion,
Deflection of ultra relativistic particles, Gravitational red-shift.
Unit III
Applications of General Relativity (18 Hrs)
Gravitational waves - Wave equation in linearised theory, Plane waves,
Transverse traceless gauge, Effect on test particles, Principles of detection and
generation of gravitational waves
Types of detectors, Landau-Lifshitz formula, Hulse Taylor binary pulsar
Models of the universe - Friedmann-Robertson-Walker models, Hubble's law,
Angular size
Source counts, Cosmological constant, Horizons
Unit IV
Big Bang model (18 Hrs)
Relics of the big bang - The early universe, Thermodynamics of the early
universe, Primordial neutrinos, Helium synthesis and other nuclei, Microwave
background
111

Formation of large scale structure - Jeans mass in the expanding universe,
Growth in the postrecombination era, Observational constraints, Elementary
ideas on structure formation
Observations of the cosmological significance - Measurement of Hubble's
constant, Anisotropy of large-scale velocity fields, Age of the universe,
Abundance of light nuclei, Dark matter, Microwave background,
Gravitational wave stochastic background.
Text Books:
1. First course in general relativity, B. F. Schutz Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
2. General Relativity and Cosmology, J. V. Narlikar Delhi: Macmillan
Company of India Ltd.
3. General Relativity, I. R. Kenyon, Oxford University Press.
4. Classical Theory of Fields, Vol. 2, L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz,
Oxford : Pergamon Press.
5. Introduction to Cosmology, 3rd Edition, J. V. Narlikar, Cambridge
P P
University Press.

112

CHAPTER – IV
4. PARALLEL PGCSS PHYSICS PROGRAMMES
4.1 Introduction:
In this chapter, three parallel PGCSS programmes coming under the umbrala
subject physics are presented. These three PG Programmes are taught in
three colleges affiliated to M.G.University. The colleges and the respective
PG Prograames are given in Table 4.1. The number of hours per week,
number of credit per course and the total hours per semester allocated to a
course in these parallel PGCSS programmes will remain same as those for
M.Sc. Physics programme as described in Chapter – I. These programmes
have 12 Core corses and 4 Elective courses each. There will not be any open
elective bunch for these programs. The four Elective courses are
accommodated two each in Semester III and Semester IV.
Sl. No. Name of college PGCSS Programme
1 C.M.S. College, Kottayam M.Sc. Applied Physics
2 S. B. College, Changanassery M.Sc. Renewable Energy
3 Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta M.Sc. Material Science
Table 4.1 Colleges and parallel PGCSS Programmes
The examination pattern and question paper modal remain the same as that
described in Chapter –II. The mode of conduct of these programmes are
required to follow the rules depicted in Chapter – II. The changes are only in
the Course Codes and Course Titles. These are given in the repective Tables.
113

Table 4.1 Course and course code of M.Sc. Applied Physics
114

4.2 M.Sc. APPLIED PHYSICS
4.2.1 Course Code
The first two letters AP stand for Applied Physics, and the letters C, P, E, D
and V have the usual meaning. Here the core courses are numbered from 01
to 12. Elective courses are numberd from 01 to 04 and laboratory Practicals
are numbered from 01 to 04 as done in general M.Sc. Physics.
SEMESTER – I
AP1C01 APPLIED MATHEMATICS – I

Unit I
Functions of a complex variable (18 hrs)
Functions of a complex variable - Analytic functions – Cauchy–Reimann
equations - Laplaces equations - Cauchy’s Integral Theorem - Cauchy’s
theorem for multiply connected domains - Cauchy’s integral formula -
Derivatives of analytic functions - Taylor & Laurent expansion -
Singularities-poles and zeros - Residue theorem - Evaluation of definite
integrals-Jordan’s lemma - Cauchy principal value.
Text Book:
1. Mathematical method for physics, G. B. Arfken & H. J.
Weber, Academic Press
Unit II
Linear Algebra: Matrices (12 hrs)
Linear system of equations-Gauss elimination method - Product theorem-
Direct product -Diagonal matrices - Trace - Matrix inversion:Gauss-Jordan
115

matrix inversion - Orthogonal matrices - Euler angles-Complex
matrices:Hermition, Skew-Hermition,Unitary - Pauli matrices - Symmetry
properties & similarity transformation:Orthogonal & Unitary-Eigen vectors
& eigen values - Cayley Hamilton theorem - Diagonalization of
matrices:normalized eigen vectors - Normal modes of vibration.
Text Book:
Probability (6 hrs)
Laws of probability – Random variables – Binomial - Poisson and Gauss’s
normal distributions.
Text Book:
1. Mathematical Physics, P.K Chattopadhyay, New Age
International.
Unit III
Vector Calculus (18 hrs)
Differential Calculus: Gradient, Divergence, Curl - Successive applications
of grad - Integral calculus: line, surface & volume integrals - Fundamental
theorem for gradients, divergences and curls - Equation of continuity -
Potential theory - Gauss’s law and Poissons equation
Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates: Spherical & Cylindrical - Differential
vector operators in orthogonal coordinates - Dirac delta function - its
properties and integral forms
116

Linear vector spaces - Self adjoint, unitary & projection operators - Eigen
values & Eigen vectors of self adjoint operators-inner product space-Schimdt
orthogonalisation - Hilbert space -Schwartz inequality.
Text Book:
1. Mathematical method for physics, G. B. Arfken & H. J. Weber,
Academic Press
Unit IV
Fourier Analysis: Fourier series, Integrals & Transforms (18 hrs)
Periodic functions - Fourier series:Functions of period 2π & functions for
any period - Even and Odd functions - Half range expansions - Fourier
integrals - Fourier transform - Cosine and Sine transform - Square wave –
Gaussian - full wave rectifier - finite wave train - Linearity theorem -Fourier
transform of derivatives - Convolution theorem - Parseval’s theorem -
Momentum representation - Harmonic oscillator - ground state of hydrogen
atom.
Text Book:
Laplace Transforms
Laplace transform - Inverse Laplace transform - Partial fraction expansion -
Heavyside expansion formula - Linearity - first shifting theorem - Laplace
transform of derivatives & integrals - applications to simple differential
equations - Earth’s nutation-LCR circuit - wave equation in a dispersive
medium-second shifting theorem - Differentiation and integration of
transforms - convolution theorem.
117

Text Book:
References Books:
1. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, C.R. Wylie - Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Advanced Mathematics for Engineers & Scientists- Schaum’s outline
M.R. Spiegel Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Vector Analysis, Schaum’s outline M.R. Spiegel Tata McGrawhill.
4. Complex variables - Schaum’s outline M.$. Spiegel Tata McGraw
Hill.
5. Introduction to Mathematical Physics, Charlie Harper, PHI.
6. Mathematical Physics, P.K. Chattopadhyay, New Age International.
7. Mathematical methods for Physics and Engineering, K.F. Riley, M.P.
Hobson & S.J Bence, Cambridge University Press.
8. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Eewin Kreyzing, John Wiley &
Sons.
9. Matrices and Tensors, A.W. Joshi, Wiley
10. Probability-Schaum’s outlinees-Seymour Lipschutz & Marc Lipson.
AP1C02 THERMAL AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS

Unit I
Thermodynamics and Statistical Theory (18 hrs)
Basic ideas about heat, temperature, work done - Laws of thermodynamics &
their consequences - T S diagrams & equations-Physical significance of
entropy - Claussius Clapeyron equation - Thermodynamic potentials -
118

Maxwell’s relations. Micro and Macrostates -Thermodynamic probability -
Phase Space - Concept of Entropy and Thermodynamic probability -
Microcanonical, Canonical & Grand Canonical ensembles.
Text Book:
1. Heat Thermodynamics, M.W. Zeemansky, Tata McGraw Hill (1997).
2. Thermodynamics & Statistical Mechanics-Brijlal and
Subrahmanyam, S. Chand & Co.
Unit II
Classical and Quantum Statistical Mechanics (20 hrs)
Classical Statistical Mechanics: Classical Statistical Mechanics -
Thermodynamics of an ideal monatomic gas - Gibb’s Paradox - Partition
function - Canonical and grand canonical partition function - Translational,
rotational & vibrational partition functions - electronic & nuclear
partitionfunctions - homonuclear molecules.
Quantum Statistical Mechanics: Need of quantum statistics - Symmetry of
wave functions-Bosons - Fermions - Pauli’s exclusion principle - BE & FD
Distribution. Density matrix -Equation of motion of the density matrix -
ensembles in quantum statistical mechanics -Calculation of Partition
functions.
Text Book:
1. Statistical Mechanics, R. K. Pathria, Butterworth-Heinemann
Unit III
Ideal Bose and Fermi gases (16 hrs)
Ideal Fermi gas-Equation of state of an ideal Fermi gas - High & Low
temperature limits - electron gas at absolute zero-degeneracy - free electron
119

model. Ideal Bose gas - Equation of state - Photons – Black body radiation
& Planck’s distribution law – Phonons - BE Condensation - Liquid Helium -
Lambda transition
Text Book:
Unit IV
Fluctuations & Phase transitions (18 hrs)
Energy fluctuations in canonical ensembles - Density fluctuations in grand
canonical ensembles - Fluctuations in quantum statistics - One dimensional
random walk problem-Brownian motion and random walk - Correlation
function - Weiner-Khintchine theorem - Fokker Planck equation. First &
second order phase transitions - Critical exponents - Scaling hypothesis -
Ising model.
Text Book:
References Books:
1. Statistical Mechanics, Kerson Huang, Wiley Eastern.
2. Introductory Statistical Mechanics,R. Bowley and M. Sanchez,
Oxford University Press
3. Statistical Mechanics, B. K. Agarwal & M. Eisner, New Age
Int.Pub.1998.
4. Fundamentals of Statistical Mechanics, B. B. Laud, New Age
Int.Pub.1998.
5. Thermodynamics, M.W. Zeemansky, Tata McGraw Hill (1997).
120

6. Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, W.G. Greiner, Neise and
Stoker, Springer
7. Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena, H. E. Stanley, Oxford
Univ. Press.
AP1C03 SOLID STATE PHYSICS
Unit I
Crystal Structure (8 hrs)
Crystal structure fundamentals - Bragg law - reciprocal lattice vectors Van
Laue formulation of x-ray diffraction by crystals - Equivalence of the Bragg
and von Laue formulations. Ewald construction – Brilliouin zones –
reciprocal lattice to SC, BCC and FCC lattices - the geometrical structure
factor-structure factor of BCC and FCC lattices - the atomic form factor.
Text Book:
1 Introduction to solid state physics, C. Kittel, Wiley India Pub.
Lattice Vibrations (10 hrs)
Vibrations of monoatomic lattices-lattice with two atoms per primitive cell -
quantization of lattice vibrations - phonon momentum.
Lattice heat capacity - Einstein model - density of modes - Debye model -
Anharmonic crystal interactions - thermal expansion - thermal conductivity -
thermal resistivity - umklapp processes - second sound.
Text Book:
121

Unit II
Free Electron Theory (9 hrs)
Drude - Lorentz theory of metals (quantitative idea) - Fermi–Dirac
distribution - Sommerfield theory – Free electron gas in one and three
dimensions - Heat capacity of the electron gas – electrical conductivity and
Ohm’s law - experimental electrical resistivity of metals. Motion in magnetic
fields. Hall Effect – thermal conductivity of metals - The Wiedmann-Franz
law.
Text Book:
Energy Bands (11 hrs)
Nearly free electron model-origin of energy gap - Bloch functions - Kronig-
Penny model - Wave equation of electron in a periodic potential - solution of
the central equation – approximate solution near a zone boundary - number
of orbitals in a band – Metal insulators and semiconductors. Brilliouin zone
in one and two dimensions – extended - reduced and periodic zone schemes -
representations
Text Book:
Unit III
Magnetic Properties (10 hrs)
Vibrations of monoatomic lattices-lattice with two atoms per primitive cell -
quantization of lattice vibrations - phonon momentum.
122

Lattice heat capacity - Einstein model - density of modes - Debye model -
Anharmonic crystal interactions - thermal expansion - thermal conductivity -
thermal resistivity - umklapp processes - second sound.
Text Book:
Unit II
Free Electron Theory (9 hrs)
Drude - Lorentz theory of metals (quantitative idea) - Fermi–Dirac
distribution - Sommerfield theory – Free electron gas in one and three
dimensions - Heat capacity of the electron gas – electrical conductivity and
Ohm’s law - experimental electrical resistivity of metals. Motion in magnetic
fields. Hall Effect – thermal conductivity of metals - The Wiedmann-Franz
law.
Text Book:
Energy Bands (11 hrs)
Nearly free electron model-origin of energy gap - Bloch functions - Kronig-
Penny model - Wave equation of electron in a periodic potential - solution of
the central equation – approximate solution near a zone boundary - number
of orbitals in a band – Metal insulators and semiconductors. Brilliouin zone
in one and two dimensions – extended - reduced and periodic zone schemes -
representations
123

Text Book:
Unit III
Magnetic Properties (10 hrs)
Langevin diamagnetism equation-quantum theory of paramagenetism - Hund
rules - Cooling by adiabatic demagnetization of a paramagnetic salt.
Ferromagnetic order-Curie point and exchange integral. Antiferromagnetic
order - Susceptibility below Neel temperature-Ferrimagnetisms and ferrites.
Ferromagnetic domains.
Text Book:
1. Introduction to solid state physics, C. Kittel, Wiley India Pub.
2. Solid State Physics Structure and properties of materials, M.A.
Wahab Narosa Pub. House (2010).
Dielectric Properties (8 hrs)
Dielectrics - Local electric field at an atom - dielectric constant and
polarizability (Clausius-Mossotti relation) - electronic polarizability -
Ferroeelctric crystals - Polarization catastrophe - Landau theory of phase
transition - ferroelectric domains - antiferroelectricity.
Text Books:
2. Solid State Physics Structure and properties of materials, M. A.
124

Unit IV
Superconductivity (16 hrs)
Superconductivity - Meissner effect - energy gap - isotope effect - type I,
type II superconductors - thermodynamics of superconducting transition -
London equation - BCS theory - dc and ac Josephson effects - Flux
quantization – High Te superconductivity- applications.
Text Books:
2. Solid State Physics Structure and properties of materials, M. A.
Reference Books:
1. Solid State Physics, N.W. Ashcroft and N D Mermin, Cengage
Learning Pub(2011).
2. Solid State Physics, A.J. Dekker, Macmillan & Co Ltd.(1967).
3. Elementary Solid State Physics, M. Ali Omar, Pearson Edu.
Pub.(2004).
4. Elements of Solid State Physics, J. P. Srivastava, PHI (2004).
5. Solid State Physics, S .O. Pillai, New Age Int. Publishers (2010).
6. Solid State Physics, C. M. Kachava, TMH (1990).
7. Solid State Physics, R. L. Singhal, Kedar Nath Ram Nath & Co.
(1981).
125

AP1C04 CLASSICAL MECHANICS AND NONLINEAR
DYNAMICS
Unit I
Rigid Body Dynamics (12 hrs)
Independent coordinates - Orthogonal transformation - inertia tensor -
Euler’s equations, force free motion of a rigid body - cases of symmetrical
top, heavy Symmetrical top, fast top, Sleeping top, Precession of charged
bodies in magnetic field, Infinitesimal rotation, Coriolis force and its effects
Theory of Oscillations (6 hrs)
Formulation of the problem – Eigen value equation - Coupled Oscillators –
Normal coordinates, Oscillations of linear triatomic molecules -
monoatomic chain lattice – diatomic chain lattice
Text Books:
1. 1. Classical Mechanics, H. Goldstein, C.P. Poole & J.L. Safko,
Pearson, 3rd Ed.
P P
2. Classical Mechanics, J. C. Upadhyaya, Himalaya Pub. House.

Unit II
Hamiltonian Methods (18 hrs)
Critical review of Newtonian , Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approaches-
application of Lagrange’s equations to velocity dependent potentials -
Hamiltonian equations of motion - Cyclic coordinates conservation theorems
- Homogeneity of space and time –Action for an arbitrary motion, Physical
significance of principal of least action, canonical transformations - Poisson
brackets - Hamilonian’s characteristic function, Hamilton-Jacobi theory -
126

Harmonic oscillator problem - Action Angle variables – Transition to wave
mechanics
Text Books:
Pearson, 3rd Ed.
P P
2. Classical Mechanics, J. C. Upadhyaya, Himalaya Pub. House.

Unit III
Lagrangian formulation for continuous systems – Sound variations in gas –
Hamiltonian formulation for continuous systems - Description of fields
Principle of equivalence - Principle of General Covariance - Equation of
motion of a particle in a weak gravitational field – Time dilation in
gravitational field and gravitational red shift energy - momentum tensor and
Einstein field equations.
Text Books:
Pearson, 3rd Ed.
P P
2. Theory of relativity, R.K Pathria, Dover Pub. Inc. NY.

Unit IV
Classical Perturbation theory (10hrs)
Classical perturbation theory- Time dependent perturbation-Illustration-Case
of simple pendulum with finite amplitudes-Kepler problem and precession of
the equinoxes of satellite orbits-Time dependent perturbation First order with
one degree of freedom
127

Text Book:
1. Classical Mechanics, H. Goldstein, C.P. Poole & J.L. Safko,
Pearson, 3rd Ed.
P P
Non-linear dynamical system (8 hrs)

Classification of dynamical systems-conservation systems- Integrable
systems- Non-linear perturbation-KAM theorem(qualitative) Hamiltonian
chaos –Dissipative systems –Continuous systems-Duffing oscillator discrete
system logistic map intermittency –crisis –atractors limit cycles –chaotic
attractors.
Text Books:
1. Deterministic Chaos, N. Kumar, University press 1996
2. Chaos and Integrebility in Nonlinear Dynamics, M. Tabor, John
Wiley & Sons
Reference Books:
1. Classical Mechanics, N. C. Rana and P. S. Joag Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Classical Mechanics,A. K. Raychauduri, Oxford Uni. Press.
3. Dynamics, S. N. Rasband, John Wiley.
4. Introduction to Dynamics, I. Percival and D. Richard, Cambridge
University Press.
5. Langrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics, Calkin M. G. Allied Pub.
Ltd.
6. Chaos in Classical and Quantum Mechanics, Gutzwiller, Springer
7. Chaotic Dynamics- an Introduction, G. L. Baker and J. P. Gollub,
Cambridge University Press
128

8. Introduction to General Relativity, R. Addler, M. Bazim, M. Schiffer,
MGH.
9. Gravitation and Cosmology: Principle and Applications of General
Theory of Relativity, S. Weinberg, John Wiley & Sons
AP1P01 GENERAL PHYSICS PRACTICALS

1. Y, n, σ – Cornu’s method (i) Elliptical fringes (ii) Hyperbolic
fringes
2. Absorption spectrum of KMnO4 solution and Iodine vapour
3. Arc spectra (i) iron (ii) copper (iii) brass
4. Arc spectrum – Identification of elements of an alloy
5. Hall effect (i) carrier concentration (ii) mobility (iii) Hall
coefficient
6. Resistivity of (i) Ge (ii) Si at various temperatures by Four
Probe Method and determination of band gap
7. Band gap energy of (i) Ge (ii) Si
8. Ultrasonics
9. Oscillating disc – Viscosity of a liquid
10. e/m – Thomson’s method
11. Charge of electron – Millikan’s experiment
12. Determination of e/k using diode
13. Study of absorption spectrum – Hartman’s method
129

SEMESTER - II
AP2C05 APPLIED MATHEMATICS – II

Unit I
Differential Equations & Special Functions (18 hrs)
Gamma and Beta functions-Different forms-evaluation of standard integrals
Bessel differential equation- series solution- the Bessel function of first kind
and the second kind- generating function for Bessel functions- Recurrence
relations, Legedre differential equation- series solution-Legendre
polynomials- generating function for the Legendre polynomials- Recurrence
formula- Orthogonality of Legendre polynomials- Rodrigues formula for
Legendre polynomials- Spherical harmonics
Hermite differential equations – series solution- Hermite polynomial-
Recurrence relation- generating function- orthogonality property of Hermite
polynomial – Quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator-Leguerre differential
equation- Associated Leguerre polynomials
Text Book:
1. Mathematical Physics, B. D. Gupta, Vikas Publishing House,
New Delhi
Unit II
Tensor Analysis (18 hrs)
Tensors-co-ordinate transformations-contravariant,covariant and mixed
tensors-Einstien summation convention-symmetric & skew-symmetric
tensors-fundamental operation with tensors-contraction & Direct product-
Quotient rule-Levi-civita symbol-Dual tensors-Christoffel symbols & their
130

transformation laws-covariant differentiation-tensor form of
gradient,divergence curl & Laplacian-Geodesic equation.
Text Book:
Weber.
Unit III
Group Theory (18 hrs)
Introduction to group theory-Definition of group-cyclic groups-point groups-
homomorphism & isomorphism-classes-reducible & irreducible
representations-Schru’s lemma-great orthogonality theorem-Group character
table-C2v & C3v groups-generators of continous groups-Rotation groups
SO(2) & SO(3)-Lie group & Lie algebra-poincare-Lorentz group-SU(2) &
SU(3)
Text Book:
1. Elements of Group Theory for physicists, A. W. Joshy, New
Age India Pub.
Unit IV
Partial differential equations (18 hrs)
Introduction to partial differential equations-separation of variables:
Cartesian coordinates, circular cylindrical coordinates, spherical polar
coordinates
Examples of partial differential equations and boundary conditions-Heat
equation-Wave equation-Laplace equation-Inhomogeneous partial
differential equation:Poissons equation & Quantum mechanical scattering-
Green’s function.
131

Text Book:
1. Mathematical method for physics, G.B. Arfken & H. J.
Weber.
Reference Books:
1. Mathematical method for physics, G. B. Arfken & H. J. Weber.
2. Mathematical Physics, B.D. Gupta, Vikas Pub. House Pvt Ltd, New
Delhi,1997.
3. Advanced engineering mathematics, Cr Wylie, Tata McGraw Hill.
4. Advanced Mathematics for Engineers & Scientists, Schaum’s outline
M R Spiegel Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Matrices & Tensors in Physics, A.W Joshi, New Age India Pub.
AP2C06 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS
Unit I
Linear Integrated Circuits (18 hours)
Differential amplifier- Frequency response of an OPAMP – Compensating
networks – General linear applications – Instrumentation amplifier – Active
filters – First and second order Butterworth filters – Phase shift and Wien
bridge oscillators – Square - Traiangualr and Saw tooth wave generators –
Comparators and Converters-D/A and A/D converter – Successive
approximation – Dual slope integrator – 555 timer – Internal architecture –
VCO - Phase locked loop – Voltage regulators.
Text Book:
1. OP-Amp and Linear integrated circuits, Ramakant Gayakwad, 4th P P
Edition, TMH.
132

Unit II
Communication Systems (18 hours)
Modulation – Bandwidth requirements - Amplitude modulation – SSB
technique – Frequency modulation – Frequency spectrum of FM wave – Phase
modulation – Generation of FM – Pulse communications – Pulse modulation –
Pulse width, pulse position, pulse code modulation – Digital communication –
Digital codes – Error detection and correction – Modem classification –
Modem interfacing.
Text Book:
1. Electronic communication system, George Kennedy, TMH.
Unit III
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers (18 hours)
Intel 8086 – Architecture – Addressing modes – Accessing and register data –
Accessing memory and I/O ports – Addressing modes – Instruction set –
Instruction format – Assembler dependent instructions – System design using
8086 – System concepts – Interfacing memory – Programmed I/O – 8086
based microcomputer – Basic ideas of 8088, 80186, 80286, 80386, 80486 and
Pentium processors.
Evolution of microcontrollers – Comparison of microprocessors and
microcontrollers – 8 bit microcontrollers – 8051 architecture – hardware – I/O
pins, ports and circuits – External memory – Basic programming concepts –
applications.
133

Text Books:
1. Microprocessor and Microcomputer based system design, M.
Rafiquzzaman , Universal Book Stall, New Delhi.
2. The 8051 Microcontroller, Architecture, Programming and Applications,
Kenneth J. Ayala Penram Int Pub, Mumbai.
Unit IV
Digital Signal Processing (18 hours)
Continuous time (CT) and Discrete time (DT) signals – Some elementary
discrete time signals – Classification of discrete time signals – discrete time
systems – classification of discre time systems – Convolution sum –
Correlation of discrete time signal – Z transform- Analysis of CT signals –
Fourier series and Fourier transforms – Analysis of DT signals – Fourier series
and Fourier transforms - Discrete Fourier transform of DT signals – Fast
Fourier transform –Digital filtering in time domain – FIR filters – IIR filters.
Text Books:
1. Signals and Systems, A.V. Oppenheim, A. S. Willsley and I. T. Young,
PHI.
2. Digital Signal Processing, John G. Proakis, Dimitris G. Manolakis, 4th P P
Edn. PHI.
Reference Books:
1. Op. Amps and Linear Circuits, R. A. Gayakwad, PHI (1997).
2. Microprocessor Architecture and Applications, R.S. Gaonkar, Wiley
Eastern.
3. The Intel Microprocessors – 8086, 8088, 80186, 80286, 80386 and
80486,B.B. Bery, PHI.
134

4. Electronic fundamentals and applications, John Ryder.
5. Digital Signal Processing, John G. Proakis, Dimitris G. Manolakis,4th Edn.
P P
PHI.
6. Advance microprocessors and peripherals, A. K. Ray and K. M.
Burchandi, TMH.
AP2C07 SPECTROSCOPY
Unit I
Atomic Spectra (18 hrs)
Vector atom model-electron spin-Stern-Grelach experiment-LS and jj
coupling schemes-spectroscopic terms-Pauli’s exclusion principle-spin-orbit
interaction-interaction energy-interaction energy in LS and jj coupling
schemes-selection rule-Hund’s rule-Lande interval rule- normal and
anomalous Zeeman effect-Paschen-Back effect and Stark effect in one
electron systems-hyperfine structure-width of spectral lines.
Text Books:
1. Introduction to atomic spectra, White H. E., McGraw Hill.
2. Spectroscopy Volume 1, Straughan and Walker, John Wiley & Sons.
Unit II
Resonance Spectroscopy (18 hrs)
ESR-theory-relaxation process-experimental setup-hyperfine structure-
applications.
NMR-classical and quantum theories-relaxation process-experimental
technique-chemical shift-spin-spin coupling-applications.
135

Mössbauer effect-theory-experimental technique-chemical isomer shift-
T T
magnetic hyperfine interactions-electric quadrapole interaction-applications

Text Books:
1. Spectroscopy volume 2 Straughan and Walker, John Wiley & Sons.
2. Molecular structure and spectroscopy, G. Aruldhas, PHI.
Unit III
Microwave and Infrared Spectroscopy (18 hrs)
Rotational spectra of rigid diatomic molecules-isotopic effect-intensity of
rotational lines-non rigid rotator-linear polyatomic molecules-symmetric top
molecules-microwave spectrometer-informations from rotational spectra.
Vibrating diatomic molecules as harmonic and anharmonic oscillators-
diatomic vibrating rotator-breakdown of Born-Opeenheimer approximation-
vibrational spectra of polyatomic molecules-overtones and combinations-
influence of rotation on the spectra of linear and symmetric top molecules-IR
spectroscopic analysis-FT-IR spectroscopy.
Text Books:
2. Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy, C. N. Banwell and E. M.
McCash, TMH.
Unit IV
Raman Spectroscopy (9 hrs)
Raman effect, theory, rotational Raman spectra-linear molecules-symmetric
top molecules-vibrational Raman spectra-rotational fine structure-Raman
activity-mutual exclusion principle-structure determination using Raman and
IR spectroscopy-laser Raman spectrometer, basic idea of nonlinear Raman
136

effects, stimulated Raman effects, Hyper Raman effect, inverse Raman effect
and CARS.
Electronic Spectroscopy (9 hrs)
Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules- progressions and sequences- Frank
Condon principle- rotational fine structure of electronic vibration spectra-the
Fortrat parabola-dissociation-pre dissociation-fluorescence and
phosphorescence.
Text Books:
2. Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy, C. N. Banwell and E. M.
McCash, TMH.
3. Raman spectroscopy, D. A. Long, McGraw Hill Inc.
Reference Books:
1. Introduction to atomic spectra, H. E. White.
2. Introduction to molecular spectroscopy, G. M. Barrow McGraw Hill.
3. Elements of spectroscopy, Gupta, Kumar and Sharma, Prgathi
Prakshan.
4. Molecular spectra and molecular structure, Vol. I, II & III, Hertzberg
G., Van Nostrad, London.
5. The infrared spectra of complex molecules, Vol I and II, Bellamy L.
J. Chapman and Hall.
137

AP2C08 QUANTUM MECHANICS – I
Unit I
Applications of Schrodinger Equation (16 hrs)
Harmonic Oscillator-Three dimensional square well potential-
Spherically symmetric potentials in three dimensions-Central force
problems—the rigid rotor-Hydrogen atom
Text Book:
1. Quantum concepts and Applications, Nouredine Zettili, John
Wiley & Sons.
Unit II
Mathematical Tools of Quantum Mechanics (18 hrs)
Hilbert space-Dimension and Basis of a vector space-Dirac notation-Ket
space-Bra space-inner products-Operators-eigen values and eigen vectors of
an operator-Hermition ,Unitary operators (eigen values & eigen vectors)-
Projection operators-Compatible Obsevables-Uncertainity relation between
two operators-Matrix representations of Kets,Bras & Operators-Change of
Bases & Unitary transformations-Unitary equivalent observables-Position
representation-Translation-Momentum as a generator of translation-Position-
momentum uncertainity relation-Canonical commutation relations-Position
space wave function-Momentum operator in the position basis-Momentum
space function-Connection between position and momentum space function-
Gaussian wave packets-Expectation value of x,x2,p,p2 for a Gaussian wave
P P P P
packet.
138

Text Book:
1. Modern Quantum Mechanics - J. J. Sakurai, Pearson
Education.
Unit III
Quantum Dynamics (20 hrs)
Time evolution Operator-Schrodinger equation for the time evolution
operator-Schrodinger picture & Heisenberg picture: Behaviour of state kets
& Observables-Heisenberg equation of motion-Ehrenfest’stheorem-Energy
eigenkets & eigenvalues of a simple Harmonic Oscillator using creation and
annihilation operators.
Text Book:
1. Modern Quantum Mechanics, J. J. Sakurai, Pearson
Education.
Time Independent Perturbations: Time independent perturbation theory-
Nondegenerate case-Correction to wave function and energy to second order.
anharmonic oscillator-Quadratic Stark effect-Degenerate case-Secular
equation-linear Stark Effect & Zeeman effect in hydrogen.
Text Books:
1. Modern Quantum Mechanics - J . J. Sakurai, Pearson Education.
2. Quantum concepts and Applications, Nouredine Zettili, John Wiley
& Sons.
Unit IV
Scattering (18 hrs)
Scattering amplitude-Differential Scattering cross section & Total Scattering
cross section-The Born approximation: The first Born approximation & its
139

validity-Application of Born approximation to square well, Yukawa &
Screened Coulomb potential.
Method of Partial waves-Scattering by a perfectly rigid sphere & by a square
well potential-Optical theorem-Ramsaur-Townsend effect-Resonance
Scattering.
Text Books:
1. A modern approach to Quantum Mechanics, Townsend.
2. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, David J. Griffiths.
References:
1. Modern Quantum Mechanics, J. J. Sakurai, Pearson Education.
3. A Text book of Quantum Mechanics, P. M. Mathews & K.
Venkatesan.
4. Quantum Mechanics, L. I. Schiff.
5. A modern approach to Quantum Mechanics-Townsend, Viva Books
Pvt. Ltd. MGH
6. Quantum Mechanics, Ghatak and Loknathan.
7. Quantum Mechanics, G. Aruldas, PHI
8. Quantum Mechanics,V. K. Thankappan, New Age Int. Pub.
9. Quantum Mechanics, L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz.
10. Quantum Mechanics, Messiah A. P. Q. Q. M - Vol I & II.
11. Quantum Mechanics- an Introduction, W. Greiner, Springer Verlag.
140

AP2P02 ELECTRONICS PRACTICALS
1. Differential amplifier using Op amp.

2. Diiferential Amplifier using Transistors(With constant current source)
3. RC coupled CE Amplifier
4. First order lowpass & High pass filter
5. Second order lowpass & High pass filter
6. Square wave Generator
7. Triangular wave generator
8. Astable Multivibrator
9. Wein-Bridge Oscillator using Op.Amp.
10. Voltage regulator using Op.Amp.
11. Wave form generators using Op.Amp.
12. Voltage controlled Oscillator – IC 555
13. PLL and frequency multiplier
14. Frequency mixing, AM and demodulation
15. Frequency modulation and demodulation
16. DC and AC milli – voltmeter construction and calibration
17. Instrumentation amplifier using transducer
18. Amplified DC meter (FET Voltmeter)
19. Pulse width modulation
141

SEMESTER – III
AP3C09 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

Unit I
Electrostatics and Magnetostatics (18 hrs)
Electrostatics: Gauss’s law & its applications- Laplace & Poisson’s
equations- electrostatic boundary conditions-Magnetostatics: Biot-Savart’s
law & application- Amperes law & application-magnetostatic boundary
conditions.
Text Book:
1. Introduction to Electrodynamics, D. J. Griffiths-PHI.
Unit II
Electrostatic Fields in matter & Electrodynamics (18 hrs)
Electrostatic fields in matter: Polarization, Field of a polarized object,
Gauss’s law in dielectrics, Electric displacement, Linear dielectrics
Electrodynamics: Maxwell’s equations in free space &linear isotropic media-
Boundary conditions on field vectors D,E,B &H - Scalar & Vector
Potentials-Coulomb and Lorentz guage - Lorentz force law in potential
form. Energy & momentum in electrodynamics-Newton’s third law-
Poynting’s Theorem-Maxwell’s stress tensor.
Text Book:
142

Unit III
Electromagnetic Waves & Relativistic Electrodynamics (18 hrs)
Electromagnetic waves: Electromagnetic waves in free space, conductors &
dielectrics-Energy & momentum of electromagnetic waves-Reflection &
Transmission of EM waves in non-conducting media. Relativistic
Electrodynamics: Lorentz transformation of EM field- EM field. Tensor-
electrodynamics in tensor notation-Potential formulations of relativistic
electrodynamics.
Text Book:
Unit IV
Electromagnetic Radiation & Waveguides (18 hrs)
Electromagnetic radiation:Radition from electric & magnetic dipoles-
Lienard-Wiechert potential-Radiation from a moving point charge-TE & TM
waves in rectangular waveguides-Impossibility of TEM wave in rectangular
wave guide.
Text Book:
1. Antenna & waveguide propagation, K. D. Prasad.
Reference Books:
1. Introduction to Electrodynamics, D. J. Griffiths, PHI.
2. Electromagnetic waves & Radiating Systems, E.C Jordan & K. G.
Balmain, PHI.
143

4. Elements of electromagnetic, Mathew N. O. Sadiku, Oxford
University Press.
5. Electromagnetics-Schaum’s outline series, Joseph A. Edminister.
6. Electromagnetic waves & radiating system, Jordan & Balmain.
AP3C10 QUANTUM MECHANICS - II

Unit I
Theory of Angular Momentum (20 hrs)
Finite Versus Infinitesimal Rotations-Commutation relation between rotation
operations about different axes-Infinitesimal Rotations in Quantum
Mechanics-Fundamental commutation relations of angular momentum-
Rotation operator for a spin ½ system-Pauli two component Formalism-Pauli
Spin Matrices-2x2 matrix representation of rotation operator-Euler rotations-
Commutation Relations and the Ladder Operators of Angular momentum-
Eigen values of J2 & Jz-Matrix elements of Angular-Momentum Operators-
P P B B
Representation of the rotation operator-Rotation matrix-Properties of the

rotation matrix-Orbital angular momentum as a rotation generator-Spherical
Harmonics-Spherical Harmonics as Rotation Matrices-Addition of angular
momentum and spin angular momentum-addition of spin angular momenta
of two spin ½ particles.(Mention Clebsch-Gordan coefficients)
Text Book:
Education.
144

Unit II
Time dependent Perturbation Theory (16 hrs)
Interaction Picture-equation of motion for the state vectors & operators-Time
dependent perturbation theory-Dyson series-Transition probability-Constant
perturbation-Harmonic perturbation-Adiabatic & Sudden approximations-
Interaction of atoms with classical radiation field-Electric dipole
approximation.
Text Book:
Education.
Unit III
Relativistic Quantum Mechanics (18 hrs)
Klein Gordan equation-Probability conservation-Dirac equation-Conserved
current representation-large and small components-approximate Hamiltonian
for an electrostatic problem-free particles at rest-Plane wave solutions-Dirac
matrices-Positive and negative energy solutions-Physical interpretation-Non-
relativistic limit of Dirac equation-Relativistic covariance of Dirac equation-
Zitterbewegung.
Text Book:
Education.
Unit IV
Second Quantization (18 hrs)
Lagrangian and Hamilton formalism of classical field theory-Canonical
quantization-quantization of nonrelativistic Schrodinger equation-number
145

operator-creation and annihilation operators-Fock space representation-
Concept of a vaccum state-Bosons and Fermions-Occupation number
Formalism
Relativistic quantum field theory-Second quantization of free fields-scalar
field-Dirac field-Electromagnetic fields quantization.
Text Books:
1. Field quantisation- W. Greiner, J. Reinhardt, Springer.
2. Quantum Mechanics-V. K. Thankappan, New Age Int. Pub.1996.
References
1. Modern Quantum Mechanics, J. J. Sakurai, Pearson Education.
3. Quantum Mechanics, Nouredine Zettili.
4. A Text book of Quantum Mechanics, P. M. Mathews and K.
Venkatesan.
5. Quantum Mechanics, L. I. Schiff.
6. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, P. Strang.
7. Quantum Field Theory, L. Ryder, Academic
Publishers,Calcutta,1989.
8. Quantum Field Theory, C. Itzykson and J. Zuber.
9. Advanced quantum mechanics, J. J. Sakurai, Pearson Education.
10. Quantum Mechanics, V. K. Thankappan, New Age Int. Pub., 1996.
146

AP3E01 PHOTONICS – I
Unit I
Properties of Semiconductors (18 hrs)
Electronic properties of semiconductors – Carrier effective masses and band
structure – Effect of temperature and pressure on band gap- PN junction –
Conduction process in semi-conductor
Optical processes in semiconductors – Direct and indirect band gap
semiconductors – Electron- Hole pair formation and recombination-
Absorption in semiconductors –Effect of electric field on absorption-
Absorption in quantum wells – Radiation in semiconductors
Text Book:
1. Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices, Pallab Bhattacharya,
PHI (1995).
Unit II
Display Devices (18 hrs)
Photo luminescence – Cathodo luminescence – Electro luminescence – LED
– LED materials – Device configuration and efficiency – Hetero junction,
surface emitting, edge emitting, stripe geometry LEDs – Drive circuitary –
Performance and characteristics – Plasma display – Liquid crystal –
Properties – Numeric displays
Text Book:
1. Optoelectronics an Introduction, J. Wilson and J.F.B.
Hawkes, PHI (2000).
147

Unit III
Optoelectronic Modulators (18 hrs)
Modulation of light – Birefringence – Electro optic effect – Pockel’s electro
optic modulator – Kerr modulator – Magneto optic effect – Optical isolator –
Acousto optic effect – Acousto optic modulator – Scanning and switching –
Self electro optic device – Bipolar controlled modulator – Quantum well
modulator.
Text Books:
1. Optoelectronics an Introduction: J. Wilson and J. F. B. Hawkes, PHI
(2000).
2. Fibre Optics and Optoelectronics, R. P. Khare, Oxford University
Press (2000).
Unit IV
Nanophotonics (18 hrs)
Photons and electrons: similarities and differences-free space propagation
-Confinement of photons and electrons-propagation through a classically
forbidden zone : Tunneling-Localizationunder periodic potential : Band gap-
Cooperative effects for photons and electrons-nanoscale optical interactions-
axial and lateral nanoscopic localization -quantum confined materials;
quantum wells, quantum wires, quantum dots, quantum rings – quantum
confined stark effect-dielectric confinement effect-super lattices - photonic
crystals-features of photonic crystals-photonic crystal sensors-industrial
nanophotonics-nanolithography (basic idea)-two photon lithography-
sunscreen nanoparticles-self-cleaning glasses – fluorescent quantum dots-
nanobarcodes-introduction to nanotoxicology.
148

Text Book:
1. Nano Photonics, P. N. Prasad, Wiley Interscience (2003).
Reference Books:
1. Optical fibre Communications, John M. Senior, PHI (1995).
2. Semiconductor Opto electronics, Jasprit Singh, TMH (1995).
3. Opto electronic Devices and Systems, S. C. Gupta, PHI (2005).
4. Light emitting Diodes, E. Fred Scheubert, Cambridge University
Press (2003).
5. Principles of Nanophotonics, Lukas Novotny and Bert Hecht, CUP.
6. Nanophtonics, H. Rigneault, J.M. Lourtioz, C.D., J.A. Levenson,
ISTE Pub. Co. (2006).
7. Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, S. C. Gupta, PHI (2005).
AP3E02 LASER PHYSICS

Unit I
Lasers – Operating principles (20 hrs)
Thermal equilibrium– Absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emissions –
Absorption and stimulated emission coefficients – Absorption and gain on
homogeneously and inhomogeneously broadened radiative transitions –
Gain coefficient and stimulated emission cross section for homogeneous and
inhomogeneous broadening – Relationship of gain coefficient and
stimulated emission cross section to absorption coefficient and absorption
cross section– Population inversion and saturation intensity – exponential
growth factor- Threshold requirements for laser with and without mirrors–
Laser amplifiers – Pumping mechanism
149

Text Book:
1. Laser fundamental-W. T. Silfvast, Cambridge University
Press (1996).
Unit II
Theory of Lasers -I (20 hrs)
Three and four level systems and rate equations –Laser spiking – Laser
cavity modes- Longitudinal laser cavity modes- Fabry-Perot resonator-
Longitudinal mode number- Transverse laser cavity modes- Development of
transverse modes in a cavity with plane parallel mirrors- Properties of laser
modes- Stable curved mirror cavities- Properties of Gaussian beams-
Properties of real laser beams- Quality factor- The ultimate line width of the
laser
Text Book:
1. Laser fundamental, W. T. Silfvast, Cambridge University Press
(1996).
2. Lasers-Theory, and Applications, K. Thyagarajan and A. K. Ghatak,
McMillian (2002).
Unit III
Theory of Lasers – II and Applications (16 hrs)
Q - Switching – Methods of Q – switching – Mode locking – Methods of
mode locking –Ring lasers- Distributed feedback lasers- Properties of laser
beams – Temporal coherence – Spatial coherence – Directionality
Applications of lasers (Qualitative idea)- Lasers in science, industry and
medicine- Laser induced fusion- Lasers and holography- Laser cooling
150

Text Book:
1. Laser fundamental-W. T. Silfvast, Cambridge University Press
(1996).
2. Lasers-Theory, and Applications –K. Thyagarajan and A. K. Ghatak,
McMillian (2002).
Unit IV
Laser Systems (16 hrs)
Gas lasers – He-Ne laser, CO2 laser, Nitrogen laser, Argon ion laser – Solid
state lasers- Ruby laser – Nd – YAG lser – Excimer lasers – Dye lasers –
Fiber lasers- Generation of ultra-fast optical pulses – Femto second laser
Semiconductor lasers – Junction laser operating principles – Hetero junction
lasers – Quantum well lasers
Text Book:
1. Laser fundamental-W. T. Silfvast, Cambridge University Press
(1996).
2. Lasers-Theory, and Applications –K. Thyagarajan and A. K. Ghatak,
McMillian (2002).
Reference Books:
1. Laser Electronics, J. T. Vardeyan, PHI, 1989.
2. Solid State laser Engineering, W. Koechner, Springer Verlag, 2006.
3. Quantum Electronics, A. Yariv, John Wiley.
4. Laser Physics, Tarasov, MIR Pub, 1985.
5. Fiber optics and optoelectronics, R. P. Khare, Oxford University
Press, 2004.
6. Optical Fiber Communications, John M. Senior,PHI(1994).
151

7. Dye laser, Schaffer, Springer Verlag,1977.
8. Lasers principles and applications, J. F. B. Hawkes and Wilson, PHI.
AP3P03 COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS PRACTICALS

(Programs are to be written in C++ language. Method, Algorithm and Flow
chart are to be furnished)
1. Motion of a Spherical body in a viscous medium
2. Projectile motion
3. SHM – Damped and Forced
4. Formation of Standing waves
5. Electric field due to a point charge and equipotential surface
6. LCR circuits with AC and DC sources
7. Gauss elimination method for solving a system of linear equations
8. Finding the roots of a nonlinear equation by Bi section method
9. R.K Method
10. Euler Method
11. Integration by Monte Carlo method
12. Matlab – Matrix operations
13. Matlab – Digital signal processing
14. Matlab – Solving ordinary differential equations
15. Matlab –Plot unit impulse,step,ramp and random noise
16. Matlab-Generationof
waveforms(Sinusoidal,square,triangular,exponential)
17. Matlab-Linear Convolution
18. Matlab-Circular Convolution
152

19. Matlab-Linear Convolution using Circular Convolution
20. Matlab-Random Sequence Generator
21. Matlab-Amplitude Modulation
22. Frequency Modulation using Matlab
23. Pulse width Modulation using Matlab
24. Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform using Matlab
25. Discrete Fourier Transform using Matlab
SEMESTER – IV
AP4C11 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS

Unit I
Nuclear Properties and Forces (4 hrs)
Nuclear Angular Momentum – Parity – Nuclear magnetic dipole moment –
electric quadrupole moment – Simple theory of Deuteron – Properties of
Nuclear forces –Spin dependence of nuclear force.
Nuclear Models (14 hrs)
Binding energy, semi-empirical mass formula, liquid drop model. Evidence
of shell structure, single-particle shell model, its validity and limitations,
Spin orbit coupling, Schmidt’s lines and prediction of angular momentum
and parity of nuclear ground states. Collective model of Bohr and Mottelson
– rotational States and Vibrational levels.
Text Books:
1. Introductory Nuclear Physics, K. S. Krane, Wiley.
2. Nuclear Physics, D. C. Thayal, Himalaya Pub. House.
153

Unit II
Radioactivity, Fission and Fusion (18 hrs)
Radio activity, Units, alpha and beta decay, Gamow's theory, neutrino,
Fermi's theory of beta decay, Radiation hazards. Nuclear fission, controlled
fission reactions, fission reactors, nuclear fusion, controlled Fusion reactors.
Detectors, accelerators
Particle detectors - Ionization chamber, GM counter, bubble chamber, cloud
chamber. Particle accelerators -Van de Graff generator, Cyclotron,
Synchrotron.
Text Books:
Unit III
Particle Physics (18 hrs)
Elementary particles and their quantum numbers (charge, spin, parity,
isospin, strangeness, etc.). Gellmann-Nishijima formula. Quark model,
confined quarks, coloured quarks, quark-gluon interaction, baryons and
mesons. C, P, and T invariance. Application of symmetry arguments to
particle reactions. Parity non-conservation in weak interaction. Relativistic
kinematics, Grand unified theories.
Text Books:
154

Unit IV
Astrophysics (18 hrs)
Sun
Solar structure - photosphere, chromosphere and corona. Activity in the sun -
sunspots, flares, solar oscillations, helioseismology.
Expanding universe-red shift-Hubble’s law. Fundamental assumptions -
homogeneity and isotropy, the FRW metric, density evolution, critical
density, cosmological constant. Conditions in the early universe – big bang
nucleosynthesis.
Galaxies
Milky way galaxy-stellar population –spiral structure.
Compact Objects
Physical properties of black holes, white dwarfs, and neutron stars, formation
of compact objects, pulsar phenomena, gravitational and neutrino radiation
from supernova collapse and binary coalescence.
Text Books:
1. Introduction to Cosmology, J. V. Narlikar, Cambridge University
Press.
2. Astrophysics: Stars and Galaxies, K.D.Abhyankar
Reference Books:
1. Introduction to High Energy Physics, D. H. Perkins.
2. Introduction to Elementary Particles, David Griffith, Harper and Row,
N.Y, 1987.
3. B. L. Cohen, Concepts of Nuclear Physics, TMH, 1971.
4. R. R. Roy and B. P. Nigam, Nuclear Physics, New Age Int. ,1983.
155

5. Subatomic Particles, Frauenfelder and Henley, PHI.
6. The Ideas of Particle Physics, G. D. Coughlan and J. E. Dodd.
7. Introduction to Nuclear Physics, Herald A Enge, Addison, Wesley
Pub, ( 1972).
8. Nuclear Physics, I. Kaplan, Narosa publishing House,(1962).
9. Nuclear Radiation detectors, Price.
10. Particle Hunters, Neeman, Y. Kirch ,Cambridge Univ. Press.
11. Elementary particles and symmetries, I. H. Ryder, Gordon and
Breach, (1975) (Text).
12. The cosmic onion-Quarks and nature of Universe, Frank Close, AIP
(1983).
13. Elements of Nuclear Physics, W. E. Burcham, Longmans (1981).
14. University Physics with Modern Physics, H. D. Young & R. A.
Freedman, 11th Edn, (2004).
P P
15. Elements of Nuclear Physics, M. L. Pandya & R. P. S. Yadav, 7th

Edn, ( 2002).
16. The New Cosmology, Albrecht Unsold.
17. Astrophysics, B. Basu.
18. The Physical Universe, F. H. Shu.
19. Astrophysics: Stars and Galaxies. K. D. Abhyankar.
20. Black Holes, White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars, S.Shapiro & S.
Teukolsky, Wiley, 1983.
21. Glendenning, Compact Stars: Nuclear Physics, Particle Physics and
General Relativity, 2nd ed., Springer, 2000.
P P
156

AP4C12 COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
Unit I
Numerical Methods of Analysis (18 hrs)
Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations: Iterative, bisection and
Newton-Raphson methods, Solution of simultaneous linear equations: Matrix
inversion method, Interpolation: Newton and Lagrange formulas, Numerical
differentiation, Numerical Integration, Trapezoidal, Simpson and Gaussian
quadrature methods, Least-square curve fitting, Straight line and polynomial
fits, Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations: Euler and Runge-
Kutta methods.
Text Book:
1. Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis, S. S. Sastry,
Prentice Hall India.
Unit II
Fortran (18 hrs)
Flow charts, Algorithms, Integer and floating point arithmetic, Precision,
Variable types, Arithmetic statements, Input and output statements, Control
statements, Executable and non-executable statements, Arrays, Repetitive
and logical structures, Subroutines and functions, Operation with files,
Operating systems, Creation of executable programs.
Text Book:
1. Computer Programming in FORTRAN 77, Rajaraman.
157

Unit III
Object Oriented Analysis and C++ (18 hrs)
Principle of Object Oriented Programming, Software evaluation, OOP
paradigm, Basic concept of OOP, Benefits of OOP, Application of OOP,
Introduction to C++,Tokens, Keywords, Identifiers, Constants, Operators,
Manipulators, Expressions and control structure, Pointers, Functions,
Function prototyping, Parameters passing in functions, Values Return by
functions, Inline functions – friend and virtual functions, Classes, objects,
constructors and destructors, Operator overloading, Type conversions , Type
of constructors , Function over loading
Text Books:
1. Object Oriented Programming with C++ , Balagurusamy, TMH.
2. Object Oriented Programming in Turbo C++ , Robert Lafore.
Unit IV
Matlab Programming (18 hrs)
Introduction-Matlab Features-Desktop Windows: Command, Workspace,
Command History, Array Editor and Current Directory -Matlab Help and
Demos- Matlab Functions, Characters, Operators and Commands. Basic
Arithmetic in Matlab-Basic Operations with Scalars, Vectors and Arrays-
Matrices and Matrix Operations-Complex Numbers- Matlab Built-In
Functions-Illustrative Examples.
Control Flow Statements: if, else, else if, switch Statements-for, while Loop
Structures-break Statement-Input/Output Commands-Function m Files-
Script m Files-Controlling Output
158

Text Books:
1. Engineering and Scientific Computations Using Matlab, Sergey E.
Lyshevski, Wiley
2. Matlab Programming-David Kuncicky, Prentice Hall.
Reference Books:
1. Numerical methods in Science and Engineering, M.K.
Venkataraman, National Publishing Co. Madras.
2. Applied Numerical Analysis, Gerald, Person Educaton.
3. Numerical Methods for Engineers and Scientists, Joe D. Hoffman.
4. Numerical Methods For Scientific And Engineering Computation,
M.K. Jain , New Age International.
T T
5. Computational Methods in Physics and Engineering, Wong.

6. Computer Oriented Numerical Methods, Rajaraman.
7. Programming in C++, Schaum’s Series.
8. A Guide to Matlab for Beginners & Experienced Users, B. Hunt, R.
Lipsman, J. Rosenberg, Cambridge University Press.
9. Matlab Primer, T. A. Davis & K. Sigmon, Chapman & Hall CRC
Press- London.
10. Getting Started With Matlab, Rudra Pratap, Oxford University Press,
New Delhi.
11. An Introduction to Programming and Numerical Methods in
MATLAB, S.R. Otto and J.P. Denier, Springer-Verlag-London.
12. Numerical Methods Using Matlab-John Mathews & Kurtis Fink,
Prentice Hall-New Jersey.
159

AP4E03 PHOTONICS – II
Unit I
Fiber Optic Communication (18 hrs)
Fibre optic communication system- Advantages of fiber optic system-
System design considerations for point to point links- Digital systems- Link
power budget- Rise time budget- Line coding- Analog systems- System
architecture- Point to point links- Distribution networks- Local area networks
Text Book:
1. Fibre Optics and Optoelectronics, R. P. Khare, Oxford
University Press (2004).
Unit II
Optical Amplifiers and Detectors (18 hrs)
Qualitative ideas of semiconductor optical amplifiers, Erbium doped fiber
amplifiers and Raman amplifiers
Optical detection principle-Absorption coefficient- Quantum efficiency-
Responsivity- Long wavelength cutoff- PN photo diode- PIN photo diode-
Avalanche photo diode- Photo transistor-Photo conducting detectors-
Photomultiplier- CCD- Photo voltaic effect and solar cells- Noise- Thermal
noise- Dark current noise- Quantum noise
Text Books:
1. Fibre Optics and Optoelectronics, R. P. Khare, Oxford University
Press (2004).
2. Optical fiber Communications, John M. Senior, PHI (1995).
160

Unit III
Fiber Cables and Connections (18 hrs)
Fiber material requirements- Fiber fabrication methods- Liquid –
phase(Melting) Methods – Vapour-phase deposition methods- OVPO
method- VAD method- MCVD method- PCVD method-Fiber optic cables-
Fiber connections and related losses- Loss due to Fresnel reflection- fiber to
fiber misalignment losses- loss due to other factors- Connection losses due to
intrinsic parameters- Fiber splices- Fusion splices- Mechanical splices-
Multiple splices- Fiber optic connectors- Butt-jointed connectors- Expanded
beam connectors- multi fiber connectors
Text Book:
1. Fibre Optics and Optoelectronics, R. P. Khare, Oxford
University Press (2004).
Unit IV
Frequency Multiplication and other Nonlinear Effects (18 hrs)
Wave propagation in an anisotropic crystal- Polarization response of
materials to light- Second harmonic generation- Sum and difference
frequency generation- Parametric oscillation- Third harmonic generation-
Self focusing- Nonlinear optical materials- Phase matching- Acive phase
matching- Saturable absorption- Optical bistability-Two photon absorption-
Stimulated Raman scattering- Harmonic generation in gases.
Text Book:
1. Laser Fundamental, W.T. Silfvast, Cambridge University
Press (1996).
161

Reference Books:
1. Fiber Optic Communication, D.C. Agarwal, Wheeler Publications
(1993).
2. Optical Fiber Communication System, J. Gowar, PHI (1995).
3. Fiber Optic Communication, Joseph Palais, PHI (1998).
4. Understanding Fiber Optics, J. Hecht, Pearson Edu. Inc. (2006).
5. Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, S. C. Gupta, PHI (2005).
AP4E04 FIBRE OPTICS

Unit I
Optical Waveguides (18 hrs)
Ray theory theory of transmission - Total internal reflection -Acceptance
angle - Numerical aperture - Skew Rays. EM Theory for Optical propagation
– Modes in a planar waveguide –Phase velocity and group velocity –
Evanescent field - Optical fiber as a cylindrical waveguide- Modes – Mode
coupling (elementary idea) – Classification of fibers – Step index fiber –
Graded index fiber – Single mode fiber – Number of modes and cut off
parameters – Mode field diameter and spot size
Text Book:
1. Optical Fiber Communications, John M. Senior,PHI (1994
Unit II
Transmission Characteristics of Optical Fibers (18 hrs)
Attenuation – Absorption losses – Linear scattering losses – Nonlinear
scattering losses – Wavelengths for Communication – Fiber bend loss –
Dispersion effects in fibers - Intra modal dispersion – Inter modal dispersion
162

– Over all fiber dispersion – Modal birefringence – Polarization maintaining
fibers.
Text Book:
1. Optical Fiber Communications, John M. Senior, PHI (1994)
Unit III
Optical Fiber Measurements (18 hrs)
Attenuation measurements – Dispersion measurements – Refractive index
profile measurements – Cut off wavelength measurements – Numerical
aperture measurements – Diameter measurements – Field measurements –
OTDR – Eye pattern technique
Text Book:
1. Optical Fiber Communications, John M. Senior, PHI (1994).
Unit IV
Optical Sensor Systems (18 hrs)
Intensity modulated sensors – Phase modulated sensors – Interferometric
sensors – Sagnac effect and Fiber optic gyroscope – Polarization modulated
sensors – Spectrally modulated sensors – Temperature, pressure, force and
chemical sensors
Text Book:
1. Optical Fiber Communications, John M. Senior, PHI (1994).
Reference Books:
1. Fiber Optics and Optoelectronics, R.P. Khare, Oxford University
Press (2004).
2. Fiber Optic Communication, D.C. Agarwal, Wheeler Publications
(1993).
163

3. Optical Fiber Communication System, J. Gowar, PHI (1995).
4. Fiber Optic Communication, Joseph Palais, PHI (1998).
5. Understanding Fiber Optics, J. Hecht, Pearson Edu. Inc (2006).
6. Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, S.C. Gupta, PHI (2005).
AP4P04 PHOTONICS PRACTICALS

1. Determination of Wavelength of laser beam using reflection and
diffraction gratings
2. Beam profile of a laser
3. Bending laws of an optical fiber
4. Numerical aperture of an optical fiber
5. Data transmission and reception through optical fiber link
6. Coupling laws of an optical fiber
7. Michelson Interferometer
8. Comparison of resolving limit of optical instruments with human eye
(A world view of Physics by Prof. D.P. Khandelwal et al – Page 300-
301, South Asian Publishers Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi 1999)
9. Characteristics of photo diode, photo transistor, LDR, LED
10. Solar cell characteristics
11. Dispersion through a medium – C++
12. Young’s double slit – Interference - C++
13. Diffraction due to a grating – C++
14. Polarization birefringence – C++
164

4.3 M.Sc. RENEWABLE ENERGY
4.3.1 Course Code
The first two letters PH stand for Physics, and the letters C, P, E, D and V
have the usual meaning. The letter R stands for Renewable Energy. Here
the core courses, Electives and Practicals are numbered from 1 to 4. The
third character of the Code running from 1 to 4 indicate the semester
concerned. The Course and course code are given in Table 4.2
Table 4.2 Course and course code of M.Sc. Renewable Energy
165

SEMESTER – I
PH1RC1 MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS –I
Unit I
Vector Analysis (15 Hrs)
Rotation of the coordinate axes, Scalar and Vector products, Gradient,
Divergence and Curl, Vector integration, Gauss’ and Stokes theorems,
Potential theory, Gauss’ law, Poisson’s equation, Helmholtz theorem,
Orthogonal coordinates, Differential vector operators, Rectangular,
Cylindrical and Spherical polar coordinates.
Error Analysis (3 Hrs)
Propagation of errors, Plotting of graphs, Least square fitting, Goodness of fit,
Chi square test.
Unit II
Matrices (15 Hrs)
Basic properties of Matrices, Orthogonal Matrices, Hermitian and Unitary
Matrices, Diagonalization of Matrices, Normal Matrices, Normal modes of
vibration, Matrix inversion, Pauli spin matrices, Moment of inertia matrix.
Probability (3 Hrs)
Definitions, Simple properties, Binomial, Poisson and Normal distributions.
Unit III
Tensors (18 Hrs)
Definition of Tensors, Associated Tensors, Metric Tensor, Contraction, Direct
Product, Quotient Rule, Covariant Differentiation, Christoffel Symbols, Levi
Cevita Symbol, Pseudo Tensors, Dual Tensors, Geodesic.
166

Unit IV
Differential Equations and Special Functions (18 Hrs)
Beta, Gamma and Dirac Delta functions (Properties only), Series solution of
linear second order differential equations – Frobenius method, Bessel
function of the first kind (Generating function, Recurrence relations,
Orthogonality), Neumann function, Spherical Bessel function, Legendre
polynomials (Generating function, Recurrence relations, Orthogonality,
Rodrigues’ formula), Spherical Harmonics, Hermite polynomials, Laguerre
polynomials.
Reference Books:
1. Mathematical Physics, B.D. Gupta, Vikas Pub.House, New
Delhi
2. Mathematical Physics, B.S. Rajput, Y Prakash 9th Ed, Pragati
P P
Prakashan
3. Mathematical methods in Classical and Quantum Physics, T.
Dass & S. K. Sharma, Universities Press
(2009)
4. Mathematical Physics, H.K Dass & R. Verma, S.Chand &
Co.
5. Elements of Group Theory for Physicists, A.W. Joshy, New
Age India.
6. Mathematical Physics, Sathyaprakash, Sultan Chand & Sons,
New Delhi.
167

PH1RC2 CLASSICAL MECHANICS AND RELATIVITY
Unit I
Hamiltonian Methods (18 Hrs)
Review of Lagrangian dynamics - applications of Lagrange’s equations to
velocity dependent potentials - Hamilton's equations of motion - cyclic
coordinates - conservation theorems - homogeneity of space and time- action
for an arbitrary motion - variational principle and Hamilton’s equations -
Physical significance of principle of least action –Proof-Physical
significance- Canonical transformations – Lagrange brackets- Poisson
brackets –Equation of motion in Poisson bracket form - Hamilton's
characteristic function - Hamilton Jacobi theory - harmonic oscillator
problem - action angle variables – Kepler problem- transition to Wave
mechanics.
Unit II
Rigid Body Dynamics (12 Hrs)
Independent Coordinates – Orthogonal Transformations – Inertia Tensor –
Euler’s Angles .
Force free motion of rigid body - Cases of symmetric top - Heavy Symmetric
top, fast top- Sleeping top - Precession of Charged bodies in magnetic field -
Infinitesimal rotation - Coriolis Force and its effects.
Theory of Small Oscillations (8 Hrs)
Formulation of the problem – Eigen value equation – Coupled oscillators –
Normal coordinates.Oscillations of linear triatomic molecules – monoatomic
chain lattice – diatomic chain lattice.
168

Unit III
Continuous Systems and Fields & Perturbation Theory (16 Hrs)
Lagrangian formulation for continuous systems - sound vibrations in gas -
Hamiltonian formulation for continuous systems - description of fields.
Classical perturbation theory - time dependent perturbation - illustration case
of simple pendulum with finite amplitude – Kepler problem and precession
of the equinoxes of satellite orbits - time independent perturbation - first
order with one degree of freedom.
Unit IV
Relativity (18 Hrs)
Review of Lorentz transformation - variation of length, mass and time with
velocity - law of addition of velocities - mass energy relation - relativistic
Doppler effect - four vectors. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian of a relativistic
particle - charged particle in electromagnetic field - invariance of Maxwell's
equations - electromagnetic field tensor.
General theory of relativity - principle of equivalence - principle of general
covariance - gravitational mass and inertial mass - curvature of space time -
curvature tensor - Einstein's field equations - aberration of light. Perihelion
of Mercury: -Schwarzschild Solutions.
Reference Books:
1. Classical Mechanics, N. C. Rana & P.S. Joag, Tata Mc Graw Hill
2. Classical Mechanics, H Goldstein, Poole & Safko, Pearson. 3rdEd. P P
Narosa Pub. Co.

3. Classical Mechanics, A.K. Raychauduri, Oxford Univ. Press
4. Dynamics, S.N. Rasband, John Wiley & Sons, 1983
169

5. Introduction to Dynamics, I.Percival & D Richards, Cambridge Univ.
Press 1982
6. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics, M.G. Calkin, Allied Pub. Ltd.
7. Theory of Relativity - R. K. Patharia, Dover Pub. Inc. NY, 2003
8. An Introduction to General Theory of Relativity, S.K. Bose, Wiley
Eastern.
9. Mathematical Physics, B.S. Rajput, Pragati Prakashan.
PH1RC3 ELECTRODYNAMICS AND NON LINEAR

OPTICS
Unit I
Electrostatic Fields in Matter and Electrodynamics (10 hours)
Review of Electrostatics and Magnetostatics, Time varying fields and
Maxwell’s equations, Potential formulations, Gauge transformations,
boundary conditions, wave equations and their solutions, Poynting
theorem, Maxwell’s stress tensor
Electromagnetic Waves (8 hours)
Maxwell’s equations in phaser notation. Plane waves in conducting and
non-conducting medium, Polarization, Reflection and transmission
(Normal and Oblique incidence), Dispersion in Dielectrics, Superposition
of waves, Group velocity.
Text Book:
1. Introduction to Electrodynamics, D.J Griffiths, PHI.
170

Unit II
Relativistic Electrodynamics (18 hours)
Structure of space time: Four vectors, Proper time and proper velocity,
Relativistic dynamics-Minkowiski force, Magnetism as a relativistic
phenomenon, Lorentz transformation of electromagnetic field,
electromagnetic field tensor, electrodynamics in tensor notation, Potential
formulation of relativistic electrodynamics.
Text Book:
Unit III
Electromagnetic Radiation (20 hours)
Retarded potentials, Jefimenkos equations, Point charges, Lienard-
Wiechert potential, Fields of a moving point charge, Electric dipole
radiation, Magnetic dipole radiation, Power radiated by point charge in
motion. Radiation reaction, Physical basis of radiation reaction.
Text Book:
Unit IV
Non Linear Optics (16 hrs)
Introduction – Second Harmonis generation – phase matching condition –
third harmonic generation – optical mixing – parametric generation of light –
self focusing of light- multiquatum photoelectric effect- two photon process-
three photon process- parametric light oscillator – frequency up conversion –
phase conjugate optics – sum frequency generation – difference in frequency
generation – saturable absorption.
171

Text Book:
1. Electromagnetic waves and radiating systems, E.C. Jordan &
K.G. Balmain PHI, 1968
2. Non Linear Optics, Robert W. Boyd, Academic Press.
Reference books:
1. Antennas, J.D. Kraus, Mc-Graw Hill.
3. Electromagnetic fields, S. Sivanagaraju, C. Srinivasa Rao, New
Age International.
4. Introduction to Classical electrodynamics, Y. K. Lim, World
Scientific, 1986.
5. Lasers and Non Linear optics, B.B Laud, New Age International.
6. Introduction to Optics, Germain Chartier, Springer.
7. Contemporary optics, A.Ghatak & K. Thyagarajan, McMillan
India Ltd.
PH1RC4 ADVANCED ELECTRONICS

Unit I
Operational Amplifiers (18 Hrs)
Review of differential amplifiers - review of operational amplifiers -
differential amplifier with one and two op amps - Frequency response of an
op amp - compensating networks
General Linear Applications
DC and AC amplifiers – AC amplifier with single supply voltage – Peaking
amplifier – Summing , Scaling, averaging amplifiers – Instrumentation
172

amplifier using transducer bridge – Differential input and differential output
amplifier – Low voltage DC and AC voltmeter - Voltage to current
converter with grounded load – Current to voltage converter – Very high
input impedance circuit – integrator and differentiator.
Text Book:
1. Op amps and linear Integrated Circuits, R.A.Gayakwad, PHI
Unit II
Active Filters and Oscillators (11 hrs)
Active filters – First order and second order low pass Butterworth filter - –
First order and second order high pass Butterworth filter- wide and narrow
band pass filter - wide and narrow band reject filter - All pass filter –
Oscillators: Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators – square, triangular and
saw tooth wave generators- Voltage controlled oscillator.
Text Book:
1. Op amps and linear Integrated Circuits, R.A.Gayakwad, PHI (Chap 7)
Comparators and Converters (7 hrs)
Basic comparator - Zero crossing detector - Schmitt Trigger – Comparator
characteristics - Limitations of op-amp as comparators - Voltage to
frequency and frequency to voltage converters - D/A and A/D converters-
Peak detector – Sample and Hold circuit.
Text Book:
1. Op amps and linear Integrated Circuits, R.A.Gayakwad, PHI (Chap 8)
173

Unit III
Power semiconductor Devices (18 Hrs)
Power Electronics - power semiconductor devices - power diodes, SCR,
Power MOSFET, Types of Power Electronic Circuits.
Text Book:
1. Power Electronics, R.S Anandha Murthy, V Nattarasu, 2nd Edn
P P
Pearson, (Chapter 1)
Thyristor commutation techniques - Natural commutation, forced
commutation, self commutation, impulse commutation, external pulse
commutation, load side commutation, line side commutation.
Controlled Rectifiers - Principle of phase - controlled connector operation -
Single phase semi converter - single phase full converters - single phase dual
converters - single phase series converters
Static Switches - Single phase AC switches - three phase AC switches - three
phase reversing switches - DC switches
Text Book:
1. Power Electronics - Circuits - Devices and Applications, M.H.
Rashid, PHI, 1988
Unit IV
Inverters (18 Hrs)
Principle of operation - performance parameters - single phase bridge
inverters - three phase inverters - voltage control of single phase inverters -
voltage control of three phase inverters -harmonic reductions - series
resonant inverters - forced -commuted thyristor inverters - current - source
inverters -variable DC link inverter.
174

Text Book:
1. Power Electronics - Circuits - Devices and Applications, M.H.
Rashid, PHI, 1988
Reference books:
1. Op amps and linear Integrated Circuits, R.A. Gayakwad, PHI
2. Integrated Electronics, Millman J & Halkias CC, MGH
3. M H Rashid - Power Electronics - Circuits - Devices and Applications
(PHI-1988)
4. Power Electronics R.S Anandha Murthy, V Nattarasu, 2nd Edn. Pearson P P
PH1RP1 GENERAL PHYSICS PRACTICALS

(Error Analysis of the experiment is to be done)
1. By Cornu’s method, set up elliptical/hyperbolic fringes, and hence
determine Young’s modulus, Rigidity modulus and Poisson’s ratio of
the given material.
2. Photograph the absorption spectrum of KMnO4 with a standard
B B
spectrum superimposed over it.

3. Analyze the given absorption spectrum of KMnO4 and determine the
B B
wavelengths of the absorption bands evaluating the Hartmann’s

constants using wavelengths of the superimposed standard spectrum.
4. By Frank-Hertz experiment determine the excitation potentials of a
gas. Hence deduce the wavelengths of the spectral lines expected.
5. Determine the Hall coefficient, carrier concentration and mobility of
the given specimen by the Hall probe method.
175

6. Determine the resistivity of the given semiconducting crystal at
different temperatures by the Four Probe method. Hence calculate the
band gap energy.
7. Determine the band gap energy of silicon.
8. Study the variation of magnetic susceptibility of the given solid by
Gouy’s method. Also calculate the magnetic moment per
molecule/atom of the solid.
9. Study the variation of magnetic susceptibility with concentration of
the given salt in water. Hence show that water is diamagnetic.
10. Determine λ and d λ of sodium light using Michelson Interferometer.
Also determine the thickness of the given mica sheet.
11. Determine the hysteresis loss of the given specimen in the form of a
ring by ballistic method. Also calculate the retentivity and coercivity
of the material.
12. Determine the coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid by
oscillating disc method.
13. Study the V-I characteristics of the given photodiode. Also study the
variation of photodiode current with light intensity and determine the
dark resistance of the diode.
14. Calibrate the given silicon diode as a temperature sensor.
15. Study the characteristics of the given thermistor. Determine the
temperature coefficients α and β of the given thermistor.
16. Study the beam profile of the given LASER. Determine the spot size
from the intensity distribution.
17. Study the bending losses in the given optical fiber for different bends.
176

SEMESTER – II
PH2RC1 MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS – II

Unit I
Functions of a Complex Variable (18 Hrs)
Complex algebra, Cauchy-Riemann conditions, Cauchy’s integral theorem,
Cauchy’s integral formula, Taylor and Laurent expansion, Poles, Residues,
Residue theorem, Evaluation of definite integrals.
Unit II
Integral Transforms (18 Hrs)
Laplace transforms, Solution of differential equations using Laplace
transforms (LCR circuit, Electromagnetic waves in dispersive medium,
Damped driven oscillator, and Earth’s nutation), Fourier transform, Fourier
transform of full wave rectifier, Square wave and finite wave train,
Momentum representation for Hydrogen atom (ground state) and Harmonic
oscillator.
Unit III
Group Theory (18 Hrs)
Review of introductory definitions and concepts, Unitary representations,
Schur’s lemmas, Orthogonality theorem and interpretations, Character of a
representation, Character Tables and examples, Irreducible representations of
Abelian and Non Abelian groups, Connection with quantum numbers,
Symmetry group of the Schrodinger equation, Symmetry and degeneracy,
Basic functions of irreducible representations, SU(2) group, SU(3) group,
Applications to Nuclear and Particle Physics (qualitative only).
177

Unit III
Second Order Differential Equations & Green’s Function (18 Hrs)
Partial differential equations of Physics, Boundary conditions, Hermitian
operators and their properties, Schmidt orthogonalization, Heat equation,
Laplace’s and Poisson’s equations, Nonlinear partial differential equations,
Separation of variables (Cartesian, Spherical polar and Cylindrical
coordinates),
Non homogeneous equations, Green’s function eigenfunction expansion, 1-
dimensional Green's function, Green's function integral-differential equation,
eigenfunction, eigenvalue equation Green's function and Dirac delta
function.
Reference Books
2. Mathematical Physics, B.S. Rajput, Y Prakash 9th Ed, Pragati
P P
Prakashan
3. Mathematical Methods in Classical and Quantum Physics, T. Dass &
S.K. Sharma, Universities Press (2009)
4. Mathematical Physics, H.K Dass & R. Verma, S.Chand & Co.
5. Elements of Group Theory for Physicists, A.W. Joshy, New Age
India.
6. Mathematical Physics, Sathyaprakash, Sultan Chand & Sons, New
Delhi.
178

PH2RC2 ELEMENTARY QUANTUM MECHANICS
Unit I
The Formation of Quantum Mechanics (22 Hrs)
Linear vector space, Orthonormality and linear independence, Schmidt’s
orthogonalization procedure, Hilbert space, dimension and basis, Operators
and their properties, commuting operators, Eigen values and Eigen vectors,
Bra and ket notation for vectors, representation theory, coordinate and
momentum representation, fundamental postulates, Expectation values and
probabilities, Superposition principle, observables and operators, The
uncertainty principle.
Unit II
Quantum Dynamics (12 Hrs)
The equation of motion, Schrodinger Heisenberg and interaction pictures,
Linear harmonic oscillator in Schrodinger and Heisenberg pictures,
Hydrogen atom
Symmetry and Conservation laws
Space time symmetries, Displacement of space and conservation of linear
momentum, translation in time and conservation of energy, Rotation in space
and conservation of angular momentum, Space inversion time reversal,
identical particles, Symmetry of Wavefunctions, Spin and statistics, Pauli’s
exclusion principle, the Helium atom.
Unit III
Theory of Angular Momentum (20 Hrs)
Angular momentum operators, matrix representation of angular momentum
operators, Pauli spin matrices, orbital angular momentum, spherical
179

harmonics, Addition of angular momenta, Clebch Gordon coefficients,
calculation of C G coefficients j=1/2 and j=1 cases.
Unit IV
The Theory of Scattering (18 Hrs)
Scattering cross section and Scattering amplitude, Low energy scattering by
a central potential, Partial wave analysis, phase shift and potential, scattering
length, optical theorem, Scattering by a square well potential, The Ramsuoer
Townsend effect, Scattering by hard sphere, resonance scattering, high
energy scattering, The integral equation, Born approximation. Validity
condition of Born approximation.
Text Book:
1. Quantum Mechanics, V.K. Thankappan, Wiley Eastern
Reference Books:
1. Quantum Mechanics, Concepts and applications, N. Zettili, John
Wiley & sons
2. Quantum Mechanics, L.I.Schiff, MGH
3. A text book of Quantum Mechanics, P. M. Mathews & K.
Venkatesan, TMGH
4. Modern Quantum Mechanics, J.J. Sakuerai, Pearson Education.
5. Quantum Mechanics, A Messiah, Wiley.
6. Quantum Physics, Stephen Gasiorowics, Wiley.
7. Quantum Mechanics A. Ghatak & S. Lokanathan, Kluwer Academic
Publishers
8. The Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, D.J. Griffiths, Pearson.
9. Introductory Quantum Mechanics, Richard L. Liboff, Pearson.
180

PH2RC3 THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL
MECHANICS
Unit I
Fundamental of Thermodynamics (10 Hrs)
Fundamental definitions – different aspects of equilibrium – functions of
state – internal energy – reversible changes – enthalpy – heat capacities –
reversible adiabatic changes in an ideal gas – second law of thermodynamics
– the Carnot cycle - equivalence of the absolute and the perfect gas scale of
temperature – definition of entropy- measuring the entropy – law of increase
of entropy – calculations of the increase in the entropy in irreversible
processes – the approach to equilibrium.
Text Book:

Foundations of Statistical Mechanics (8 Hrs)
Ideas of probability – classical probability – statistical probability – the
axioms of probability theory – independent events – counting the number of
events – statistics and distributions – basic ideas of statistical mechanics -
definition of the quantum state of the system – simple model of spins on
lattice sites – equations of state – the second law of thermodynamics.
Text Book:
181

Unit II
The Canonical Ensemble (12 Hrs)
A system in contact with a heat bath – the partition function – definition of the
entropy in the canonical ensemble – the bridge to thermodynamics through
partition function – condition for thermal equilibrium – thermodynamic
quantities from partition function – case of a two level system – single particle
in a one dimensional box – single particle in a three dimensional box –
expression for heat and work – rotational energy levels for diatomic
molecules – vibrational energy levels for diatomic molecules – factorizing the
partition function – equipartition theorem – minimizing the free energy.
Text Book:

Statistics of Identical Particles (4 Hrs)
Identical particles – symmetric and antisymmetric wavefunctions - bosons –
fermions – calculating the partition function for identical particles – spin –
identical particles localized on lattice sites.
Text Book:

Unit III
Maxwell Distribution and Planck’s Distribution (12 Hrs)
The probability that a particle is in a quantum state – density of states in k
space – single particle density of states in energy – distribution of speeds of
particles in a classical gas – blackbody radiation – Rayleigh-Jeans theory –
182

Planck’s distribution – derivation of the Planck’s distribution – the free
energy – Einstein’s model vibrations in a solid – Debye’s model of
vibrations in a solid.
Text Book:
Edn. 2007, Oxford University Press, Indian Edition. (Chapter 7 and 8)

Grand Canonical Ensemble (8 Hrs)
Systems with variable number of particles – the condition for chemical
equilibrium – the approach to chemical equilibrium – chemical potential –
reactions – external chemical potential – grand canonical ensemble –
partition function – adsorption of atoms on surface sites – grand potential.
Text Book:

Unit IV
Fermi and Bose Particles (6 Hrs)
Statistical mechanics of identical particles – thermodynamic properties of a
Fermi gas – examples of Fermi systems – non-interacting Bose gas.
Text Book:

Phase Transitions (12 Hrs)
Phases – thermodynamic potential – approximation – first order phase
transition - Clapeyron equation – phase separation – phase separation in
183

mixtures – liquid gas system – Ising model – order parameter – Landau
theory- symmetry breaking field – critical exponents.
Text Book:
Edn. 2007, Oxford University Press, Indian Edition, (Chap. 11 &12)

Reference Books:
1. Statistical Mechanics, R.K. Pathria, & P.D. Beale, 2nd Edn, B-H
P P
(Elsevier) (2004).
2. Introductory Statistical Physics, S.R.A. Salinas, Springer (2000).
3. Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, F. Rief, McGraw
Hill (1986).
4. Statistical Mechanics, Kerson Huang, John Wiley and Sons (2003).
5. Statistical Mechanics, Satyaprakash & Agarwal, Kedar Nath Ram
Nath Pub. (2004).
6. Problems and solutions on Thermodynamics and Statistical
mechanics, Yung Kuo Lim, World Scientific Pub. (1990)
7. Fundamentals of Statistical Mechanics, A.K. Dasgupta, New Central
Book Agency Pub. (2005)
8. Statistical Mechanics: a survival guide, A.M. Glazer and J.S. Wark,
Oxford University Press. (2001).
PH2RC4 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
Unit I
Crystal structure and Nanomaterials (6 Hrs)
Review of crystal lattice fundamentals and interpretation of Bragg’s
equation, Ewald construction, the reciprocal lattice, reciprocal lattice to SC,
184

BCC and FCC lattices, properties of reciprocal lattice, diffraction intensity-
atomic, geometrical and crystal structure factors- physical significance.
Nanomaterials: Definition, Synthesis and properties of nanostructured
materials
Text Book:
Wahab, Narosa 2nd Edn. 2010, (Chapter 8 & Ref. Book 8)
P P
Free electron theory of metals (12 Hrs)

Review of Drude-Lorentz model- electrons moving in a one dimensional
potential well - three dimensional well - quantum state and degeneracy -
density of states - Fermi-Dirac statistics - effect of temperature on Fermi-
Dirac distribution - electronic specific heat - electrical conductivity of metals -
relaxation time and mean free path - electrical conductivity and Ohm’s law -
Widemann-Franz-Lorentz law - electrical resistivity of metals.
Text Book:
P P
Unit II
Band Theory of Metals (6 Hrs)
Bloch theorem - Kronig- Penney model - Brillouin zone construction of
Brilloun zone in one and two dimensions – extended - reduced and periodic
zone scheme of Brillouin zone (qualitative idea only) - effective mass of
electron - nearly free electron model – conductors - semiconductors -
insulators.
185

Text Book:
P P
Band Theory of Semiconductors (10 Hrs)

Generation and recombination - minority carrier life - time - mobility of
current carriers - drift and diffusion and general study of excess carrier
movement- diffusion length.
Text Book:
P P
2010, (Chapter 10).

Free carrier concentration in semiconductors - Fermi level and carrier
concentration in semiconductors - mobility of charge carriers - effect of
temperature on mobility - electrical conductivity of semiconductors - Hall
effect in semiconductors - junction properties- metal-metal, metal-
semiconductor and semiconductor-semiconductor junctions.
Text Book:
P P
Unit III
Lattice dynamics (12 Hrs)
Vibrations of crystals with monatomic basis – diatomic lattice – quantization
of elastic waves – phonon momentum.
Text Book:
P P
(Chapter 4).
186

Anharmonicity and thermal expansion - specific heat of a solid - classical
model - Einstein model - density of states - Debye model - thermal
conductivity of solids - thermal conductivity due to electrons and phonons -
thermal resistance of solids.
Text Book:
Wahab, Narosa 2nd Edn. 2010, (Chapter 7 and 9)
P P
Dielectric properties of solids (4 Hrs)

Review of basic terms and relations, ferroelectricity, hysteresis, dipole
theory- Curie- Weiss law, classification of ferroelectric materials and
piezoelectricity.
Text Book:
P P
2010, (Chapter 11).

Ferroelectric-domain, antiferroelectricity and ferrielectricity.
Text Book:
P P
Optical properties of solids (4 Hrs)

Drude model - ionic conduction - optical refractive index and relative
dielectric constant - optical absorption in metals, insulators and
semiconductors.
Text Book:
P P
2010, (Chapter 12).
187

Unit IV
Magnetic properties of solids (10 Hrs)
Review of basic terms and relations, Quantum theory of paramagnetism -
cooling by adiabatic demagnetization – Hund’s rule – ferromagnetism -
spontaneous magnetization in ferromagnetic materials - Quantum theory of
ferromagnetism –Weiss molecular field - Curie- Weiss law- spontaneous
magnetism - internal field and exchange interaction – magnetization curve –
saturation magnetization - domain model. Novel magnetic materials: GMR-
CMR materials (qualitative)
Text Book:
P P
2010, (Chapter 9).

Thermodynamics of superconducting transition - London equations –
coherence length - BCS th theory (qualitative) – BCS ground state – energy
gap- flux quantization - single particle tunneling - Josephson superconductor
tunneling - macroscopic quantum interference - high Tc superconductivity
and its applications.
Text Book:
P P
(Chapter 12).
Reference Books:
1. Solid State Physics, N.W. Ashcroft & N.D. Mermin, Cengage Learning
Pub.11th Indian Reprint (2011).
P P
2. Solid State Physics, R.L. Singhal, Kedar Nath Ram Nath & Co (1981)
188

3. Elementary Solid State Physics, M. Ali Omar, Pearson, 4th Indian Reprint
P P
(2004).
4. Solid State Physics, C.M. Kachhava, Tata McGraw-Hill (1990).
5. Elements of Solid State Physics, J. P. Srivastava, PHI (2004)
6. Solid State Physics, Dan Wei, Cengage Learning (2008)
7. Solid State Physics, A.J. Dekker, Macmillan & Co Ltd. (1967)
8. Nanoclusters and Nanocrystals, Edited by Hari Singh Nalwa, American
Scientific Publishers, 2003.
PH2RP2 COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS PRACTICALS

[Programs are to be written in C++ language for experiments in section A and
Section B. Method, algorithm and flow chart are to be developed.For
Section C suitable simulation software can be used.]
Section - A: (Graphics)
1. Write and execute a program to demonstrate the motion of a spherical
body in a viscous medium. Study the effect on motion by changing
the mass, size of the body and the medium.
2. Write and execute a program for the motion of a projectile in air.
Study the motion for different angles of projection.
3. Write and execute a program to find the variation in position, velocity
and acceleration of a damped harmonic oscillator. How do the
oscillations go from the undamped to the critically damped and to
over damped with variation in damping coefficient?
189

4. Write and execute a program to find the variation in acceleration,
velocity, position and energy of a driven oscillator. Plot the position
versus time graph for different driving conditions.
5. Write and execute a program to generate a pattern of standing waves.
Run this program with different values of amplitude, wavelength and
velocity.
6. Write and execute a program to analyze a series LCR circuit with an
AC source. Verify the resonance condition.
Section – B: (Numerical methods)
7. Write and execute a program for solving a system of linear equations
using Gauss elimination method.
8. Write and execute a program to find the root of a non linear equation
by bisection method.
9. Write and execute a program for the numerical integration of a
function using trapezoidal method.
10. Write and execute a program for the numerical integration of a
function using Simpson’s 1/3 rule.
11. Write and execute a program to solve the given ordinary differential
equation by using Euler method.
12. Write and execute a program to solve the given ordinary differential
equation by using Runge-Kutta fourth order method.
Section – C: (Circuit Simulation)
13. Design and simulate a single stage RC coupled amplifier with
feedback. Study the frequency response
190

14. Design and simulate a two stage RC coupled amplifier with feedback.
Study the frequency response.
15. Design and simulate an RC phase shift oscillator using BJT and
observe the sinusoidal output waveform.
16. Design and simulate the first order and second order low pass
Butterworth filter for a cut off frequency of 1KHz. Obtain the
frequency response curve and determine the roll off rate.
17. Design and simulate a differential amplifier using transistors with
constant current source. Study its frequency response. Also determine
its CMRR.
18. Design and simulate a differentiator and integrator using Op-amp.
Obtain the output waveform for an input square wave.
SEMESTER – III
PH3RC1 ADVANCED QUANTUM MECHANICS

Unit I
Approximation Methods for Time-Independent Problems (18 Hrs)
Time-independent perturbation theory, Non-degenerate and degenerate
cases, Anharmonic oscillator, Stark and Zeeman effects in hydrogen. The
WKB approximation, connection formulae, validity of the approximation,
barrier tunnelling, application to decay - Bound states, Penetration of a
potential barrier,
191

Variational method
The variational equation, ground state and excited states, the variation
method for bound states, application to ground state of the hydrogen and
Helium atoms.
Unit II
Time Dependent Perturbation Theory (18 Hrs)
Time dependent perturbation theory Transition probability, constant
perturbation, Transition to continuum, Harmonic perturbation, Interaction of
an atom with the electromagnetic field, Induced emission and absorption,
The electric dipole approximation, The Born approximation and scattering
amplitude.
Unit III
Relativistic Quantum Mechanics (22 Hrs)
The Dirac equation, Dirac matrices, Solution of the free-particle Dirac
equation, The Dirac equation with potentials, Equation of continuity, Spin of
the electron, Non-realistic limit, Spin-orbit coupling, Covariance of the Dirac
equation, Hole theory, The Weyl equation for the neutrino, Non-conservation
of parity, The Klein-Gordon equation, Charge and current densities, The
Klein-Gordon equation with potentials, Wave equation for the photon,
Charge conjugation for the Dirac, Weyl and Klein-Gordon equation.
Unit IV
Quantization of fields (14 Hrs)
The principles of canonical quantization of fields, Lagrangian density and
Hamiltonian density, Second quantization of the Schrodinger wave field for
192

bosons and fermions, Quantization of Electromagnetic waves Coulomb’s
gauge.
Text Book:
1. Quantum Mechanics, V.K. Thankappan, Wiley Eastern
Reference Books:
1. Quantum Mechanics, Concepts and applications, N. Zettili, John
Wiley & sons
2. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, J.D. Bjorken & S. Drell, MGH,
(1998)
3. Quantum Mechanics, L.I.Schiff, MGH
4. Advanced Quantum Mechanics, J.J. Sakuerai, Pearson Education.
5. A text book of Quantum Mechanics, P. M. Mathews & K.
Venkatesan, TMGH
6. Quantum Physics, Stephen Gasiorowics, Wiley
PH3RC2 NUMERICAL METHODS IN PHYSICS

Unit I (18 Hrs)
Interpolation and Curve fitting - Errors in Polynomial Interpolation - Finite
differences(Forward differences, Backward differences, Central differences)
- Detection of errors by use of difference tables-Differences of a polynomial
– Newton’s formulae for interpolation - Central difference interpolation
formulae (Gauss central difference formulae, Stirlings formulae, Evretts
formula) - Interpolation with unevenly spaced points (Lagrange’s
interpolation formulae, Error in Lagrange’s interpolation formulae,
Hermite’s interpolation formulae)
193

Least squares curve fitting procedures (Fitting a straight line, Nonlinear
curve fitting, Curve fitting by a sum of exponentials) - Weighted least
squares approximation (Linear Weighted least squares approximation,
Nonlinear Weighted least squares approximation) – Method of least squares
for continuous Functions (Orthogonal polynomials, Gram-Schmidt
orthogonalization process)
Unit II (18 Hrs)
Numerical differentiation and integration - Numerical differentiation - Errors
in Numerical differentiation - Trapezoidal rule-Simpson’s 1/3 rule -
Simpson’s 3/8 rule - Romberg Integration-Gaussian Integration - Monte
Carlo evaluation of integrals - Double Integration -Newton-cotes integration
formulae.
Unit III (18 Hrs)
Linear system of equations - Solution of linear systems-Matrix inversion
method - Gauss elimination method - Gauss-Jordan Method - Modification
of Gauss method to compute the inverse of a matrix - Solution of linear
systems-Iterative methods - The eigen value problem-Power method and
Jacobi’s method to solve eignvalue problems. (10 Hrs)
Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations - Solution by Taylor’s
series - Picards method of successive approximations - Euler’s method -
Runge-Kutta methods-Predictor-Corrector methods. (8 Hrs)
Unit IV (18 Hrs)
Numerical Solutions of partial differential equations - Finite difference
approximations to derivatives - Laplace equation-Jacobi’s method - Gauss
Seidal method - Successive over relaxation - The ADI method - Parabolic
194

equations - Iterative methods for the solution of equations - Hyperbolic
equations
Text Books:
1. Mathematical Methods, G. Sanker Rao, K. Keshava Reddy,
I.K.International Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd.
2. Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis, S.S. Sastry,
PHI Pvt. Ltd.
Reference Books:
1. An Introduction to Computational Physics, Tao Pang, CUP
2. Numerical Recipes in C++,W.H. Press, Saul A. Teukolsky, CUP
3. Numerical methods for scientific and Engineering computation
M.K Jain,S.R.K Iyangar: New Age International Publishers
4. Computer Oriented Numerical Methods, V. Rajaraman, PHI,
2004.
5. Numerical Methods, Balaguruswami, Tata McGraw Hill, 2009.
6. Numerical Mathematical Analysis, 4th Edn, J.B. Scarborough,
P P
1958.
PH3RE2 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Unit I
Wind Power (18 Hrs)
Energy and power in wind - wind turbines - power and energy from wind
turbines - commercial development and wind energy potential - economics -
cost calculation - capital cost.
Wave Energy
Wave energy - wave motion - power from wave energy
195

Unit II
Hydroelectricity (18 Hrs)
Stored potential energy - power head and flow rate - world resource - types
of hydrolectric plants - low, medium and high heads - estimation of power -
economics of hydrolectric projects.
Tidal Power
Nature of resource - basic physics - power generation -economical and
environmental factors.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
Introduction - OTEC power generation
Unit III
Geothermal Energy (18 Hrs)
Earth as a heat engine – miming of geothermal heart - physics of geothermal
resources – technologies for geothermal exploration - economics and world
potential- of geothermal energy.
Biomass
Biomass as a fuel – extraction of energy agricultural resides – energy from
refuse - energy from crops new technologies - gas turbine - biomass fuel cell
– photo biological fuel production - economics of biomass.
Unit III
Fuel Cells (18 Hrs)
Design and principle of operation of a Fuel Cell (H2, O2 cell), Classification
B B B B
of Fuel Cells, Types of Fuel Cells, Advantages and Disadvantages of Fuel

Cells, Conversion efficiency of Fuel Cells, Work output and EMF of Fuel
Cells, Applications of Fuel Cells.
196

Hydrogen Energy
Hydrogen production (Electrolysis method, Thermo-chemical methods,
Fossil fuel methods, solar energy methods), Hydrogen storage, Hydrogen
transportation, Utilization of Hydrogen Gas, Safety and management,
Hydrogen technology development.
Reference Books:
1. Solar Energy Priciples of Thermal Collection and Storage, S.P.
Sukhatme,2nd Ed. TMH
P P
2. Solar Engineering of Thermal Process, J.A. Duffie & W. A Beckman,2nd P P
Ed. John Wiley & sons.

3. Solar energy, H. P. Garg and J Prakashi,TMH 1997
4. Solar Energy Utilization, G D Rai, Khanna Publishers, 1997.
5. Renewable Energy Source and Conversion Technology, N.K Bansal, M.
Kleemanm & M. Melss, TMH.
6. Renewable Eneregy, Godfrey Boyle, Oxford Univ. Press, 1996
7. Renewable Energy 2000, G.T. Wrixon, A.M.E. Rooney & W. Palz,
Springer Verlag 1993.
8. Solar Power Plants, C.J. Winter, R.L. Sizmann & L.L Vant-Hull,
Springer Verlag.
PH3RE3 MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS
Unit I
8085 Architecture and Data Transfer Schemes. (18 Hrs)
8085 architecture - instruction set (assignment &discussion)) - instruction
timings and execution - 8085 interrupts - 8085 Input /Output - standard I/O-
memory mapped I/O - address space partitioning - memory interfacing - bus
197

contention - data transfer schemes - classification of data transfer schemes -
programmed data transfer - synchronous transfer -asynchronous transfer -
interrupt driven data transfer- multiple interrupts - multiple devices, single
interrupt level - software polling - hardware polling - direct memory access
data transfer.
Text Books:
1. Microprocessor Architecture Programming and Applications, R.S.
Gaonkar, Wiley Eastern.
2. Introduction to Microprocessors 3rd Ed. Aditya P. Mathur, TMH
P P
Unit II
Interfacing Devices & Memory Devices (18 Hrs)
Basics of programmable I/O - the 8155 IC - the 8255 PPI - key board and
display interface 8279 - serial communication -The USART - 8251 - DMA
controller - 8257 - Programmable Interrupt controller – 8259- (Architecture
and programming for all devices) – EPROM and RAM memory devices -
2764 and 6264.
Text Books:
1. Microprocessors and Microcomputer Based System Design, M.
Rajiquzzaman, Universal book stall, New Delhi
2. Fundamentals of Microprocessors and Microcomputers,J.S. Ram,
DhanpatRai Publications, New Delhi.
Unit III
Interfacing 8055 & Architecture of 8086 (18 Hrs)
Review of operational amplifier characteristics – transducers and its
classification - light sensors – Eg (1) Photoconductive cell (2)
198

Semiconductor photo diode - temperature sensors –Eg (1) Thermocouple
(2) Thermister – force sensors – Eg - Strain gauges - the 8085 based data
acquisition system - interfacing ADC (0808) – concept of sample and hold
circuit (LF 398) - clock for A/D converter – (circuit) - ADC 0808 (internal
diagram) - interfacing circuit for 8085.
8086 IC
Architecture of IC 8086 - addressing modes - instruction set (assignment and
discussion ) - pin layout – (sample programs using debug utilities) -
minimum mode and minimum system mode interface – comparison 8086 &
8088.
Text Books:
1. Fundamentals of Microprocessors and microcomputers, B. Ram,
DhanpatRai Publications, New Delhi.
2. Electronic Instrumentation, H.S. Kalsi, 2nd Edn. TMH.
P P
3. The 8088 and 8086 microprocessors, W.A. Triebel & A.Singh, PHI
4. Advanced Microprocessors and Peripherals, Architecture
Programming and Interfacing. A.K Ray, K.M Bhurchandi, TMH.
Unit IV
Micro Controllers (18 Hrs)
Introduction - Difference between microprocessors and micro controllers -
types of micro controllers (MC) - internal architecture of typical MC (Intel
8051) - peripheral features - programming concepts – assembly language
programming – jump – loop - call instructions - I/O port programming –
Address modes – Arithmetic, logic instructions and programs – 8051
199

programming in C - (sample programs using Kiel utilities) - LCD
interfacing.
Text Books:
1. The 8051 Micro Controller, Architecture Programming and
Applications, Kenneth J. Ayala, Penram Int, Pub., Mumbai
2. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly
and C, Muhammad Ali Mazidi, 2nd Ed, Pearson.
P P
Reference Books:
1. Microprocessor Architecture Programming and Applications, R.S.
Goankar, Wiley Eastern.
2. Introduction to Microprocessors, 3rd Ed. Aditya P. Mathur, TMH.
P P
3. 0000 to 8085 - Introduction to Microprocessors for Engineers and

Scientists, P.K Ghosh, P.R. Sridhar, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
4. The 8086 Microprocessor: Programming and interfacing the P.C., K.J.
Ayala, Penram Pub. India
5. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems Using Assembly and C,
2nd Ed. Muhammad Ali Mazidi, R. Mckinlay, J.G. Mazidi, Pearson.
P P
PH3RP3 ELECTRONICS PRACTICALS

(Use of Bread Boards for assembling electronics circuits is permitted. For
Microprocessor experiments microprocessor kit, suitable simulation software
or convenient Hex editors are permitted) U
1. Design and construct a two stage RC coupled amplifier with

feedback. Study the frequency response.
200

2. Design and construct a differential amplifier using transistors with
constant current source. Study its frequency response. Also determine
its CMRR.
3. Design and construct a push-pull power amplifier using transistors in
complementary symmetry arrangement. Plot load impedance versus
output power graph and determine the optimum load. Also study the
frequency response.
4. Design and construct an RF amplifier. Study the effect of damping on
the frequency response.
5. Design and construct a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) using
transistors. Plot the graph connecting frequency and control voltage.
Repeat the experiment covering the entire audio frequency range.
6. Design and construct a differential amplifier using suitable
operational amplifier (Op-amp) and study its frequency response.
Also determine its CMRR.
7. Design and construct the first order and second order low pass
Butterworth filter for a cut off frequency of 800 Hz. Draw the
8. Design and construct the first order and second order high pass
Butterworth filter for a cut off frequency of 2 kHz. Draw the
9. Design and construct a band pass filter with multiple feedback using
an operational amplifier (Op-amp) so that f0 = 2 kHz. Q =3 and AF
B B B
=10. Draw the frequency response curve and determine the pass band.
B
201

10. Design and construct a Wein Bridge Oscillator incorporating the
amplitude stabilization for a frequency of 2 kHz. Using an operational
amplifier (Op-amp). Repeat the experiment for different frequencies.
11. Using an operational amplifier (Op-amp) design and construct a
voltage regulator with short circuit protection to obtain a regulated
output of 6 volt. Study the load regulation and source regulation.
12. Determine experimentally the following parameters of an operational
amplifier (Op-amp). (a). Input offset current (b). Input offset
voltage (c). CMRR (d).Slew rate.
13. Using an operational amplifier (Op-amp) design and construct a
triangular wave from generator for 1 kHz. With amplitudes 5 V.
Measure the amplitude and frequency. Compare with theoretical
values. Repeat the experiment for the frequencies of 500 Hz, 2 kHz, 3
kHz and 4 kHz.
14. Design and construct a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) using
IC555. Study variation of output frequency with control voltage and
compare with the theoretical value. Also determine the duty cycle and
compare with the theoretical value.
15. Design and construct a 4-bit binary synchronous counter using JK flip
flops. Construct the up counter and convert it to a down counter.
16. Design and construct an amplitude modulator. Determine the
percentage modulation. Trace the wave forms. Repeat the experiment
for different amplitudes of the modulating signal.
17. Write and execute a program to control the speed of the stepper motor
interfaced with a microprocessor. Rotate the motor in the clockwise
202

and anticlockwise directions using the program. Repeat the
experiment for various time delays.
18. Write and execute a program to measure an analog voltage using a
microprocessor kit with an ADC. Repeat for five different analog
voltages. Draw a graph connecting the theoretical and measured
values.
19. Write and execute a program for generating any two types of wave
forms (triangular, square, saw-toothed, sine etc.) using
microprocessor in association with a D/A interfaced card. Observe the
wave forms using CRO. Measure the frequencies using the CRO and
compare it with theoretical values.
SEMESTER – IV
PH4RC1 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SPECROSCOPY

Unit I
Atomic Spectra (18 Hrs)
Quantum states of electrons in atoms. electron spin, spectroscopic terms and
selection rules. Spectrum of helium and alkali atoms. Hyperfine structure and
isotopic shift. Width of spectral lines. Spin orbit interaction. Derivation of
spin orbit interaction energy, fine structure in sodium atom, Landau g-factor,
Zeeman effect. Paschen–Bach effect and Stark effect in one electron system,
LS and JJ coupling schemes (Vector diagram), Hund’s rule, Derivation of
interaction energy, examples of LS and JJ coupling, Lande interval rule,
Hyperfine structure, Width of spectral lines.
203

Text Book:
1. Spectroscopy Straughan & Walker, Vol. 1- John Wiley &
Sons
2. Introduction of atomic spectra, H.E. White, Mc Graw Hill
Unit II
Microwave and Infra Red Spectroscopy (18hrs)
Microwave Spectroscopy: Rotational spectra of diatomic molecules.
Intensity of spectral lines, effect of isotopic substitution.
Non–rigid rotator, rotational spectra of polyatomic molecules - linear,
symmetric and asymmetric top molecules. Information derived from
rotational spectra.
IR Spectroscopy: Vibrating diatomic molecules as anharmonic oscillators,
diatomic vibrating rotator – break down of Born Oppenheimer
approximation, vibrations of polyatomic molecules, overtone and
combination frequencies, influence of rotation on the spectra of polyatomic
molecules - linear and symmetric top molecules, analysis by IR technique, IR
spectrometer, Fourier Transform Spectroscopy.
Text books:
1. Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy, C.N. Banwell, MGH.
2. Molecular structure and spectroscopy, G. Aruldas, PHI Learning
Pvt. Ltd.
Unit III
Raman and Electronic Spectroscopy (18 Hrs)
Pure rotational Raman Spectra - linear and symmetric top molecules,
vibration Raman spectra – Raman activity of vibrations, mutual exclusion
204

principle, rotational fine structure, structure determination from Raman and
IR spectroscopy. Non-linear Raman effects - hyper Raman effect, classical
treatment, stimulated Raman effect, CARS
Electronic Spectroscopy: Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules,
intensity of spectral lines, Frank–condon principle, dissociation energy and
dissociation products, rotational fine structure of electronic-vibrational
transition, Fortrat diagram, pre-dissociation.
Text books:
1. Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy, C.N. Banwell, MGH
2. Molecular structure and spectroscopy, G.Aruldas, PHI Learning
Pvt. Ltd.
3. Lasers and Non-Linear Optics, B.B Laud, Wiley Eastern
4. Raman Spectroscopy, D.A. Long, MGH.
Unit IV
Spin Resonance Spectroscopy. (18 Hrs)
NMR: Quantum mechanical description, classical description, the Bloch
equations - relaxation processes, Chemical shift, spin–spin coupling for
hydrogen molecule, experimental technique – CW and FTNMR
spectrometer, applications.
ESR: Theory of ESR, thermal equilibrium and relaxation, experimental
techniques, g- factor, hyperfine structure, applications, – Mossbauer effect,
recoilless emission and absorption, experimental methods, hyperfine
interactions – chemical isomer shift, magnetic hyperfine interactions,
electronic quadrupole interactions, applications.
205

Text Book:
1. Spectroscopy Straughan & Walker, Vol.1&2, John
Wiley & Sons
Reference Books:
1. Introduction to molecular spectroscopy, G.M. Barrow, Mc Graw Hill.
2. Mol. Spectra and Mol. Structure, Vol. 1, 2 & 3, G. Herzberg, Van
Nostard, London.
3. Photoluminescence of solutions, C.A. Parker, Elsevier Pub.Co. 1968.
4. Elements of spectroscopy, Gupta, Kumar & Sharma, Pragathi Prakshan.
5. Spectroscopy, Experimental Techniques, B.K. Sharma, Goel Pub. House.
6. The Infra Red Spectra of Complex Molecules, L.J. Bellamy, Wiley &
Sons. Vol. 1&2.
7. Elementary Organic Spectroscopy, Y.R. Sharma, S. Chand and Co.
8. Spectroscopy of organic compounds, P.S. Kalsi, New age.
9. Laser Spectroscopic Techniques and Applications, E.R. Menzel, Practical
spectroscopic series vol. 18 – Mracel Dekker.
10. Molecular structure and spectroscopy, G.Aruldas, PHI
PH4RC2 ADVANCED NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Unit I
Nuclear Decay (18 Hrs)
Beta decay – introduction, energy release in beta decay, Fermi theory of beta
decay, Fermi-Kurie plot, mass of the neutrino, comparative half-life, allowed
and forbidden transitions, selection rules, parity violation in beta decay,
neutrino Physics.
206

Gamma decay – energetics, multipole moments, transitions and radiations –
classical and quantum mechanical aspects, selection rules, angular
correlation and internal conversion.
Nuclear radiation detectors : Gas detectors – Ionization chamber,
Proportional counter and G. M. counter, Scintillation detector, Photo
Multiplier Tube (PMT).
Text Books:
1. Introductory Nuclear Physics, K.S. Krane, Wiley
2. Nuclear Radiation Detection, Measurements and Analysis, K.
Muraleedhara Varier, Narosa
Unit II
Nuclear Forces (18 Hrs)
General characteristics of nuclear forces, The Deuteron – binding energy,
spin, parity, electromagnetic moments, simple theory of the deuteron
structure, spin dependence, tensor force, and two nucleon scattering
experimental data, scattering cross sections, low energy n-p scattering,
partial waves, phase shift, singlet and triplet potentials, scattering length and
its sign, effective range theory, low energy p-p scattering, exchange forces
and Yukawa theory (Qualitative only).
Text Books:
2. Nuclear Physics- Theory and Experiment, R.R. Roy & B.P. Nigam,
Wiley Eastern
207

Unit III
Nuclear Models, Nuclear Fission and Fusion (18 Hrs)
Nuclear models: Shell model, single particle potentials, spin-orbit coupling,
single particle models, spins and parities of ground states, qaudrupole
moments, magnetic moments and Schmidt limits, Nordheim’s rules, isospin
symmetry,
Nuclear fission and Fusion: Compound nucleus reactions, fission process,
characteristics, energy released, neutrons released in fission, cross sections,
types of nuclear reactors, fusion process, characteristics of fusion, solar
fusion, controlled fusion reactors.
Text Books:
2. Nuclear Physics- Theory and Experiment, R.R. Roy & B.P. Nigam,
Wiley Eastern
Unit IV
Particle Physics (18 Hrs)
Types of interactions between elementary particles - hadrons and leptons,
their masses, spin parity decay structure, the quark model, the confined
quarks, coloured quarks, experimental evidences for quark model. The
quark-gluon interaction. Gell-mann-Nishijima formula, Symmetries and
conservation laws, C, P and CPT invariance and applications of symmetry
arguments to particle reactions, parity non conservation in weak interactions.
Exchange bosons of the weak interaction, electroweak unification.
208

Text Books:
1. The Particle Hunters, Yuval Ne’eman and Yoram Kirsh, , 2nd P P
Ed.,Cambridge University Press,1996

2. Introduction to Elementary Particles, David Griffiths, John Wiley &
Sons,1987
Reference Books:
1. Nuclear Physics: An Introduction, S.B .Patel, New Age International.
2. Introductory Nuclear Physics, Samuel S.M. Wong, PHI.
3. Concepts of Nuclear Physics, B.L. Cohen, Tata McGraw Hill
4. Nuclear Physics, Irvin Kaplan, Addison Wesley, 1962
6. Introduction to Nuclear Physics, H.A. Enge, Addison Wesley,
London 1975.
7. Introductory Nuclear Physics, Y.R. Waghmare Oxford-IBH, New
Delhi 1981.
8. Atomic and Nuclear Physics, S.N. Ghoshal, Volume 2, S.Chand &Co.
9. Nuclear and Particle Physics, W.E. Burcham and M. Jobes, John
Wiley & Sons.
10. Particles and Nuclei, B. Povh, K. Rith, C. Scholz & F. Zetche,
Springer(2002)
11. The ideas of particle physics – An introduction for scientist,
G.D.Couoghlan, J.E.Dodd. & Ben M. Gripaios, 2nd Edn. 1991 or 3rd
P P P P
Edn. 2006, CUP.
209

PH4RE3 SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTION AND STORAGE
Unit I
Solar Energy Solar Radiation (18Hrs)
Structure of the sun - solar radiation outside the earth’s atmosphere - solar
radiation at the earth's surface - instruments for measuring solar radiation and
sunshine - solar radiation geometry - solar radiation on titled surfaces
Text Books:
1. Solar Energy - Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage, S.P.
Sukhatme, 2nd Edn. TMH, (Chapter 3)
P P
Thermal Applications Of Solar Energy - An Overview

Devices for thermal collection and storage - thermal applications, water
heating, space heating, space cooling and refrigeration, power generation,
distillation, drying and cooking
Text Books:
P P
Selective Surfaces For Solar Energy Conversion

Introduction - heat balance - physical characteristics - use of selective solar
energy collectors - anti-reflection coatings -solar reflector materials - type of
selective coatings -preparations of selective coatings
Text Books:
1. Solar Energy Utilization, G.D. Rai, Khanna Publ., 1997 (Chap. 17).
210

Unit II
Flat Plate Collectors (18Hrs)
Performance analysis of fluid flat plate collectors - transmissivity of cover
system - transmissivity absorptivity product - overall loss coefficient and
heat transfer correlation -collector efficiency factor - collector heat removal
factor - effects of various parameters performance - testing procedures
performance analysis of conventional air heater - other types of air heaters,
testing procedures
Text Books:
Sukhatme, 2nd Edn. TMH, (Chapter 4 & 5)
P P
Unit III
Concentrating Collectors (18 Hrs)
Parameters characterizing solar concentrators - types of concentrating
collectors – cylindrical, parabolic concentrators - performance analysis of
cylindrical parabolic concentrators -parametric study of cylindrical
concentrating collectors - compound parabolic collector (CPC), CPC
geometry -performance analysis - central receiver collector (basic ideas)
Text Books:
P P
Unit IV
Solar Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning (18 Hrs)
Carnot refrigeration cycle - principle of absorption cooling - lithium bromide
water absorption system - aqua - ammonia absorption system intermittent
211

absorption refrigeration system) - vapour compression refrigeration –
desiccant cooling
Text Books:
1 Solar Energy, H.P. Garg & J. Prakash, TMGH 1997 (Chapter 12)
Thermal Energy Storage
Sensible heat storage - Latent heat storage - thermo - chemicv storage - Solar
B B
pond - performance analysis of solar pond

Text Books:
Solar Energy, H.P. Garg & J. Prakash, TMGH 1997 (Chapters 7 & 8)
Reference Books:
1. John A Duffie and W. A. Beckman, Solar Engineeering of thermal
process 2nd Edition John Wiley & Sons, INC.
2. N K Bansal, M. Klemmann and M. Meliss, Renewable Energy sources
and Conversion technology, TMH
3. Godfrey Boyle Renewable Energy, Oxford Univ. Press 1996
4. G T Wrixon, A M E Roney and W. Palz, Renewable energy 2000,
Springer Verlag 1993.
5. C. J. Winter, R. L. Sizmann and L L Vaithull, Solar Power Plants,
Springer Verlag.
PH4RE4 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS

Unit I
SolarCellFundamentals(18Hrs)
Extrinsic semiconductor, controlling carrier concentration – carrier
concentration and distribution – density of energy states – carrier distribution
212

function-number of electrons and holes- electron hole concentration – carrier
motion in semiconductors- drift: motion due to electric fields - electric field
and energy band bending - diffusion current - diffusion current density – drift
and diffusion together – diffusion coefficient – generation of carriers –
recombination of carriers – continuity of carrier concentrations.
P-N Junction Diode: An Introduction to Solar Cells - equilibrium condition –
space charge region - energy band diagram – junction potential-width of
depletion region – carrier movements and current densities – carrier
concentration profile – p-n junction non - equilibrium condition - I-V relation
(qualitative).
Text Book:
1.Solar Photovoltaic: Fundamentals, Technologies and
Applications, Chetan Singh Solanki, PHI, 2nd Edn. (Chapters 2,3
P P
and 4)
Unit II (18 Hrs)
P-N junction I-V relation: quantitative analysis - P-N junction under
illumination – generation of photo voltage (PV) – light generated current – I-
V equation for solar cell – solar cell characteristics.
Design of Solar Cells: upper limits of solar cell parameters - short circuit
current – open circuit voltage – fill factor – efficiency – losses in solar cell –
model of solar cell – effect of series and shunt resistance, solar radiation and
temperature on solar cell efficiency – solar cell design - design of high short
circuit current – choice of junction depth and orientation – minimisation of
optical losses and recombination – Design for high open circuit voltage –
design for high fill factor – base resistance – emitter resistance – analytical
213

techniques – solar simulator: I-V measurement – quantum efficiency
measurement – minority carrier life time and diffusion length measurement.
Text Book:
1. Solar Photovoltaic: Fundamentals, Technologies and
Applications, Chetan Singh Solanki, PHI, 2nd Edn. (Chap 4 & 5)
P P
Unit III (18 Hrs)

Solar Cell Technologies:
Production of silicon (Si) – Silicon requirement –production of metallurgical
grade Si - production of electronic grade Si - production of Si wafers – Si
sheets – Si feedstock for solar cell industry – Solar grade production of Si
wafers – Si usage in solar SPV - Si wafer based solar cell technology -
development of commercial Si solar cells – process flow of commercial Si
cell technology – processes used in solar cell technology – high efficiency Si
solar cells.
Thin Film Solar Cell Technologies:
Generic advantages of thin film technologies – materials for thin film
technologies – thin film deposition techniques – common features of thin
film technology - amorphous Si solar cell technology – cadmium telluride
collar cell technology – chalcopyrite solar cell technology – thin film
crystalline Si solar cell – microcrystalline Si thin film solar cell – thin film
polycrystalline Si solar cell – large grain thin film crystalline Si solar cell –
thin film epitaxial Si solar cell
Concentrator PV Cells and Systems:
light concentration – concentration ratio – series resistance optimisation of
concentrator cells - optics for concentrator SPV.
214

Emerging Solar Cell Technologies and Concepts. Organic solar cells -
Gallium Arsenide solar cells - Thermo photovoltaics.
Text Book:
1.Solar Photovoltaic: Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications,
Chetan Singh Solanki, PHI, 2nd Edn. (Chapters 6,7,8 and 9)
P P
Unit IV
Solar Photovoltaic Applications (18 Hrs)
Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) Modules – SPV from solar cells – series and
parallel connections – mismatch in cell module – mismatch in series
connection – hot spots in modules – bypass diode- mismatching parallel
connection – design and structure of PV modules - number of solar cells-
wattage of modules – fabrication of modules – PV module power output – I-
V equation of PV modules – rating of PV modules - I-V and power curves
of module – effect of solar irradiation and temperature - Balance of Solar PV
Systems – electrochemical cells –factors affecting battery performance –
batteries for SPV systems
Photovoltaic System Design and Applications.- introduction to SPV systems
– stand alone SPV system configurations – design methodology of SPV
systems – wire sizing in SPV systems - price sizing of SPV systems -
hybrid SPV systems - grid connected SPV systems - simple payback period
– life cycle costing
Text Book:
1.Solar Photovoltaic: Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications,
Chetan Singh Solanki, PHI, 2nd Edn. (Chapters 12,13 and 14)
P P
215

Reference Books:
1. Practical Photovoltaics: Electricity from Solar Cells Practical
Photovoltaics: Electricity from Solar Cells Richard J. Komp 3rd Edn.
P P
aatec Publishers, Michigon.

2. The Physics of Solar Cells (Properties of Semiconductor Materials),
Jenny Nelson, Imperial College Press, London.
PH4RP4 RENEWABLE ENERGY PRACTICALS
1. Solar Cell characteristics

2. Efficiency of Solar Flat Plate Collectors
3. Improvement of Power Factor
4. Efficacy of Lamps
5. Study of Bio-gas plant (Lab Model)
6. Stefan - Boltzmann Constant
7. Fluidized Bed Heat Transfer
8. Microprocessor based Sun-tracking System (Lab Model)
9. Performance evaluation of a Single Basin Solar Still
10. Thermal testing of Box-type Solar Cooker
11. Determination of heat Loss Factor F'UL of linear Solar Absorbers using
B B
Indoor Test Facility

12. Determination of Time Constant of Solar Flat Plate Collector
13. Measurement of Solar Reflectance and Absorptance of surfaces
14. Study of Effect of Anti-reflection Coatings of Solar Cells
216

15. Performance Analysis of a Paraboloid Concentrator
16. Testing of a Solar Cabinet Drier
17. Determination of Optical Efficiency of a Seasonally Adjusted Linear
Solar Concentrator
18. Four more experiments of equal standard can be added
4.4 M.Sc. MATERIAL SCIENCE

4.4.1 Course Code
The first two letters PH stand for Physics, and the letters C, P, E, D and V
have the usual meaning. The letter M stands for Material Science. Here the
core courses, Electives and Practicals are numbered from 1 to 4. The third
character of the Code running from 1 to 4 indicates the semester concerned.
Course and Coure code of M.Sc. Material Science are given in Table 4.3
217

Table 4.3 Course and Coure code of M.Sc. Material Science
218

SEMESTER – I
PH1MC1 APPLIED MATHEMATICS FOR PHYSICS- I

Unit 1
Complex Analysis (20 Hrs)
Function of a complex variable Cauchy-Rieman equation for analyticity –
Integration in a complex plane – Cauchy’s integrant theorem – Cauchy’s
integral formula -Taylor and Laurent expansions – Poles, residues & residue
theorem -Evaluation of integrals.
Unit II
Group theory (18 Hrs)
Introductory definitions and concepts- cyclic groups - point groups -
reducible and irreducible representations - orthogonality theorem - group
character table - applications in molecular and crystal physics - 3d rotational
group - lie group and lie algebra - Poincare and Lorentz group - SU(2) and
SU(3) - examples from particle physics.
Unit III
Integral transforms (18 Hrs)
Laplace & Fourier transforms – universe transforms – solution of differential
equation, wrong L T Earth’s mutation, LCR circuit, EM wave in dispersive
medium – driven oscillator with damping – FT of square wave, full wave
rectifier & finite wave train – momentum representation for hydrogen atom
ground state & harmonic oscillator.
219

Unit IV
Partial Differential Equations (16 hrs)
Partial differential equation – characteristics - boundary conditions - classes
of partial differential equations- heat equation- Laplace’s equation -
Poisson’s equation - non linear partial differential equation and boundary
conditions - separation of variables in Cartesian, circular cylindrical and
spherical polar coordinates - non homogeneous equation - Green’s function-
symmetry of Green’s functions- forms of Green functions.
Reference Books:
1. Mathematical Physics, B.D. Gupta, Vikas Pub. House, New Delhi
1997.
2. Mathematical Methods in Classical & Quantum Physics, Tulsi
Dass & S.K.Sharma, University Press Ltd. Hyderabad 1998.
3. Elements of Group Theory for Physicists, A.W. Joshi, New Age
India Pub.. 1997.
4. Mathematical Physics, Satyaprakash, S. Chand & Sons
5. Mathematical Method for Physicists, G.B. Arfken & H.J. Weber -
6th Edition: A Comprehensive Guide, Academic Press, San
Diego 2005.
6. Mathematical Physics, H. K. Das, S. Chand & Co. Ltd. New
Delhi. 1999.
7. Mathematical Physics, B.S Rajput, Pragati Prakasan
8. Complex Variables- Introduction & Applications, M. J. Ablowitz
& A.S. Fokes CUP, Foundation Books.
9. Complex Variables, Schaum’s outline, M.R. Spiegel, TMH.
220

10. Advanced Mathematics for Eng. & Physics, L.A. Pipes & L.R.
Harvill, MGH.
11. Mathematical methods of Physics, J. Mathew & R.L. Walker,
India Book House Pvt. Ltd.
12. Mathematical Methods for Physics & Enginneering, K . F.
Riley, M.P. Hobon & S. J. Bence, CUP (low price edition)
13. Advanced Engineering Mathematicsc, E. Keryzing, 7 th ed. John
P P
Wiley, 1993.
14. Introduction to Mathematical Methods in Physics, G. Fletcher,
TMGH.
15. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, C.R. Wylie, Tata Mc Graw
Hill.
PH1MC2 QUANTUM MECHANICS – I

Unit I
Schrodinger Wave equation and Matrix Formulation of Quantum
Mechanics (20Hrs)
Schrodinger Wave equation - The one dimensional Wave equation -
Extension to three dimensions - Interpretation of the wave function- Energy
Eigen functions - One dimensional square well potential. Eigen functions and
Eigen values - Interpretive Postulates and Energy Eigen functions
momentum Eigen functions.- Discrete Eigen values – Linear Harmonic
oscillator – Spherically symmetric potentials in three dimensions – Three
dimensional Square well potential – The Hydrogen atom
221

Matrix Formulation of Quantum Mechanics
Matrix representations of operator Row and Column matrices – Hilbert space
- Dirac’s Bra and Ket notation. The Eigen value equation - Ortho normality
of Eigen functions – The completeness Condition - Equations of motion -
Schrodinger picture – Heisenberg picture - Interaction picture-Energy
representation – Poisson’s bracket and Commutator brackets - Quantisation
of a classical system - Evaluation of Commutator brackets - velocity and
acceleration of a charged particle - The Lorentz Force - Virial theorem –
Matrix theory of Harmonic oscillator.
Unit II
Symmetry in Quantum Mechanics (18 Hrs)
Space and time Displacements -Unitary Displacement operator - Equation
of motion – Symmetry and Degeneracy - Matrix elements for displaced
states - Time displacement.
Angular momentum - Angular momentum operators - angular momentum
matrices – spin angular momentum-Total angular momentum operators -
Eigen values of Total angular momentum – Clebsch-Gordon coefficients -
Recursion relations – Construction procedure calculation of C G coefficients
j=1/2 and j=1 cases - Matrix elements for rotated states – Product of Tensor
operators- Combination of operator and Eigen state - Wigner-Eckart
Theorem.
Unit III
The Quantum theory of Scattering (18 Hrs)
The scattering matrix: The Green’s functions propagator - Freeparticle
Green’s functions - Integral equation for Ψ - Integral equation for the
222

propagator - Use of the advanced Green’s function - differential equation for
the Green’s functions - Symbolic relations - Application to scattering -
Unitarity of the S matrix - Symmetry properties of the S matrix - Stationary
collision theory- Transition matrix - Transition Probability- scattering cross
section - Green’s functions for Stationary case - Green’s functions as inverse
operators- Stationary propagator – Free particle propagator - scattering
amplitude - ingoing waves - S matrix for Stationary case – Angular
momentum representation.
Approximate calculations- The Born approximation – Validity of Born
approximation Scattering from two potentials - Distorted wave Born
approximation – Partial wave analysis of DWBA - Approximate expression
for the phase shifts - Scatterer with internal Degrees of freedom - Elastic and
inelastic cross sections - Electron scattering from Hydrogen - Production of
a cloud chamber track - Second order Perturbation theory - Evaluation of the
Second order matrix element - Discussion of the cross section - Eikonal
approximation. Scattering by a square well potential - Scattering by a
perfectly rigid sphere - Scattering by a Coulomb field: Rutherford Formula-
from Born approximation – scattering of Identical particles The Lippmam -
Schwinger Equation.
Unit IV
Approximation Methods for Stationary Problems (16 Hrs)
Stationary perturbation theory – Non degenerate case - First order
perturbation- Second order perturbation - Perturbation in an Oscillator-
Degenerate case –Removal of degeneracy in Second order - Zeeman effect
without electron spin- First order Stark effect in Hydrogen atom – Perturbed
223

energy levels- Occurrence of permanent electric dipole moments. The
Variation method – Expectation value of the energy - Application to excited
states – Ground state of Helium - Electron interaction energy - Variation of
the parameter Z - Vander-Waals interaction- Perturbation calculation -
Variation calculation. Alternative treatment of the perturbation Series -
Second order Stark effect in Hydrogen - Polarizability of Hydrogen - Method
of Dalgarno and Lewis - Third order Perturbed energy - Interaction of a
Hydrogen atom and a point charge - The WKB Approximation - Classical
limit - Approximate solutions - Asymptotic nature of the solutions- solution
near a turning point – linear turning point - Connection at the turning point -
Asymptotic Connection formula - Energy levels of a potential well - A
quantisation rule – Special boundary conditions- tunneling through a barrier.
Reference Books:
1. Quantum Mechanics, L.I. Schiff, 3rd Edn. McGraw Hill.
P P
2. Quantum Mechanics-Theory and applications, A. Ghatak &

S.Lokanathan,4th Edn. Mc Millan.
P P
3. Quantum Mechanics, V.K. Thankappan 2rd Edn. Wiley Eastern.

P P
4. Modern Quantum Mechanics, J.J. Sakurai. Pearson Education

5. A text book of Quantum Mechanics. P.M. Mathews & K.
Venkatesan,TMGH
6. Quantum Mechanics, A. Messiah, North-Holland Publication
Company.
7. Quantum Mechanics, G Aruldhas, Prentice Hall of India, 2002.
224

8. Advanced Quantum Mechanics, Satya Prakash, Kedar Nath
Ramnath.
9. Quantum Mechanics –Concepts and applications, N. Zettili, John
Wiley & Sons.
10. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, R.H. Dicke & J.P Wittke,
Addison Wesley.
11. Quantum Mechanics, B.N. Srivastava, Pragati Prakashan.
PH1MC3 ADVANCED NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Unit I
Nuclear Structure and Models (18Hrs)
Basic properties of nuclei: Masses and relative abundances, mass defect, size
and shape, binding energy, magnetic dipole moments and electric quadrupole
moments. Liquid drop model - Semi-empirical mass formula of Weizsacker -
Nuclear stability Mass parabolas - Bohr-Wheeler theory of fission – Fermi
gas model Shell model - Spin-orbit coupling - Magic numbers - Angular
momenta and parities of nuclear ground state - qualitative discussion and
estimates of transition rates - Magnetic moments and Schmidt lines -
Collective model of Bohr and Mottelson - Nilsson Model - oblate and
prolate.
Unit II
Nuclear Interactions (18Hrs)
Nuclear forces - Two body problem - Ground state of deuteron - Magnetic
moment - Quadruple moment - Tensor forces - Meson theory of nuclear
forces - Yukawa potential - Nucleon-nucleon scattering, scattering cross
225

section - Low energy n-p scattering-phase shift - proton-proton scattering -
Effective range theory - Characteristics of nuclear force - Spin dependence,
charge independence and charge symmetry - Isospin formalism.
Unit III
Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Decay (18Hrs)
Reaction dynamics, the Q value of Nuclear reaction, Scattering and reaction
cross sections Compound nucleus formation and breakup, nuclear fission and
heavy ion induced reactions, fusion reactions, types of nuclear reactors.
Theory of striping reactions.
Beta decay - Fermi’s theory - Fermi-Kurie Plot - Fermi and Gamow - Teller
selection rules - Allowed and forbidden decays - Decay rates - Theory of
Neutrino - Helicity of neutrino - Helicity measurement - Theory of electron
capture - Non-conservation of parity - Gamma decay - Internal conversion -
Multipole transitions in nuclei - Nuclear isomerism - Angular correlation in
successive gamma emissions.
Unit IV
Particle Physics (18Hrs)
Types of interactions between elementary particles - Hadrons and leptons,
their masses, spin parity decay structure, the quark model, the confined
quarks, coloured quarks, Experimental evidences for quark model. The
quark-gluon interaction. Gell-mann-Nishijima formula, Symmetries and
conservation laws, C, P and CPT invariance and applications of symmetry
arguments to particle reactions, parity non conservation in weak interactions.
Exchange Bosons of the weak interaction, electroweak unification.
226

Reference Books:
1. Introductory Nuclear Physics, Kenneth S. Krane, Wiley, New York (1987).
2. Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics, D. Griffiths, Harper and Row,
New York.
3. Nuclear Physics, R.R. Roy and B.P. Nigam,New Age International, New
Delhi(1983).
4. The particle Hunters, Yuval Ne’eman & Yoram kirsh, Cambridge University
Press.
5. Concepts of Nuclear Physics, B.L. Cohen, TMH, New Delhi(1971).
6. Theory of Nuclear Structure, M.K. Pal, Scientific and Academic Edn (1983).
8. Nuclear Physics, I. Kaplan, 2nd Edn, Narosa, New Delhi (1989).
P P
9. Introduction to Nuclear Physics, H.A. Enge, Addison Wesle, London (1975).

10. Introductory Nuclear Physics, Y.R. Waghmare, Oxford-IBH, New Delhi
(1981).
11. Atomic and Nuclear Physics, S.N. Ghoshal, Volume 2, S. Chand & Co.
12. Elementary Particles, J.M. Longo, McGraw-Hill, New York (1971).
13. Nuclear and Particle Physics, W.E. Burcham & M. Jobes, Addison-Wesley,
Tokyo.
14. Subatomic Physics, Frauenfelder &Henley, Prentice-Hall.
15. Particles and Nuclei, B. Povh, K. Rith, C. Scholz & F. Zetche, Springer
(2002)
227

PH1MC4 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
Unit I
Lattice Vibrations (16 Hrs)
Vibrations of monatomic and diatomic lattices - acoustic and optical modes -
Quantization of lattice vibrations - Phonon Momentum - Inelastic scattering
of neutrons by phonons.
Lattice Heat Capacity - Einstein model, Density of modes in one and three
dimensions -Debye model of lattice heat capacity – Debye’s T3 law - P P
Anharmonic crystal Interactions - Thermal Expansion - Thermal

conductivity.
Unit II
Free Electron Theory and Band Theory (18 Hrs)
Energy levels and density of orbitals in one dimension - Free electron gas in
three dimensions - Heat capacity of the electron gas - Electrical conductivity
and Ohm’s law - Motion in magnetic fields - Hall effect-Thermal
conductivity of metals - Wiedemann-Franz law - Nearly free electron model
- Wave equation of electron in a periodic potential - Number of orbitals in a
band - Construction of Fermi Surfaces -Calculation of Energy Bands -
Experimental methods in Fermi surface studies.
Unit III
Dielectric, Ferroelectric and Magnetic properties (20 Hrs)
Theory of Dielectrics: Polarisation, Dielectric constant, Local Electric field,
Dielectric polarisability, Clausius-Mossotti relation, Polarisation from dipole
orientation, Dielectric losses, Ferroelectric crystals, Order-disorder type
228

ferroelectrics, Properties of BaTiO3, Polarisation catastrophe, Displacive
B B
type ferroelectrics, Landau theory of ferroelectric phase transitions,

Ferroelectric domain, Antiferroelectricity, Piezoelectricity, Applications of
Piezoelectric Crystals.
Diamagnetism and Para magnetism: Langevin’s diamagnetism equation,
Quantum theory of diamagnetism of mononuclear systems, Quantum theory
of paramagnetism, Hund’s rule, Paramagnetic susceptibility of conduction
electrons, Ferro, Anti and Ferri magnetism: Curie point and the exchange
integral, Magnons, Ferrimagnetic order, Curie temperature and susceptibility
of ferrimagnets, Antiferromagnetic order. Weiss theory of ferromagnetism,
Ferromagnetic domains, Bloch walls, Origin of domains, Novel magnetic
materials: GMR-CMR materials (qualitative)
Unit IV
Meissner effect - Type I and Type II superconductors, Heat capacity,
Microwave absorption, Energy gap, Isotope effect, Free energy of
superconductor in magnetic field and the stabilization energy, London
equation and penetration of magnetic field, Cooper pairs and the BCS ground
state and BCS Hamiltonian - Flux quantization, Single particle tunnelling,
DC and AC Josephson effects, High Tc superconductors - description of the
B B
cuprates - Applications of Superconductivity.

Reference Books:
1. Introduction to Solid State Physics, C. Kittel, Wiley Eastern.
2. Introduction to Theory of Solids, H.M. Rosenberg, Prentice Hall
3. Solid State Physics, A.J.Dekker, Macmillan, 1967
229

4. Solid State Physics, N.W.Ashcroft and N.D. Mermin, Cengage
Learning Pub.
5. Elements of Solid State Physics, J.P. Srivastava, Prentice Hall of
India (2nd Edition)
6. Solid State Physics-J.S. Blakemore, Cambridge University Press.
7. Solid State Physics, Gupta Kumar, Pragati Prakasan
8. Solid State Physics-Structure and Properties of materials, M.A.
Wahab. Narosa.
9. Solid State Physics, S.O.Pillai, New Age International 6th Edn. 2010
P P
10. Elementary Solid State Physics, M. Ali Omar, Pearson.
PH1MP1 GENERALPHYSICS PRACTICALS
1. Magnetic susceptibility - Quincke’s method

2. Magnetic susceptibility - Guoys method
3. Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio – Cornu’s method, (Elliptical or
Hyperbolic fringes)
4. Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio – Koenig’s method
5. Michelson interferometer – thickness of mica sheet
6. Verification of Hartman’s relation – Mercury and KMnO4 spectrum
B B
7. e/m of electron – Thomsons method

8. Study of thermistor – computation of response equation
9. Determination of e/k – silicon transistor
10. Hydrogen spectrum – Rydberg constant
11. Ultrasonics – velocity of sound in liquids
230

12. Oscillating disc – viscosity of liquid
13. Determination of e – Milliken’s method
14. Characteristics of a photodiode
15. B-H curve – Anchor ring
16. Mutual inductance – Carey Foster’s bridge
17. Self and mutual inductance – Anderson’s bridge
18. Arc spectrum of Iron, Copper and Brass
19. Absorption spectrum of Iodine
20. Raman effect in liquids – plate measurement
21. Identification of elements by spectroscopic method
SEMESTER – II
PH2MC1 APPLIED MATHEMATICS FOR PHYSICS - II
Unit I
Vector and Vector Spaces (16 hrs)
Vector algebra and vector calculus, Orthogonal curvilinear co–ordinates –
Spherical, Cylindrical and Polar co–ordinates – Line, Surface and Volume
integral – Stokes, Gauss’ and Green’s theorems – equation of continuity –
application in potential theory – Scalar potential, gravitational potential and
centrifugal potential. Linear vector space – Hermtian - unitary and projection
operators – inner products space – Schmidt Orthogonalisation – vector space
of functions – Hilberts space – Schwartz inequality.
231

Unit II
Matrices, Error analysis and Probability (20 Hrs)
Diagonalisation – Jacobi’s method – solution of linear equations – Gauss
elimination method – Matrix inversion – Hermitian and unitary matrices –
Pauli spin matrices – Orthogonal matrices – Euler angles –Moment of Inertia
matrix – normal modes of vibration.
Error analysis and hypothesis testing – propagation of errors – Standard
deviations - Statistical distribution – Poisson, Binomial and Gaussian – least
square fitting –criteria for goodness of fit – Chi square test.
Unit III
Differential Equations and Special Functions (20 Hrs)
Gamma and Beta Functions (review of properties) – Dirac delta function –
its property and integral forms. Bessel’s differential equations – Legendre
differential equations – Associated Legendre functions – Hermite differential
equation – Laguerre differential equation – associated Laguerre polynomial –
Generating Functions – recurrence relation –orthonormality – Rodrigue’s
formula – to be discussed for all equations.
Unit IV
Tensors (16 hrs)
Transformation of coordinates – contravariant, covariant and mixed tensor –
symmetric and anti symmetric tensor – associated tensor – raising and
lowering of indices – metric tensor – curvilinear coordinates – Riemannian
Space – Covariant differentiation – Christoffel Symbols – geodesic.
232

Reference Books:
1. Mathematical Method for Physicists, G.B. Arfken & H.J. Weber,
6th Edn. 2005
P P
2. Mathematical Physics, P.K. Chattopadhyya, New Age

International.
3. Theory and Problems of Vector Analysis, M.R. Spiegel, Schaum’s
Series
4. Mathematical Methods for Physics & Engineering, K.F. Riley, M
P Hobson and S. J. Bence, Cambridge University press.
5. Mathematical Physics, B.D. Gupta, Vikas Pub. House, New Delhi
6. Mathematical Physics - B.S Rajput, Y Prakash 9th Ed, Pragati
P P
Prakashan
7. Differential Equations with Applications &
Programme,,Balachandra Rao & H.R.,Anuradha, University Press
1999.
8. Tensor Calculus, Theory & Problems, A.N. Srivastava,
University Press, 1992
9. Vector Analysis and Tensors, M.R. Spiegel, Schaum’s Series
10. Advanced Mathematics for Eng.& Scientists, Schaum’s outline,
M.R. Spiegel,TMH.
11. Vector Analysis, M. R Spiegel, Schaum’s Series
12. Data Reduction & Errors Analysis for the Physical Sciences,
P.Bevington, D.K.Robinson, MGH.
13. Differential Equations with Applications & Programme, B. Rao
& H.R. Anuradha, University Press 1999.
233

14. Tensor Calculus – Theory & Problems, A.N. Srivastava
University Press, 1992
15. Algebra, M. Artin, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. N. D. 1999.
PH2MC2 ELECTRODYNAMICS AND NON LINEAR OPTICS

Unit I
Electrostatics and Magnetostatics (18Hrs)
Laplace’s Equation – in one, two, three dimensions and its solutions.
Boundary conditions and Uniqueness theorems - Conductors and the second
Uniqueness theorem. Multipole expansion - Approximate Potentials at large
distances - The Monopole and Dipole terms - Origin of coordinates in
Multipole expansions - The electric field of a dipole. Linear Dielectrics -
Susceptibility, Permittivity, Dielectric Constant - Boundary value problem
with linear dielectrics - Energy in dielectric systems - Forces on dielectrics.
Magnetostatics - The divergence and Curl of B - Straight line currents -
Applications of Ampere’s law - Comparison of magnetostatics and
electrostatics. Magnetic vector potential - The vector potential -
Magnetostatic boundary conditions- Multipole expansion of the vector
potential - The auxiliary field H- Ampere’s law in magnetized materials- A
deceptive parallel - Boundary conditions.
Unit II
Electrodynamics and Electromagnetic Waves (20Hrs)
Maxwell’s Equations - Electrodynamics before Maxwell - How Maxwell
fixed up Ampere’s law - Maxwell’s equations - Magnetic charge -
Maxwell’s equations in matter- Boundary conditions. Conservation Laws -
234

charge and energy - The continuity equation - Poynting`s theorem –
Momentum - Newton’s third law in Electrodynamics - Maxwell’s Stress
Tensor - Conservation of Momentum - Angular Momentum.
Electromagnetic Waves - Waves in one dimension - Electromagnetic waves
in vacuum - Electromagnetic waves ion matter - Absorption and Dispersion -
Guided waves.
Potentials and Fields -The Potential formulation - Continuous Distributions -
Retarded Potentials – Jefimenko’s equations - Point Charges - Lienard-
Wichert Potentials.
Unit III
Radiation and Relativistic Electrodynamics (16Hrs)
Dipole radiation - Electric dipole radiation and Magnetic dipole radiation -
Radiation from an Arbitrary source. Point Charges - Power radiated from a
point charge - Radiation reaction - Abraham Lorentz formula.
Relativistic Mechanics - Proper time and velocity-Relativistic energy and
Momentum- Relativistic Kinematics- Relativistic dynamics. Relativistic
Electrodynamics - Magnetism as a relativistic phenomenon - Transformation
of the field - Electromagnetic field tensor - Electrodynamics in tensor
notation, Potential formulation of relativistic electrodynamics.
Unit IV
Non Linear Optics (18Hrs)
The self focusing phenomenon of light - Harmonic generation - Second
Harmonic generation – phase matching condition – third harmonic
generation – optical mixing – parametric generation of light –- multi
quantum photoelectric effect - two photon processes - three photon processes
235

- parametric generation of light – frequency up conversion – phase conjugate
optics – generation of sum and difference frequencies.
Reference Books:
1. Introduction to Electrodynamics, David J Griffiths, PHI Learning,
2009
2. Classical Electrodynamics, J.D. Jackson 3rd Ed. Wiley, 1993.
P P
3. Lasers and Non Linear optics, B.B Laud, Wiley eastern.

4. Optical Electronics, Ajoy Ghatak & K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge
2003.
5. Contemporary optics, Ajoy Ghatak & K. Thyagarajan, Plenum, New
York.
6. Introduction to Optics, Germain Chartier, Springer.
7. The Feynman Lectures in Physics,Vol 2, Feynamn, Leighton, Sands.
8. Quantum Electronics, Amion Yariv, Wiley.
9. Introduction to Classical Electrodynamics, Y K Lim, World
Scientific.
10. Non Linear Optics, Robert W. Boyd, Academic Press.
PH2MC3 ADVANCED ELECTRONICS
Unit I
Multistage Amplifiers (18 Hrs)
Gain of a Multistage Amplifier - RC coupled two stage Amplifiers -
Advantages and disadvantages – Applications - Impedance coupled
Amplifier - Transformer coupled Amplifier - Direct coupled Amplifier -
Darlington pair - Comparison between Darlington pair and Emitter
follower.
236

Power Amplifiers – Difference between voltage and Power Amplifier -
Performance parameters - AC Load line - Classification of Power Amplifiers
- Class A - Characteristics & power relations for Class A amplifiers –
Transformer coupled Class A Amplifier - Class B Amplifier- Transformer
less Class B Push-pull Amplifier - Class C Amplifier. Tuned Amplifiers –
Parallel Resonant circuit – Single tuned Voltage Amplifier Double tuned
Voltage Amplifier - Stagger tuned Voltage Amplifier.
Unit II
Operational Amplifiers (18 Hrs)
Differential amplifier- Basic circuit – Operation - Common-mode and
Differential mode signals – Double ended input Operation of DA - voltage
gain - CMRR-DC Analysis of DA - Overview of DA - Input bias Current -
AC Analysis of DA – Common mode voltage gain. Operational amplifiers-
Overview - Op-amp Parameters - Frequency response of an op amp - Op-
amp with negative feedback - compensating networks.
Applications – Op-amp as a Voltage amplifier – Inverting amplifier - Non-
Inverting amplifier - Voltage Follower - Multistage Op-amp circuits -
Summing amplifier – Peaking amplifier – Summing, Scaling, averaging
amplifiers – Instrumentation amplifier using transducer bridge – Differential
input and differential output amplifier – Comparators - The Integrator - The
Differentiator –Audio Amplifier - OP-amp based Wein-Bridge Oscillator,
Colpitt’s Oscillator & Crystal Oscillator – Triangular wave Oscillator – A
voltage controlled saw tooth Oscillator VCO – A square wave relaxation
Oscillator - High impedance voltmeter.
237

Unit III
Active filters, Oscillators and Integrated Circuits (18 hrs)
Active filters – First order and second order low pass Butterworth filter -
First order and second order high pass Butterworth filter - wide and narrow
band pass filter - wide and narrow band reject filter - All pass filter
.Oscillators - Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators using transistor –
Tunnel diode oscillator – UJT Sawtooth generator - Multivibrators – astable,
monostable & bistable multivibrators- Schmitt Trigger - Transistor blocking
oscillator - The 555 Timer - Voltage controlled oscillator.
Integrated Circuits - Advantages and Disadvantages of IC’s - IC
classification by structure and functions - Linear Integrated circuits - Digital
Integrated circuits - Fabrication of IC components - Complete Monolithic
Integrated circuits - MOS Integrated circuits.
Unit IV
Field effect Transistors, Amplifiers And Digital Signal Processing (18
Hrs)
Junction field effect Transistor - working principles of JFET- difference
between JFET bipolar transistor- JFET as an amplifier - output
characteristics of JFET- advantages of JFET- parameters JFET.
Amplifiers - Biasing the JFET- gate bias - self bias - setting a Q-point -
voltage divider bias- Source bias- biasing the enhancement type
MOSFET’s- biasing the depletion type MOSFET’s- small signal FET
models - small signal low-frequency and high frequency FET models-
common source amplifier—common drain .
238

Digital Signal Processing -Mathematical representations of continuous time
(CT) and discrete time (DT) signals – basic concepts of sampling of signals –
sampling theorem - Signal energy and power – periodic signals – even and
odd signals – exponential and sinusoidal signals – discrete time unit impulse
and unit step sequences – examples of DT signal processing systems -
interconnections of systems – DT systems with and without memory –
invertability and inverse systems – causality – stability – time invariance –
linearity.
Reference Books
1. Op amps and linear Integrated Circuits, R.A. Gayakwad, PHI
2. A text book of Applied Electronics, R.S. Sedha, S. Chand & Co.
3. Principles of Electronics, V.K.Mehta and Rohit Mehta S. Chand &
Co.
4. Basic Electronics, B.L. Theraja, S. Chand & Co.
5. Integrated Electronics, J. Millman and C.C. Halkias, MGH
6. Signals and Systems Alan S. Willsky, Alan V. Oppenheim, S. Hamid
T T T T
2nd Edn PHI

P P
7. Digital Signal Processing, P.Ramesh Babu, Scitech Publishing.

8. Digital Signal Processing, A. Nagaroor Kani, TMGH.
9. Digital Signal Processing, Principles, Algorithms and Applications,
John G. Proakis,Dimitris G Manolakis, PHI
10. Digital Signal Processing- A Modern Introduction, Ashok Ambardar,
Thomson.
11. Introduction Digital Signal Processing, Johnny R Johnson, PHI
239

PH2MC4 CLASSICAL MECHANICS AND RELATIVITY
Unit I
The motion of Rigid Bodies and Theory of Small Oscillations (20 Hrs)
Independent co-ordinates of a rigid body - Orthogonal transformations -
Inertia Tensor – Euler’s angles - Euler’s theorem on the motion of a rigid
body - Force free motion of a symmetric top - Motion of a heavy symmetric
top - Infinitesimal rotation - Precession of Charged bodies in magnetic field -
Coriolis Force and its effects. Independent Coordinates – Orthogonal
Transformations – Euler’s Angles. Force free motion of rigid body - Cases of
symmetric top - Heavy Symmetric top, fast top - Sleeping top.
Theory of Small Oscillations - Formulation of the problem – Eigen value
equation – Coupled oscillators – Normal coordinates. Oscillations of linear
triatomic molecule
Unit II
Hamiltonian Mechanics (18 Hrs)
Hamilton's equations of motion - cyclic coordinates and conservation
theorems - Hamilton’s equations from variational principle - Physical
significance of principle of least action -Canonical transformations – Poisson
brackets – Equation of motion in Poisson bracket formulation- The canonical
invariance of Poisson bracket - Lagrange brackets.
The Hamilton Jacobi equation - Hamilton's characteristic function – The
Harmonic oscillator in Hamilton Jacobi method - Action angle variables –
Kepler’s problem in action angle variables - Transition to Wave mechanics.
240

Unit III
Canonical Perturbation Theory and Lagrangian Formulation for
Continuous Systems And Fields (16 Hrs)
Time dependent perturbation and illustrations - Time independent
perturbation theory in first order with one degree of freedom. Time
independent perturbation theory to higher order - Kepler problem and
precession of the equinoxes of satellite orbits. Lagrangian formulation for
continuous systems - sound vibrations in gas - Hamiltonian formulation for
continuous systems - description of fields – Noether’s theorem.
Unit IV
The Special Theory of relativity (18 Hrs)
The postulates of Special Theory of relativity-Lorentz transformation –
Velocity transformation - Length contraction-Time dilation - Mass in
relativity - mass and energy -Relativistic Lagrangian and Hamiltonian of a
particle-Lorentz co-variance - four vectors - Invariance of Maxwell’s
equations under Lorentz transformations - Electromagnetic field tensor -
Principle of Equivalence- Precession of the Perihelion of planetary orbits.
Reference Books:
1. Classical Mechanics, Goldstein, Poole & Safko, 3rd Edn. Pearson.
P P
2. Classical mechanics,G. Aruldas, Prentice Hall

3. Classical mechanics, N. C. Rana & P.S. Joag - TMGH
4. Classical mechanics, J.C. Upadhyaya, Himalaya.
5. Classical mechanics, Satyaprakash, Sultan Chand & Company.
6. Classical mechanics, Gupta & Kumar, Pragati Prakasan.
7. Classical Mechanics, A.K. Raychauduri, Oxford Univ. Press
241

8. Dynamics, S.N. Rasband. John Wiley 1983
9. Introduction to Dynamics,I. Percival & D. Richards, Cambridge Univ.
Press 1982
10. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics, M. G. Calkin - Allied Pub.
Ltd.
11. Theory of Relativity - R. K. Ptharia, Dover Pub. Inc. NY,2003
12. An Introduction to General Theory of Relativity, S.K. Bose, Wiley
Eastern.
PH2MP2 ELECTRONICS PRACTICALS
1. RC coupled CE amplifier – two stages with feed back – frequency

response and voltage gain
2. Differential amplifier – using transistors – constant current source –
frequency response
3. Active filters – low pass and high pass – first and second orders –
frequency response and roll of rate
4. Band pass filter using single op-amp
5. Voltage controlled oscillator using transistors
6. Voltage regulation using op-amp with short circuit protection
7. UJT characteristics
8. Relaxation oscillator using UJT
9. RF amplifier- frequency response and band width
10. Op – amp monostable multivibrator , square wave generator
11. IC 555 monostable multivibrator and astable multivibrator
12. IC 555 pulse width modulation and linear RAMP generator
242

13. Voltage controlled oscillator using IC 555
14. Shift registers Binary sequence generator
15. Thermistor characteristics
16. Synchronous counters and divide by N counters
17. Op – amp mathematical operations
18. Op – amp Wein bridge oscillator
19. Amplitude modulation using transistors
20. Precision rectifiers – measurement of rectifier efficiency at different
frequencies
21. Op- amp triangular wave generator with specified amplitude
SEMESSTER – III
PH3MC1 COMPUTER APPLICATION IN PHYSICS

Unit I
Numerical Methods (20 Hrs)
Numerical solution of Non-linear equations - The method of iteration -
Newton-Raphson method – Method of successive approximation.
Numerical solution of system of linear equations - Gauss Elimination
Method – Gauss -Jordan method, matrix inversion method – Jacobi's method
- Gauss-Seidel method - Eigen value problem - Power method.
Curve Fitting -The method of least squares - for fitting a straight line- Fitting
a polynomial- Fitting a non-linear function – Fitting a geometric curve -
Fitting an exponential curve - Fitting a Hyperbola - Fitting a trigonometric
243

function. Interpolation - Lagrange’s interpolation - Finite differences -
Forward Backward and Divided differences - Difference Tables - Newton's
methods of interpolation- Cubic spline interpolation.
Unit II
Numerical Differentiation and Integrations (16 Hrs)
Numerical Differentiation, Errors in numerical differentiation, Cubic spline
method, Finding maxima and minima of a tabulated function. Newton-Cotes
formulae for integration - Trapezoidal Rule, Simpson's Rule, Romberg's
integration, Gauss’s Quadrature formula - Double integration.
Unit III
Object Oriented Programming in C++ (16 Hrs)
Review of C++ - Structures – Functions - Classes and objects – Constructors
and Destructors
Unit IV
Operator overloading, Type Conversion and Graphics (20Hrs)
Operator overloading – overloading unary operators - overloading binary
operators - Data conversion - Manipulation of strings using Operators -
Rules for overloading operators. Inheritance- Derived class and Base class -
Derived class Constructors – overriding member Functions - Class
Hierarchies - Public and Private Inheritance - levels of Inheritance – Multiple
Inheritance.
Pointers – Pointers and Functions - Pointers to objects- Pointers to Pointers –
Virtual Functions – Friend Functions - The this pointer. Graphics –Text
mode Graphics Functions – Graphics mode Graphics Functions – rectangles
and lines - Motion -Text in Graphics Mode.
244

Reference Books:
1. Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis,S.S. Sasthry, PHI.
2. Computer oriented Numerical Methods, R.S. Salaria, Khanna Pub.
3. Computer oriented Numerical Methods, V. Rajaraman, PHI.
4. Mathematical Methods, G. Sanker Rao, I.K. International Publishing
House.
5. Object Oriented Programming in Microsoft C++,Robert Lafore,
Pearson.
6. Object Oriented Programming in C++, E. Balagurusamy, TMGH.
7. Computer Science C++ Sumita Arora ,Gautam Sarkar, Dhanpat Rai
& Co.
PH3MC2 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY

Unit I
Molecular Vibrations, Infra Red Spectroscopy and Microwave
Spectroscopy (18hrs)
Basic principles of Vibrational Spectroscopy - Diatomic molecule -
Harmonic Oscillator and Anharmonic Oscillator - Vibrations of Polyatomic
molecules - Energy levels and spectral transitions - Description of internal
Vibrations - Spectra of some simple molecules- Vibrational assignments -
Coupled Vibrations – Time scale.
Infra Red Spectroscopy – The diatomic Vibrating rotator - Asymmetry of
rotation- Vibration band - The Vibration-rotation spectrum of carbon
monoxide – The interaction of rotations and Vibrations – Linear
molecules - Nuclear spin effect- symmetric top molecules- Interpretation of
245

vibrational spectra - Group Frequencies. Microwave Spectroscopy - Theory
of Microwave Spectroscopy – The diatomic molecule as a Rigid Rotator -
The diatomic molecule as a Non – rigid rotator - Rotational spectra of
polyatomic molecules - linear molecule - Symmetric and asymmetric top
molecules.
Unit II
Electronic Spectroscopy of Atoms, Photoelectron Spectroscopy and UV
Electronic Spectroscopy - Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules, Intensity
of spectral lines, Frank – condon principle, Dissociation energy and
dissociation products, Rotational fine structure of electronic vibrational
transition, The Fortrat Parabolae, Pre-dissociation.
Photoelectron Spectroscopy - Principle – Instrumentation and Information
from Photoelectron spectra.
UV Spectroscopy - Origin and Theory of Ultraviolet Spectra - Choice of
Solvents- Instrumentation – Applications of UV absorption Spectroscopy.
Unit III
Atomic Spectra (18hrs)
Quantum states of electrons in atoms - Electron spin - spectroscopic terms
and selection rules. Spectrum of helium and alkali atoms - Relativistic
corrections for energy levels of hydrogen atom - Hyperfine structure and
isotopic shift - Width of spectral lines - spin orbit interaction - Derivation of
spin orbit interaction energy, fine structure in sodium atom, Landau g-
factor, Zeeman effect. Paschen – Bach effect and Stark effect in one electron
system, LS and JJ coupling schemes (Vector diagram), Hund’s rule,
246

Derivation of interaction energy, examples of LS and JJ coupling, Lande
interval rule, Hyperfine structure, Width of spectral lines.
Unit IV
X-Ray Spectroscopy, Fluorescence Phosphorescence and Raman
X-Ray sources and Detectors- Interaction of X-rays with matter—
Instrumentation - Applications of X-Ray Absorption methods - X-Ray
Diffraction methods and Applications to complexes – Particle size
determination.
Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, Excitation spectra, Experimental methods,
and Applications. Raman spectroscopy- Characteristic properties of Raman
lines- Differences between Raman Spectra and Infra red spectra-
Mechanism of Raman Effect- intensity of Raman lines.
Reference Books
1. Introduction of Atomic Spectra, H.E. White, Mc Graw Hill.
2. Vibrational Spectroscopy, D. N. Satyanarayana, New Age
International.
3. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, C.N. Banwel. McGraw
Hill, 1994.
4. Spectroscopy (Vol. 1,2&3), B.P. Straughan, & Walker, Science
paperbacks 1976.
5. Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, G. Aruldas, Prentice Hall of
India.
6. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, G. Chatwal and S.
Anand, Himalaya
247

7. Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, Norman D
Colthup, Lawrence H Daly and Stephen E Wiberley- Academic press
NY.
8. Instrumental Methods of Analysis,Willard, Merrit, Dean and
Settle,CBS Pub.
9. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, G.W. Ewing, McGraw
Hill
10. Introduction to Spectroscopy, Pavia, Lampman, Kriz. 3rd Edn.
P P
11. Raman Spectroscopy, D.A. Long, McGraw Hill international, 1977 .

12. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy, G.M. Barrow, McGraw Hill.
13. Mol. Spectra and Mol. Structure, Vol. 1, 2 & 3. Herzberg G, Van
Nostard, London.
14. Photoluminescence of Solutions, C.A. Parker, Elsevier Pub.Comp.
1968.
15. Elements of Spectroscopy, Gupta, Kumar and Sharama, Pragathi
Prakasan.
16. Spectroscopy, Experimental techniques, BK. Sharma, Goel Pub.
House.
17. The Infra Red Spectra of Complex Molecules, L.J. Bellamy,
Chapman & Hall Vol. 1&2.
18. Elementary Organic Spectroscopy, Y.R. Sharma, S. Chand & Co.
19. Spectroscopy of organic compounds, P.S. Kalsi, New Age
International.
20. Laser spectroscopic techniques and applications, E.R. Menzel,
Practical spectroscopic series vol. 18, Marcel Dekker.
248

PH3ME1 SOLID STATE PHYSICS
Unit I
Crystals and Symmetry Properties (20 Hrs)
Crystalline state – Anisotropy - Symmetry elements – Translational,
Rotational, Reflection – Restrictions on Symmetry elements – Possible
combinations of Rotational Symmetries - Crystal systems - 14 Bravais
lattices.
Stereographic projection and point groups – principles – Constructions -
Construction with the Wulff net - Macroscopic Symmetry elements-
Orthorhombic system- Tetragonal system- Cubic system - Hexagonal system
- Trigonal system - Monoclinic system- Triclinic system - Laue groups -
Space groups.
Unit II
Optical Properties and Crystal Lasers (16 Hrs)
Lattice vacancies – diffusion – colour centres – F-centre and other centres in
alkali halides – ionic conductivity – colour of crystals – excitons in
molecular crystals – model of an ideal photoconductor – traps – space charge
effects – experimental techniques – transit time excitation and emission
Aicalf mechanism – model for thallium activated alkali halides -
electroluminescence.
Lasers: Properties of laser beams - temporal coherence - spatial coherence –
directionality – single mode operation - frequency stabilization - mode
locking - Q-Switching - measurement of distance - Ruby laser - four-level
solid state lasers - semiconductor lasers - Neodymium lasers (Nd:YAG,
Nd:Glass) .
249

Unit III
Semiconductor crystals (18 Hrs)
Classification of materials as semiconductors - band Gap - band structure of
Silicon and germanium - equations of motion - intrinsic carrier concentration
- impurity conductivity- Thermoelectric effects in semiconductors –
semimetals - amorphous semiconductors - p-n junctions.
Plasmons, Polaritons and Polarons: Dielectric function of the electron gas –
plasmons - electrostatic screening- polaritons and the LST relation – electron
- electron interaction - Fermi liquid - electron-phonon interaction - Polarons-
Peierls instability of linear metals.
Unit IV
Imperfections and Dislocations (18 Hrs)
Types of imperfections in crystals - thermodynamic theory of atomic
imperfections – experimental proof – diffusion mechanisms - atomic
diffusion theory – experimental determination of diffusion constant – ionic
conduction – shear strength of single crystals - slip and plastic deformations.
Dislocations - Burgers vectors – edge and screw dislocations – motion of
dislocation – climb - stress and strain fields of dislocation – forces acting on
a dislocation – stress and strain fields of dislocation – forces acting on a
dislocation – energy of dislocation – interaction – between dislocation
densities – dislocation and crystal growth – Dislocation – Frank – Read
mechanism - point defects - twinning.
Reference Books:
1. Crystallography and crystal defects, A. Kelley, G.W. Groves & P.
Kidd, Wiley
250

2. Crystallography applied to Solid State Physics, A.R. Verma, O.N.
Srivastava, NAI
3. Solid State Physics, A.J.Dekker, Macmillan, (1967).
4. Lasers Theory and Applications, K.Thyagarajan, A.K. Ghatak, Plenum
Press
5. Lasers and Non-Linear Optics, B B Laud, New Age International.
6. Solid State Physics, S.L. Gupta and V.Kumar, Pragati Prakashan.
7. Introduction to Theory of Solids, H.M. Rosenberg, Prentice Hall.
8. Solid State Physics,J.S. Blakemore, W.B.Saunders & Co. Philadelphia.
9. Solid State Physics, N.W. Ashcroft & N.D. Mermin, Brooks/ Cole
(1976).
10. Crystal Defects and Crystal Interfaces, W. Bollmann, Springer Verlag.
11. A short course in Solid State Physics, Vol. I, F.C Auluck, Thomson
Press,India, Ltd.
12. Crystalline Solids, Duncan Mc Kie, Christine Mc Kie, Wiley
PH3ME2 CRYSTAL GROWTH TECHNIQUES

Unit I
Crystal Growth phenomena (18 Hrs)
The historical development of crystal growth – significance of single crystals
- crystal growth techniques - the chemical physics of crystal growth.
Theories of nucleation - Gibb’s Thompson equation for vapour, melt and
solution- energy of formation of spherical nucleus- heterogeneous nucleation
- kinetics of crystal growth, singular and rough faces, KSV theory, BCF
theory - periodic bond chain theory- The Muller- Krumbhaar model.
251

Unit II
Crystal Growth from Melt and Solution Growth (18Hrs)
Growth from the melt - the Bridgmann technique – crystal pulling -
Czocharalski method- experimental set up - controlling parameters
advantages and disadvantages.- convection in melts – liquid solid interface
shape - crystal growth by zone melting - Verneuil’s flame fusion technique.
Low temperature solution growth - methods of crystallization - slow cooling,
solvent evaporation, temperature gradient methods - crystal growth system -
growth of KDP, ADP and KTP crystals - high temperature solution growth,
gel growth.
Unit III
Vapour Growth and Epitaxial Growth (18 Hrs)
Physical vapour deposition - chemical vapour transport – definition,
fundamentals, criteria for transport, Specifications, STP, LTVTP & OTP -
advantages and limitations of the technique, hydrothermal growth, design
aspect of autoclave – growth of quartz, sapphire and garnet.
Advantages of epitaxial growth, epitaxial techniques - liquid phase epitaxy,
vapour phase epitaxy, molecular beam epitaxy, chemical beam epitaxy and
atomic layer epitaxy
Unit IV
Materials for Semiconductor Devices (18Hrs)
Semiconductor optoelectronic properties - band structure - absorption and
recombination, semiconductor alloys - group III-V materials selection -
binary compounds, ternary alloys, lattice mismatch - lattice mismatched
252

ternary alloy structures - compositional grading, heteroepitaxial ternary alloy
structure - Quarternary alloys.
Semiconductor Devices - Laser diodes, light emitting diodes (LED),
photocathodes, microwave Field-Effect Transistors (FET).
Reference Books:
1. The Growth of Single Crystal, R.A. Laudise, Prentice Hall, NJ.
2. Crystal Growth: Principles and Progress , A.W. Vere, Plenum
Press, NY.
3. Crystal Growth Processes and methods, P.S. Raghavan and P.
Ramasamy, KRU Publications.
4. A Short course in Solid State Physics, Vol. I, F.C. Auluck,
Thomson Press India Ltd.
5. Crystal Growth, B.R. Pamplin, Pergamon, (1980)
6. Crystal Growth in Gel, Heinz K Henish, Dover Publication
PH3MP3 COMPUTATIONAL AND ADVANCED

ELECTRONICS PRACTICALS
(Experiments from 1 to 15 are C++ programs)
1. Motion of a spherical body in a viscous medium
2. Projectile motion and motion of a satellite
3. SHM – damped and forced
4. Formation of standing waves
5. Young’s double slit – interference
6. Diffraction due to a grating
253

7. Polarisation and birefringence
8. Electric field due to a point charge and equipotential surface
9. Motion in electric and magnetic fields – cyclotron
10. Circuit analysis using Kirchoff’s laws – LCR circuit with AC & DC
sources
11. Solution of Schrodinger equation for harmonic and anharmonic
potential
12. Finding the roots of a non-linear equation by bisection method
13. Solving an ordinary differential equation
14. Numerical integration of a function
15. Integration by using Monte Carlo method
16. RF oscillator above 1 MHz – frequency measurement
17. Pulse width modulator
18. Microprocessor – multiplication of two 8 bit binary numbers
19. Microprocessor – Sorting of data in ascending and descending order
20. Microprocessor – measurement of analogue voltage
21. Microprocessor – stepper motor control
22. Fullwave controlled rectifier
23. Frequency modulation and demodulation
24. OPAMP – Inverting amplifier
25. OPAMP – Low distortion sine wave generator
26. OPAMP – Difference amplifier
27. JK flip flop – four bit binary counter
28. JK flip flop – shift register
29. Amplitude modulation
254

30. Pulse amplitude modulation
31. Attenuators
32. Half adder and full adder
SEMESTER – IV
PH4MC1 QUANTUM MECHANICS -II

Unit I
Methods for Time-dependent Problems (18 Hrs)
Time-dependent perturbation theory- Interaction Picture- – First order
perturbation - Harmonic perturbation – Transition probability– constant
perturbation – The electric dipole approximation- Ionization of a hydrogen
atom - Density of final states - Ionization probability – Second order
perturbation- Adiabatic approximation - Choice of phases - Connection with
perturbation theory- Discontinuous change in H – Sudden approximation –
Disturbance of an Oscillator.
Unit II
Relativistic Quantum Mechanics (20Hrs)
Schrodinger’s relativistic equation – Free particle - Electromagnetic
potentials – Separation of the equation - energy levels in a Coulomb field.
Klein–Gordon equation – Physical Interpretation - Charge and current
densities - Charged spin -zero free particle - charge conjugation - Eigen
values of operators- Interaction with electromagnetic field - Bound states in
a Coulomb field.
255

The Dirac’s relativistic equation - free particle equation - Dirac matrices for
α and β - free particle solutions – charge and current densities –
Electromagnetic potentials. Dirac’s equation for a central field - Spin angular
momentum - spin orbit energy - Zitterbewegung - Separation of the equation
- The Hydrogen atom - Classification of energy levels - Negative energy
states- electron hole theory - Weyl equation for neutrino and non
conservation of parity – the tau matrices - bilinear covariants.
Unit III
Identical particles and Spin ( 16Hrs)
Identical particles - Physical meaning of identity - Symmetric and anti
symmetric wave functions - Construction from unsymmetrized functions -
The symmetric group - Distinguishability of Identical particles – Pauli’s
exclusion principle - Connection with statistical mechanics - collisions of
Identical particles. Spin angular momentum – Connection between spin and
statistics - spin matrices and eigen functions - collisions of identical particles
- electron spin functions- the helium atom - spin functions for three
electrons.
Density operator and density matrix – Expectation value and projection
operator - density operator - equations of motion - Projection operator for a
spin ½ particle - density matrix for a spin ½ particle - polarization vector for
B B
a spin s particle - Precession of the Polarization vector. Rearrangement

B B
collisions – Notation for Rearrangement collisions - Alternative expression

for the T Matrix element - T Matrix element for Rearrangements – Presence
of a core Interaction - Elimination of the core term - Exchange collisions of
256

electrons with Hydrogen - Relation between amplitude and Matrix element -
Effects of identity and spin - Exchange collisions with Helium.
Unit IV
The Quantization of Wave Fields (18Hrs)
Classical and Quantum field equations - Coordinates of the field - Time
derivatives – Classical Lagrangian and Hamiltonian equations - Quantum
equations for the field - Fields with more than one component - Complex
field - Quantization of non-relativistic Schrodinger equation - Classical
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian equations - Quantum equations - creation
annihilation and number operators – Connection with the many particle
Schrodinger equation - anti commutation relations - physical implication of
anti commutation - representation of the anti commuting ak operators .
B B
Electromagnetic field in vacuum - Lagrangian equations - Hamiltonian

equations - Quantum equations - Commutation relations for E and H - Plane
wave representation - Quantized field energy - Quantized field momentum -
Commutation relations at different times - Interaction between charged
particles and Electromagnetic field - Lagrangian and Hamiltonian equations
- Elimination of φ - Quantization of the fields - Perturbation theory of the
interparticle interaction- Einstein-Bose case - Fermi-Dirac case - radiation
theory - Transition probability for absorption and emission.
Reference Books:
1. Quantum Mechanics, L.I. Schiff, 3rd Edn. MGH
P P
2. Quantum Mechanics, B.K. Agarwal , Hari Prakash, PHI

3. A text book of Quantum Mechanics, P.M. Mathews and K.
Venkatesan, TMGH.
257

4. Quantum Mechanics, V.K. Thankappan 2rd Edn. Wiley Eastern.
P P
5. Quantum Mechanics,G. Aruldhas, Prentice Hall of India 2002.

7. Advanced Quantum Mechanics, Stya Prakash, Kedar Nath
Ramnath Company.
8. Quantum Field theory, Claude Itzykson, McGraw Hill
9. Quantum Field theory, Lewis H. Ryder, Cambridge University
Press.
10. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, R.H. Dicke & J.P. Wittke,
Addison Wesley.
11. Quantum Mechanics, A Messiah, Dover Publication.
12. Quantum Mechanics, R.K. Srivastava, PHI.
PH4MC2 STATISTICAL PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS

Unit I
Quantum Statistical Mechanics and Ideal Gas Systems (18 Hrs)
The postulates of Quantum statistical mechanics – indistinguishability of
particles - exchange degeneracy - Density matrix - Ensembles in Quantum
statistical mechanics - statistical distribution – The ideal gas in quantum
mechanical micro canonical and other quantum mechanical ensemble –
Partition functions and other thermodynamic quantities of monatomic and
diatomic molecules. Thermodynamic behaviour of an ideal Fermi gas - Pauli
Para magnetism - Thermodynamic behavior of a Bose gas – Bose Einstein
condensation –– Theory of white dwarf stars.
258

Unit II
The Canonical and Grand Canonical Ensemble (18 Hrs)
Equilibrium between a system and heat reservoir – a system in the canonical
ensemble – thermo dynamical relations in a canonical ensemble – the
classical systems – energy fluctuations in the canonical ensemble:
correspondence with micro canonical ensemble – equilibrium between a
system and a particle energy reservoir – a system in the grand canonical
ensemble – physical significance of statistical quantities – density and energy
fluctuations in the grand canonical ensemble: correspondence with other
ensembles.
Unit III
Fluctuations and Phase Transitions (18 Hrs)
Energy fluctuations in canonical ensemble - Density fluctuation in grand
canonical ensemble - one dimensional random walk problem - Brownian
motion and Random walk- correlation functions- Spectral analysis of
fluctuations: Wiener-Khintchine theorem - Fokker Planck equation.
Phase transitions - First and second order phase transition – Bragg–Williams
approximation - critical phenomena - critical exponents - scaling hypothesis -
Ising model and its solution for a linear chain – equivalence of Ising model
to other models - lattice gas and binary alloy- solution of one dimensional
Ising model – Liquid crystals and Liquid Helium.
T
Unit IV
Astrophysics (18 Hrs)
Stellar spectrum - stellar types - electromagnetic radiation from stars -
measuring temperature and distances - excitation and ionization -
259

application of Saha's Equation - Hertz Sprung Russell diagram- star
formation - life of a star - Virial theorem- stellar energy and nuclear reactions
- stellar structure - final stages of stellar evolution - white dwarfs - neutron
stars - black hole - pulsars.
Reference Books:
1. Fundamentals of Statistical Mechanics, B. B. Laud, New Age
International.
2. Elements of Statistical Mechanic, Kamal Singh, S P. Singh, S. Chand
& Co.
3. Statistical mechanics, Kerson Huang, John Wiley and Sons.
4. Statistical mechanics, R..K. Pathria, Butterworth-Heinemann
5. Statistical Mechanics, B.K. Agarwal and M. Eisner, Wiley Eastern.
6. Introduction to Statistical Mechanics, S.K. Sinha, Alpha Science
International.
7. Statistical Mechanics, Tung Tsang, Rinton Press.
Edn. Oxford University Press

9. Statistical Mechanics, Gupta, Kumar, Pragati Prakasan.
10. Astrophysics: Stars and Galaxies, K D Abhyenkar, Universities Press.
11. Introduction to Astrophysics, Baidyanath Basu, PHI.
260

PH4ME3 NANOSTRUCTURES AND CHARACTERIZATION
Unit I
Low Dimensional Structures (18hrs)
Preparation of quantum nanostructures - size and dimensionality effects -
size effects - potential wells - partial confinement - conduction electrons and
dimensionality - Fermi gas and density of states - properties dependent on
density of states - excitons - single-electron tunneling - applications -
infrared detectors - quantum dot lasers - superconductivity.
Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) - Nanoelectromechanical Systems
(NEMS) –Fabrication of nanodevices and nanomachines - Molecular and
Supramolecular Switches.
Unit II
Carbon Nanostructures (18hrs)
Carbon Molecules - Nature of the Carbon Bond - New Carbon Structures -
Carbon Clusters -Small Carbon Clusters - Carbon Nano tubes - Fabrication -
Structure – Electrical Properties - Vibrational Properties - Mechanical
Properties - Applications of Carbon Nano tubes - Computers - Fuel Cells -
Chemical Sensors - Catalysis – Mechanical Reinforcement - Field Emission
and Shielding. Solid Disordered Nanostructures - Methods of Synthesis -
Failure Mechanisms of Conventional Grain sized Materials - Mechanical
Properties – Nano structured Multi layers -Electrical Properties - Porous
Silicon - Metal Nano cluster - Composite Glasses.
261

Unit III
Thermal, Microscopic and Infrared Analysis (18 Hrs)
Thermal analysis – DTA, DSC and TGA – methodology of DTA, DSC and
TGA and Instrumentation.
Microscopy – Electron microscopy – Principles and instrumentation –
resolution limit – scanning tunnelling microscopy – principles – scanning
tunnelling microscope - SEM & TEM. Atomic force microscope –
Instrumentation.
IR spectrophotometers – Theory and Instrumentation- Applications. Fourier
transform techniques – FTIR principles and instrumentation. Raman
spectroscopy – Principles, Instrumentation and Applications. Microwave
Spectroscopy -Instrumentation and Applications
Unit IV
Mass Spectrometry, Resonance Spectroscopy (18 Hrs)
Mass Spectrometry - Principle – Instrumentation – Types of ions produced in
a Mass spectrometer - Interpretation of Mass spectra – Applications.
NMR – Principles and Instrumentation – Chemical shift - Spin-spin coupling
- Applications of NMR - Electron spin resonance spectrometry – Theory of
ESR –Instrumentation - Interpretation of ESR spectra - Applications.
Reference Books:
1. Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles P. Poole, Jr. and Frank J.
Owens, Wiley, (2003)
2. MEMS/NEMS: micro electro mechanical systems/nano electro
mechanical systems Volume 1, Design Methods, Cornelius T.
Leondes, Springer, (2006).
262

3. Instrumental methods of Chemical Analysis, G. Chatwal & Sham
Anand, Himalaya
4. Introduction to Infrared and Raman spectroscopy, Norman D
Colthup, Lawrence H Daly and Stephen E Wiberley, Academic press,
NY.
5. Instrumental methods of analysis, H.H. Willard, L.L. Merrit, J.A.
Dean & F.A. Settle, CBS Pub.
6. Principles of Instrumental analysis, Skoog and West – Hall – Sanders
Int.
7. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis, G W Ewing, MGH
8. Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy, R. Wiesendanger & H.J.
Guntherodt, Springer
9. Thermal Analysis, Wesley W.M. Wendlandt , Wiley.
PH4ME4 THIN FILM AND NANO SCIENCE

Unit I
Thin Film (18 Hrs)
Nucleation – Langmuir theory of condensation – Theories of nucleation –
Liquid like coalescence and growth process – Epitaxial growth – Structural
defects in thin films – Electrical conduction in metallic, semiconducting and
insulator films. Optical properties of thin films.
Unit II
Deposition of Films (18 Hrs)
Production of Vacuum, Different types of vacuum pumps, Measurement of
Vacuum Gauges, Working principle, Deposition of thin films, Various
263

deposition techniques, Thickness measurement – optical methods, thickness
monitors - Thin film applications.
Unit III
Nano materials and Applications (18 hours)
Nano structured Crystals -Natural Nano crystals -Crystals of Metal-Nano
particles –Nano particle Lattices in Colloidal Suspensions -Photonic
Crystals.
Synthesis and purification of carbon nanotubes, Single-walled carbon
nanotubes and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, Structure-property
relationships, physical properties, applications.
Overview of different nano materials available, Potential uses of nano
materials in electronics, robotics, computers, sensors in textiles, sports
equipment, mobile electronic devices, vehicles and transportation. Medical
applications of nano materials.
Unit IV
Synthesis of Nano materials (18hrs)
Top-down techniques: photolithography, other optical lithography (EUV, X-
Ray, LIL), particle-beam lithographies (e-beam, focused ion beam, shadow
mask evaporation), probe lithographies, Bottom-up techniques: self-
assembly, self-assembled mono layers, directed assembly, layer-by-layer
assembly. Combination of Top-Down and Bottom-up techniques: current
state-of-the-art.
Pattern replication techniques: soft lithography, nano imprint lithography.
Pattern transfer and enhancement techniques: dry etching, wet etching,
pattern growth techniques (polymerization, directed assembly).
264

Reference Books:
1. Thin film phenomena, K.L Chopra, McGraw Hill, New York
2. Thin film fundamentals, A. Goswami, New Age International
3. Vacuumm deposition of Thin films, L. Holland, Chapman Hall,
London
4. Handbook of thin film Technology, L.I Maissel and R Glang,
McGraw Hill
5. Optical Properties of Thin Films, O. S. Heaven, Dover
Publications
6. Nano: the essentials, T. Pradeep, TMH, 2007
7. Nanoscale Materials, L.M. Liz-Marzán & P.V. Kamat, Kluwer
Academic Pub. (2003)
8. Nanoscience, Nanotechnologies and Nanophysics, C. Dupas, P.
Houdy & M. Lahmani, Springer-Verlag , (2007).
9. Nanotechnology 101, John Mongillo, Greenwood Press, (2007).
10. What is What in the Nanoworld A Handbook on Nanoscience
and Nanotechnology, Victor E. Borisenko and Stefano Ossicini ,
11. Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles P. Poole, Jr. and Frank
J. Owens, Wiley
12. Semiconductor Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Applications,
Todd Steiner, ARTECH HOUSE, (2004).
265

13. Nanotechnology and Nano-Interface Controlled Electronic
Devices, M. Iwamoto, K. Kaneto, S. Mashiko Elsevier Science,
Elsevier Science, (2003).
14. Semiconductors for Micro and Nanotechnology—An
Introduction for Engineers Jan G. Korvink and Andreas Greiner,
PH4MP4 MATERIAL SCIENCE PRACTICALS
1. Ultrasonic Interferometer – ultrasonic velocity in liquids

2. Ultrasonic Interferometer – Young’s modulus and elastic constant
of solids
3. Determination of dielectric constant
4. Determination of forbidden energy gap
5. Determination of Stephan’s constant
6. Determination of Fermi energy of copper
7. Study of ionic conductivity in KCl / NaCl crystals
8. Thermo-emf of bulk samples of metals (aluminium or copper)
9. Study of physical properties of crystals (specific heat, thermal
expansion, thermal conductivity, dielectric constant)
10. Study of variation of dielectric constant of a ferro electric
material with temperature (barium titanate)
11. Study of variation of magnetic properties with composition of a
ferrite specimen
12. Four probe method – energy gap
266

13. Energy gap of Ge or Si
14. Hall effect – Hall constant
15. Thin film coating by polimerisation
16. Measurement of thickness of a thin film
17. Study of dielectric properties of a thin film
18. Study of electrical properties of a thin film(sheet resistance)
19. Growth of single crystal from solution and the determination of
its structural, electrical and optical properties
(NaCl,KBr,KCl,NH4Cl etc.)
B B
20. Determination of lattice constant of a cubic crystal with accuracy

and indexing the Bragg reflections in a powder X-ray photograph
of a crystal
21. Observation of dislocation – etch pit method
22. Michelson Interferometer – Thickness of transparent film
23. X-ray diffraction – lattice constant
24. Optical absorption coefficient of thin films by filterphotometry
25. Temperature measurement with sensor interfaced to a PC or a
microprocessor
26. ESR spectrometer – g factor
27. Beam profile of diode laser
28. Track width of a CD using laser beam
29. He – Ne laser- verification of Malus law , measurement of
Brewster angle,refractive index of a material
267

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What are the objectives of restructuring the M.Sc. Physics syllabus?

What are the objectives of restructuring the M.Sc. Physics syllabus?

What are some of the acknowledgements mentioned in the document?

What are some of the acknowledgements mentioned in the document?

MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY

M.Sc. PROGRAMME IN PHYSICS

honorable Vice Chancellor of Mahatma Gandhi University, Dr. Rajan

Gurukkal, for the guidance and help extended to us during the

restructuring of M.Sc. Physics syllabus to suite the Credit and Semester

he shared with us on various occasions have been very helpful and

We thank the Pro-Vice Chancellor of the University, Dr. Rajan

Varghese, for the constant monitoring of the process. His unparalleled

enthusiasm and willingness to hear and acknowledge sincere efforts is

The Board of Studies thanks the members of M.G. University

Syndicate for all the help extended to us at various stages of

restructuring of this P G syllabus.

We thank the Registrar of the University, the Academic Section

completion of the syllabus restructuring.

affiliated to M.G. University, who have actively participated in the

three day work shop. The Board of Studies acknowledges the

contributions from the participants of the workshop. The suggestions

and recommendations of the sub-groups formed in the workshop have

note the enthusiasm and sincerity shown by the younger generation

teachers from various colleges in the context of syllabus restructuring.

School of Pure and Applied Physics (SPAP), M.G. University for

sharing their knowledge and experience in the emerging fields of

physics and technology. Their active participation in the workshop for

syllabus restructuring was of immense help.

staff of SPAP for their cooperation extended during the workshop.

We thank Dr. M.K. Jayaraj, Professor, Department of Physics,

Dr. Johnny Isaac, Professor, Department of Instrumentation, Cochin

University of Science and Technology, Dr. V. Unnikrishnan Nair,

visiting Professor, ISER, Thiruvananthapuram, for the fruitful

discussions in the making of the new syllabus.

We acknowledge the goodwill of our friends in various other

Universities and Institutions in sharing their views in accommodating

some specialized topics in various courses of the syllabus.

Dr. N.V. Unnikrishnan

Chairman, PG Board of Studies,

Mahatma Gandhi University,

1. GENERAL SCHEME OF THE SYLLABI

1.2 Practicals: All four semesters will have a course on laboratory

the Elective Bunch. (Refer Table 1.2)

Laboratory Practical courses are similarly coded. (Eg: PH3P03 means

1.6 Course Structure of M.Sc. Physics Programme:

I PH1C01:Mathematical Methods in Physics- I 4 4 72

elective bunch. The course structure of Open Elective Bunch is given in

IV PH4OE4:General Relativity and 4 4 72

Table 1.4: Distribution of creditin the PGCSS Programme.

2. GRADING AND EVALUATION

Table 2.1: Distribution of weights and components of theory and practical

2.2.1 Attendance, Assignment and Seminar

2.2.2 Project Evaluation

2.2.3 General Instructions

2.3.2 Directions for question setters

Weightage to Objectives Weightage to Difficulty Levels

2.3.3 Practical, Project and Viva Voce Examinations

Type of Questions Percentage Weightage to Difficulty Level